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- Gaulish language
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- Germany
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- Haesten
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- Harry Roselmack
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- Haute-Corse
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- Hautes-Alpes
- Hautes-Pyrénées
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- Henri de Navarre
- Henry II of England
- High street
- Holy Face of Jesus
- Holy Man of Tours
- Hommes
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- Huismes
- Hérault
- Hôtel Goüin
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- Ille-et-Vilaine
- Indre
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- INSEE code
- Isère
- Italy
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- Jean Fouquet
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- Jura (department)
- L'Île-Bouchard
- La Celle-Guenand
- La Celle-Saint-Avant
- La Chapelle-aux-Naux
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- Landes (department)
- Langeais
- Laon
- Larçay
- Laval, Mayenne
- Le Boulay
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- Louis VII of France
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- Luc Ducalcon
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- Luzé
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- Maine-et-Loire
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- Marie of St Peter
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- Marne
- Marray
- Marseille
- Martin of Tours
- Martinique
- Mayenne
- Mayotte
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- Mediterranean
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- Minneapolis
- Minnesota
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- Nancy, France
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- Napoleon
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- Neuillé-Pont-Pierre
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- Nevers
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- Noizay
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- Orne
- Overseas department
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- Rapid transit
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- RCP Design Global
- Regions of France
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- Sarthe
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- Seine-Maritime
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- Semblançay
- Sennevières
- Sepmes
- Seuilly
- Slate
- Solomon's Temple
- Somme
- Sonzay
- Sorigny
- Souvigny-de-Touraine
- Spain
- St. Martin of Tours
- Strasbourg
- Sublaines
- Takamatsu, Kagawa
- Tarbes
- Tarn (department)
- Tarn-et-Garonne
- Tauxigny
- Tavant
- Terracotta
- TGV
- Theneuil
- Thilouze
- Toulon
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- Touraine
- Tournon-Saint-Pierre
- Tours
- Tours Cathedral
- Tours FC
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- Trois-Rivières
- Troyes
- Truyes
- Tulle
- Turones
- United States
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- Val-d'Oise
- Val-de-Marne
- Valence, Drôme
- Vallères
- Vannes
- Var (department)
- Varenne
- Vaucluse
- Veigné
- Vendée
- Venerable
- Verneuil-le-Château
- Verneuil-sur-Indre
- Vernou-sur-Brenne
- Versailles (commune)
- Vesoul
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- Woodrow Wilson
- WP IPA for French
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- Yonne
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- Yves Bonnefoy
- Yzeures-sur-Creuse
- Zaz (singer)
- Épeigné-les-Bois
- Épeigné-sur-Dême
- Épinal
- Évreux
- Évry, Essonne
-
Ain
http://wn.com/Ain -
Aisne
Aisne () is a department in the northern part of France named after the Aisne River.
http://wn.com/Aisne -
Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus () was the Arabic name given to a nation in the parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania governed by Muslims (given the generic name of Moors), at various times in the period between 711 and 1492.
http://wn.com/Al-Andalus -
Alcuin
http://wn.com/Alcuin -
Allier
Allier () is a department in central France named after the Allier River.
http://wn.com/Allier -
Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes () is a department in the extreme southeast corner of France.
http://wn.com/Alpes-Maritimes -
Anjou
:
http://wn.com/Anjou -
Ardèche
http://wn.com/Ardèche -
Ariège
http://wn.com/Ariège -
Aube
Aube is a department in the northeastern part of France named after the Aube River. In 1995, its population was 293,100 inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Aube -
Aude
Aude () is a department in south-central France named after the river Aude. The local council also calls the department "Cathar Country".
http://wn.com/Aude -
Aveyron
Aveyron () is a department in southern France named after the Aveyron River.
http://wn.com/Aveyron -
Barcelona
http://wn.com/Barcelona -
Bas-Rhin
http://wn.com/Bas-Rhin -
Bouches-du-Rhône
http://wn.com/Bouches-du-Rhône -
Braşov
http://wn.com/Braşov -
Brittany
http://wn.com/Brittany -
Calvados
The French department of Calvados is part of the region of Basse-Normandie in Normandy. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the coast.
http://wn.com/Calvados -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Cantal
Cantal () is a department in south-central France. It is named after the Cantal mountain range, a group of extinct, eroded volcanic peaks, which covers much of the department. Residents are known as Cantaliens or Cantalous.
http://wn.com/Cantal -
Centre, France
http://wn.com/Centre_France -
Charente
http://wn.com/Charente -
Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime is a department on the west coast of France named after the Charente River.
http://wn.com/Charente-Maritime -
Cher (department)
Cher () is an administrative department located in the centre of France. It is named after the Cher River.
http://wn.com/Cher_(department) -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Corrèze
http://wn.com/Corrèze -
Corse-du-Sud
http://wn.com/Corse-du-Sud -
Corsica
Corsica (, ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia.
http://wn.com/Corsica -
Creuse
Creuse () is a department in central France named after the Creuse River.
http://wn.com/Creuse -
Côte-d'Or
http://wn.com/Côte-d'Or -
Côtes-d'Armor
http://wn.com/Côtes-d'Armor -
Deux-Sèvres
http://wn.com/Deux-Sèvres -
Dordogne
http://wn.com/Dordogne -
Doubs
http://wn.com/Doubs -
Drôme
http://wn.com/Drôme -
Dublin
http://wn.com/Dublin -
Essonne
http://wn.com/Essonne -
Eure
Eure is a department in the north of France named after the river Eure.
http://wn.com/Eure -
Eure-et-Loir
Eure-et-Loir is a French department, named after the Eure and Loir rivers.
http://wn.com/Eure-et-Loir -
Finistère
http://wn.com/Finistère -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Gard
http://wn.com/Gard -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Gers
http://wn.com/Gers -
Gironde
Gironde () is a common name for the Gironde Estuary, where the mouths of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers merge, and for a department in the Aquitaine region situated in southwest France.
http://wn.com/Gironde -
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe (; ; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is an archipelago located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is the first overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. As with the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic since 2007.
http://wn.com/Guadeloupe -
Haut-Rhin
http://wn.com/Haut-Rhin -
Haute-Corse
Haute-Corse () () is a French department. It constitutes the northern part of the island of Corsica.
http://wn.com/Haute-Corse -
Haute-Garonne
Haute-Garonne (; ) is a department in the southwest of France named after the Garonne river. Its main city is Toulouse.
http://wn.com/Haute-Garonne -
Haute-Loire
Haute-Loire () is a department in south-central France named after the Loire River.
http://wn.com/Haute-Loire -
Haute-Marne
Haute-Marne is a department in the northeast of France named after the Marne River.
http://wn.com/Haute-Marne -
Haute-Savoie
http://wn.com/Haute-Savoie -
Haute-Saône
http://wn.com/Haute-Saône -
Haute-Vienne
Haute-Vienne is a French department named after the Vienne River. It is one of three departments that together constitute the French region of Limousin.
http://wn.com/Haute-Vienne -
Hautes-Alpes
Hautes-Alpes () is a department in southeastern France named after the Alps mountain range.
http://wn.com/Hautes-Alpes -
Hautes-Pyrénées
http://wn.com/Hautes-Pyrénées -
Hauts-de-Seine
http://wn.com/Hauts-de-Seine -
Hérault
http://wn.com/Hérault -
Ille-et-Vilaine
Ille-et-Vilaine () is a department of France, located in the region of Brittany in the northwest of the country.
http://wn.com/Ille-et-Vilaine -
Indre
Indre is a department in the center of France named after the Indre River. The inhabitants of the department are called Indriens.
http://wn.com/Indre -
Indre-et-Loire
Indre-et-Loire is a department in west-central France named after the Indre and the Loire rivers.
http://wn.com/Indre-et-Loire -
Isère
http://wn.com/Isère -
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Jura (department)
Jura () is a department in the east of France named after the Jura mountains.
http://wn.com/Jura_(department) -
Landes (department)
http://wn.com/Landes_(department) -
Loir-et-Cher
Loir-et-Cher is a department in north-central France named after the rivers Loir and Cher.
http://wn.com/Loir-et-Cher -
Loire
Loire (; ; ) is an administrative department in the east-central part of France occupying the River Loire's upper reaches.
http://wn.com/Loire -
Loire Valley
http://wn.com/Loire_Valley -
Loire-Atlantique
http://wn.com/Loire-Atlantique -
Loiret
Loiret () is a department in north-central France named after the river Loiret.
http://wn.com/Loiret -
Lot (department)
Lot (; ) is a department in the southwest of France named after the Lot River.
http://wn.com/Lot_(department) -
Lot-et-Garonne
Lot-et-Garonne () is a department in the southwest of France named after the Lot and Garonne rivers.
http://wn.com/Lot-et-Garonne -
Lozère
http://wn.com/Lozère -
Maine (province)
This article is about the French traditional province of Maine. For other uses, see Maine (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Maine_(province) -
Maine-et-Loire
Maine-et-Loire is a department in west-central France, in the Pays de la Loire region.
http://wn.com/Maine-et-Loire -
Manche
Manche is a French department in Normandy named after La Manche ("the sleeve"), which is the French name for the English Channel.
http://wn.com/Manche -
Marne
http://wn.com/Marne -
Martinique
Martinique () is an island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of . Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The Island was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1502.
http://wn.com/Martinique -
Mayenne
Mayenne () is a department in northwest France named after the Mayenne River.
http://wn.com/Mayenne -
Mayotte
http://wn.com/Mayotte -
Metz
Metz (; ) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine region and prefecture of the Moselle department. It is located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers. The residents of the city are called Messin(e)(s).
http://wn.com/Metz -
Meurthe-et-Moselle
Meurthe-et-Moselle () is a department in the Lorraine region of France, named after the Meurthe and Moselle rivers.
http://wn.com/Meurthe-et-Moselle -
Meuse
Meuse () is a department in northeast France, named after the River Meuse.
http://wn.com/Meuse -
Minneapolis
Minneapolis (), nicknamed "City of Lakes" and the "Mill City," is the county seat of Hennepin County, the largest city in the U.S. state of Minnesota, and the 48th largest in the United States. Its name is attributed to the city's first schoolteacher, who combined mni, the Dakota word for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.
http://wn.com/Minneapolis -
Minnesota
Minnesota () is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. The twelfth largest state of the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.27 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
http://wn.com/Minnesota -
Missouri
Missouri () (abbreviated MO) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. With a 2009 estimated population of 5,987,580, Missouri is the 18th most populous state in the nation and the fifth most populous in the Midwest. It comprises 114 counties and one independent city. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri was originally acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became defined as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Missouri Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
http://wn.com/Missouri -
Morbihan
Morbihan (; ) is a department in Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline.
http://wn.com/Morbihan -
Moselle
Moselle is a department in the east of France named after the river Moselle.
http://wn.com/Moselle -
Nièvre
http://wn.com/Nièvre -
Oise
Oise () is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise.
http://wn.com/Oise -
Orne
Orne is a department in the northwest of France, named after the river Orne.
http://wn.com/Orne -
Parma
Parma is a city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its ham, its cheese, its architecture and the fine countryside around it. It is the home of the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world.
http://wn.com/Parma -
Pas-de-Calais
Pas-de-Calais () is a department in northern France. Its name is the French equivalent of the Strait of Dover, which it borders.
http://wn.com/Pas-de-Calais -
Puy-de-Dôme
http://wn.com/Puy-de-Dôme -
Pyrénées-Atlantiques
http://wn.com/Pyrénées-Atlantiques -
Pyrénées-Orientales
http://wn.com/Pyrénées-Orientales -
Rhône (department)
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Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
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Réunion
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Sarthe
Sarthe () is a French department, named after the Sarthe River.
