Afro-Cuban boys playing in Trinidad, Cuba

The term Afro-Cuban refers to Cubans of Sub Saharan African ancestry, and to historical or cultural elements in Cuba thought to emanate from this community. The term can refer to the combining of African and other cultural elements found in Cuban society such as religion, music, language, the arts, and class culture.^[1]

Afrocubanismo Movement in the 1920s and 1930s[link]

During the 1920s and 1930s Cuba experienced a movement geared towards Afro-Cuban culture called Afrocubanismo.^[2] The movement had a large impact on Cuban literature, poetry, painting, music, and sculpture. It was the first artistic campaign in Cuba that focused on one particular theme: black culture. Specifically it highlighted the struggle for independence from Spain, black slavery, and building a purely Cuban national identity. Its goal was to incorporate African folklore and rhythm into traditional modes of art.

History of the Movement[link]

The movement evolved from an interest in the rediscovery of African heritage. It developed in two very different stages. The first stage stemmed from European artists and intellectuals who were interested in African art and musical folk forms.^[3] This stage paralleled the Harlem Renaissance in New York, Négritude in the French Caribbean, and coincided with stylistic European Vanguard (like cubism and its representation of African masks). It was characterized by the participation of white intellectuals like Cubans Alejo Carpentier, Fortunato Vizcarrondo and Lydia Cabrera, Puerto Rican Luis Palés Matos, and Spaniards Pablo Picasso and Roger de Lauria. The African-inspired art that was produced in this early part of the movement was extremely picturesque but lacked a true understanding of black culture. The art tended to represent Afro-Cubans with cliché images like a black man sitting beneath a palm tree with a cigar.

Although the depth of the first stage was shallow, it paved the way for Afro-Cubans to be recognized for their artistic ability. The influence of black writers in Cuba dates back to the early 17th century but it took the participation of the white intellectuals to bring their talent to the foreground.

Once white poets and intellectuals began publishing their work in the 20s with an Afro-Cuban subject matter, other poems and essays by black writers began to be published in the 30s in newspapers, magazines, and books where they discussed their own personal heritage. Afro-Cuban artists began to realize that the movement brought light to the once-marginalized black race and culture. It became a symbol of empowerment and individuality for Afro-Cubans within the established Western culture of the Americas and Europe.^[4]

This empowerment became a catalyst for the second stage to be characterized by Afro-Cuban artists making art that truly reflected what it meant to be Afro-Cuban. Beginning in the 1930s this stage depicted a more serious view of black culture like African religions and the struggles associated with slavery. The main protagonist during this stage of the movement was Nicolas Guillen.^[5]

Results of the Movement[link]

The lasting reputation of the Afrocubanismo movement was the establishment of a New World art form thatmovenem used aesthetics from both European and African culture.^[6] Although the actual movement of Afrocubanismo faded by the early 40s, Afro-Cuban culture continues to play a vital role in the identity of Cuba. It has been the Cuban Revolution that opened up a space for extended research of African ethnic roots in Cuba.^[7] The rhetoric of the Revolution incorporates black history and its contribution as an important stratum of Cuban identity. The Revolution has funded many projects that restore the work of Afro-Cubans in an effort to accommodate an African-driven identity within the new anti-racist Cuban society.^[8]

Demographics[link]

According to a 2002 national census which surveyed 11.2 million Cubans, 1.1 million Cubans described themselves as Black, while 2.8 million considered themselves to be "mulatto" or "mestizo".^[9] Thus a significant proportion of those living on the island affirm some African ancestry. The matter is further complicated by the fact that a fair number of people still locate their origins in specific African ethnic groups or regions, particularly Yoruba (or Lucumi), Igbo and Congo, but also Arará, Carabalí, Mandingo, Fula, Makua, and others.

Although Afro-Cubans can be found throughout Cuba, Eastern Cuba has a higher concentration of blacks than other parts of the island, and Havana has the largest population of blacks of any city in Cuba.^[10] Recently, many African immigrants have been coming to Cuba, especially from Angola. Also, immigrants from Jamaica and Haiti have been settling in Cuba, most of whom settle in the eastern part of the island, due to it's proximity to their home country, further contributing to the already high percentage of blacks on that side of the island.^[10]

The percentage of Afro-Cubans on the island increased after the 1959 Cuban revolution led by Fidel Castro due to mass migration from the island of the largely white Cuban professional class.^[11] A small percentage of Afro-Cubans left Cuba, mostly for the United States, (particularly Florida), where they and their U.S.-born children are called Cuban Americans, Hispanic-Americans, and African Americans. Only a few of them resided in nearby Spanish-speaking countries of Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico.

The Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami says 62% are black.^[12] The Minority Rights Group International says that "An objective assessment of the situation of Afro-Cubans remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre- and post-revolution.

Afro-Cuban descendants in Africa[link]

Countries such as Nigeria, the home of the Yoruba and Igbo cultures, and Equatorial Guinea experienced and influx of ex-slaves from Cuba brought there as indentured servants during the 17th century, and again during the 19th century. In Equatorial Guinea, they became part of the Emancipados; in Nigeria, they were called Amaros. Despite being free to return to Cuba when their tenure was over, they remained in these countries marrying into the local indigenous population. The former slaves were brought to Africa by the Royal Orders of September 13, 1845 (by way of voluntary arrangement) and a June 20, 1861 deportation from Cuba, due to the lack of volunteers. Similar circumstances previously occurred during the 17th century where ex-slaves from both Cuba and Brazil were offered the same opportunity.

Angola also has communities of Afro-Cubans, Amparos. They are descendants of Afro-Cuban soldiers brought to the country in 1975 as a result of the Cuban involvement in the Cold War. Fidel Castro deployed thousands of troops to the country during the Angolan Civil War. As a result of this era, there exists a small Spanish-speaking community in Angola of Afro-Cubans numbering about 100,000.

Religion[link]

Santería icons at an open place of worship in Havana. Santería is a syncretism practiced by many Afro-Cubans

Afro-Cuban religion can be broken down into three main currents: Santería, Palo Monte, and Abakuá, and include individuals of all origins. Santería and Abakuá both have large parts of their liturgy in African languages (Yoruba, Igbo and Ñañigo, respectively) while Palo Monte uses a mixture of Spanish and Kikongo. Santería and Palo Monte are largely syncretised with Catholicism, though it is generally considered that the African elements outweigh the Catholic ones.

