A tattoo is a marking made by the insertion of pigment into the skin.

Tattoo may also refer to:

Military[link]

Military tattoo, military drum performance or display

HMAS ''Tattoo'', S-class destroyer

HMS ''Tattoo'' (J374), minesweeper

Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo, a series of military tattoos held every August in Edinburgh, Scotland

Royal International Air Tattoo, British airshow

Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo, large indoor show in Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia

Virginia International Tattoo, an annual exhibition held in Norfolk, Virginia

Heartland International Tattoo, an indoor arena performance in Hoffman Estates, Illinois

Music[link]

''Tattoo'' (Rory Gallagher album), 1973

''Tattoo'' (David Allan Coe album), 1977

"Tattoo" (The Who song)

"Tattoo" (Mike Oldfield instrumental), 1992

"Tattoo" (Jordin Sparks song), 2007

"Tattoo" (Big Mother Thruster song), 2001

"Tattoo", a 2012 song by Van Halen from the album ''A Different Kind of Truth''

"Tattoo", a 1995 song by Gang of Four from the album ''Shrinkwrapped''

"Tattoo", a 1993 song by Janis Ian from the album ''Breaking Silence''

"Tattoo", a 1989 song by Faster Pussycat from the album ''Wake Me When It's Over''

Fiction[link]

''Tattoo'' (1967 film), a 1967 West German film directed by Johannes Schaaf

''Tattoo'' (1981 film), a 1981 American thriller directed by Bob Brooks

''Tattoo'' (2002 film), a 2002 German film directed by Robert Schwentke

Tattoo (character), portrayed by Hervé Villechaize on the TV series ''Fantasy Island''

Tattoo (comics), fictional mutant character in the Marvel Comics Universe

Tattoo (Prison Break), the elaborate tattoo detailing the escape plan, which belongs to the protagonist of television series, ''Prison Break''

"Tattoo" (short story), a 1996 short story by Matthew Condon

"Tattoo" (Star Trek: Voyager), the 24th episode of ''Star Trek: Voyager''

Tattoo (poem), a poem from Wallace Stevens's first book of poetry, ''Harmonium''

Other fields[link]

HTC Tattoo, a phone manufactured by HTC Corporation

''Tattoo'', locomotive design of Kerr Stuart

Tattoo, rum product by Captain Morgan

''Tattoo'' (newspaper), the largest teen-written newspaper in the world

A digital signature placed inside a computer's BIOS, used for authenticating some software licenses

See also[link]

Audrey Tautou, French film actress

t.A.T.u., a Russian pop music duo

Tatooine, a fictional planet in Star Wars

Tataouine, a town in Tunisia

Tatu (disambiguation)

da:Tattoo (flertydig) de:Tattoo es:Tattoo fr:Tattoo it:Tattoo he:�?�?�?ו nl:Tattoo ja:タ�??ゥ�?� pl:Tattoo pt:Tattoo ru:Тат�? (значения) uk:Тат�?

name	Pretenders
landscape	Yes
background	group_or_band
origin	Hereford, England, United Kingdom and Akron, Ohio, United States
genre	Alternative rock, New Wave, punk rock
years active	1978–present
label	Sire, Warner Bros.
website
current members	Chrissie HyndeMartin ChambersNick WilkinsonJames WalbourneEric Heywood
past members	James Honeyman-ScottPete FarndonAndrew BodnarPaul CarrackRobbie McIntoshMalcolm FosterBlair CunninghamT.M. StevensBernie WorrellJohnny MarrAdam SeymourAndy RourkeAndy Hobson }}

The Pretenders are an English–American rock band formed in Hereford, England in March 1978. The original band comprised initiator and main songwriter Chrissie Hynde (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), James Honeyman-Scott (lead guitar, backing vocals, keyboards), Pete Farndon (bass guitar, backing vocals), and Martin Chambers (drums, backing vocals, percussion). The band has experienced drug-related deaths of the members, and numerous subsequent personnel changes have taken place over the years, with Hynde as the sole continual member.

History[link]

Early years[link]

Hynde, originally from Akron, Ohio attended Kent State University at the time of the Kent State shootings in 1970. She moved to London in 1973, working at the weekly music paper ''NME'' and at Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood's clothes store. She was involved with early versions of The Clash and The Damned and played in short-lived bands such as Masters of the Backside and The Moors Murderers. The Pretenders formed in 1978 after Dave Hill at Anchor Records heard some demos of Hynde's music. He arranged a rehearsal studio in Denmark Street, where a 3-piece band consisting of Hynde, Mal Hart on bass (he had played with Hynde and Steve Strange in The Moors Murderers), and Phil Taylor of Motörhead on drums played a selection of Hynde's original songs. Dave Hill was impressed and arranged a day at Studio 51 to record another demo. Although it was rough, he felt he had seen and heard enough "star potential" to suggest that Hynde form a more permanent band to record for his new label, Real Records. Hynde then formed a band composed of Pete Farndon (who was later associated romantically with Hynde) on bass, James Honeyman-Scott on guitar, and Gerry Mcilduff on drums. This band, then without a name, recorded five tracks at Regents Park Studio in July 1978, including "Stop Your Sobbing." Shortly thereafter, Gerry Mcilduff was replaced on drums by Martin Chambers, and Hynde named the band "Pretenders" after The Platters song "The Great Pretender."

Original band (1978–1982)[link]

The band's first single, a cover of The Kinks song "Stop Your Sobbing" (produced by Nick Lowe and recorded at the July Regents Park sessions) was released in January 1979 and gained critical attention. It was followed in June with "Kid," and then in January 1980 the band got to #1 in the UK with "Brass in Pocket," which was also successful in the US, reaching #14 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The debut album ''Pretenders'' was released during January 1980, and was a success in both the United Kingdom and the United States, both critically and commercially. (''Pretenders'' was subsequently named one of the best albums of all time by VH1 (#52) and ''Rolling Stone'' (#155). The band played at the Heatwave festival during August 1980 near Toronto.

During March 1981, the EP ''Extended Play'' was released, containing the UK and US success "Message of Love" and "Talk of the Town" and a live version of "Precious," recorded in Central Park.

The second full-length album, ''Pretenders II'', was released during August 1981. ''Pretenders II'' included the ''Extended Play'' singles, the MTV video success, "Day After Day," and popular album-radio tracks "The Adultress," "Birds of Paradise," "Bad Boys Get Spanked" and "The English Roses".