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Savoie
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Saône-et-Loire
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Segovia
Segovia is a city in Spain, the capital of Segovia Province in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon. It is situated north of Madrid, 35 minutes by high speed train. The municipality counts some 55,500 inhabitants.
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Seine-et-Marne
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Seine-Maritime
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Seine-Saint-Denis
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Somme
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Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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Tarn (department)
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Tarn-et-Garonne
Tarn-et-Garonne is a French department in the southwest of France.
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Touraine
:Touraine may also refer to Alain Touraine, French sociologist.
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Tours Cathedral
'''Saint Gatien's Cathedral''' is the Roman Catholic cathedral church of the Tours diocese and the metropolitan cathedral of the Tours ecclesiastic province, in Indre-et-Loire, France.
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Trois-Rivières
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Val-d'Oise
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Val-de-Marne
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Var (department)
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Vaucluse
The Vaucluse (; in classical norm or Vau-Cluso in Mistralian norm) is a department in the southeast of France, named after the famous spring, the Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.
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Vendée
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Vienne
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Vosges
This article is about the department of France named Vosges. For the mountain range, see Vosges Mountains.
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Yonne
Yonne () is a French department named after the Yonne River. It is one of the four constituent departments of Bourgogne (Burgundy) in eastern France and its prefecture (capital) is Auxerre. Its official number is 89.
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Yvelines
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Abraham Bosse
Abraham Bosse (c. 1602-1604 – February 14, 1676) was a French artist, mainly as a printmaker in etching, but also in watercolour.
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Alcuin
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Berengar of Tours
Berengar of Tours (c. 999–January 6, 1088) was a French 11th century Christian theologian and Archdeacon of Angiers, a scholar whose leadership of the cathedral school at Chartres set an example of intellectual inquiry through the revived tools of dialectic that was soon followed at cathedral schools of Laon and Paris, and who disputed with the Church leadership over the doctrine of transubstantiation in the Eucharist.
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Carolingian Empire
Carolingian Empire is a historiographical term which has been used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty. This dynasty is seen as the founders of France and Germany. Depending on one's perspective, this Empire can be seen as the later history of the Frankish Realm or the early history of France and of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Charles Martel
http://wn.com/Charles_Martel -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Clovis I
http://wn.com/Clovis_I -
Emile Delahaye
http://wn.com/Emile_Delahaye -
Ernest Goüin
http://wn.com/Ernest_Goüin -
Gabriel Lamé
http://wn.com/Gabriel_Lamé -
Georges Courteline
http://wn.com/Georges_Courteline -
Gregory of Tours
Saint Gregory of Tours (November 30, c. 538 – November 17, 594) was a Gallo-Roman historian and Bishop of Tours, which made him a leading prelate of Gaul. He was born Georgius Florentius, later adding the name Gregorius in honour of his maternal great-grandfather. He wrote in an ungrammatical and barbarized style of late Latin; however, it has been argued that this was a deliberate ploy to ensure his works would reach a wide audience. He is the main contemporary source for Merovingian history. His most notable work was his Decem Libri Historiarum or Ten Books of Histories, better known as the Historia Francorum ("History of the Franks"), a title given to it by later chroniclers, but he is also known for his credulous accounts of the miracles of saints, especially four books of the miracles of Martin of Tours. St Martin's tomb was a major draw in the 6th century, and Gregory's writings had the practical aspect of promoting this highly organized devotion.
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Haesten
http://wn.com/Haesten -
Harry Roselmack
Harry Roselmack, born March 20, 1973 in Tours, is a French radio and TV journalist of Martinique descent.
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Henry II of England
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Holy Man of Tours
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Honoré de Balzac
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Jean Fouquet
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Jean Germain
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Jean Nouvel
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Jean Royer
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Josephus
http://wn.com/Josephus -
Josselin Ouanna
http://wn.com/Josselin_Ouanna -
Leo Dupont
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Louis VII of France
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Luc Ducalcon
Luc Ducalcon (born 2 January 1984) is a French rugby union player. Ducalcon, who is a tighthead prop, plays his club rugby for Castres Olympique. He made his debut for France against Scotland on 7 February 2010.
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Ludovic Roy
Ludovic Roy (born 18 August 1977 in Tours, Indre-et-Loire) is a French football goalkeeper currently with Cowdenbeath.
http://wn.com/Ludovic_Roy -
Martin of Tours
Saint Martin of Tours (), (Savaria, Pannonia now Szombathely, Hungary}, 316 – November 8, 397 in Candes-Saint-Martin, Gaul central France}; buried November 11, 397, Candes, Gaul) was a Bishop of Tours whose shrine became a famous stopping-point for pilgrims on the road to Santiago de Compostela. Around his name much legendary material accrued and he has become one of the most familiar and recognizable Christian saints. He is considered a spiritual bridge across Europe, given his association with both France and Hungary.
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Napoleon
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Nâdiya
http://wn.com/Nâdiya -
Pope Pius XII
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_XII -
St. Martin of Tours
http://wn.com/St_Martin_of_Tours -
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. A leader of the Progressive Era, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. With Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft dividing the Republican Party vote, Wilson was elected President as a Democrat in 1912.
http://wn.com/Woodrow_Wilson -
Zaz (singer)
http://wn.com/Zaz_(singer)
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Google container data center tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:37
- Published: 07 Apr 2009
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
First presented at the Google Efficient Data Centers Summit, hosted at Google headquarters in Mountain View, CA on April 1, 2009. For more information about the event or Google's data center efficiency efforts, please visit: www.google.com
http://wn.com/Google_container_data_center_tour
Ville de Tours
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:28
- Published: 09 Aug 2009
- Updated: 15 Jun 2012
Vidéo full HD de Tours. Suivez le guide... ;-)
http://wn.com/Ville_de_Tours
Cebu Tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:38
- Published: 10 Sep 2006
- Updated: 04 Jun 2012
Here we have a tour of Cebu and some of the major atractions of Cebu City, Philippines, created by Jim Sibbick. For the original high quality version and more than 100 Philippines videos, go to bigjimsphilippinesexperience.com
http://wn.com/Cebu_Tour
Hand feeding Hummingbirds
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Published: 10 Feb 2010
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
A hand fed Hummingbird video that is amazing. Taming the Alaskan hummingbird. These hummingbirds were filmed at our lodge in Alaska, no feeder required! Our lodge in Alaska has TONS of these little birds in the summer. Did you know their hearbeat can be as high as 1200 beats ber minute! Mother nature is amazing! These adorable hummingbirds eat right out of our hands here at the lodge. While setting up the cameras for some more handfeeding, these two little hummingbirds gave us "the shot". Though I love the hummingbirds in Alaska, The majority only arrive after migrating from Mexico, looking for feeders along the way. Sometimes I wish we lived somewhere where we could watch baby hummingbirds in their nests. Some of those videos are amazing! NOTE: We don't use red dye anymore. We use 4:1 Water to sugar only. More information about Saltery Lodge: * Sign up for our Saltery Lodge mailing list at www.salterylodge.com * Purchase "the shot" at www.alaskagrand.com. * Visit http for more information on the lodge. * Visit our latest creation... iTalkDogs.com ( www.italkdogs.com ) and talk about.... Dogs! Man's BFF. Help get the community started.
http://wn.com/Hand_feeding_Hummingbirds
Bill Burr gives us a Tour of LA - March 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:56
- Published: 19 Mar 2011
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
Comedian Bill Burr gives us one of his famous tours of Los Angeles, this time the Hollywood Hills and Hollywood Boulevard in March 2011. Go to www.BillBurr.com to find out when Bill Burr tours to a city near you, also sign up for his Monday Morning Podcast and get his excellent "Let It Go" DVD. Bostonians and New Englanders: please go see Bill Burr perform on Friday, September 23, 2011 at the Wilbur Theatre.
http://wn.com/Bill_Burr_gives_us_a_Tour_of_LA_March_2011
Star Tours: Darth Vader goes to Disneyland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Published: 03 Jun 2011
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
Like us @ di.sn To celebrate the opening of the Star Tours attraction, Darth Vader, accompanied by two Stormtroopers, visits the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim California.
http://wn.com/Star_Tours_Darth_Vader_goes_to_Disneyland
White House 3D Tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:41
- Published: 23 Dec 2008
- Updated: 13 Jun 2012
A video animation of Peter Sharkey's 3D White House, hosted by WhiteHouseMuseum.org, with narration.
http://wn.com/White_House_3D_Tour
Bush Tours America To Survey Damage Caused By His Presidency
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Published: 03 Jul 2008
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
President Bush will seek to comfort victims of his presidency as they try to make sense of the destruction he has caused.
http://wn.com/Bush_Tours_America_To_Survey_Damage_Caused_By_His_Presidency
Fender Factory Tour 1959
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:26
- Published: 19 Nov 2010
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
1959 8mm Film by Forrest White. Digital Film Restoration by CinePost www.posthouse.com Edited by Ross Lenenski. Read the story behind this film in "Fender The Inside Story," by Forrest White available at Amazon: www.amazon.com Music by Russell Eldridge at www.youtube.com . Russell's Stratocaster guitar is from the American Deluxe Series made at the Corona Plant (Fender), USA in the Year 2000. Leo Fender is in the second shot. No CNC machines back then, everything was done by hand. It is amazing to realize that every guitar made that year is now worth a small fortune. Archival High Resolution film transfer by CinePost at www.posthouse.com If you know the names of the employees, please let us know and we will annotate them. For more info please call 678-238-0800.
http://wn.com/Fender_Factory_Tour_1959
Star Tours Disneyland Tomorrowland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:02
- Published: 25 Jul 2006
- Updated: 15 Jun 2012
R2, next stop Endor! George Lucas and Disney; talk about a power team. This simulator ride takes you to Endor...or does it. Enjoy the ride! I am the videographer and copyright holder to this video.
http://wn.com/Star_Tours_Disneyland_Tomorrowland
MY NEW ROOM! (Room Tour!)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:16
- Published: 03 Mar 2012
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
Thumbs up if you love room tours! :) thanks for watching! Closet tour video: www.youtube.com Makeup collection video: www.youtube.com Bedding & curtains are from: www.meijer.com My favorite makeup brushes! - www.sigmabeauty.com my personal channel! (i upload on here a lot!) www.youtube.com I got Instagram! follow me 'beautybaby44' for photos! follow me on Twitter for updates and my daily life :) twitter.com like my Facebook page for updates, pictures and more! www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/MY_NEW_ROOM!_Room_Tour!