The Abakuá religion is a secret society for men, similar to the freemason orders of Europe (which first integrated white (Spanish) members in the late 19th century). It has not been syncretised with Catholicism and remains close to its origins in south-eastern Nigeria. An important aspect of Abakuá is that while membership is only for men, a host of rules mandates that conditions to be initiated are to be a good son, good brother, good father, good friend, and, above all, heterosexual. There are presently 136 potencies in Cuba; the 136th been recently created named Efí Masongo Obane.

Music[link]

Afro-Cuban music involves two main categories of music, religious and profane. Religious music includes the chants, rhythms and instruments used in rituals of the above-mentioned religious currents, while profane music focuses largely on rumba, guaguanco and comparsa (carnival music) as well as several lesser styles such as the tumba francesa. Virtually all Cuban music has been influenced by African rhythms. Cuban popular music, and quite a lot of the art music, has strands from both Spain and Africa, woven into a unique Cuban cloth. The son is a typical example of this.

Language[link]

Other cultural elements considered to be Afro-Cuban can be found in language (including syntax, vocabulary, and style of speech) and generally held stereotypes of Afro-Cuban culture such as male and female behavior, family structure or general habits. The term Afro-Cuban is rarely taken into the economic sphere, despite the fact that, as in most of the Americas, black Cubans are generally poorer than whites, which translates into class phenomenon along racial lines. The political situation, however, forbids public acknowledgment of the existence of social classes and of racial problems of any kind.

Racial Consciousness[link]

According to anthropologists dispatched by the European Union, racism is entrenched in Cuba.^[13] Black people are systematically excluded from positions in tourism related jobs, where they could earn tips in hard currencies.^[13] According to the EU study, black people are relegated to poor housing, and black Cubans are excluded from managerial positions.^[13]

Enrique Patterson describes race as a "social bomb" and says that "If the Cuban government were to permit black Cubans to organize and raise their problems before [authorities] . . . totalitarianism would fall".^[12] Esteban Morales Domínguez, a professor in the University of Havana, says that "The absence of the debate on the racial problem already threatens . . . the revolution's social project".^[12] Carlos Moore, who has authored extensive on the issue, says that "There is an unstated threat, blacks in Cuba know that whenever you raise race in Cuba, you go to jail. Therefore the struggle in Cuba is different. There cannot be a civil rights movement. You will have instantly 10,000 black people dead. [...] The government is frightened to the extent to which it does not understand black Cubans today. You have a new generation of black Cubans who are looking at politics in another way."^[12] Barack Obama's victory has raised disturbing questions about the institutional racism in Cuba.^[13] The Economist noted "The danger starts with his example: after all, a young, black, progressive politician has no chance of reaching the highest office in Cuba, although a majority of the island’s people are black"^[14]

In the years between the triumph of the revolution and the victory at Playa Girón the Cuban government was one of the world’s most proactive regimes in the fight against discrimination. It achieved significant gains in racial equality through a series of egalitarian reforms early in the 1960s. Fidel Castro’s first public address on racism after his rise to power was on March 23, 1959 at a labor rally in Havana, less than three months after he defeated Fulgencio Batista. He is quoted as saying: “one of the most just battles that must be fought, a battle that must be emphasized more and more, which I might call the fourth battle--the battle to end racial discrimination at work centers. I repeat: the battle to end racial discrimination at work centers. Of all the forms of racial discrimination the worst is the one that limits the colored Cuban's access to jobs .“^[15] Castro pointed to the distinction between social segregation and employment, while placing great emphasis on correcting the latter. In response to the large amount of racism that existed in the job market, Castro issued anti-discrimination laws. In addition, he attempted to close the class gap between wealthy white Cubans and Afro-Cubans with a massive literacy campaign among other egalitarian reforms in the early and mid 1960s ^[16] Two years after his 1959 speech at the Havana Labor Rally, Castro declared that the age of racism and discrimination was over. In a speech given at the Confederation of Cuban Workers in observance of May Day, Castro declared that the “ just laws of the revolution ended unemployment put an end to villages without hospitals and schools, enacted laws which ended discrimination, control by monopolies, humiliation, and the suffering of the people.”^[17] Although inspiring, many would consider the claim to be premature.”^[18]

Research conducted by PH.D researchers Yesilernis Peña, Jim Sidanius and Mark Sawyer in 2003, suggest that social discrimination is still prevalent, despite the low levels of economic discrimination.^[19] After considering the issue solved, the Cuban government moved beyond the issue of racism. His message marked a shift in Cuban society’s perception of racism that was triggered by the change in government focus. ”^[18] The government’s announcement easily allowed the Cuban public to deny discrimination without first correcting the stereotypes that remained in mind of those who grew up in a Cuba that was racially and economically divided. Many who argue that racism does not exist in Cuba base their claims on the idea of Latin American Exceptionalism. According to the argument of Latin American Exceptionality, a social history of intermarriage and mixing of the races is unique to Latina America. The large mestizo populations that result from high levels of interracial union common to Latin America are often linked to racial democracy. For many Cubans this translates into an argument of “racial harmony”, often referred to as racial democracy. In the case of Cuba, ideas of Latin American Exceptionalism have delayed the progress of true racial harmony.^[20]

Most of the Latin population of Tampa in the 1950s was working class and lived in restricted areas, ethnic enclaves in the vicinity of Tampa’s hundreds of cigar factories. Black Cubans were tolerated to an extent in the Latin quarter (where most neighborhoods and cigar factories were integrated), Ybor City and its counterpart, West Tampa, were areas that bordered on other restricted sections-areas for U.S. blacks or whites only. In this Latin qurtet, there existed racial discrimination despite its subtleness.^[21]

Haitian Cubans[link]

Haitian Creole and culture first entered Cuba with the arrival of Haitian immigrants at the start of the 19th century. Haiti was a French colony, and the final years of the 1791-1804 Haitian Revolution brought a wave of French settlers fleeing with their Haitian slaves to Cuba. They came mainly to the east, and especially Guantanamo, where the French later introduced sugar cultivation, constructed sugar refineries and developed coffee plantations. By 1804, some 30,000 French were living in Baracoa and Maisí, the furthest eastern municipalities of the province. Later, Haitians continued to come to Cuba to work as braceros (hand workers, from the Spanish word brazo, meaning "arm") in the fields cutting cane. Their living and working conditions were not much better than slavery. Although they planned to return to Haiti, most stayed on in Cuba. For years, many Haitians and their descendants in Cuba did not identify themselves as such or speak Creole. In the eastern part of the island, many Haitians suffered discrimination. But according to the Castro regime, since 1959, when he took over, this discrimination has stopped.