Farndon was fired 14 June 1982 by Hynde. Two days later, on 16 June 1982, James Honeyman-Scott died of heart failure as a result of cocaine intolerance. Farndon was in the midst of forming a new band with former Clash drummer Topper Headon (who coincidentally, was battling heroin addiction and left the band, unable to cope), when he was found dead on 14 April 1983 by his American wife, Conover. After taking heroin and passing out, Farndon drowned in his bathtub, leaving the Pretenders with two living members.

Re-grouping (1983–1987)[link]

Hynde continued with the band. During July 1982, just weeks after Honeyman-Scott's death, a caretaker team of Hynde, Chambers, Rockpile guitarist Billy Bremner and Big Country bassist Tony Butler was assembled to record the single "Back on the Chain Gang". The song was released in October, becoming their biggest success in the US, staying at #5 for three consecutive weeks. The single's B-side, "My City Was Gone" is now the theme music for ''The Rush Limbaugh Show''.

Hynde then changed the lineup, keeping Chambers and adding professional musicians Robbie McIntosh on guitar and Malcolm Foster on bass. The band's first album with this lineup, ''Learning to Crawl'', was released during January 1984.

"Middle of the Road" was this line-up's first single, released in the US in November 1983 and reached the Top 20 there. Hynde had a daughter with Ray Davies during January 1983. The US B-side, "2000 Miles", was released as a single in the UK. The album included a cover version of The Persuaders' "Thin Line Between Love and Hate", which featured Paul Carrack on keyboards. The 1985 Live Aid concert proved to be the last gig for this line-up.

Soon after recording sessions for the next album began and one track had been completed, Hynde declared that Chambers was no longer playing well and dismissed both him and Foster. The revised Pretenders team became Hynde, McIntosh, bassist T.M. Stevens, and ex-Haircut One Hundred drummer Blair Cunningham. ''Get Close'' was released in 1986; the disc included the Top 10 singles "Don't Get Me Wrong" (helped by a popular video homage to the television series ''The Avengers'') and "Hymn to Her" a #8 success in the UK.

Two new songs, "If There Was a Man" and "Where Has Everybody Gone?" were released on the soundtrack of the Bond film ''The Living Daylights'', and were used instrumentally by John Barry in several scenes.

The lineup for the ''Get Close'' tour was then expanded to include former P-Funk and Talking Heads keyboardist Bernie Worrell. Two players were dismissed, McIntosh eventually quit, and ex-Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr joined for a final brief period during 1987.

1990s[link]

There was a hiatus in musical activity for Hynde until 1990, when Hynde hired session players (including one-time Pretenders Bremner and Cunningham and bassist, John Mckenzie) and released ''Packed!'' Hynde was the only person pictured anywhere on the album, and was the only official member of the band. In Canada, the lead single "Never Do That" was a Top 40 success, peaking at #26 but it fared less well elsewhere.

By 1993, Hynde had teamed with ex-Katydids guitarist Adam Seymour to form a new version of the Pretenders. The team of Hynde and Seymour then hired a number of session musicians to record ''Last of the Independents'' that year, including ex-Smiths bassist Andy Rourke, ex-Primitives bassist Andy Hobson, and drummer/writer/producer James "Fred" Hood, formerly with The Impossible Dreamers and Moodswings. But by the end of the album sessions (and for the subsequent tour) the official band line-up was Hynde, Seymour, Hobson, and returning drummer Martin Chambers.

This line-up would endure for well over a decade with no changes. Several recordings as The Pretenders occurred during 1993, including a cover version of the Jimi Hendrix's "Bold As Love" for the tribute album ''Stone Free'', and a cover of 10cc's "I'm Not In Love" for the film, ''Indecent Proposal''.

When ''Last of the Independents'' was released in 1994, it had reasonable overall commercial success, being rated gold in the US. Lead single "Night In My Veins" was a minor success in the US, a mid-chart success in the UK, and a top 10 success in Canada. The second single was the album's centrepiece ballad "I'll Stand by You"; this track received substantial airplay, and was a top 10 success in the US and UK, and top 20 in Canada. Hynde wrote a good portion of the album with the team of Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly. Subsequently, the band toured in small venues around the US, sometimes including a string quartet. Some of these arrangements are preserved on the 1995 ''The Isle of View'' live album and DVD, made at London's Jacob Street Studios. Damon Albarn played piano on the recording, which also featured the Duke String Quartet.

During 1997, the Pretenders supplied two tracks for the soundtrack of the Ridley Scott film ''G. I. Jane'': "Goodbye" and "The Homecoming".

Over the course of the decade, Hynde became increasingly concerned with political activism, vocally supporting the environmental movement and vegetarianism. ''Viva el Amor'' was released during 1999, as was their collaboration with Tom Jones on the album ''Reload''.

2000s[link]

The Pretenders joined with Emmylou Harris on ''Return of the Grievous Angel: A Tribute to Gram Parsons'', performing the song "She". A ''Greatest Hits'' compilation followed in 2000. During 2002 ''Loose Screw'' was released by Artemis Records with only modest commercial success. It was the first Pretenders record to be released by a company other than WEA. ''Rolling Stone'' noted its "refinement, stylish melodies and vocal fireworks," while ''Blender'' called it "slick, snarky pop with flashes of brilliance".

During March 2005, the Pretenders were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Only Hynde and Chambers attended the ceremony. During her acceptance speech, Hynde named and thanked all the replacement members of the group, then said:

"I know that the Pretenders have looked like a tribute band for the last 20 years. ... And we're paying tribute to James Honeyman-Scott and Pete Farndon, without whom we wouldn't be here. And on the other hand, without us, they might have been here, but that's the way it works in rock 'n' roll."

After their Hall of Fame induction, the Pretenders continued touring as a four-part team (Hynde, Seymour, Hobson and Chambers). During 2005, bassist Hobson left and was replaced by Nick Wilkinson, marking the band's first line-up change in thirteen years. That same year, Rhino Records released the four disc and DVD box set ''Pirate Radio 1979-2005'' which spanned the group's entire career. Two disc remastered versions of the first two albums also came out that year with bonus tracks. During 2007, Rhino remastered both ''Learning To Crawl'' and ''Get Close'' once again with bonus tracks. Not long after, guitarist Seymour left and was replaced by James Walbourne.