NASA ASTRONAUT LEADS TOUR OF SPACE STATION IN HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:21
- Published: 24 Jun 2009
- Updated: 17 Jun 2012
Expedition 20 Flight Engineer Michael Barratt provides a 20-minute tour of the International Space Station, documenting the full 167 feet of the space station's pressurized modules. Barratts commentary describes to Mission Control in Houston how equipment and supplies are arranged and stored, and provides engineers with a detailed assessment of each module-to-module hatchway.
http://wn.com/NASA_ASTRONAUT_LEADS_TOUR_OF_SPACE_STATION_IN_HD
The Asteroids Galaxy Tour - Heart Attack (New Single 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Published: 09 Jan 2012
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
Heart Attack is the first Single of the new album 'Out Of Frequency' which is out in the US Jan 31 and Europe from Feb 24th. Pre-Order the album here: bit.ly Check out: www.theasteroidsgalaxytour.com The video was directed by Baris Aladag of Park 17 Filmproduktion Germany.
http://wn.com/The_Asteroids_Galaxy_Tour_Heart_Attack_New_Single_2012
Star Tours 2 3D - The Adventure Continues (HD Complete Experience) Disney's Hollywood Studios
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:55
- Published: 07 Jun 2011
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
This is a complete experience pov of Star Tours II 3D The Adventure Continues at Disney's Hollywood Studios. Video includes line, pre-show, off ride footage, and POV. Watch in HD. The attraction opened in Disney's Hollywood Studios on May 20, 2011 and replaced the original Star Tours: Tour of Endor. It features an updated ride system, which consists of a new high-definition video, a Disney Digital 3-D high-definition screen, an improved motion simulator and several newly added special effects. In the original version, passengers rode in a vehicle named the "Starspeeder 3000". Since the new attraction is set before the original film, the new ride vehicle is referred to as a "Starspeeder 1000". The new vehicles are 'piloted' by an animatronic AC-38 droid, though during the show the controls are handed over to a new pilot, C-3PO. There are 6 different destinations that can be randomly visited; 2 per ride. There are also 3 beginning scenes and 3 ending scenes, and all 4 scenes are randomly assorted during the ride. This leaves a total of 54 combinations of ways to see it, but all scenes can be seen in 3 rides. The possible destinations are: Coruscant Hoth Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine The Death Star As of May 2011, there have been no announcements for the new Star Tours films to be placed at Tokyo, or Paris Disney Resorts.
http://wn.com/Star_Tours_2_3D_The_Adventure_Continues_HD_Complete_Experience_Disney's_Hollywood_Studios
Samantha Brown Tours the Timeless Boudin Bakery
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Published: 01 Jul 2008
- Updated: 23 May 2012
Samantha Brown is introduced to the mother dough started in 1849 that is used to make the San Francisco Sourdough Bread while touring the Boudin Bakery in San Francisco, California. travelchannel.com/samanthabrown
http://wn.com/Samantha_Brown_Tours_the_Timeless_Boudin_Bakery
Los Angeles Tour - Come to LA in HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Published: 19 Oct 2009
- Updated: 03 Jun 2012
Visit Los Angeles and become a part of Entertainment Capital of the World LaTravelTours.com. There are few cities that offer as much entertainment, excitement and diversity as do the attractions in Los Angeles. Los Angeles past and present come alive as you tour the City of Angels.
http://wn.com/Los_Angeles_Tour_Come_to_LA_in_HD
Bat Tours: The Batcave
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:05
- Published: 08 Dec 2007
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
Scott Sebring takes you on a tour of Bronson Cave in Hollywood, California. This was used as the location shot for the Batcave in the Batman television series.
http://wn.com/Bat_Tours_The_Batcave
Rickenbacker Factory Tour: Model 330 Guitar & Model Bass Construction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:58
- Published: 08 Dec 2011
- Updated: 17 Jun 2012
www.premierguitar.com PG's Charles Saufley is On Location in Santa Ana, California, where he visits the Rickenbacker Guitars factory and headquarters. In this segment, Rickenbacker's CEO John Hall walks us through the process of building a Model 330 guitar and Model 4003 bass at their US Factory. For more Factory Tours or to watch one of Premier Guitar's 1500 other videos online, be sure to visit www.premierguitar.com
http://wn.com/Rickenbacker_Factory_Tour_Model_330_Guitar_Model_Bass_Construction
Star Tours
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Published: 02 Jun 2008
- Updated: 22 May 2012
Star Tours from Disneyland
http://wn.com/Star_Tours
HD Airbus A320 Cockpit Tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:49
- Published: 16 Feb 2011
- Updated: 16 Jun 2012
We were flying from Minneapolis to Spokane. This is my dads last trip on this aircraft. The First Officer is giving the tour. You guys can expect some 747-400 videos starting in the summer these might include cockpit tours and walkthroughs of the airplane!
http://wn.com/HD_Airbus_A320_Cockpit_Tour
Bill Burr gives us a tour of Santa Monica and Venice Beach - January 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:04
- Published: 27 Jan 2012
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
January 8, 2012, comedian Bill Burr kindly gives us a drive and walking tour around Santa Monica and Venice Beach, California. Go to www.BillBurr.com to find out when Bill Burr tours to a city near you, get his excellent "Let It Go" DVD, and sign up for his Monday Morning Podcast at www.TheMMPodcast.com and www.BillBurr.com
http://wn.com/Bill_Burr_gives_us_a_tour_of_Santa_Monica_and_Venice_Beach_January_2012
Pearl market in Beijing, Hongqiao Market. By Beijingimpression.cn
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Published: 07 Dec 2009
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
www.beijingimpression.cn Pearl market in Beijing is very famous for its pearl and other items, we offer shopping tours to pearl market
http://wn.com/Pearl_market_in_Beijing,_Hongqiao_Market_By_Beijingimpressioncn
Star Tours 2 grand opening dedication with George Lucas, Bob Iger and more at Walt Disney World
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:37
- Published: 20 May 2011
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
Visit www.InsideTheMagic.net for much more from Star Tours The Adventures Continue and its grand opening At Disney's Hollywood Studios in Orlando on May 20, 2011, the grand opening dedication ceremony for Star Tours 2 was held on a stage in front of the Sorcerer Hat featuring George Lucas, Bob Iger, Anthony Daniels, Ashley Eckstein, James Arnold Taylor, and plenty of characters. -- Visit us on the web: www.InsideTheMagic.net Follow us on Twitter twitter.com Find us on Facebook: facebook.com
http://wn.com/Star_Tours_2_grand_opening_dedication_with_George_Lucas,_Bob_Iger_and_more_at_Walt_Disney_World
AP / Christophe Ena
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AP / Laurent Cipriani
AP / Laurent Rebours
AP / Laurent Rebours
AP / Laurent Cipriani
AP / Giovanni Auletta
AP / Laurent Cipriani
AP / Laurent Rebours
AP / Laurent Rebours
AP / Laurent Cipriani
AP / Christophe Ena
AP / Christophe Ena
AP / Laurent Cipriani
AP / Christophe Ena
AP / Laurent Cipriani
AP / Laurent Rebours
AP / Laurent Rebours
AP / Christophe Ena
AP / Christophe Ena
AP / Laurent Rebours
AP / Peter Dejong
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photo: AP / Oded Balilty
17 Jul 2012
Article by WN.com Guest Writer Gilad Atzmon Israeli Generals expressed dismay yesterday over a violent assault on a senior Air Force officer perpetrated by a gang of soldiers. Ynet reported yesterday...
photo: US Navy / MCS3 Cale Hatch
17 Jul 2012
The ship is part of the Fifth Fleet, which has increased its patrols in the Gulf region because of heightened tensions with Iran. Both the US and Iran have warned each other against provocative naval...
photo: US NARA
18 Jul 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Over its war on information leaks the Obama Administration recently announced, "We're out for scalps!" It is yet again another example of how dominant...
photo: AP / Laurent Rebours
18 Jul 2012
BAGNERES-DE-LUCHON, France (AP) — Thomas Voeckler won the 16th stage of the Tour de France over four huge climbs in the Pyrenees, while defending champion...
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Gayle Falkenthal Ask me a question. Follow @PRProSanDiego Blog Entries SAN DIEGO, July 18, 2012 – Few professional cyclists are as popular as Thomas Voeckler. The French Europcar rider has...
Cashflow Savvy Launches Guaranteed Cash Flow Program with Memphis Investment Property Tour and Sells 100%
19 Jul 2012
San Francisco Chronicle
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IMDb
Bob Dylan has announced an upcoming North American arena tour. The...(size: 0.5Kb)
Frank Schleck denies doping after leaving Tour de France due to positive test for diuretic
19 Jul 2012
The Washington Post
PAU, France — Luxembourg rider Frank Schleck denied taking any banned substance despite testing positive for a forbidden diuretic at the Tour de France, suggesting instead he may have been poisoned. The RadioShack Nissan Trek team leader said he “formally rejects” having taken any...(size: 5.0Kb)
Denver Post
Tour De France leader Bradley Wiggins spent a year with cycling Team Garmin in 2009. (Laurent Rebours, The Associated Press) BAGNERES-DE-LUCHON, france — The closest Team Garmin-Sharp is getting to the Tour de France podium in Paris on Sunday is when its riders cycle past it. Yet...(size: 5.1Kb)
TSN Canada
SEATTLE - Young Belgian striker Romelu Lukaku scored twice in the first half, Chelsea newcomers Eden Hazard and Marko Marin scored deflected goals, and the champions of Europe opened their American tour with a 4-2 win over the Seattle Sounders on Wednesday night. One of just two...(size: 1.8Kb)
Star Tribune
SEATTLE - Young Belgian striker Romelu Lukaku scored twice in the first half, Chelsea newcomers Eden Hazard and Marko Marin scored deflected goals, and the champions of Europe opened their American tour with a 4-2 win over the Seattle Sounders on Wednesday night. One of just two strikers currently...(size: 3.5Kb)
Ohio
BAGNERES-DE-LUCHON, France: Thomas Voeckler won the 16th stage of the Tour de France over four huge climbs in the Pyrenees, while defending champion Cadel Evans dropped out of title contention Wednesday. Evans started the day fourth overall but the Australian struggled on the last two climbs....(size: 3.6Kb)
The Who plan US Tour, talk Olympics performance
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For other uses, see Tour (disambiguation).
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009) |
|
Tours |
|
 |
|
| Town hall and Place Jean Jaurès | |
 |
|
| City coat of arms | |
 Tours
|
|
| Administration | |
|---|---|
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre |
| Department | Indre-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Tours |
| Mayor | Jean Germain (2008–2014) |
| Statistics | |
| Elevation | 44–109 m (144–358 ft) |
| Land area1 | 34.36 km2 (13.27 sq mi) |
| Population2 | 135,218 (2009) |
| - Density | 3,935 /km2 (10,190 /sq mi) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 37261/ 37000, 37100, 37200 |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
| 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once. | |
Coordinates: 47°23′37″N 0°41′21″E / 47.3936°N 0.6892°E / 47.3936; 0.6892
Tours (pronounced: [tuʁ]) is a city in central France, the capital of the Indre-et-Loire department.
It stands on the lower reaches of the river Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast. Touraine, the region around Tours, is known for its wines, the alleged perfection (as perceived by some speakers) of its local spoken French, and the Battle of Tours in 732. It is also the site of the Paris–Tours road bicycle race. Tours is the largest city in the Centre region of France, although it is not the regional capital, which is the region's second-largest city, Orléans. In 2006, the city itself had 142,000 inhabitants and the metropolitan area had 306,974.
Contents |
History[link]
In Gallic times the city was important as a crossing point of the Loire. Becoming part of the Roman Empire during the first century AD, the city was named "Caesarodunum" ("hill of Caesar"). The name evolved in the 4th century when the original Gallic name, Turones, became first "Civitas Turonum" then "Tours". It was at this time that the amphitheatre of Tours, one of the five largest in the Empire, was built. Tours became the metropolis of the Roman province of Lugdunum towards 380–388, dominating the Loire Valley, Maine and Brittany. One of the outstanding figures of the history of the city was Saint Martin, second bishop who shared his coat with a naked beggar in Amiens. This incident and the importance of Martin in the medieval Christian West made Tours, and its position on the route of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela,made Tours a major centre during the Middle Ages.