After Spanish, Creole is the second most-spoken language in Cuba. In addition to the eastern provinces, there are also communities in Ciego de Ávila and Camagüey provinces where the population still maintains Creole, their mother tongue. Classes in Creole are offered in Guantanamo, Matanzas and the City of Havana. There is a Creole-language radio program.

List of Famous Afro-Cubans[link]

• Andres Serrano - Artist
• Antonio Maceo - Second-in-command of the Cuban Army of Independence
• Martín Morúa Delgado,President of the Cuban Senate
• Juan Gualberto Gómez, 1890s revolutionary leader, close collaborator of Martí's, served as part of the committee of consultations that drafted and amended the Constitution of 1901, and as a Representative and Senator
• Víctor Dreke - Cuban Revolutionary and Second-in-Command to Ché Guevara in the Congo
• Rita Marley - Singer, Humanitarian, and widowed wife of Bob Marley
• Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés, "Plácido" - Poet
• Nicolás Guillén - Poet
• Regino Pedroso - Poet
• Georgina Herrera - Poet
• Nancy Morejón - Poet
• Domingo Alfonso - Poet
• Angel Escobar - Poet
• Soleida Ríos - Writer
• Alberto Guerra Naranjo - Writer
• Ariel Ribeaux Diago - Writer
• Ahmel Echevarría - Writer
• Víctor Fowler - Writer
• Salvador Redonet Cook - Professor
• Wifredo Lam - Artist
• Roberto Diago - Artist
• Ibrahim Ferrer - Singer (Buena Vista Social Club)
• Omara Portuondo - Singer (Buena Vista Social Club)
• Compay Segundo - Singer (Buena Vista Social Club)
• Pío Leyva - Singer (Buena Vista Social Club)
• Rubén González - Pianist (Buena Vista Social Club)
• Orlando "Cachaito" López - Bass player (Buena Vista Social Club)
• Juan de Marcos González - Musical director (Buena Vista Social Club)
• Afro-Cuban All Stars
• Fats Navarro - Jazz musician
• Mario Bauzá - Jazz musician
• Chano Pozo - Jazz percusionist
• Arsenio Rodríguez - Bandleader
• Ignacio Piñeiro - Musician
• Machito - Musician
• Mongo Santamaría - Jazz musician
• Benny Moré - Singer
• Bola de Nieve - Singer and pianist
• Pedro "Peruchín" Jústiz - Pianist
• Chocolate Armenteros - Trumpetist
• Félix Chapottín - Trumpetist
• Armando Peraza - Percusionist
• Orestes Vilató - Timbalero
• Barbarito Diez - Singer
• Pello el Afrokán - Percusionist and creator of mozambique (music)
• Bebo Valdés - Pianist
• Israel "Cachao" López - Bass player
• Orestes López - Bass player
• Dámaso Pérez Prado - The King of Mambo
• Carlos "Patato" Valdes - Conga player
• Richard Egües - Flute player, a member of the Orquesta Aragón
• Enrique Jorrín - Violinist and inventor of cha-chá-chá
• Guillermo Barreto - Percusionist
• Generoso Jimenez - Trombonist
• Chucho Valdés - Pianist and leader of Irakere
• Jorge Varona - Trumpetist
• Carlos del Puerto - Bass player
• Jorge Alfonso, el Niño - Percusionist
• Anga Díaz - Percusionist and former member of Irakere
• Germán Velazco - Sax player
• Orlando Valle, "Maraca" - Flutist
• Lázaro "el Fino" Rivero - Bass player
• Tata Güines - Percusionist
• Changuito - Percusionist and former member of Los Van Van
• Ignacio Berroa - Drummer
• Lázaro Ros - Singer
• Pablo Milanés - Singer
• Gerardo Alfonso - Singer
• Carlos Alfonso - Bass player and leader of Síntesis
• X Alfonso - Singer
• Yusa - Female bass player
• Peruchín Jr. - Guitarist
• Gonzalo Rubalcaba - Jazz pianist
• Sammy Davis Jr. - Actor, Singer, and Dancer
• Celia Cruz - Singer
• Addys D'Mercedes - Singer
• Yotuel Romero - Singer
• Jon Secada - Singer
• Sen Dog - Rapper and Member of Cypress Hill
• Mellow Man Ace - Rapper
• Teófilo Stevenson - Amateur boxer
• Félix Savón - Amateur boxer
• Alexis Rubalcaba - Amateur boxer
• Kid Chocolate - Boxer (Former World Featherweight & Junior Lightweight Champion)
• José Nápoles - Boxer (Former World Welterweight Champion; also known as 'Mantequilla' Nápoles).
• Joel Casamayor - Boxer (WBC Lightweight Champion)
• Sugar Ramos - Boxer (Former WBA Featherweight Champion)
• Sergio Oliva - Body builder (Only bodybuilder to have ever beaten Arnold Schwarzenegger in a Mr Olympia competition)
• Tony Oliva - Three-Time batting champion
• Javier Sotomayor - Holds world record in high jump
• Ana Fidelia Quirot - Athlete
• Gipsy Moreno - Athlete
• Regla Torres - Volleyball player
• Gilbert Arenas - NBA
• Cristóbal Torriente - Negro League Baseball Hall of Fame
• Martín Dihigo - Negro League Baseball Hall of Fame
• Orestes Kindelán - The most prolific home run hitter in the history of amateur Cuban baseball
• José Contreras - MLB
• Orlando Hernández - MLB
• Liván Hernández - MLB
• Alexei Ramirez - MLB
• Brayan Peña - MLB
• Tony Pérez - MLB (Hall of Fame)
• Laz Alonso - Actor
• Christina Milian - Actress
• Gina Torres - Actress
• Rosario Dawson - Actress
• Faizon Love - Actor
• Lola Falana - Actress, Singer, and Dancer
• Luis Moro - Actor/Filmmaker
• Matt Cedeño - Actor/Model
• Renny Arozarena - Actor
• Juan Almeida Bosque - Politician and composer
• Esteban Lazo Hernández - Politician
• Juan Gomez Gonzalez Garcia Hernandez - Luchador (Masked Wrestler)
• Pia Conde - Swedish journalist and TV-personality
• La Lupe - Singer
• Gerry Zaragemca - Master Percussionists
• Rozonda Thomas- Singer/songwriter

Human rights and democracy activists[link]

• Jorge Luis García Pérez - the famous democracy activist spent 17 years in jail
• Guillermo Fariñas
• Oscar Elías Biscet
• Orlando Zapata Tamayo - Famous prisoner who died fasting to protest unjust imprisonment and torture of political prisoners. Has become a martyr among human right activists.