The Pretenders' album ''Break Up the Concrete'' was released through Shangri-La Music on 7 October 2008. It was the band's first Top 40 album in the US in twenty two years. Tracks include "Boots of Chinese Plastic", "Don't Cut Your Hair", "Love's a Mystery", "The Last Ride" and "Almost Perfect". With Hynde was the guitarist James Walbourne, pedal steel player Eric Heywood, bassist Nick Wilkinson and drummer Jim Keltner (on the album only). Chambers returned to the drums on tour with the band. Several one-off shows were performed during the closing months of 2008, including a couple of Christmas charity shows. The 'Break Up The Concrete Tour' began in mid-January and covered most of the United States, with shows until the end of March. It then continued in Europe, with gigs in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, France, Spain, Belgium, and the UK during the months of June and July, before returning for a new tour in Canada and the US during August and September 2009. A show from the tour, filmed at Shepherd's Bush Empire in London on 15 July 2009, was released on CD with bonus DVD / Blu-ray on 9 February 2010, titled ''Pretenders: Live in London''. Another tour was announced in May, a double headlining tour in New Zealand and Australia with Blondie for a few capital city and winery shows.

On 5 February 2011, Hynde and the Pretenders performed live on CMT's ''Crossroads'' with Faith Hill and her band, including songs from both catalogs.

In September, 2012, The Pretenders will re-group (Hynde, Chambers, Heywood, Walters) and are part of the entertainment lineup for the Singapore F1 Grand-Prix races.

Discography[link]

1980: ''Pretenders''

1981: ''Pretenders II''

1984: ''Learning to Crawl''

1986: ''Get Close''

1990: ''Packed!''

1994: ''Last of the Independents''

1999: ''Viva el Amor''

2002: ''Loose Screw''

2008: ''Break Up the Concrete''

Band members[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Official band website

Pretenders Archives

Pretenders 977 Radio

Listen to the Pretenders' Complete New Album, 'Break Up the Concrete'

The Pretenders studio sessions at NPR Music

Category:Musical quartets Category:Musical groups from London Category:British New Wave musical groups Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:English punk rock groups Category:Sire Records artists Category:Musical groups from Ohio Category:Warner Bros. Records artists Category:British alternative rock groups Category:American alternative rock groups Category:American New Wave musical groups Category:American punk rock groups

ca:The Pretenders cs:The Pretenders da:The Pretenders de:The Pretenders es:The Pretenders fr:The Pretenders io:The Pretenders it:The Pretenders he:הפרי�?נדרס nl:The Pretenders ja:�?��?��?��?��?��?�ズ no:The Pretenders pl:The Pretenders pt:The Pretenders ru:The Pretenders simple:The Pretenders fi:The Pretenders sv:The Pretenders

name	Chrissie Hynde
background	solo_singer
birth name	Christine Ellen Hynde
birth date	September 07, 1951
birth place	Parma, Ohio, United States
instrument	Rhythm GuitarVocals
genre	Rock, New Wave
occupation	Singer-songwriter, guitarist
years active	1975–present
label	Sire, WEA, Rhino
associated acts	The Pretenders, JP, Chrissie & the Fairground Boys, Johnny Moped, The Moors Murderers, Tube & Berger, UB40, Frank Sinatra
notable instruments	Fender Telecaster }}

Christine Ellen "Chrissie" Hynde (born 7 September 1951 Akron, Ohio) is an American musician best known as the leader of the rock/new wave band the Pretenders. She is a singer, songwriter, and guitarist, and has been the only constant member of the band throughout its history.

Early life and career [link]

Hynde is the daughter of a part-time secretary and a Yellow Pages manager. She graduated from Firestone High School in Akron, Ohio. She stated that "I was never too interested in high school. I mean, I never went to a dance, I never went out on a date, I never went steady. It became pretty awful for me. Except, of course, I could go see bands, and that was the kick. I used to go to Cleveland just to see any band. So I was in love a lot of the time, but mostly with guys in bands that I had never met. For me, knowing that Brian Jones was out there, and later that Iggy Pop was out there, made it kind of hard for me to get too interested in the guys that were around me. I had, uh, bigger things in mind."

Hynde was for some time interested in hippie counterculture, eastern mysticism, and vegetarianism. While attending Kent State University's Art School for three years, she joined a band called Sat. Sun. Mat., which included Mark Mothersbaugh, later of Devo (Hynde was on the campus during the infamous Kent State shootings; she knew Jeffrey Miller, one of those killed.)

Hynde also developed an interest in the UK music magazine ''NME''. She eventually saved enough money to move from Ohio to London in 1973. With her art background, Hynde landed a job in an architectural firm but left after eight months. It was then that she met rock journalist Nick Kent (with whom she became involved) and landed a writing position at ''NME''. However, this proved not to last and Hynde later found herself working at Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood's then-little-known clothing store, SEX. Eventually, she tried to convince a very young Sid Vicious (who used to hang around at SEX) to marry her, just in order for her to get a work permit. Hynde then attempted to start a band in France before her return to Cleveland in 1975.

Hynde went back to France in 1976 to try to form a band, but it did not work out. Hynde had been romantically involved with famous rock critic Nick Kent, but left him for the drummer of The Frenchies. For one show at the famous Olympia theatre when their singer had left, she took the lead singer duties. She found her way back to London in the midst of the early punk movement. In late 1976, Hynde responded to an advertisement in ''Melody Maker'' for band members and attended an audition for the band that would become 999. Jon Moss (who would later be in Culture Club) and Tony James of Generation X also auditioned. Later, Hynde tried to start a group with Mick Jones from The Clash.

After the band failed to take flight, Malcolm McLaren placed her as a guitarist in Masters of the Backside, but she was asked to leave the group just as the band became The Damned. After a brief spell in the Johnny Moped band, Mick Jones invited Hynde to join his band on their initial tour of Britain. Hynde's recollection of that period: "It was great, but my heart was breaking. I wanted to be in a band so bad. And to go to all the gigs, to see it so close up, to be living in it and not to have a band was devastating to me. When I left, I said, 'Thanks a lot for lettin' me come along,' and I went back and went weeping on the underground throughout London. All the people I knew in town, they were all in bands. And there I was, like the real loser, you know? Really the loser."