Middle Ages[link]
In the 6th century Gregory of Tours, author of the Ten Books of History, made his mark on the town by restoring the cathedral destroyed by a fire in 561. Saint Martin's monastery benefited from its inception, at the very start of the 6th century from patronage and support from the Frankish king, Clovis, which increased considerably the influence of the saint, the abbey and the city in Gaul. In the 9th century, Tours was at the heart of the Carolingian Rebirth, in particular because of Alcuin abbot of Marmoutier.
In 732 AD, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi and a large army of Muslim horsemen from Al-Andalus advanced 500 km deep into France, and were stopped at Tours by Charles Martel and his infantry igniting the Battle of Tours. The outcome was defeat for the Muslims, preventing France from Islamic conquest. In 845, Tours repulsed the first attack of the Viking chief Hasting (Haesten). In 850, the Vikings settled at the mouths of the Seine and the Loire. Still led by Hasting, they went up the Loire again in 852 and sacked Angers, Tours and the abbey of Marmoutier.
During the Middle Ages, Tours consisted of two juxtaposed and competing centres. The "City" in the east, successor of the late Roman 'castrum', was composed of the archiepiscopal establishment (the cathedral and palace of the archbishops) and of the castle of Tours, seat of the authority of the Counts of Tours (later Counts of Anjou) and of the King of France. In the west, the "new city" structured around the Abbey of Saint Martin was freed from the control of the City during the 10th century (an enclosure was built towards 918) and became "Châteauneuf". This space, organized between Saint Martin and the Loire, became the economic centre of Tours. Between these two centres remained Varenne, vineyards and fields, little occupied except for the Abbaye Saint-Julien established on the banks of the Loire. The two centres were linked during the 14th century. Tours is a good example of a medieval double city.
Tours became the capital of the county of Tours or Touraine, territory bitterly disputed between the counts of Blois and Anjou – the latter were victorious in the 9th century. It was the capital of France at the time of Louis XI, who had settled in the castle of Montils (today the castle of Plessis in La Riche, western suburbs of Tours), Tours and Touraine remained until the 16th century a permanent residence of the kings and court. The rebirth gave Tours and Touraine many private mansions and castles, joined together to some extent under the generic name of the Chateaux of the Loire. It is also at the time of Louis XI that the silk industry was introduced – despite difficulties, the industry still survives to this day.
16th–18th centuries[link]
Charles IX passed through the city at the time of his royal tour of France between 1564 and 1566, accompanied by the Court and various noblemen: his brother the Duke of Anjou, Henri de Navarre, the cardinals of Bourbon and Lorraine. At this time, the Catholics returned to power in Angers: the intendant assumed the right to nominate the aldermen. The Massacre of Saint-Barthelemy was not repeated at Tours. The Protestants were imprisoned by the aldermen – a measure which prevented their extermination. The permanent return of the Court to Paris and then Versailles marked the beginning of a slow but permanent decline. Guillaume the Metayer (1763–1798), known as Rochambeau, the well known counter-revolutionary chief of Mayenne, was shot there on Thermidor 8, year VI.
19th–20th centuries[link]
However, it was the arrival of the railway in the 19th century which saved the city by making it an important nodal point. The main railway station is known as Tours-Saint-Pierre-des-Corps. At that time, Tours was expanding towards the south into a district known as the Prébendes. The importance of the city as a centre of communications contributed to its revival and, as the 20th century progressed, Tours became a dynamic conurbation, economically oriented towards the service sector.
First World War[link]
The city was greatly affected by the First World War. A force of 25,000 American soldiers arrived in 1917, setting up textile factories for the manufacture of uniforms, repair shops for military equipment, munitions dumps, an army post office and an American military hospital at Augustins. Thus Tours became a garrison town with a resident general staff. The American presence is remembered today by the Woodrow Wilson bridge over the Loire, which was officially opened in July 1918 and bears the name of the man who was President of the USA from 1912 to 1920. Three American air force squadrons, including the 492nd, were based at the Parçay-Meslay airfield, their personnel playing an active part in the life of the city. Americans paraded at funerals and award ceremonies for the Croix de Guerre; they also took part in festivals and their YMCA organised shows for the troops. Some men married girls from Tours.
Inter-war years[link]
In 1920, the city was host to the Congress of Tours, which saw the creation of the French Communist Party.
Second World War[link]
Tours was also marked by the Second World War. In 1940, the city suffered massive destruction and for four years it was a city of military camps and fortifications. From 10–13 June 1940, Tours was the temporary seat of the French government before its move to Bordeaux. German incendiary bombs caused a huge fire which blazed out of control from 20–22 June and destroyed part of the city centre. Some architectural masterpieces of the 16th and 17th centuries were lost, as was the monumental entry to the city. The Wilson Bridge (known locally as the 'stone bridge'), carried a water main which supplied the city; the bridge was dynamited to slow the progress of the German advance. With the water main severed and unable to extinguish the inferno, the inhabitants had no option but to flee to safety. More heavy air raids devastated the area around the railway station in 1944 causing several hundred deaths.
Post-war developments[link]
A plan for the rebuilding of the downtown area drawn up by the local architect Camille Lefèvre was adopted even before the end of the war. The plan was for 20 small quadrangular blocks of housing to be arranged around the main road (la rue Nationale), which was widened. This regular layout attempted to echo, yet simplify, the 18th century architecture. Pierre Patout succeeded Lefèvre as the architect in charge of rebuilding in 1945. At one time there was talk of demolishing the southern side of the rue Nationale in order to make it in keeping with the new development.
The recent history of Tours is marked by the personality of Jean Royer, who was Mayor for 36 years and helped to save the old town from demolition by establishing one of the first Conservation Areas. This example of conservation policy would later inspire the Malraux Law for the safeguarding of historic city centres. In the 1970s, Jean Royer also extended the city to the south by diverting the course of the River Cher to create the districts of Rives du Cher and des Fontaines; at the time, this was one of the largest urban developments in Europe. In 1970, the François-Rabelais university was founded; this is centred on the bank of the Loire in the downtown area, and not – as it was then the current practice – in a campus in the suburbs. The latter solution was also chosen by the twin university of Orleans. Royer's long term as Mayor was, however, not without controversy, as exemplified by the construction of the practical – but aesthetically unattractive – motorway which runs along the bed of a former canal just 1500 metres from the cathedral. Another bone of contention was the original Vinci Congress Centre by Jean Nouvel. This project incurred debts although it did, at least, make Tours one of France's principal conference centres.
Jean Germain became Mayor in 1995 and made debt reduction his priority. Ten years later, his economic management is regarded as much wiser than that of his predecessor, the financial standing of the city having returned to a stability. However, the achievements of Jean Germain are criticised by the municipal opposition for a lack of ambition: no large building projects comparable with those of Jean Royer have been instituted under his double mandate. This position is disputed by those in power, who affirm their policy of concentrating on the quality of life, as evidenced by urban restoration, the development of public transport and cultural activities.
Population[link]
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1793 | 21,000 | — |
| 1800 | 20,240 | −3.6% |
| 1806 | 21,703 | +7.2% |
| 1821 | 21,928 | +1.0% |
| 1831 | 23,235 | +6.0% |
| 1836 | 26,669 | +14.8% |
| 1841 | 30,072 | +12.8% |
| 1846 | 30,766 | +2.3% |
| 1851 | 33,530 | +9.0% |
| 1856 | 38,055 | +13.5% |
| 1861 | 41,061 | +7.9% |
| 1866 | 42,450 | +3.4% |
| 1872 | 43,368 | +2.2% |
| 1876 | 48,325 | +11.4% |
| 1881 | 52,209 | +8.0% |
| 1886 | 59,585 | +14.1% |
| 1891 | 60,335 | +1.3% |
| 1896 | 63,267 | +4.9% |
| 1901 | 64,695 | +2.3% |
| 1906 | 67,601 | +4.5% |
| 1911 | 73,398 | +8.6% |
| 1921 | 75,096 | +2.3% |
| 1926 | 77,192 | +2.8% |
| 1931 | 78,585 | +1.8% |
| 1936 | 83,753 | +6.6% |
| 1946 | 80,044 | −4.4% |
| 1954 | 83,618 | +4.5% |
| 1962 | 92,944 | +11.2% |
| 1968 | 128,120 | +37.8% |
| 1975 | 140,686 | +9.8% |
| 1982 | 132,209 | −6.0% |
| 1990 | 129,509 | −2.0% |
| 1999 | 132,677 | +2.4% |
| 2006 | 136,942 | +3.2% |
| 2009 | 135,218 | −1.3% |
Sights[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120719043551/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
Tours Cathedral[link]
Main article: Tours Cathedral
The cathedral of Tours, dedicated to Saint Gatien, its canonized first bishop, was begun about 1170 to replace the cathedral that was burnt out in 1166, during the dispute between Louis VII of France and Henry II of England. The lowermost stages of the western towers (illustration, above left) belong to the 12th century, but the rest of the west end is in the profusely detailed Flamboyant Gothic of the 15th century, completed just as the Renaissance was affecting the patrons who planned the châteaux of Touraine. These towers were being constructed at the same time as, for example, the Château de Chenonceau.
When the 15th century illuminator Jean Fouquet was set the task of illuminating Josephus's Jewish Antiquities, his depiction of Solomon's Temple was modeled after the nearly-complete cathedral of Tours. The atmosphere of the Gothic cathedral close permeates Honoré de Balzac's dark short novel of jealousy and provincial intrigues, Le Curé de Tours (The Curate of Tours) and his medieval story Maitre Cornélius opens within the cathedral itself.
Other points of interest[link]
Language[link]
The inhabitants of Tours (Les Tourangeaux) are renowned for speaking the "purest" form of French in the entire country. The pronunciation of Touraine is traditionally regarded as the most standard pronunciation of the French language, supposedly devoid of any perceived accent (unlike that of most other regions of France, including Paris). Gregory of Tours wrote in the 6th century that some people in this area could still speak Gaulish.
City[link]
The city of Tours has a population of 140,000 and is called "Le Jardin de la France" ("The Garden of France"). There are several parks located within the city. Tours is located between two rivers, the Loire to the north and the Cher to the south. The buildings of Tours are white with blue slate (called Ardoise) roofs; this style is common in the north of France, while most buildings in the south of France have terracotta roofs.
Tours is famous for its original medieval district, called le Vieux Tours. Unique to the Old City are its preserved half-timbered buildings and la Place Plumereau, a square with busy pubs and restaurants, whose open-air tables fill the centre of the square. The Boulevard Beranger crosses the Rue Nationale at the Place Jean-Jaures and is the location of weekly markets and fairs.
Tours is famous for its many bridges crossing the river Loire. One of them, the Pont Wilson, collapsed in 1978, but was rebuilt just like it was before.
Near the cathedral, in the garden of the ancient Palais des Archevêques (now Musée des Beaux-Arts), is a huge cedar tree planted by Napoleon. The garden also has in an alcove a stuffed elephant, Fritz. He escaped from the Barnum and Bailey circus during their stay in Tours in 1902. He went mad and had to be shot down, but the city paid to honor him, and he was stuffed as a result.
Tours is home to François Rabelais University, the site of one of the most important choral competitions, called Florilège Vocal de Tours International Choir Competition, and is a member city of the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing.
Transport[link]
Today, with its extensive rail (including TGV) and autoroute links to the rest of the country, Tours is a jumping-off point for tourist visits to the Loire Valley and the royal chateaux.