See also[link]

Cuba portal

• Afro-Latin American - Central and South America
• Black Hispanic and Latino Americans - the United States
• Cabildo (Cuba)
• Emancipados
• MPLA
• Angolan Civil War

References[link]

• Duno-Gottberg, Luis, Solventando las diferencias: la ideología del mestizaje en Cuba. Madrid, Iberoamericana – Frankfurt am Main, Vervuert, 2003
• Arnedo-Gómez, Miguel. “Introduction,” Writing Rumba: The Afrocubanista Movement in Poetry. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 2006: 1-170.
• “Afrocubanismo,” Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20thCentury. Ed. Lenard S. Klein. 2nd ed. 4thvol. Continuum: Continuum Publishing Company, 1989: 20-21.
• García, Cristina. “Introduction,” Cubanismo! New York: Vintage Books, 2002: 1-364.
• “Literature of the Recolutionary Era,” Encyclopedia of Cuba: People, history, culture. Ed. Luis Martinez Ternandez 1st Vol. Wesport: Greenwood Press, 2003: 345-346.
• Henken, Ted. “Cuban Literature-The Avant-Garde vs the Vanguard: Colonial Literature,” Cuba: A Global Studies Handbook Global Studies :Latin America & The Caribbean. Santa Barbara: ABC_CLIO, 2008: 363-385.
• Moore, Robin D. “The Minorista vanguard: Moderism and Afrocubanismo” Nationalizing Blackness: Afrocubansimo and artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920-1940.Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press, 1997: 195-200.
• Ródriguez-Mangual, Edna M. “Introduction” Lydia Cabrera and the Construction of an Afro Cuban Cultural Identity. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004: 1-167.

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Bobby Sanabria is an American drummer, percussionist, composer, arranger, bandleader, educator, producer, and writer specializing in Latin jazz.

Biography[link]

Sanabria was born at St. Francis Hospital in the South Bronx, where he grew up. He is of Puerto Rican ancestry: his father, José, comes from the barrio of Ensenada in Guanica, Puerto Rico, while his mother, Juanita, comes from the barrio of Jacanas, in Yabucoa, Puerto Rico.^[1]

He attended the Berklee College of Music in Boston from 1975 to 1979, graduating in 1979.^[2] He received a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1983 and was a featured performer on the Mambo Kings film soundtrack. He also appeared on The Bill Cosby Show with the Mario Bauza orchestra.

Sanabria often performs in New York public schools as part of the Arts Exposure Program. He has written articles for Modern Drummer magazine and has been interviewed by the magazine several times.^[2] He currently teaches an Afro-Cuban Big Band ensemble at the Manhattan School of Music and The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music.

He has performed with Mario Bauza, Dizzy Gillespie, Tito Puente, Mongo Santamaría, Chico Freeman, Paquito D'Rivera, Candido, Ray Barretto, Chico O'Farrill, Francisco Aguabella, Henry Threadgill, Luis "Perico" Ortiz, Daniel Ponce, Michael Gibbs, Charles McPherson, Phil Wilson, and Marco Rizo.

Afro-Cuban Dream: Live and in Clave! and Big Band Urban Folktales were nominated for a Grammy award.^[3]

Discography[link]

As a leader[link]

• 1993 - ¡New York City Ache! featuring special guests Tito Puente & Paquito D'Rivera (originally released on Flying Fish, later re-released on Rounder Records) - NAIRD (National Association of Independent Record Distributors) nominee
• 2000 - Afro-Cuban Dream: Live and in Clave!!! w/special guests Candido & John Stubblefield - Bobby Sanabria Big Band (Arabesque) - NARAS Grammy nominee Best Latin Jazz Recording
• 2002 - Bobby Sanabria & ¡Quarteto Aché! (originally released on Khaeon, later re-released on ZOHO)
• 2003 - 50 Years of Mambo: A Tribute to Damaso Perez Prado - Mambo All-Stars Orchestra (Mambo Maniacs) - LARAS Latin Grammy nominee Best Traditional Tropical Recording
• 2007 - El Espiritu Jibaro (The Jibaro Spirit) Roswell Rudd & Yomo Toro featuring Bobby Sanabria & Ascensión
• 2007 - Big Band Urban Folktales - Bobby Sanabria Big Band (Jazzheads)- NARAS Grammy nominee Best Latin Jazz Recording, JJA Award (Jazz Journalists Association) Latin Jazz Album of the Year 2008 *2009 - Kenya Revisited Live!!! w/ special guest NEA Jazz Master Candido - Bobby Sanabria conducting the Manhattan School of Music Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra (Jazzheads) - LARAS Latin Grammy nominee Best Latin Jazz recording
• 2011 - Tito Puente Masterworks Live!!! Bobby Sanabria conducting the Manhattan School of Music Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra (Jazzheads) - LARAS Latin Grammy nominee Best Latin Jazz Recording

COMING IN 2012 - MULTIVERSE featuring special guests La Bruja & Chareneè Wade - Bobby Sanabria Big Band (Jazzheads)

As sideman[link]

WIth Jorge Sylvester

• MusiCollege (Postcards Records)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Bobby Sanabria official site
• Bobby Sanabria MySpace page
• Bobby Sanabria MusiCodex Page
• Allmusic entry
• Latin Percussion page
• Bobby Sanabria interview
• Bobby Sanabria interview
• NPR piece
• NPR piece

Juan Carlos Blanco

Personal information
Born	July 27, 1981
Medal record Men’s Volleyball Competitor for  Venezuela Pan American Games Gold 2003 Santo Domingo Team

Juan Carlos Blanco (born July 27, 1981) is a volleyball setter from Venezuela, who won the gold medal with the men's national team at the 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. In the final his team defeated Cuba 3-0 (25-23, 25-18, 25-20).

He won with his team the gold medal at the 2005 Bolivarian Games.^[1]

Awards[link]

National Team[link]

Senior Team[link]

• 2005 Bolivarian Games, - Gold Medal

References[link]

1. ^ juegosbolivarianos2005.gov.co. "Estado Final". http://www.juegosbolivarianos2005.gov.co/showpage.aspx?d=VOL&n=2,4,2. Retrieved 2010-06-08. 