Hynde also spent a short time with The Moors Murderers in 1978. Named after two child-killers, the band consisted of future Visage front man Steve Strange on vocals, Vince Ely on drums, and Mark Ryan (aka The Kid) and Hynde on guitar. The band's name alone was enough to start controversy and she soon distanced herself from the group, as noted in the ''NME''. Hynde said "I'm not in the group, I only rehearsed with them". She stated that "Steve Strange and Soo Catwoman had the idea for the group, and asked me to help them out on guitar, which I did, even though I was getting my own group together and still am."

The Pretenders [link]

Late 1970s [link]

In 1978, Hynde made a demo tape and gave it to Dave Hill, owner of the label Real Records. Hill stepped in to manage her career, and began by paying off the back rent owed on her rehearsal room in Covent Garden, London. Hill also advised Hynde to take her time and get a band together. In the spring of 1978, Hynde met Pete Farndon (bass guitar / vocals), and they selected a band consisting of James Honeyman-Scott (guitar / vocals / keyboards), and Martin Chambers (drums / vocals / percussion), put the name The Pretenders on the group, inspired by the song "The Great Pretender" by The Platters.

They recorded a demo tape (including "Precious", "The Wait" and a Kinks cover, "Stop Your Sobbing"), handed it to Hynde's friend Nick Lowe, produced a single ("Stop Your Sobbing/The Wait") and performed their first gigs in a club in Paris. The single was released in January 1979 and hit the Top 30 in UK. The band's early success was followed by their first gigs in Britain where they earned wide critical acclaim. Later that spring (1979), The Pretenders recorded their eponymous first album and hit the charts in UK and US with the song "Brass in Pocket". The band traded on the success of this first album (for Sire Records) for some time, as it wasn't released around the world until well into 1979 (some charts consider it the best album of 1980, for example).

1980s–1990s [link]

The band released an EP album in early 1981 while contractual issues were resolved, then ''Pretenders II'' later in the summer. These albums were not well received by critics (though hits such as "Talk of the Town" and "Message of Love" were on both). By the summer of 1982, drug use within the band was creating serious problems for Hynde. The Pretenders lineup would change repeatedly over the next decade as a result of drug related deaths and internal conflict. Honeyman-Scott died of heart failure in June 1982, just days after Farndon had been fired from the band. Martin Chambers left the band in the mid 1980s. Amidst the ever changing lineup, the controversial Hynde endured as the sole original Pretender until Chambers' return in the mid 1990s.

Throughout the mid-1980s and early 1990s, Hynde employed a string of session and professional musicians within the band, always keeping the name Pretenders. With many of the albums through this period, the only constant presence is her own, and the album art often reflects this (using her picture alone in some cases).

Other musical projects [link]

Hynde, along with Curved Air's Sonja Kristina, sang backing vocals on Mick Farren's ''Vampires Stole My Lunch Money'' 1978 album and also on Hurt by Chris Spedding. She also sang backing on a track, Nite Klub, on The Specials eponymous album. Hynde is unofficially credited with adding the lines "Cartier, Cartier" in a cameo on the 1983 song "Add It Up"" by The Kinks. Hynde sang a duet with INXS on their album ''Full Moon, Dirty Hearts'' in 1993. Hynde appears on the title track of the album. Hynde sang the vocals on the track "State of Independence Part II" on a Moodswings album named ''Moodfood'', which was played during the closing credits on the soundtrack of ''Single White Female''. Hynde also recorded a cover of Morrissey's "Everyday is Like Sunday", which is available on The Pretenders album "Pirate Radio" as well as providing backing vocals on Morrissey's single "My Love Life" in 1991 and again on b-side "Shame Is The Name" in 2009.

Hynde recorded a duet with Frank Sinatra on Sinatra's 1994 album ''Duets II''. They performed the song "Luck Be a Lady". In 1995, Hynde made an acting appearance (and performed "Angel of the Morning" on acoustic guitar) on the US television comedy ''Friends'' on the episode ''The One with the Baby on the Bus''. Also, in 1995, Hynde sang a cover of "Love Can Build a Bridge" with Cher and Neneh Cherry. Eric Clapton appeared on the track, supplying the lead guitar solo that is featured in the song's instrumental bridge. In 1997, the EMI publishing company issued a cease and desist request to Rush Limbaugh, who for years was using an edited instrumental version of Hynde's song "My City Was Gone" for the broadcast's opening theme. When the request came to Hynde's attention during a radio interview, she said her parents loved and listened to Rush and she did not mind its use. They agreed to a usage payment which she donates to PETA.

Perhaps Hynde's most popular non-Pretenders collaboration with another artist, chartwise, was her 1985 collaboration with UB40 on a cover of Sonny and Cher's "I Got You Babe." The track topped the UK singles chart and went as high as #28 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S.

Later that year, Hynde played guitar and sang vocals with Sheryl Crow on the song "If It Makes You Happy" during a concert in Central Park. Hynde is mentioned prominently in the lyrics of the Terence Trent D'Arby song "Penelope Please." In 1998, Hynde sang a duet with her friend Emmylou Harris, "She", accompanied by The Pretenders on the Gram Parsons tribute album, "Return of the Grievous Angel: A Tribute to Gram Parsons." Hynde had previously reviewed Gram and Emmylou's debut country rock classic, "GP." The version merges Emmylou's country rock and Chrissie's reggae tinged new wave effectively. Hynde also recorded a song called "Cry (If You Don't Mind)" with the Spanish band Jarabe de Palo for their album ''Un metro cuadrado - 1m²''. She supplied the voice for the clouded leopard in the movie ''Rugrats Go Wild'' (2003) in which she sang a duet with Bruce Willis.

In 2004, Hynde moved to São Paulo, Brazil for a couple of months in order to play with Brazilian musician Moreno Veloso in an informal tour that lasted until December 2004. She bought a flat in the Copan Building in São Paulo city. She was also the vocalist on Tube & Berger's 2004 #1 Hot Dance Airplay track "Straight Ahead". The track gave Hynde her first US #1 track on the Billboard charts. Likewise in 2005, Hynde duetted with Ringo Starr on a song entitled "Don't Hang Up" which can be heard on Starr's album ''Choose Love''. Also in 2005, Hynde collaborated with Incubus on a song called "Neither Of Us Can See." The song is on the soundtrack album for ''Stealth''.