Tours is on one of the main lines of the TGV. It is possible to travel to the west coast at Bordeaux in two and a half hours, to the Mediterranean coast via Avignon and from there to Spain and Barcelona, or to Lyon, Strasbourg and Lille. It takes less than one hour by train from Tours to Paris by TGV and one hour and a half to Charles de Gaulle airport. Tours has two main stations: the central station Gare de Tours, and Gare de Saint-Pierre-des-Corps, just outside the centre, the station used by trains that do not terminate in Tours.
Tours Loire Valley Airport connects the Loire Valley to London Stansted Airport and Dublin. These links are provided by the Irish airline Ryanair. National connections to Figari on Corsica, Porto and Marseille are also available during the summer.
Tours does not have a metro rail system; instead there is a bus service, the main central stop being Jean Jaures, which is next to the Hôtel de Ville, and rue Nationale, the high street of Tours. A tram network is under construction; completion is expected in September 2013, and 21 Citadis trams have been ordered from Alstom designed by RCP Design Global.[1]
Catholics from Tours[link]
Tours is a special place for Catholics who follow the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus and the adoration of the Blessed Sacrament. It was in Tours in 1843 that a Carmelite nun, Sister Marie of St Peter reported a vision which started the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus, in reparation for the many insults Christ suffered in His Passion. The Golden Arrow Prayer was first made public by her in Tours.
The Venerable Leo Dupont also known as The Holy Man of Tours lived in Tours at about the same time. In 1849 he started the nightly adoration of the Blessed Sacrament in Tours, from where it spread within France. Upon hearing of Sister Marie of St Peter’s reported visions, he started to burn a vigil lamp continuously before a picture of the Holy Face of Jesus and helped spread the devotion within France. The devotion was eventually approved by Pope Pius XII in 1958 and he formally declared the Feast of the Holy Face of Jesus as Shrove Tuesday (the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday) for all Roman Catholics.[2] The Oratory of the Holy Face on Rue St. Etienne in Tours receives many pilgrims every year.
Tours was the site of the episcopal activity of St. Martin of Tours and has further Christian connotations in that the pivotal Battle of Tours in 732 is often considered the very first decisive victory over the invading Islamic forces, turning the tide against them. The battle also helped lay the foundations of the Carolingian Empire[3]
Personalities[link]
Tours was the birthplace of:
- Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850), novelist
- Marie of St Peter (1816–1848), mystic carmelite nun
- Berengarius of Tours (999–1088), theologian
- Bernard of Tours (fl. 1147, d. before 1178), philosopher and poet
- Ernest Goüin (1815–1885), French engineer
- Yves Bonnefoy (born 1923), poet
- Abraham Bosse (1604–1676), artist
- Georges Courteline (1858–1929), dramatist and novelist
- Emile Delahaye (1843–1905), automobile pioneer
- Philippe Néricault Destouches (1680–1754), dramatist
- Jean Fouquet (1420–1481), painter
- Gabriel Lamé (1795–1870), mathematician
- Josselin Ouanna tennis player
- Laurent Petitguillaume (1960), radio and television host
- Nâdiya (1973), singer
- Harry Roselmack television presenter
- Ludovic Roy footballer
- Philippe de Trobriand (1816–1897), author, American military officer
- Louise de la Vallière (1644–1710), courtesan
- Zaz (born 1980), singer
- Luc Ducalcon (born 1984), rugby union player
International relations[link]
Tours is twinned with:
Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, since 1962
Segovia, Spain, since 1972
Parma, Italy, since 1976
Luoyang, People's Republic of China, since 1982
Springfield, Missouri, USA, since 1984
Trois-Rivières, Canada, since 1987
Takamatsu, Japan, since 1988
Braşov, Romania, since 1990- Minneapolis, Minnesota USA, since 1991
-
Jardin de la Préfecture (central park). -
Giant Cedar tree. -
Place Plumereau, Medieval buildings. -
Place Plumereau. -
Slate rooves of Tours. -
Looking towards central Tours from the north bank of the River Loire, adjacent to the Pont Mirabeau.
See also[link]
- Bishop of Tours
- University of Tours
- Tours FC – a soccer club based in the town
- Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department
References[link]
- ^ "Tours selects Citadis and APS". Railway Gazette International (London). 14 September 2010. http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/tours-selects-citadis-and-aps.html. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
- ^ Dorothy Scallan. "The Holy Man of Tours." (1990) ISBN 0-89555-390-2
- ^ Davis, Paul K. (1999) "100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to the Present" ISBN 0-19-514366-3
External links[link]
- Official website (French)
- Tours on French version of Wikipedia
- Tours and its agglomeration on video (from www.toursmetropole.fr)
- Architecture of Tours
- François Rabelais University, Tours
- Satellite picture by Google Maps
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Bill Burr | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1968-06-10) June 10, 1968 (age 44) Canton, Massachusetts U.S. |
| Medium | Stand-up |
| Nationality | United States |
| Years active | May 1992 – present[1] |
| Genres | Cringe humor, black comedy, satire, observational comedy |
| Subject(s) | Dating, men's rights, race relations, political correctness, professional sports |
| Influences | Richard Pryor, Sam Kinison, George Carlin |
| Website | billburr.com |
William "Bill" Burr (born June 10, 1968) is an American stand-up comedian, radio host and actor.
Contents |
Life and career[link]
Burr was born in Canton, Massachusetts. His father was a dentist, and Bill worked as a hygienist for a short time. He began stand-up at age 23 after attending Emerson College, where he majored in Radio. Burr also had a early morning slot on college radio during this period. In 1995, he moved to New York City and lived there for eight months. Burr then moved to Los Angeles, California, where he worked on a number of film and television projects. He returned to New York in 1999 and moved back to Los Angeles in 2008, where he currently resides. Burr stands 5'10" in height, is left handed, and is of German and Irish descent.
He performs over three hundred shows annually, had two movies released in 2006, and has performed on The Late Show with David Letterman, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien. In early 2004, he appeared in two episodes of Chappelle's Show, and in September 2005, his HBO One Night Stand special aired. Along with many other projects, Burr has also been a guest comedian on the Bob and Tom Show as well as on the Opie and Anthony Show on XM Satellite Radio, sometimes sitting in when third member Jim Norton is away. He has also performed on the Comedy Central Presents show.
On December 16, 2006, Burr hosted a three-hour radio show on Opie and Anthony's XM radio channel program The Virus (channel 202) titled "Uninformed with Bill Burr & Joe DeRosa" from 9pm-12am.[2] The second Uninformed show aired February 10, 2007 from 9pm-12am, and the show has continued to run on an irregular schedule about once a month. Since Burr's move to Los Angeles, it has primarily been a pre-taped show, rather than live. The show's collection of free podcasts can be found at uninformedradio.com.[3]
In September 2007, Burr signed with Colorado independent label What Are Records?. An expanded version of his 2003 debut album Emotionally Unavailable was released October 16, 2007. Emotionally Unavailable carries content previously available only in Burr’s stand-up shows. It features a completely unedited set with Burr covering topics from rednecks to inadvertent racism to relationship books to crazy people on the subway. The Expanded Edition augments that album with previously unreleased highlights from a different tour - the Houston stop of the I’m Rich Biatch Tour which Bill co-headlined with Chappelle's Show cast mates Charlie Murphy and Donnell Rawlings. Much of the material from this tour later turned up on Burr’s HBO stand-up special.
As with other comics associated with The Opie & Anthony Show, in 2008, Burr's voice was featured in the game Grand Theft Auto IV. In the game, Bill plays Jason Michaels of the biker gang the The Lost MC in the mission "No Love Lost". In 2009, he reprised his role in the game's expansion pack The Lost and Damned.
Burr's most recent special is entitled "Let It Go". It premiered on Comedy Central on September 18, 2010 and was shot at the Fillmore in San Francisco, California.
Bill Burr has been referred to as a "comedian's comedian" by observers of the US stand-up comedy circuit, meaning a comedian whose work is being followed and appreciated by fellow professional comedians.[4][5] He is a Boston Bruins fan and periodically blogs for NHL.com.
Burr's brother, Robert, is a selectman from Canton, Massachusetts and was briefly a candidate to fill the Massachusetts' vacant seat in the United States Senate after the death of Ted Kennedy in 2009.[6][7]
Burr appeared in the movie Date Night as Detective Walsh. He also appeared in season 4 of AMC's Breaking Bad as Kuby.[8]
The Monday Morning Podcast[link]
Since May 2007, Bill Burr has recorded a weekly one-hour podcast, in which he speaks without reservation and off the cuff about his past and recent experiences, going on tour, and sports.[9] Occasionally, he is joined by his girlfriend Nia Hill, depending on whether she is present in their house or not. Burr also appears as a guest on other comedians' podcasts, such as The Adam Carolla Show,[10] The Joe Rogan Experience,[11][12] WTF with Marc Maron,[13] and Chris Hardwick's Nerdist podcast.[14] Burr was also the very first guest on Tom Green's podcast. On April 18, 2011 he guest hosted the Hollywood Babble-On podcast alongside Ralph Garman, taking the place of a sick Kevin Smith.[15]
Discography[link]
- Emotionally Unavailable (2003) [CD]
- Emotionally Unavailable: Expanded Edition (2007) [CD]
- Why Do I Do This? (2008) [CD/DVD]
- Let It Go (2010) [CD/DVD]
References[link]
- ^ "Bostonist Interview: Comedian Bill Burr". Bostonist. 2008-08-29. http://bostonist.com/2008/08/29/bostonist_interview_comedian_bill_b.php.
- ^ http://www.myspace.com/uninformedradio
- ^ "Uninformed Radio". Uninformed Radio. http://www.uninformedradio.com/. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ Matt Wild (April 20, 2011). "Bill Burr - A day in the life of a working comedian". avclub.com. http://www.avclub.com/milwaukee/articles/bill-burr,54794/. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ Dave Coffey (December 1, 2011). "Comedian Bill Burr to perform at Calvin Theatre tonight". dailycollegian.com. http://dailycollegian.com/2011/12/01/comedian-bill-burr-to-perform-at-calvin-theatre-tonight/. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ Schworm, Peter (September 7, 2009). "Canton selectman joins race for Senate". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2009/09/canton_selectma.html. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
- ^ Estes, Andrea (October 19, 2009). "Capuano winning the drop-out vote". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2009/10/capuano_winning.html. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
- ^ "Q&A - Bill Burr (Kuby)". Breaking Bad blog at amctv.com. AMC. http://blogs.amctv.com/breaking-bad/2012/04/bill-burr-interview.php. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ http://billburr.com/podcast
- ^ "The Adam Carolla Show, Aug 8, 2011. Bill Burr". http://castroller.com/Podcasts/AdamCarollaPodcast/2468793. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ "PODCAST #26 « The Joe Rogan Experience". Blog.joerogan.net. http://blog.joerogan.net/?p=2220. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "PODCAST #91 « The Joe Rogan Experience". Blog.joerogan.net. http://blog.joerogan.net/archives/2889. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ "WTF with Marc Maron Podcast - Episode 37 - Bill Burr". Wtfpod.libsyn.com. http://wtfpod.libsyn.com/episode_37_bill_burr. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "Nerdist Podcast #24: Bill Burr « Nerdist". Nerdist.com. http://www.nerdist.com/2010/06/nerdist-podcast-24-bill-burr/. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "Hollywood Babble-On #29". April 18, 2011. http://smodcast.com/episodes/29/. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Bill Burr |
- billburr.com, official website
- Bill Burr at the Internet Movie Database
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Burr, Bill |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | June 10, 1968 |
| Place of birth | Canton, Massachusetts U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Bill_Burr
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Burr
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Heart attack" redirects here. For other uses, see Heart attack (disambiguation).
| Myocardial infarction | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
 Diagram of a myocardial infarction (2) of the tip of the anterior wall of the heart (an apical infarct) after occlusion (1) of a branch of the left coronary artery (LCA), right coronary artery = RCA |
|
| ICD-10 | I21-I22 |
| ICD-9 | 410 |
| DiseasesDB | 8664 |
| MedlinePlus | 000195 |
| eMedicine | med/1567 emerg/327 ped/2520 |
| MeSH | D009203 |
Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cells to die. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, which is an unstable collection of lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids) and white blood cells (especially macrophages) in the wall of an artery. The resulting ischemia (restriction in blood supply) and ensuing oxygen shortage, if left untreated for a sufficient period of time, can cause damage or death (infarction) of heart muscle tissue (myocardium).