External links[link]

• FIVB Profile

This biographical article relating to volleyball in Venezuela is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

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Juan Carlos I King Don Juan Carlos I at age 71, 2009 King of Spain (more) Reign 22 November 1975 – present Anointment 27 November 1975 Predecessor Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel (interim Head of State) Alfonso XIII (as King of Spain) Heir apparent Felipe, Prince of Asturias Prime Ministers See list Carlos Arias-Navarro Fernando de Santiago y Díaz Adolfo Suárez Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo Felipe González José María Aznar José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Mariano Rajoy Consort Sophia of Greece and Denmark Detail Issue Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca Felipe, Prince of Asturias Full name Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias House House of Bourbon[1][2] Father Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona Mother Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies Born (1938-01-05) 5 January 1938 (age 74) Rome, Italy Signature

Spanish Royal Family HM The King HM The Queen HRH The Prince of Asturias HRH The Princess of Asturias HRH Infanta Leonor HRH Infanta Sofía HRH The Duchess of Lugo HE Don Felipe HE Doña Victoria HRH The Duchess of Palma de Mallorca HE The Duke of Palma de Mallorca HE Don Juan Valentín HE Don Pablo Nicolás HE Don Miguel HE Doña Irene Extended royal family HRH The Duchess of Badajoz HRH The Duchess of Soria HE The Duke of Soria HRH The Dowager Duchess of Calabria HRH The Duke of Calabria HRH The Duchess of Calabria v t e

Royal styles of King Juan Carlos Reference style His Majesty Spoken style Your Majesty Alternative style Sire

Juan Carlos I (Spanish pronunciation: [xwaŋˈkarlos]; born 5 January 1938) is the reigning King of Spain. On 22 November 1975, two days after General Franco's death, Juan Carlos was designated King according to the law of succession promulgated by Franco. In 1969, when Franco named Juan Carlos as the next head of state, Spain had had no monarch for 38 years.^[3] The Spanish Constitution of 1978, voted in referendum, acknowledges him expressly as King of Spain. The Spanish Constitution, Title II: the Crown, Article 56, Subsection 1, affirms the role of the Spanish monarch as the personification and embodiment of the Spanish nation, a symbol of Spain's enduring unity and permanence; and as such, the monarch is the head-of-state and commander-in-chief of the Spanish Armed Forces in a system known in Spanish as monarquía parlamentaria (constitutional monarchy).^[4][5]

King Juan Carlos successfully oversaw the transition of Spain from dictatorship to parliamentary monarchy.

Juan Carlos married Sophia of Greece and Denmark on 14 May 1962. The couple have three children and eight grandchildren.

Polls from 2000 show that he is widely approved of by Spaniards.^[6] According to the Spanish Constitution, the monarch is also instrumental in promoting Ibero-American relations, the "nations of its historical community".^[4][5] In this capacity, the King of Spain serves as the president of the Ibero-American States Organization, representing over 700,000,000 people in 24 member nations worldwide. In 2008 he was considered the most popular leader in all Ibero-America.^[7]

In other languages of Spain, the name of the King Juan Carlos I is adapted as:

• Catalan/Valencian Joan Carles I (IPA: [ʒuˈaŋ ˈkarɫəs] or [(d)ʒuˈaŋ ˈkaɾles]).
• Galician Xoán Carlos I (IPA: [ʃoˈaŋ ˈkaɾlos]).
• Basque Joan Karlos Ia (IPA: [joan karlos]).

Early life[link]

Juan Carlos was born to the Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, and the Princess María Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies in Rome, Italy, where his grandfather, King Alfonso XIII, and other members of the Spanish royal family had settled following the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931. He was baptized as Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias.^{[note 1]} His early life was dictated largely by the political concerns of his father and General Franco. He moved to Spain in 1948 to be educated there after his father persuaded Franco to allow it. He began his studies in San Sebastián and finished them in 1954 at the San Isidro Institute in Madrid. He then joined the army, doing his officer training from 1955 to 1957 at the Military Academy of Zaragoza.

Juan Carlos has two sisters: Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz (born 1936) and Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria (born 1939). He also had a younger brother, Alfonso.

Alfonso's death[link]

In March 1956, Juan Carlos's younger brother Alfonso died in a gun accident at the family's home Villa Giralda in Estoril, Portugal. The Spanish Embassy in Portugal issued an official communiqué:^[8]

Whilst His Highness Prince Alfonso was cleaning a revolver last evening with his brother, a shot was fired hitting his forehead and killing him in a few minutes. The accident took place at 20.30 hours, after the Infante's return from the Maundy Thursday religious service, during which he had received holy communion.

Very quickly, however, rumours appeared in newspapers that the gun had actually been held by Juan Carlos at the moment the shot was fired. Josefina Carolo, dressmaker to Juan Carlos's mother, said that Juan Carlos pointed the pistol at Alfonso and pulled the trigger, unaware that the pistol was loaded. Bernardo Arnoso, a Portuguese friend of Juan Carlos, also said that Juan Carlos fired the pistol not knowing that it was loaded, and adding that the bullet ricocheted off a wall hitting Alfonso in the face. Helena Matheopoulos, a Greek author who spoke with Juan Carlos's sister Pilar, said that Alfonso had been out of the room and when he returned and pushed the door open, the door knocked Juan Carlos in the arm causing him to fire the pistol.^[9]

Education[link]

In 1957 Juan Carlos spent a year in the naval school at Marin, Pontevedra, and another in the Air Force school in San Javier in Murcia. In 1960–1 he studied Law, International Political Economy and Public Finance at Complutense University.^[10] He then went to live in the Palace of Zarzuela, and began carrying out official engagements.

Prince of Spain, 1969–1975[link]

The dictatorial regime of Francisco Franco had come to power during the Spanish Civil War, which had pitted democrats, anarchists, socialists, and communists, supported in part by the Soviet Union and by international volunteers, against conservatives, monarchists, nationalists, and fascists, supported by both Hitler and Mussolini, with the latter group ultimately emerging successful with the support of neighbouring Portugal and the major European Axis powers of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Despite his alliance with monarchists, Franco was not eager to restore the deposed Spanish monarchy once in power, preferring to head a regime with himself as head of state for life. Though Franco's partisan supporters generally accepted this arrangement for the present, much debate quickly ensued over who would replace Franco upon his death. The far right factions demanded the return of a hardline absolute monarchy, and eventually Franco agreed that his successor would be a monarch. Franco had no intention of restoring the constitutional form of monarchy known during the 19th century or the republican form of government created by the Spanish Constitution of 1931.

The heir to the throne of Spain was Juan de Borbón (Count of Barcelona), the son of the late Alfonso XIII. However, General Franco viewed the heir with extreme suspicion, believing him to be a liberal who was opposed to his regime. Franco then considered giving the Spanish throne to Juan Carlos's cousin Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz. Alfonso was known to be an ardent Francoist and would marry Franco's granddaughter, Doña María del Carmen Martínez-Bordiú y Franco in 1972.