Chrissie Hynde and her band, The Pretenders, were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, in 2005 - the Museum's 20th anniversary year, as well as year of the 50th anniversary of the birth of Rock and Roll. Irish band U2 was also among the inductees that year. The ceremony was held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City.

On 17 October 2008, she was an opening act for fellow Akron-area musicians Devo at a special benefit concert at the Akron Civic Theater for the then-presidential candidate Barack Obama. The Black Keys, another Akron-based band, and the then up-and-coming solo artist, Rachel Roberts, performed prior to her.

Hynde features as guest vocalist on Ray Davies' 2009 Christmas single ''Postcard From London''.

Chrissie Hynde and Welsh singer J.P. Jones have formed a band called "J.P., Chrissie and the Fairground Boys". They released their debut album, ''Fidelity'', on 24 August 2010. Several stops on the tour were recorded and sold on USB flash drives.

On 5 February 2011, Hynde and the Pretenders performed live on CMT's "Crossroads (VH1 TV series)" with Faith Hill and her band, including songs from both catalogs.

Chrissie along with John Cale and Nick Cave, played on BBC for the Songwriter's Circle program on 9 July 1999. The concert took place at the Subterania Club in London, UK and was released on DVD. She also later joined Cave in 2010 for a rendition of Screamin' Jay Hawkins' famous song "I Put a Spell on You" as a benefit for the Haiti disasters. The song and music video featured performances by Mick Jones, Glen Matlock, Shane MacGowan, and Bobby Gillespie among others.

Personal life [link]

Hynde had a daughter in 1983 with Ray Davies of The Kinks. She then married Jim Kerr, lead singer of the band Simple Minds, and had another daughter. They later divorced, and Hynde married artist Lucho Brieva in 1997. They separated in 2002.

Hynde lives in London, England, and also has an apartment in the Northside Lofts in her hometown of Akron.

Hynde is a vegetarian and animal rights activist. She is a supporter of PETA and the animal rights group Viva!.

Restaurant venture [link]

Hynde opened The VegiTerranean, a vegan restaurant in Akron, Ohio in November 2007. The restaurant served fusion Italian–Mediterranean food by head chef James Scot Jones. Prior to the restaurant's opening, on 15 September 2007, Hynde performed three songs at the restaurant with an acoustic guitarist, Adam Seymour, a former lead guitarist of The Pretenders. The restaurant was voted among the top five vegan restaurants in the U.S. It closed on 2 October 2011, due to the economic climate, according to Hynde.

References [link]

External links [link]

Pretenders official website

Pretenders Archives

Pretenders 977 Radio

Hynde: BBC News article

Hynde: Associated Press News article

Category:1951 births Category:Pretenders (band) members Category:American dance musicians Category:American expatriates in Brazil Category:American expatriates in France Category:American expatriates in the United Kingdom Category:American female guitarists Category:American female singers Category:American rock guitarists Category:American rock singer-songwriters Category:American vegetarians Category:Animal rights advocates Category:Female New Wave singers Category:Female rock singers Category:Kent State University alumni Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Ohio Category:People from Akron, Ohio Category:Restaurateurs Category:Rhythm guitarists Category:Songwriters from Ohio

de:Chrissie Hynde es:Chrissie Hynde fr:Chrissie Hynde it:Chrissie Hynde nl:Chrissie Hynde pl:Chrissie Hynde pt:Chrissie Hynde ru:Хайнд, Кри�?�?и simple:Chrissie Hynde sl:Chrissie Hynde fi:Chrissie Hynde sv:Chrissie Hynde

name	Rory Gallagher
birth name	William Rory Gallagher
birth date	March 02, 1948
Birth place	Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland
death date	June 14, 1995
Death place	London, England
alias	Liam Rory Gallagher
background	solo_singer
instrument	Vocals, guitar, bass, mandolin, saxophone, sitar, harmonica, banjo, dulcimer, dobro
genre	Blues, blues-rock, hard rock, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, jazz, folk, skiffle
occupation	Musician, songwriter, bandleader, producer
associated acts	Taste
label	Polydor, Chrysalis, Buddah, Castle
years active	1963–1995
website
notable instruments	1961 Sunburst Fender Stratocaster }}

William Rory Gallagher, ; 2 March 1948  – 14 June 1995, was an Irish blues-rock multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader. Born in Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland, and raised in Cork, Gallagher recorded solo albums throughout the 1970s and 1980s, after forming the band Taste during the late 1960s. A talented guitarist known for his charismatic performances and dedication to his craft, Gallagher's albums have sold in excess of 30 million copies worldwide. Gallagher received a liver transplant in 1995, but died of complications later that year in London, England at the age of 47.

Biography[link]

Gallagher was born in Ballyshannon, Co. Donegal; his father, Daniel, was employed by the Irish Electricity Supply Board, who were constructing a hydro-electric power plant on the Erne River above the town. The family moved, first to Derry City, where his younger brother Dónal was born in 1949, and then to Cork, where the two brothers were raised, and where Rory attended the North Monastery School. Their father had played the accordion and sang with the Tir Chonaill Ceile Band whilst in Donegal; their mother Monica was a singer and acted with the Abbey Players in Ballyshannon. The Theatre in Ballyshannon where Monica once acted is now called the Rory Gallagher Theatre.

Both sons were musically inclined and encouraged by their parents: at age nine, Gallagher received his first guitar from them. He built on his burgeoning ability on ukelele in teaching himself to play the guitar and perform at minor functions. After winning a talent contest when he was twelve, Gallagher began performing in his adolescence with both his acoustic guitar, and an electric guitar he bought with his prize money. However, it was his purchase three years later of a 1961 Fender Stratocaster for £100 that became his primary instrument most associated with him for the span of his lifetime.

Gallagher was initially attracted to skiffle after hearing Lonnie Donegan on the radio. Donegan frequently covered blues and folk performers from the United States. He relied entirely on radio programs and television. Occasionally, the jazz programs from the BBC would play some blues numbers, and he slowly found some song books for guitar, where he found the names of the actual composers of blues pieces. While still in school, playing songs by Buddy Holly and Eddie Cochran, he discovered his greatest influence in Muddy Waters. Subsequently, Gallagher began experimenting with folk, blues, and rock music. Unable to find or afford record albums, Gallagher stayed up late to hear Radio Luxembourg and AFN where the radio brought him his only exposure to the actual songwriters and musicians whose music moved him most. Influences he discovered, and cited as he progressed, included Woody Guthrie, Big Bill Broonzy, and Lead Belly. Initially, Gallagher struck out after just an acoustic sound. Singing and later using a brace for his harmonica, Gallagher taught himself to play slide guitar. Further, throughout the next few years of his musical development, Gallagher began learning to play alto saxophone, bass, mandolin, banjo, and the coral sitar with varying degrees of proficiency. By his mid-teens, he began experimenting heavily with different blues styles.