Classical symptoms of acute myocardial infarction include sudden chest pain (typically radiating to the left arm or left side of the neck), shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, sweating, and anxiety (often described as a sense of impending doom).[1] Women may experience fewer typical symptoms than men, most commonly shortness of breath, weakness, a feeling of indigestion, and fatigue.[2] A sizeable proportion of myocardial infarctions (22–64%)[3] are "silent", that is without chest pain or other symptoms.
Among the diagnostic tests available to detect heart muscle damage are an electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac MRI and various blood tests. The most often used blood markers are the creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) fraction and the troponin levels. Immediate treatment for suspected acute myocardial infarction includes oxygen, aspirin, and sublingual nitroglycerin.[4]
Most cases of myocardial infarction with ST elevation on ECG (STEMI) are treated with reperfusion therapy, such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or thrombolysis.[5] Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) may be managed with medication, although PCI may be required if the patient's risk warrants it.[6] People who have multiple blockages of their coronary arteries, particularly if they also have diabetes mellitus, may benefit from bypass surgery (CABG),[7][8]. The European Society of Cardiology guidelines in 2011 proposed treating the blockage causing the myocardial infarction by PCI and performing CABG later when the patient is more stable.[7] Rarely CABG may be preferred in the acute phase of myocardial infarction, for example when PCI has failed or is contraindicated.[7]
Ischemic heart disease (which includes myocardial infarction, angina pectoris and heart failure when preceded by myocardial infarction) was the leading cause of death for both men and women worldwide in 2004.[9] Important risk factors are previous cardiovascular disease, older age, tobacco smoking, high blood levels of certain lipids (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides) and low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure, lack of physical activity and obesity, chronic kidney disease, excessive alcohol consumption, the abuse of illicit drugs (such as cocaine and amphetamines), and chronic high stress levels.[10][11][12]
Contents |
Classification[link]
There are two basic types of acute myocardial infarction based on pathology:
- Transmural: associated with atherosclerosis involving a major coronary artery. It can be subclassified into anterior, posterior, inferior, lateral or septal. Transmural infarcts extend through the whole thickness of the heart muscle and are usually a result of complete occlusion of the area's blood supply.[13]
- Subendocardial: involving a small area in the subendocardial wall of the left ventricle, ventricular septum, or papillary muscles. The subendocardial area is particularly susceptible to ischemia.[13]
In the clinical context, a myocardial infarction can be further subclassified into a ST elevation MI (STEMI) versus a non-ST elevation MI (non-STEMI) based on ECG changes.[14]
The phrase heart attack is sometimes used incorrectly to describe sudden cardiac death, which may or may not be the result of acute myocardial infarction. A heart attack is different from, but can be the cause of cardiac arrest, which is the stopping of the heartbeat, and cardiac arrhythmia, an abnormal heartbeat. It is also distinct from heart failure, in which the pumping action of the heart is impaired; however severe myocardial infarction may lead to heart failure.[7]
A 2007 consensus document classifies myocardial infarction into five main types:[15]
- Type 1 – Spontaneous myocardial infarction related to ischaemia due to a primary coronary event such as plaque erosion and/or rupture, fissuring, or dissection
- Type 2 – Myocardial infarction secondary to ischaemia due to either increased oxygen demand or decreased supply, e.g. coronary artery spasm, coronary embolism, anaemia, arrhythmias, hypertension, or hypotension
- Type 3 – Sudden unexpected cardiac death, including cardiac arrest, often with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia, accompanied by new ST elevation, or new LBBB, or evidence of fresh thrombus in a coronary artery by angiography and/or at autopsy, but death occurring before blood samples could be obtained, or at a time before the appearance of cardiac biomarkers in the blood
- Type 4 – Associated with coronary angioplasty or stents:
- Type 4a – Myocardial infarction associated with PCI
- Type 4b – Myocardial infarction associated with stent thrombosis as documented by angiography or at autopsy
- Type 5 – Myocardial infarction associated with CABG
Signs and symptoms[link]
The onset of symptoms in myocardial infarction (MI) is usually gradual, over several minutes, and rarely instantaneous.[16] Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute myocardial infarction and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle is termed angina pectoris. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and epigastrium,[7][17] where it may mimic heartburn. Levine's sign, in which the patient localizes the chest pain by clenching their fist over the sternum, has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain, although a prospective observational study showed that it had a poor positive predictive value.[18]
Shortness of breath (dyspnea) occurs when the damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle, causing left ventricular failure and consequent pulmonary edema. Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating),[1] weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations. These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system[19] which occurs in response to pain and the hemodynamic abnormalities that result from cardiac dysfunction. Loss of consciousness (due to inadequate cerebral perfusion and cardiogenic shock) and sudden death (frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation) can occur in myocardial infarctions.[7]
Women and older patients report atypical symptoms more frequently than their male and younger counterparts.[20] Women also report more numerous symptoms compared with men (2.6 on average vs 1.8 symptoms in men).[20] The most common symptoms of MI in women include dyspnea (shortness of breath), weakness, and fatigue. Fatigue, sleep disturbances, and dyspnea have been reported as frequently occurring symptoms that may manifest as long as one month before the actual clinically manifested ischemic event. In women, chest pain may be less predictive of coronary ischemia than in men.[21]
At least one-fourth of all myocardial infarctions are silent, without chest pain or other symptoms, [22][3] with silent myocardial infarcations being more common in younger people. These cases can be discovered later on electrocardiograms, using blood enzyme tests or at autopsy without a prior history of related complaints. Estimates of the prevalence of silent myocardial infarctions vary between 22 and 64% [3]. A silent course is more common in the elderly[3], in patients with diabetes mellitus[23] and after heart transplantation, probably because the donor heart is not fully innervated by the nervous system of the recipient.[24] In people with diabetes, differences in pain threshold, autonomic neuropathy, and psychological factors have been cited as possible explanations for the lack of symptoms.[23]
Any group of symptoms compatible with a sudden interruption of the blood flow to the heart are called an acute coronary syndrome.[25]
The differential diagnosis includes other catastrophic causes of chest pain, such as pulmonary embolism, aortic dissection, pericardial effusion causing cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, and esophageal rupture. Other non-catastrophic differentials include gastroesophageal reflux and Tietze's syndrome.[26]
Causes[link]
Heart attack rates are higher in association with intense exertion, be it psychological stress or physical exertion, especially if the exertion is more intense than the individual usually performs.[27] The period of intense exercise and subsequent recovery is associated with about a 6-fold higher myocardial infarction rate (compared with other more relaxed time frames) for people who are physically very fit.[27] For those in poor physical condition, the rate differential is over 35-fold higher.[27] One observed mechanism for this phenomenon is the increased arterial pulse pressure stretching and relaxation of arteries with each heart beat, which, as has been observed with intravascular ultrasound, increases mechanical "shear stress" on atheromas and the likelihood of plaque rupture.[27]
Acute severe infection, such as pneumonia, can trigger myocardial infarction. A more controversial link is that between Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis.[28] While this intracellular organism has been demonstrated in atherosclerotic plaques, evidence is inconclusive as to whether it can be considered a causative factor.[28] Treatment with antibiotics in patients with proven atherosclerosis has not demonstrated a decreased risk of heart attacks or other coronary vascular diseases.[29]
There is an association of an increased incidence of a heart attack in the morning hours, more specifically around 9 a.m.[30][31][32] Some investigators have noticed that the ability of platelets to aggregate varies according to a circadian rhythm, although they have not proven causation.[33]
Risk factors[link]
Myocardial infarction results from atherosclerosis.[7] Risk factors for myocardial infarction include:
- Age[10]
- Gender: At any given age men are more at risk than women, particularly before the menopause,[27] but because in general women live longer than men ischemic heart disease causes slightly more total deaths in women.[10]
- Diabetes mellitus type 1 or Diabetes mellitus type 2 [34]
- High blood pressure[35]
- Dyslipidemia/hypercholesterolemia (abnormal levels of lipoproteins in the blood), particularly high low-density lipoprotein, low high-density lipoprotein and high triglycerides[35]
- Tobacco smoking, including secondhand smoke[35]
- Short term exposure to air pollution including: carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide but not ozone.[36]
- Family history of ischaemic heart disease or myocardial infarction particularly if one has a first-degree relative (father, brother, mother, sister) who suffered a 'premature' myocardial infarction (defined as occurring at or younger than age 55 years (men) or 65 (women).[10]
- Obesity[37] (defined by a body mass index of more than 30 kg/m², or alternatively by waist circumference or waist-hip ratio).
- Lack of physical activity.[10]
- Psychosocial factors including, low socio-economic status, social isolation, negative emotions and stress increase the risk of myocardial infarction and are associated with worse outcomes after myocardial infarction. Socioeconomic factors such as a shorter education and lower income (particularly in women), and unmarried cohabitation are also correlated with a higher risk of MI.[38]
- Alcohol — Studies show that prolonged exposure to high quantities of alcohol can increase the risk of heart attack.