Ultimately, Franco decided to skip a generation and name Juan de Borbón's son, Prince Juan Carlos, as his personal successor. Franco hoped the young prince could be groomed to take over the nation while still maintaining the ultraconservative nature of his regime. In 1969, Juan Carlos was officially designated heir-apparent and was given the new title of Prince of Spain (not the traditional Prince of Asturias). As a condition of being named heir-apparent, he had to swear loyalty to Franco's Movimiento Nacional, which he did with little outward hesitation.

Prince Juan Carlos met and consulted Franco many times while heir apparent and often took part in official and ceremonial state functions standing alongside the dictator, much to the anger of hardline republicans and more moderate liberals, who had hoped that Franco's death would bring in an era of reform. During 1969–1975, Juan Carlos publicly supported Franco's regime. Although Franco's health worsened during those years, whenever he did appear in public, from state dinners to military parades, it was in Juan Carlos's company as he continued to praise Franco and his government for the economic growth and positive changes in Spain. However, as the years progressed, Juan Carlos began meeting secretly with political opposition leaders and exiles, who were fighting to bring liberal reform to the country. He also had secret conversations with his father over the telephone. Franco, for his part, remained largely oblivious to the prince's actions and denied allegations from his ministers and advisors that Juan Carlos was in any way disloyal to his vision of the regime.

During periods of Franco's temporary incapacity in 1974 and 1975 Juan Carlos was acting head of state. Near death, on 30 October 1975, Franco gave full control to Juan Carlos. On 22 November, following Franco's death, the Cortes Generales proclaimed Juan Carlos King of Spain and on 27 November, Juan Carlos was anointed king in a ceremony called Holy Spirit Mass, which was the equivalent of a coronation, at the Jerónimos Church in Madrid. He opted not to call himself John III or Charles V, but Juan Carlos I.

Restoration of the monarchy[link]

Royal trips of King Juan Carlos I from 1975 until today.

Juan Carlos quickly instituted reforms, to the great displeasure of Falangist and conservative (monarchist) elements, especially in the military, who had expected him to maintain the authoritarian state. He appointed Adolfo Suárez, a former leader of the Movimiento Nacional, as Prime Minister of Spain.

On 20 May 1977, the leader of the only recently legalized Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Felipe González, accompanied by Javier Solana, visited Juan Carlos in the Zarzuela Palace. The event represented a key endorsement of the monarchy from Spain's political left, who had been historically republican. Left-wing support for the monarchy grew when the Communist Party of Spain was legalized shortly thereafter, a move Juan Carlos had pressed for, despite enormous right-wing military opposition at that time, during the Cold War.

On 15 June 1977, Spain held its first post-Franco democratic elections. In 1978, a new Constitution was promulgated that acknowledged Juan Carlos as rightful heir of the Spanish dynasty and King; specifically, Title II, Section 57 asserted Juan Carlos' right to the throne of Spain by dynastic succession in the Borbón tradition, as "the legitimate heir of the historic dynasty" rather than as the designated successor of Franco.^[4][11] The Constitution was passed by the democratically elected Constituent Cortes, ratified by the people in a referendum (6 December) and then signed into law by the King before a solemn meeting of the Cortes.

Further legitimacy had been restored to Juan Carlos' position on 14 May 1977, when his father, Don Juan (whom many monarchists had recognized as the legitimate, exiled King of Spain during the Franco era), formally renounced his claim to the Throne and recognized his son as the sole head of the Spanish Royal House, transferring to him the historical heritage of the Spanish monarchy, thus making Juan Carlos both the de facto and the de jure (rightful) King in the eyes of the traditional monarchists. Juan Carlos, who had already been King since Franco's death, gave an acceptance address after his father's resignation speech and thanked him by confirming the title of Count of Barcelona that Don Juan had assumed in exile. It was a sovereign title associated to the crown.

An attempted military coup, known as 23-F, occurred on 23 February 1981, when the Cortes were seized by members of the Guardia Civil in the parliamentary chamber. Believed to be a major factor in foiling the coup was the public television broadcast by the king, calling for unambiguous support for the legitimate democratic government. Certainly, in the hours before his speech, he had personally called many senior military figures to tell them that he was opposed to the coup and that they had to defend the democratic government.

When Juan Carlos became king, Communist leader Santiago Carrillo nicknamed him Juan Carlos the Brief, predicting that the monarchy would soon be swept away with the other remnants of the Franco era. After the collapse of the attempted coup mentioned above, however, in an emotional statement, Carrillo told television viewers: "God save the king." The Communist leader also remarked: "Today, we are all monarchists." If public support for the monarchy among democrats and leftists before 1981 had been limited, following the king's handling of the coup, it became significantly greater. According to a poll in the newspaper El Mundo in November 2005, 77.5% of Spaniards thought Juan Carlos was "good or very good", 15.4% "not so good", and only 7.1% "bad or very bad". Even so, the issue of the monarchy re-emerged on 28 September 2007 as photos of the king were burnt in public in Catalonia by small groups of protesters wanting the restoration of the Republic.^[12]

In July 2000, Juan Carlos was the target of an enraged protester when Juan María Fernández y Krohn,^[13] who had previously tried to take the life of Pope John Paul II, began shouting "Murderer! Murderer!" at the king and then approached him in a very threatening manner.

Role in contemporary Spanish politics[link]

The election of socialist leader Felipe González to the Spanish prime ministership in 1982 marked the effective end of the King's active involvement in Spanish politics. González would govern for over a decade, and his administration helped consolidate the democratic gains and thus maintained the stability of the nation. While the king is generally reckoned as having a merely ceremonial role in politics, he commands great moral authority as an essential symbol of the country's unity.

5000 Spanish peseta note with image of King Juan Carlos.

Under the constitution, the King has immunity from prosecution in matters relating to his official duties. This is so because every act of the King as such (and not as a citizen) needs to be undersigned by a government official, thus making the undersigner responsible instead of the king. The honour of the Royal Family is specially protected from offences by the Spanish Penal Code. Under this protection, Basque independentist Arnaldo Otegi^[14] and cartoonists from El Jueves were tried and punished.

The King gives an annual speech to the nation on Christmas Eve. He is the commander-in-chief of the Spanish armed forces.

When the media asked Juan Carlos in 2005 if he would endorse the bill legalising gay marriage that was then being debated in the Cortes Generales, he answered "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica" ("I am the King of Spain, not of Belgium") – a reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium, who refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion.^[15] The King gave his Royal Assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law legalising gay marriage was gazetted in the Boletín Oficial del Estado on 2 July, and came into effect on 3 July.^[16]

The King (left of centre, in grey suit) standing with the leaders of all the other Iberoamerican Nations present at the XVIII Ibero-American Summit.