Gallagher began playing after school with Irish showbands, while still a young teenager. In 1963, he joined one named Fontana, a sextet playing the popular hit songs of the day. The band toured Ireland and the United Kingdom, earning the money for the payments that were due on his Stratocaster guitar. Gallagher began to influence the band's repertoire, beginning its transition from popular music, skirting along some of Chuck Berry's songs and by 1965, he had successfully molded Fontana into "The Impact", with a change in their lineup into an R&B; group that played gigs in Ireland and Spain until disbanding in London. Gallagher left with the bassist and drummer to perform as a trio in Hamburg, Germany. In 1966, Gallagher returned to Ireland and, experimenting with other musicians back home in Cork, decided to form his own band.

Taste[link]

Having completed a musical apprenticeship in the showbands, and influenced by the increasing popularity of beat groups during the early 1960s, Gallagher formed "The Taste", which was later renamed simply, "Taste", a blues rock and R&B; power trio, in 1966. Initially, the band was composed of Gallagher and two Cork musicians, Norman Damery and Eric Kitteringham, however, by 1968, they were replaced with two musicians from Belfast, featuring Gallagher on guitar and vocals, drummer John Wilson, and bassist Richard McCracken. Performing extensively in the United Kingdom, the group played regularly at the Marquee Club, supporting both Cream at their Royal Albert Hall farewell concert, and the blues supergroup Blind Faith on a tour of North America. Managed by Eddie Kennedy, the trio released the albums ''Taste'' and ''On The Boards'', and two live recordings, ''Live Taste'' and ''Live at the Isle of Wight''. The latter appeared long after the band's break-up, which occurred shortly after their appearance at the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival.

Solo career[link]

After the break-up of Taste, Gallagher toured under his own name, hiring former Deep Joy bass player Gerry McAvoy to play on Gallagher's self-titled debut album, ''Rory Gallagher''. It was the beginning of a twenty-year musical relationship between Gallagher and McAvoy; the other band member was drummer Wilgar Campbell. The 1970s were Gallagher's most prolific period. He produced ten albums in that decade, including two live albums, ''Live in Europe'' and ''Irish Tour '74''. November 1971 saw the release of his album, ''Deuce''. In the same year he was voted ''Melody Maker'''s International Top Musician of the Year, ahead of Eric Clapton. However, despite a number of his albums from this period reaching the UK Albums Chart, Gallagher did not attain major star status. Gallagher played and recorded what he said was "in me all the time, and not just something I turn on ...". Though he sold over thirty million albums worldwide, it was his marathon live performances that won him greatest acclaim. He is documented in the 1974 film ''Irish Tour '74'', directed by Tony Palmer. During the heightened periods of political unrest in Ireland, as other artists were warned not to tour, Gallagher was resolute about touring Ireland at least once a year during his career, winning him the dedication of thousands of fans, and in the process, becoming a role model for other aspiring young Irish musicians. Gallagher himself admitted in several interviews that at first there were not any international Irish acts until Van Morrison, Gallagher, and later, Phil Lynott and Thin Lizzy grew popular during the 1970s. The line-up which included Rod de'Ath on drums and Lou Martin on keyboards, performed together between 1973 and 1978. However, he eventually dropped down to just bass, guitar and drums, and his act became a power trio. Other releases from that period include ''Against the Grain'', ''Calling Card'', ''Photo-Finish'' and ''Top Priority''. Gerry McAvoy has stated that the Gallagher band performed several TV and radio shows across Europe, including Beat-Club in Bremen, Germany and the Old Grey Whistle Test. He recorded two Peel Sessions, both in February 1973 and containing the same tracks, but only the first was broadcast. Along with Little Feat and Roger McGuinn, Gallagher performed the first Rockpalast live concert at the Grugahalle, Essen, Germany in 1977.

Gallagher collaborated with Jerry Lee Lewis and Muddy Waters on their respective ''London Sessions'' in the mid 1970s. He played on Lonnie Donegan's final album. He was David Coverdale's second choice (after Jeff Beck) to replace Ritchie Blackmore in Deep Purple. Gallagher chose to perform in his own band.

In the 1980s he continued recording, producing ''Jinx'', ''Defender'', and ''Fresh Evidence''. After ''Fresh Evidence'', he embarked on a tour of the United States. In addition he played with Box of Frogs which was a band formed in 1983 by former members of The Yardbirds, who released their first album in 1984. Former Yardbirds guitarists Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page also guested on their first and second albums, respectively. Becoming obsessive over details and plagued by self-doubt, Gallagher nevertheless retained a loyal fanbase. During this period he stated "I agonize too much".

An album of unreleased studio tracks and a San Francisco 1979 concert will be released in June 2011.

Band lineup[link]

Rory Gallagher (guitar, vocals)

1970–1972: Gerry McAvoy (bass guitar), Wilgar Campbell (drums)

1972–1976: Gerry McAvoy (bass), Lou Martin (piano, keyboards), Rod de'Ath (drums)

1976–1981: Gerry McAvoy (bass), Ted McKenna (drums)

1981–1991: Gerry McAvoy (bass), Brendan O'Neil (drums) + frequent guest: Mark Feltham (harmonica)

1992–1994: David Levy (bass), Jim Levaton (keyboards), John Cooke (keyboards), Richard Newman (drums) + frequent guest: Mark Feltham (harmonica)

Guitars and equipment[link]

Gallagher's Stratocaster[link]

Gallagher was always associated with his well-worn sunburst 1961 Stratocaster (Serial Number 64351), which his brother Donal has officially retired.

It was reputedly the first in Ireland, and was ordered from Fender by Jim Connolly, a showband member performing with The Irish Showband. Connolly ordered a cherry red Stratocaster through Crowley's music shop in Cork in 1963. When Fender shipped a sunburst Stratocaster instead, it went on sale as a second-hand instrument, which Gallagher bought for just shy of £100 at Crowley's Music Store on Cork's McCurtain Street. Note: the shop was at 10 Merchants Quay at the time of purchase.