- Oral contraceptive pill – women who use combined oral contraceptive pills have a modestly increased risk of myocardial infarction, especially in the presence of other risk factors, such as smoking.[39]
- Hyperhomocysteinemia (high homocysteine)in homocysteinuria is associated with premature atherosclerosis[40], whether elevated homocysteine in the normal range is causal is contentious.[41]
Inflammation is known to be an important step in the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation.[42] C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive but non-specific marker for inflammation. Elevated CRP blood levels, especially measured with high-sensitivity assays, can predict the risk of MI, as well as stroke and development of diabetes.[42] Moreover, some drugs for MI might also reduce CRP levels.[42] The use of high-sensitivity CRP assays as a means of screening the general population is advised against, but it may be used optionally at the physician's discretion in patients who already present with other risk factors or known coronary artery disease.[43] Whether CRP plays a direct role in atherosclerosis remains uncertain.[42] Inflammation in periodontal disease may be linked to coronary heart disease, and, since periodontitis is very common, this could have great consequences for public health.[44] Serological studies measuring antibody levels against typical periodontitis-causing bacteria found that such antibodies were more present in subjects with coronary heart disease.[45] Periodontitis tends to increase blood levels of CRP, fibrinogen and cytokines;[46] thus, periodontitis may mediate its effect on MI risk via other risk factors.[47] Preclinical research suggests that periodontal bacteria can promote aggregation of platelets and promote the formation of foam cells.[48][49] A role for specific periodontal bacteria has been suggested but remains to be established.[50] There is some evidence that influenza may trigger an acute myocardial infarction.[51]
Baldness, hair greying, a diagonal earlobe crease (Frank's sign[52]) and possibly other skin features have been suggested as independent risk factors for MI.[53] Their role remains controversial; a common denominator of these signs and the risk of MI is supposed, possibly genetic.[54]
Calcium deposition is another part of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Calcium deposits in the coronary arteries can be detected with CT scans. Several studies have shown that coronary calcium can provide predictive information beyond that of classical risk factors.[55][56][57]
Many of these risk factors are modifiable, so many heart attacks can be prevented by maintaining a healthier lifestyle. Physical activity, for example, is associated with a lower risk profile.[58] Non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history of an early heart attack, which is thought of as reflecting a genetic predisposition.[27] To understand epidemiological study results, it is important to note that many factors associated with MI mediate their risk via other factors. For example, the effect of education is partially based on its effect on income and marital status.[38]
The European Society of Cardiology and the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation have developed an interactive tool for prediction and managing the risk of heart attack and stroke in Europe. HeartScore is aimed at supporting clinicians in optimising individual cardiovascular risk reduction. The Heartscore Programme is available in 12 languages and offers web-based or PC version.[59]
Pathophysiology[link]
See also: Acute coronary syndrome
Acute myocardial infarction refers to two subtypes of acute coronary syndrome, namely non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction and ST-elevated myocardial infarction, which are most frequently (but not always) a manifestation of coronary artery disease.[14] The most common triggering event is the disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque in an epicardial coronary artery, which leads to a clotting cascade, sometimes resulting in total occlusion of the artery.[60][61] Atherosclerosis is the gradual buildup of cholesterol and fibrous tissue in plaques in the wall of arteries (in this case, the coronary arteries), typically over decades.[62] Blood stream column irregularities visible on angiography reflect artery lumen narrowing as a result of decades of advancing atherosclerosis.[63] Plaques can become unstable, rupture, and additionally promote a thrombus (blood clot) that occludes the artery; this can occur in minutes. When a severe enough plaque rupture occurs in the coronary vasculature, it leads to myocardial infarction (necrosis of downstream myocardium).[60][61]
If impaired blood flow to the heart lasts long enough, it triggers a process called the ischemic cascade; the heart cells in the territory of the occluded coronary artery die (chiefly through necrosis) and do not grow back. A collagen scar forms in its place. Recent studies indicate that another form of cell death called apoptosis also plays a role in the process of tissue damage subsequent to myocardial infarction.[64] As a result, the patient's heart will be permanently damaged. This myocardial scarring also puts the patient at risk for potentially life threatening arrhythmias, and may result in the formation of a ventricular aneurysm that can rupture with catastrophic consequences.
Injured heart tissue conducts electrical impulses more slowly than normal heart tissue. The difference in conduction velocity between injured and uninjured tissue can trigger re-entry or a feedback loop that is believed to be the cause of many lethal arrhythmias. The most serious of these arrhythmias is ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib/VF), an extremely fast and chaotic heart rhythm that is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death. Another life-threatening arrhythmia is ventricular tachycardia (V-Tach/VT), which may or may not cause sudden cardiac death. However, ventricular tachycardia usually results in rapid heart rates that prevent the heart from pumping blood effectively. Cardiac output and blood pressure may fall to dangerous levels, which can lead to further coronary ischemia and extension of the infarct.
The cardiac defibrillator is a device that was specifically designed to terminate these potentially fatal arrhythmias. The device works by delivering an electrical shock to the patient in order to depolarize a critical mass of the heart muscle, in effect "rebooting" the heart. This therapy is time dependent, and the odds of successful defibrillation decline rapidly after the onset of cardiopulmonary arrest.
Diagnosis[link]
Main article: Myocardial infarction diagnosis
The diagnosis of myocardial infarction can be made after assessing patient's complaints and physical status. ECG changes, coronary angiogram and levels of cardiac markers help to confirm the diagnosis. ECG gives valuable clues to identify the site of myocardial damage while coronary angiogram allows visualization of narrowing or obstructions in the heart vessels.[65] At autopsy, a pathologist can diagnose a myocardial infarction based on anatomopathological findings.
A chest radiograph and routine blood tests may indicate complications or precipitating causes and are often performed upon arrival to an emergency department. New regional wall motion abnormalities on an echocardiogram are also suggestive of a myocardial infarction. Echo may be performed in equivocal cases by the on-call cardiologist.[66] In stable patients whose symptoms have resolved by the time of evaluation, Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi (i.e. a "MIBI scan") or thallium-201 chloride can be used in nuclear medicine to visualize areas of reduced blood flow in conjunction with physiologic or pharmacologic stress.[66][67] Thallium may also be used to determine viability of tissue, distinguishing whether non-functional myocardium is actually dead or merely in a state of hibernation or of being stunned.[68]
WHO criteria[69] formulated in 1979 have classically been used to diagnose MI; a patient is diagnosed with myocardial infarction if two (probable) or three (definite) of the following criteria are satisfied:
- Clinical history of ischaemic type chest pain lasting for more than 20 minutes
- Changes in serial ECG tracings
- Rise and fall of serum cardiac biomarkers such as creatine kinase-MB fraction and troponin
The WHO criteria were refined in 2000 to give more prominence to cardiac biomarkers.[70] According to the new guidelines, a cardiac troponin rise accompanied by either typical symptoms, pathological Q waves, ST elevation or depression, or coronary intervention is diagnostic of MI.
Prevention[link]
The risk of a recurrent myocardial infarction decreases with strict blood pressure management and lifestyle changes, chiefly smoking cessation, regular exercise, a sensible diet for those with heart disease, and limitation of alcohol intake. People are usually commenced on several long-term medications post-MI, with the aim of preventing secondary cardiovascular events such as further myocardial infarctions, congestive heart failure or cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Unless contraindicated, such medications may include:[71][72]
- Antiplatelet drug therapy such as aspirin and/or clopidogrel should be continued to reduce the risk of plaque rupture and recurrent myocardial infarction. Aspirin is first-line, owing to its low cost and comparable efficacy, with clopidogrel reserved for patients intolerant of aspirin. The combination of clopidogrel and aspirin may further reduce risk of cardiovascular events, however the risk of hemorrhage is increased.[73]
- Beta blocker therapy such as metoprolol or carvedilol should be commenced.[74] These have been particularly beneficial in high-risk patients such as those with left ventricular dysfunction and/or continuing cardiac ischaemia.[75] β-Blockers decrease mortality and morbidity. They also improve symptoms of cardiac ischemia in NSTEMI.
- ACE inhibitor therapy should be commenced 24–48 hours post-MI in hemodynamically stable patients, particularly in patients with a history of MI, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, anterior location of infarct (as assessed by ECG), and/or evidence of left ventricular dysfunction. ACE inhibitors reduce mortality, the development of heart failure, and decrease ventricular remodelling post-MI.[76]
- Statin therapy has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity post-MI.[77][78] The effects of statins may be more than their LDL lowering effects. The general consensus is that statins have plaque stabilization and multiple other ("pleiotropic") effects that may prevent myocardial infarction in addition to their effects on blood lipids.[79]
- The aldosterone antagonist agent eplerenone has been shown to further reduce risk of cardiovascular death post-MI in patients with heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, when used in conjunction with standard therapies above.[80] Spironolactone is another option that is sometimes preferable to eplerenone due to cost.
- Evidence supports the consumption of polyunsaturated fats instead of saturated fats as a measure of decreasing coronary heart disease.[81] Omega-3 fatty acids, commonly found in fish, have been shown to reduce mortality post-MI.[82] While the mechanism by which these fatty acids decrease mortality is unknown, it has been postulated that the survival benefit is due to electrical stabilization and the prevention of ventricular fibrillation.[83] However, further studies in a high-risk subset have not shown a clear-cut decrease in potentially fatal arrhythmias due to omega-3 fatty acids.[84][85]
Blood donation may reduce the risk of heart disease for men,[86] but the link has not been firmly established.
A Cochrane review found that giving heparin to people with heart conditions like unstable angina and some forms of heart attacks reduces the risk of having another heart attack. However, heparin also increases the chance of suffering from minor bleeding.[87]
Management[link]
Main article: Myocardial infarction management
An MI requires immediate medical attention. Treatment attempts to salvage as much myocardium as possible and to prevent further complications, hence the phrase "time is muscle".[88] Oxygen, aspirin, and nitroglycerin may be administered. Morphine was classically used if nitroglycerin was not effective; however, it may increase mortality in the setting of NSTEMI.[89] A 2009 and 2010 review of high flow oxygen in myocardial infarction found increased mortality and infarct size, calling into question the recommendation about its routine use.[90][91] Other analgesics such as nitrous oxide are of unknown benefit.[6] Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or fibrinolysis are recommended in those with an STEMI.
Prognosis[link]
The prognosis post myocardial infarction varies greatly, depending on a person's health, the extent of the heart damage and the treatment given. For the period 2005–2008 in the United States, the median mortality at 30 days was 16.6% with a range from 10.9% to 24.9% depending on the hospital.[92] Using variables available in the emergency room, people with a higher risk of adverse outcome can be identified. One study found that 0.4% of patients with a low-risk profile died after 90 days, whereas in high-risk people it was 21.1%.[93]
Some of the more reproduced risk-stratifying factors include: age, hemodynamic parameters (such as heart failure, cardiac arrest on admission, systolic blood pressure, or Killip class of two or greater), ST-segment deviation, diabetes, serum creatinine, peripheral vascular disease and elevation of cardiac markers.[93][94][95] Assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction may increase the predictive power.[96] The prognostic importance of Q-waves is debated.[97] Prognosis is significantly worsened if a mechanical complication such as papillary muscle or myocardial free wall rupture occurs.[98] Morbidity and mortality from myocardial infarction has improved over the years due to better treatment.[99]
Complications[link]
Main article: Myocardial infarction complications
Complications may occur immediately following the heart attack (in the acute phase), or may need time to develop (a chronic problem). Acute complications may include heart failure if the damaged heart is no longer able to adequately pump blood around the body; aneurysm or rupture of the myocardium; mitral regurgitation, in particular if the infarction causes dysfunction of the papillary muscle; and arrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and heart block. Longer-term complications include heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and the increased risk of a second myocardial infarction.