In November 2007 at the Ibero-American Summit in Santiago de Chile, during a heated exchange, Juan Carlos interrupted Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and asked him, "¿Por qué no te callas?" ("Why don't you shut up?" using the familiar "tu" you form to underline the disdain). Chávez had been interrupting the Spanish Prime Minister, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, while the latter was defending his predecessor and political opponent, José María Aznar, after Chávez had referred to Aznar as a fascist and "less human than snakes". The King shortly afterwards left the hall when President Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua accused Spain of intervention in his country's elections and complained about some Spanish energy companies working in Nicaragua.^[17] This was an unprecedented diplomatic incident and a rare display of public anger by the King.^[18]

In April 2012, Juan Carlos faced criticism for going on an elephant hunting trip in Botswana.^[19][20][21] Cayo Lara Moya of the United Left party said the king's trip "demonstrated a lack of ethics and respect toward many people in this country who are suffering a lot"^[21] while Tomas Gomez of the Socialist party said Juan Carlos should choose between "public responsibilities or an abdication".^[22] In April 2012, Spain's unemployment was at 23 percent and nearly 50 percent for young workers.^[23] El País estimated the total cost of a hunting trip at 44,000 euros (USD 57,850), about twice the average annual salary in Spain.^[23] A petition called for the king to resign from his position as honorary president of the Spanish branch of the World Wide Fund for Nature.^[22] The WWF itself responded by asking for an interview with the King to resolve the situation. ^[24]

Family and private life[link]

Juan Carlos was married in Athens at the Church of Saint Dennis on 14 May 1962, to HRH Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark, daughter of King Paul. She was Greek Orthodox but converted to Roman Catholicism in order to become Spain's queen. Also in 1962, a Roman Catholic wedding was performed in the Pauline Chapel the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome.

King Juan Carlos, Queen Sofía and the former Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero at the XV Ibero-American Summit (Salamanca, 2005).

They have two daughters and a son.

• Infanta Elena María Isabel Dominica
• Infanta Cristina Federica Victoria Antonia
• Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso, Prince of Asturias

In 1972, Juan Carlos, a keen sailor, competed in the Dragon class event at the Olympic Games, finishing 15th. In their summer holidays, the whole family meets in Marivent Palace (Palma de Mallorca) and the Fortuna yacht, where they take part in sailing competitions. The king has manned the Bribón series of yachts. In winter, they usually go skiing in Baqueira-Beret and Candanchú (Pyrenees), where the king has occasionally ended with a broken leg.

Juan Carlos also enjoys bear hunting. In October 2004, he angered environmental activists by killing nine bears (of which one was a pregnant female) in central Romania.^[25] In August 2006, it is alleged that Juan Carlos shot a drunken tame bear (Mitrofan the Bear) during a private hunting trip to Russia. The Office of the Spanish Monarchy denies this claim, which was made by the Russian regional authorities.^[26]

Juan Carlos and Sophia are fluent in several languages. They both speak Spanish, English, and French. The king also speaks fluent Italian and Catalan. Unlike the queen, Juan Carlos does not speak any German, nor her native language, Greek, a fact he regrets.

Juan Carlos is an amateur radio operator and holds the call sign EA0JC. His fondness of incognito motorbike riding has raised urban legends of people finding him on lonely roads. For example, one story says that a biker out of petrol stranded on a hot sunny day was assisted by a fellow motorcyclist, who returned with a small container of petrol. The good-Samaritan, on removing his helmet, turned out to be Juan Carlos.

Juan Carlos is member of the World Scout Foundation.^[27]

His net worth is only valued at $5 million, but the Royal Family have a net worth over $1.7 billion (December 2011).^[28][29]

Juan Carlos has participated on more than one occasion in the hunting of elephants in Botswana. The cost of a licence to shoot an elephant is approximately $15 thousand at auction.^[30]

Health[link]

A benign tumour was removed from King Juan Carlos’ lung in an operation carried out in the "Hospital Clínic" of Barcelona on Saturday 8 May 2010. The 72-year-old Monarch was expected to be allowed home in three or four days, and able to renew full physical activity in a fortnight. The operation came as a result of the King’s latest annual check-up, and doctors said the procedure went well and Juan Carlos would not need any further follow-up treatment. At a press convention the operating team said that the 17-19mm tumour which had been removed under a general anaesthetic from the right lung contained no malignant cells. ‘This is good news’, said doctor Laureano Molins, who had directed the operation.

In April 2012 King Juan Carlos had to undergo surgery at the San Jose Hospital, Madrid, following a fall on a private elephant-hunting trip to Botswana. He suffered a triple fracture of the hip.^[31]

Budget of the royal house[link]

In the wake of the Urdangarin affair (the husband of his daughter is accused of corruption), the King decided in 2011 to detail the yearly royal budget of 8.3 millions euros for the first time.^[32][33] However, some spending such as the electricity bill are not included in the 8.3 budget since they are paid by the State.^[32]

Controversy[link]

In April 2012, the Spanish paper El Mundo Deportivo broke the news of King Juan Carlos's expensive elephant hunting holiday to Botswana. It was further declared by Spanish officials that the expenses of the trip were not paid by taxpayers or by the palace, but by Mohamed Eyad Kayali, a businessman of Syrian origin who is seen as a representative in Spain of Salman bin Abdulaziz, the defence minister of Saudi Arabia. Salman bin Abdulaziz is said to be a key player in a contract with a Spanish consortium in July 2011 to consruct a high-speed “pilgrim train” line between the holy Muslim cities of Mecca and Medina.^[34]

Titles, styles, honours and arms[link]

Titles[link]

The current Spanish constitution refers to the monarchy as "the Crown of Spain" and the constitutional title of the monarch is simply Rey/Reina de España: that is, "king/queen of Spain". However, the constitution allows for the use of other historic titles pertaining to the Spanish monarchy, without specifying them. A decree promulgated 6 November 1987 at the Council of Ministers regulates the titles further, and on that basis the monarch of Spain has a right to use ("may use") those other titles appertaining to the Crown. Contrary to some belief, the long titulary that contains the list of over 20 kingdoms, etc., is not in state use, nor is it used in Spanish diplomacy. In fact, it has never been in use in that form, as "Spain" was never a part of the list in pre-1837 era when the long list was officially used.

This feudal style was last used officially in 1836, in the titulary of Isabella II of Spain before she became constitutional Queen.