The guitar was extensively modified by Gallagher. The tuning pegs are odd (5 Sperzel pegs and one Gotoh), and all of these have been found to be replacements. Second, it is thought that the nut has been replaced and interchanged a number of times. Third, the scratchplate was changed during Gallagher's time with Taste.

The pickups —none of which are original— were also changed. The final modification was that of the wiring: Gallagher disconnected the bottom tone pot and rewired it so he had just a master tone control along with the master volume control. He also installed a 5-way selector switch in place of the vintage 3-way one.

The most notable effect that the years of touring have had on the guitar is the almost complete removal of its original sunburst finish. Although the Strat was left abandoned in a rainy ditch for days after being stolen, this is not believed to have caused any of the effect. All of the wear was caused by Rory's playing, not misuse.

It also had a period of time of having a replacement neck, with the original neck bowing due to the amount of moisture it absorbed during continuous touring. The neck was taken off and left to settle, and was eventually reunited with the Strat after returning to its correct shape. Other quirks include a 'hump' in the scratch plate which moves the neck pickup closer to the neck on the bass side, and a replacement of all of the pickups, though this replacement was due to damage rather than the perception of a tonal inadequacy.

One final point of interest is that one of the clay double-dot inlays at the 12th fret fell out and was replaced with a plastic one, which is why it's whiter than the other clay inlays.

On Friday the 21st and Saturday the 22nd of October 2011, Rory's brother Donal brought the guitar out of retirement in order to allow Joe Bonamassa to perform with it on his two nights at the London Hammersmith Apollo. Joe opened both night's performances with his rendition of Cradle Rock using Rory's Stratocaster. Photos and video of the performance can be seen on the official Rory Gallagher website.

Amplifiers and effects[link]

thumb|left|200px|Gallagher playing a resonator guitar, during his 1978/79 Tour, in The National Stadium, Dublin, Ireland Gallagher used various makes and models of amplifiers during his career. In general, however, he preferred smaller 'combo' amplifiers to the larger, more powerful 'stacks' popular with rock and hard rock guitarists. To make up for the relative lack of power on stage, he would often link several different combo amps together.

When Gallagher was with Taste, he used a single Vox AC30 with a Dallas Rangemaster treble booster plugged into the 'normal' input. Examples of this sound can be heard on the Taste albums, as well as the album ''Live in Europe''. Brian May, of the band Queen, has admitted in interviews that as a young man, he was inspired to use a Vox AC30 and treble booster setup after meeting Gallagher and asking him how he got his sound. The British company, Flynn Amps, now makes a Rory Gallagher Signature Hawk Treble Booster pedal based on Gallagher's original unit. Gallagher also used Ibanez Tube Screamers, an MXR Dyna Comp, and various Boss effects, often using a Flanger and Octaver.

In the early to mid 1970s, Gallagher began to use Fender amplifiers in conjunction with a Hawk booster, most notably a Bassman and a Twin, both 1950s vintage. An example of this sound can be heard on the ''Irish Tour '74'' album. He also had a Fender Concert amplifier.

In the mid to late 1970s, when Gallagher was moving towards a hard rock sound, he experimented with Ampeg VT40 and VT22 amps. He also began using Marshall combos. During this period and beyond, Gallagher used different combinations of amps on stage to achieve more power and to blend the tonal characteristics of different amps including Orange amplification.

Not that well known is his use of various German amplifiers. He Used Stramp 2100a amps, which can be seen in his appearances on the German Beat Club program. Another company that hand built amplifiers for Gallagher was PCL Vintage Amp. The company is located in St. Wendel in the Saarland and they still produce high quality audio and guitar equipment.

Death[link]

According to sources close to Rory, including his brother Donal, Rory had a great fear of flying. He also had a great deal of trust in doctors and medicine. Combinations of prescription medication and alcohol use resulted in severe liver damage. Despite this he continued touring. By the time of his final performance on 10 January 1995 in the Netherlands, he was visibly sick. His cause of death was complications from a liver transplant, that became necessary and was nearly successful; his health, however, quickly worsened due to a Staphylococcus (MRSA) infection, and he died in London on 14 June 1995. He was unmarried and had no children.

Gallagher was buried in St Oliver's Cemetery, on the Clash Road just outside Ballincollig near Cork City, Ireland. His headstone is a replica of an award he received in 1972 for International Guitarist of the Year.

Legacy[link]

In 2003, ''Wheels Within Wheels'', a collection of acoustic tracks, was released posthumously by Gallagher's brother Donal Gallagher. Collaborators on this album included Bert Jansch, Martin Carthy, The Dubliners and Lonnie Donegan.

Many modern day musicians, including The Edge from U2, Slash of Guns N' Roses, Johnny Marr of the Smiths, Davy Knowles, Janick Gers of Iron Maiden, Glenn Tipton of Judas Priest, Vivian Campbell of Def Leppard, Gary Moore and Joe Bonamassa, cite Gallagher as an inspiration in their formative musical years.

Brian May, lead guitarist of Queen, relates: "so these couple of kids come up, who's me and my mate, and say 'How do you get your sound Mr. Gallagher?' and he sits and tells us. So I owe Rory Gallagher my sound." In 2010, Gallagher was ranked #42 on Gibson.com’s List of their Top 50 Guitarists of All Time. Gallagher was also listed on ''Rolling Stone'' magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, ranked at 57th place.

Tributes[link]

On 25 October 1997 a tribute sculpture to Gallagher was unveiled in the newly renamed Rory Gallagher Place (formerly St. Paul's St. Square) in his hometown of Cork. The sculptor was a childhood friend of Gallagher, Geraldine Creedon. The two grew up together in the McCurtain Street area of the city. The band who played at the unveiling of the statue was the Dave McHugh band, who formed Ireland's first tribute to Gallagher, 'Aftertaste' in 1995.

There is a Rory Gallagher Corner at Meeting House Square in Temple Bar, Dublin, where a life-size bronze statue in the shape of his Stratocaster has been installed. Some of those who attended the unveiling include The Edge of U2 and the Lord Mayor of Dublin.

In 2004 the Rory Gallagher Music Library was opened in Cork. In 2006 a plaque was unveiled at the Ulster Hall in Belfast. A street in Ris-Orangis, a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, was renamed Rue Rory Gallagher.