Juan Carlos's titles include that of King of Jerusalem, as successor to the royal family of Naples.

Titles in official use[link]

The Standard of the King of Spain.

• King of Spain, of Castile, of León, of Aragon, of the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily), of Jerusalem, of Navarre, of Granada, of Toledo, of Valencia, of Galicia, of Majorca, of Seville, of Sardinia, of Córdoba, of Corsica, of Murcia, of Menorca, of Jaén, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the East and West Indies and of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea;
• Archduke of Austria;
• Duke of Burgundy, of Brabant, of Milan, and of Neopatra (New Patras);
• Count of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol, of Roussillon and of Barcelona;
• Lord of Biscay and of Molina

Honours[link]

See also List of honours of the Spanish Royal Family by country

National honours[link]

• Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Royal and Distinguished Order of Charles III (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Royal Order of Isabel the Catholic (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Hermenegild (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Ferdinand (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Order of Montesa (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Order of Alcántara (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava (Spain)
• Grand Master of the Order of Santiago (Spain)
• Knight of the Order of St. Xavier (Spain)^[35]

Foreign honours[link]

•  Argentina : Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin^[36]
•  Belgium : Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)^[37]
•  Chile : Collar of the Order of Merit (Chile)^[38]
•  Colombia: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Boyacá (Colombian military decorations)
•  Czech Republic : Collar of the Order of the White Lion
•  Denmark : Knight of Order of the Elephant
•  Estonia: Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana^[39]
•  Finland : Commander Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
•  France : Grand Cross of the French Legion of Honor^[40]
•  France : Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite
•  Germany : Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
•  Greece : Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer
•  Hungary : Grand Cross with Chain the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary, Civilian Class ^[41]
•  Italy : Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (26/05/1980)^[42]
•  Japan: Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum^[43]
•  Latvia: Commander Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Three Stars (16.10.2004)^[44]
•  Lebanon: Extraordinary Grade of the Order of Merit (Lebanon) (2009)^[45]
•  Lithuania: Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great^[46]
•  Luxembourg : Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau^[47][48]
•  Mexico : Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle^[49]
•  Netherlands : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion^[50]
•  Norway : Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav
•  Panama : Extraordinary Grand Cross of the Order of Vasco Núñez de Balboa^[51]
•  Philippines : Grand Collar (Supremo) of the Order of Lakandula^[52][53]
•  Poland: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle
•  Portugal : Grand Cross (20/05/1970) later Grand Collar (11/09/2000) of the Order of the Tower and Sword
•  Portugal : Knight Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (17/04/1978)
•  Portugal : Grand Collar of the Order of Saint James of the Sword (11/10/1978)
•  Portugal : Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (13/10/1988)
•  Portugal : Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (Portugal) (23/08/1996)
•  Portugal : Grand Cross of the Order of Aviz (18/06/2007)
•  Romania : Sash (Collar) of the Order of the Star of Romania (2003)^[54]
•  Slovakia : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (2002)^[55]
•  Sweden : Knight of the Order of the Seraphim
•  Thailand : Knight of the Order of the Rajamitrabhorn
•  United Kingdom : Stranger Knight of the Order of the Garter (974th member, England)
• Commonwealth realms: Royal Victorian Chain (Commonwealth Realms)

International sovereign organisations

•  : Bailiff and Knight Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

Former sovereign families

• Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George^[56] (House of Bourbon)
• Knight of the Order of Saint Januarius (House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies)^[57]
• Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (House of Savoy)^[58]
• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (House of Braganza)
• Lord Protector of the International Order of St Hubertus
• Laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation

Other honours[link]

The king has been the recipient of numerous honorary degrees,^[59] including from University of Santo Tomas, Philippines;^[59] Harvard University;^[59] Southern Methodist University^[59] (where, in 2001, he formally opened the Meadows Museum, housing the largest collection of Spanish art outside Spain), and Georgetown University.^[59] Juan Carlos also has received honorary Doctor of Laws degrees from New York University,^[59] the University of Cambridge^[59] and the University of Utrecht^[59] in the Netherlands (25 October 2001).^[60]

In 1997, NYU opened the King Juan Carlos I of Spain Center (to promote research and teaching on Spain and the Spanish-speaking world) in the historic Judson Hall and adjacent buildings on Washington Square in New York City. He is also a member of the Sons of the American Revolution organization.^[61] In 1996, he received the Jean Monnet award of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe for his work on integrating Spain into the European Community.^[62] Juan Carlos I Park, the main municipal park of Madrid, was named after the king.^[63] The Spanish Antarctic Base on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for King Juan Carlos I of Spain. The multi-purpose warship Juan Carlos I of the Spanish navy is named for King Juan Carlos I.^[64] Juan Carlos also was awarded the Charlemagne Prize in 1982.

Ancestors[link]

The Coat of arms of the King of Spain.

King Juan Carlos is a direct descendant of many famous European rulers from different countries. He is a descendant of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom through his grandmother, Victoria Eugenie; of Louis XIV of France through the House of Bourbon; of the Emperor Charles V, who belonged to the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The Capetian dynasty, to which he also belongs, is the oldest in Europe. Some of his distant ancestors include Joan, Duchess of Burgundy and queen consort of Philip VI of France. He is a descendant of Maria Leszczyńska, daughter of King Stanislaus Leszczynski of Poland, and Queen Consort of France through an unbroken line of Bourbon princesses who married within the Bourbon house. He's also a descendant of Pelagius, first king (718–737 d.C) during the Reconquista, as descendant of the kings of Castile and Leon, and through him the Visigothic kings. The King is a direct descendent of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. He is a direct descendant through the male line of Robert of Hesbaye (770-807), currently making the Spanish Royal Line one of the longest lived in the world, second only to the Japanese.

Patrilineal descent[link]

See also[link]

• List of national leaders
• History of Spain
• Politics of Spain
• Line of succession to the Spanish Throne
• List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown
• List of titles and honours of Juan Carlos I of Spain

References[link]

This article uses bare URLs for citations. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (April 2012)

Notes[link]

1. ↑ His name, while rarely anglicised, is rendered as John Charles Alphonse Victor Mary of Bourbon and Bourbon-Two Sicilies. He was given these baptismal names after his father (Juan de Borbón), grandfather (Alfonso XIII) and maternal grandfather (Prince Charles of Bourbon-Two Sicilies).

Further reading[link]

• Paul Preston, Juan Carlos: Steering Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy, W W Norton & Co Inc, June 2004. ISBN 0-393-05804-2.
• Ronald Hilton, SPAIN: King Juan Carlos.

External links[link]

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