New York City-based Celtic rock band Black 47 paid tribute to Rory Gallagher on their 1996 major-label release, "Green Suede Shoes." The track titled "Rory" features vocalist/guitarist Larry Kirwan delivering a passionate and heart-felt tribute to Rory Gallagher's talent and unrealized stardom. The song lauds his musical prowess and potential greatness

:"Hey Rory, you're off to London :Playing with a band called Taste ... :On your night you could even leave Hendrix in the dust", the awe that a young Kirwan felt towards Gallagher :"Hero came back to Dublin :... long hair flyin' :Blue denims dripping with sweat :Bolts of lightenin' in your fingers :Pride of bein' the best" and expressing dismay at the loss of such a talent. Flynn Amps manufacture a Rory Gallagher signature Hawk pedal, cloned from Gallagher's 1970s pedal. On 2 June 2010, a life-sized bronze statue of Gallagher was unveiled in the town centre of Ballyshannon. An award-winning annual Blues festival is held in his honour at the same location.

Discography[link]

''Rory Gallagher'' – 1971 (BPI: 100,000)

''Deuce'' – 1971 (BPI: 100,000)

''Blueprint'' – 1973 (BPI: 100,000)

''Tattoo'' – 1973 (BPI: 100,000)

''Irish Tour '74'' – 1974

''Against the Grain'' – 1975 (BPI: 100,000) ''Rolling Stone'' review

''Calling Card'' – 1976 (BPI: 60,000) ''Rolling Stone'' review

''Photo-Finish'' – 1978 (BPI: 60,000)

''Top Priority'' – 1979 (BPI: 60,000)

''Jinx'' – 1982 (BPI: 60,000)

''Defender'' – 1987 (BPI: 60,000)

''Fresh Evidence'' – 1990 (BPI: 60,000)

''Wheels Within Wheels'' – 2003

''Notes from San Francisco'' – 2011 (an unreleased studio album from 1978, packaged with a live album from 1979)

See also[link]

List of people on stamps of Ireland

List of blues musicians

References[link]

External links[link]

Official Rory Gallagher website

Category:1948 births Category:1995 deaths Category:Irish blues guitarists Category:People from County Donegal Category:Organ transplant recipients Category:Deaths from MRSA Category:Infectious disease deaths in England Category:Electric blues musicians Category:Blues guitarists Category:Irish guitarists Category:Irish rock guitarists Category:Lead guitarists Category:Resonator guitarists Category:Blues rock musicians Category:Harmonica blues musicians Category:Slide guitarists Category:Mandolinists Category:Irish musicians Category:Irish record producers Category:Irish male singers Category:Irish rock singers Category:Sitar players Category:Skiffle Category:Atlantic Records artists Category:Polydor Records artists Category:RCA Records artists Category:Verve Records artists Category:Musicians from Cork Category:Saxophonists from Northern Ireland

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The Little Tern, ''Sternula albifrons'' or ''Sterna albifrons'', is a seabird of the tern family Sternidae. It was formerly placed into the genus ''Sterna'', which now is restricted to the large white terns (Bridge ''et al.'', 2005). The former North American (''S. a. antillarum'') and Red Sea ''S. a. saundersi'' subspecies are now considered to be separate species, the Least Tern (''Sternula antillarum'') and Saunders's Tern (''Sternula saundersi'').

This bird breeds on the coasts and inland waterways of temperate and tropical Europe and Asia. It is strongly migratory, wintering in the subtropical and tropical oceans as far south as South Africa and Australia.

There are three subspecies, the nominate ''albifrons'' occurring in Europe to North Africa and western Asia; ''guineae'' of western and central Africa; and ''sinensis'' of East Asia and the north and east coasts of Australia (Higgins and Davies, 1996).

The Little Tern breeds in colonies on gravel or shingle coasts and islands. It lays two to four eggs on the ground. Like all white terns, it is defensive of its nest and young and will attack intruders.

Like most other white terns, the Little Tern feeds by plunge-diving for fish, usually from saline environments. The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.

This is a small tern, 21–25 cm long with a 41–47 cm wingspan. It is not likely to be confused with other species, apart from Fairy Tern and Saunders's Tern, because of its size and white forehead in breeding plumage. Its thin sharp bill is yellow with a black tip and its legs are also yellow. In winter, the forehead is more extensively white, the bill is black and the legs duller. The call is a loud and distinctive creaking noise.

Little Tern on European rivers [link]

At the beginning of the 19th century the Little Tern was a common bird of European shores, rivers and wetlands, but in the 20th century populations of coastal areas decreased because of habitat loss, pollution and human disturbance.

The loss of inland populations has been even more severe, since due to dams, river regulation and sediment extraction it has lost most of its former habitats. The Little Tern population has declined or become extinct in many European countries, and former breeding places on large rivers like the Danube, Elbe and Rhine ceased. Nowadays, only few river systems in Europe possess suitable habitats; the Loire/Allier in France, the Vistula/Odra in Poland, the Po/Ticino in Italy, the Daugava in Latvia, the Nemunas in Lithuania, the Sava in Croatia and the Drava in Hungary and Croatia. The status of the Little Tern on the rivers Tagus and lower Danube is uncertain.

The Drava population is one of the most threatened. Old fashioned water management practices, including river regulation and sediment extraction, endanger the remaining pairs. Only 15 pairs still breed on extensive sand or gravel banks along the border between Hungary and Croatia. The WWF and its partners are involved in working for the protection of this bird and this unique European river ecosystem. The Little Tern is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' (AEWA) applies.

==References== Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

Bridge, E. S.; Jones, A. W. & Baker, A. J. (2005): A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 35: 459–469. PDF fulltext

Collinson, M. (2006). Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists. ''British Birds'' 99(6): 306-323.

Harrison, Peter (1988): ''Seabirds (2nd edition)''. Christopher Helm, London ISBN 0-7470-1410-8.

Olsen, Klaus Malling & Larsson, Hans (1995): ''Terns of Europe and North America''. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-4056-1

Little Tern

External links [link]

Category:Sternula Category:Birds of South Australia Category:Birds of Tasmania Category:Birds of Europe Category:Birds of Japan Category:Birds of Western Australia Tern Category:Birds of Queensland Category:Nature Conservation Act endangered biota Category:Animals described in 1764 Category:Birds of Western Sahara

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