Epidemiology[link]
Myocardial infarction is a common presentation of ischemic heart disease/coronary artery disease. The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease;[9] with it being the leading cause of death in high or middle income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower income countries.[9] Worldwide more than 3 million people have STEMIs and 4 million have NSTEMIs a year.[100]
Rates of death from ischemic heart disease have slowed or declined in most high income countries, although cardiovascular disease still accounted for 1 in 3 of all deaths in the USA in 2008.[101] In contrast, ischemic heart disease is becoming a more common cause of death in the developing world. For example in India, ischemic heart disease had become the leading cause of death by 2004 accounting for 1.46 million deaths (14% of total deaths) and deaths due to ischemic heart disease were expected to double during 1985–2015.[102] Globally it is predicted that disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost to ischemic heart disease will account for 5.5% of total DALYs in 2030, making it the second most important cause of disability (after unipolar depressive disorder), as well as the leading cause of death by this date.[9]
Legal implications[link]
At common law, in general a myocardial infarction is a disease, but may sometimes be an injury. This has implications for no-fault insurance schemes such as workers' compensation. In general, a heart attack is not covered;[103] however, it may be a work-related injury if it results, for example, from unusual emotional stress or unusual exertion.[104] In addition, in some jurisdictions, heart attacks suffered by persons in particular occupations such as police officers may be classified as line-of-duty injuries by statute or policy. In some countries or states, a person having suffered from a myocardial infarction may be prevented from participating in activity that puts other people's lives at risk, for example driving a car or flying an airplane.[105]
Research[link]
Patients who receive stem cell treatment by coronary artery injections of stem cells derived from their own bone marrow after a myocardial infarction (MI) show improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume not seen with placebo. The larger the initial infarct size, the greater the effect of the infusion. Clinical trials of progenitor cell infusion as a treatment approach to ST elevation MI are proceeding.[106]
There are currently 3 biomaterial and tissue engineering approaches for the treatment of MI, but these are in an even earlier stage of medical research, so many questions and issues must be addressed before they can be applied to patients. The first involves polymeric left ventricular restraints in the prevention of heart failure. The second utilizes in vitro engineered cardiac tissue, which is subsequently implanted in vivo. The final approach entails injecting cells and/or a scaffold into the myocardium to create in situ engineered cardiac tissue.[107]
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This article is about American TV host Samantha Brown. For Filipino singer formerly known as Samantha Brown, see Mau Marcelo.
| Samantha Brown | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Born | Samantha Elizabeth Brown (1969-03-31) March 31, 1969 (age 43) Dallas, Texas, U.S. |
| Occupation | TV personality, TV show host |
| Height | 5' 3" |
| Weight | 115 lbs. |
| Spouse | Kevin O'Leary (2006-present) |
Samantha Elizabeth Brown (born March 31, 1969) is an American television host, notable for her work as the host of several Travel Channel shows including Girl Meets Hawaii, Great Vacation Homes, Great Hotels, Passport to Europe, Passport to Latin America, Great Weekends, Passport to China, and Samantha Brown's Asia. As of 2012 Samantha Brown has made her own travel luggage called Samantha Brown: Travel America. Ms. Brown is known for her perky disposition.[1] She is currently a resident of Brooklyn, New York.[2]
Contents |
Personal life[link]
Brown was born in Dallas, Texas. Her family soon moved to New Castle, New Hampshire, where she grew up and graduated from Pinkerton Academy in Derry, New Hampshire.[3] She performed with Music and Drama Company with award winning designer Brian Sidney Bembridge. She took 12 years of voice lessons, attended Chapman University, and transferred to Syracuse University to study musical theater. As stated in one of her episodes in Passport to Europe, she is of Scottish and German descent.
Professional work[link]
Brown's early career included working in commercials, notably playing the spokesperson "Wendy Wire" for a company called Century Cable. She is involved in the comedy sketch group "Mouth", based in New York, where she has lived for ten years. Brown has appeared in the HP Pavilion "Computer is Personal Again" commercials.[4] Additionally, she is the spokesperson for ECCO shoes.[5] Brown is also a spokesperson in a 2009 commercial for Cedar Point amusement park.
Travel host[link]
In 1999 and 2000, the Travel Channel was looking for a travel host, and Brown was chosen after a series of auditions. In her role of host, she introduces viewers to vacation destinations and hotels in the United States and around the world, as well as showcasing restaurants and activities at those destinations.[6] As a travel host, Brown travels 230 days out of the year and takes eight days to film an hour-long episode.[7]
Since joining the network, Brown has hosted several series including Girl Meets Hawaii, Great Vacation Homes, Great Hotels, Passport to Europe, Passport to Great Weekends, and Passport to Latin America.[4]
In addition to her regular shows, Brown has hosted several Travel Channel specials, such as the 2006 all-access special Great Cruises: Freedom of the Seas with Samantha Brown aboard the Freedom of the Seas cruise ship, the largest passenger ship in the world at the time of its launch. Prior to that, she hosted a 12-night Mediterranean Venice cruise aboard the Brilliance of the Seas cruise ship. The accompanying show was entitled Samantha Brown's First Cruise. In 2007, she hosted a special entitled Passport to Green Getaways, a travelogue to three eco-friendly destinations in North America.
In 2007, Brown had two shows in production. In April 2007, Discovery Networks announced that she would host a new series titled Passport to Great Weekends ... With Samantha Brown featuring Brown exploring 48-hour vacation locations in the US and abroad. In September 2007, she was in Beijing, filming Passport to China, which aired in July 2008, just ahead of the Beijing Olympics.[8]
In 2008, Brown debuted Passport to Great Weekends, which showcased her in a more informal light as well as following her on more unique, off-the-beaten-path vacations. Episodes would follow the format of her arrival at a destination on a Friday afternoon and conclude with her leaving on Sunday evening. The second season's title was changed to Samantha Brown's Great Weekends and featured a new introduction, but mostly the same format.
On February 8, 2010, the Travel Channel presented "Samantha Brown's 10th Anniversary Special" to commemorate Brown's ten years as host.
On April 9, 2010, she made a special guest appearance on The Price Is Right to present a travel-themed showcase.
On July 12, 2010, her most recent series on the Travel Channel was released, "Samantha Brown's Asia."
In Anthony Bourdain's "Christmas Special" episode of No Reservations, first aired in the U.S. on December 12, 2011, Samantha Brown appeared in a segment that satirized both her persona and the supposed conflict between the "perky" Brown and the "edgy" Bourdain. In the same month, more in keeping with her wholesome "girl next door" image, Brown hosted a video tour of the new Disney resort in Hawaii, which was produced and released by Disney to promote the Disney Vacation Club. She is also currently working on a travel book, set to be released in 2012.
References[link]
- ^ Travel Channel: Great Hotels, self described as "perky""
- ^ Travel Channel: Samantha Brown’s Great Weekends
- ^ "New Hampshire People: Samantha Brown". New Hampshire.com. Union Leader Corporation. http://www.newhampshire.com/nh-people/samantha-brown-biography.aspx. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
- ^ a b http://www.hotelresortinsider.com/news_story.php?news_id=950
- ^ "ECCO USA - Press Releases - ECCO USA TEAMS WITH SAMANTHA BROWN FOR BRAND CAMPAIGN FIRST". ECCO USA. 2008-05-02. http://www.eccousa.com/about-ecco/media-and-press/press-releases.aspx?id=17. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
- ^ http://www.travelchannel.com/TV_Shows/Samantha_Brown/ci.About_the_Show.show?vgnextfmt=show&idLink=7a2a12bd4e11a110VgnVCM100000698b3a0a____
- ^ http://www.savvysugar.com/Samantha-Brown-Travel-Channel-Interview-11158641
- ^ http://rismedia.com/2008-08-08/the-nitty-gritty-of-china-many-things-could-leave-you-breathless/
External links[link]
- Travel Channel :: Samantha Brown
- Samantha Brown at the Internet Movie Database
- Samantha Brown at TV.com
- Samantha Brown's Blog
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Brown, Samantha |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | March 31, 1969 |
| Place of birth | Dallas, Texas, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Samantha_Brown
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Brown
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named George Lucas, see George Lucas (disambiguation).
| George Lucas | |
|---|---|
 George Lucas in 2009 |
|
| Born | George Walton Lucas, Jr. (1944-05-14) May 14, 1944 (age 68) Modesto, California, U.S. |
| Residence | Marin County, California, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Modesto Junior College |
| Alma mater | University of Southern California (B.A. and B.S.)[1] |
| Occupation | Chairman & CEO of Lucasfilm |
| Years active | 1965–present |
| Influenced by | Frank Herbert,[2] Joseph Campbell, Akira Kurosawa, John Ford |
| Home town | Central Valley, California, U.S. |
| Net worth |  US$3.2 billion (2011)[1] |
| Spouse | Marcia Lucas (1969–1983) |
| Partner | Mellody Hobson (2007–present) |
George Walton Lucas, Jr. (born May 14, 1944) is an American film producer, screenwriter, director, and entrepreneur. He is the founder, chairman and chief executive of Lucasfilm.[3] He is best known as the creator of the space opera franchise Star Wars and the archaeologist-adventurer character Indiana Jones. Lucas is one of the American film industry's most financially successful directors/producers, with an estimated net worth of $3.2 billion as of 2011.[1]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
George Lucas was born in Modesto, California, the son of Dorothy Ellinore (née Bomberger) and George Walton Lucas, Sr. (1913–1991), who owned a stationery store.[4][5]
Lucas grew up in the Central Valley town of Modesto and his early passion for cars and motor racing would eventually serve as inspiration for his USC student film 1:42.08, as well as his Oscar-nominated low-budget phenomenon, American Graffiti. Long before Lucas became obsessed with film making, he wanted to be a race-car driver, and he spent most of his high school years racing on the underground circuit at fairgrounds and hanging out at garages. However, a near-fatal accident in his souped-up Autobianchi Bianchina on June 12, 1962, just days before his high school graduation, quickly changed his mind. Instead of racing, he attended Modesto Junior College and later got accepted into a junior college to study anthropology. While taking liberal arts courses, he developed a passion for cinematography and camera tricks. George Lucas graduated from USC in California.
As a child, Lucas never learned to swim, which became a source of embarrassment and frustration as he became older. Lucas has expressed in several interviews that his inability to swim was "the passion that drove me to succeed in filmmaking... [It] gave me the chip on my shoulder that I think was critical to my later success"[6]
During this time, an experimental filmmaker named Bruce Baillie tacked up a bedsheet in his backyard in 1960 to screen the work of underground, avant-garde 16 mm filmmakers like Jordan Belson, Stan Brakhage and Bruce Conner. For the next few years, Baillie's series, dubbed Canyon Cinema, toured local coffeehouses. These events became a magnet for the teenage Lucas and his boyhood friend John Plummer. The 19-year-olds began slipping away to San Francisco to hang out in jazz clubs and find news of Canyon Cinema screenings in flyers at the City Lights bookstore. Already a promising photographer, Lucas became infatuated with these abstract films.
"That's when he [George] really started exploring" Plummer recalled. "We went to a theater on Union Street that shows art films, we drove up to San Francisco State for a film festival, and there was an old beatnik coffeehouse in Cow Hollow with shorts that were really out there." It was a season of awakening for Lucas, who had been an uninterested slacker in high school. At an autocross track, Lucas met his first mentor in the film industry — famed cinematographer Haskell Wexler, a fellow aficionado of sleek racing machines. Wexler was impressed by the way the shy teenager handled a camera, cradling it low on his hips to get better angles. "George had a very good eye, and he thought visually," Wexler recalls.[7]
Lucas then transferred to the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts. USC was one of the earliest universities to have a school devoted to motion picture film. During the years at USC, George Lucas shared a dorm room with Randal Kleiser. Along with classmates such as Walter Murch, Hal Barwood and John Milius, they became a clique of film students known as The Dirty Dozen. He also became very good friends with fellow acclaimed student filmmaker and future Indiana Jones collaborator, Steven Spielberg. Lucas was deeply influenced by the Filmic Expression course taught at the school by filmmaker Lester Novros which concentrated on the non-narrative elements of Film Form like color, light, movement, space, and time. Another huge inspiration was the Serbian montagist (and dean of the USC Film Department) Slavko Vorkapich, a film theoretician comparable in historical importance to Sergei Eisenstein, who moved to Hollywood to make stunning montage sequences for studio features at MGM, RKO, and Paramount. Vorkapich taught the autonomous nature of the cinematic art form, emphasizing the unique dynamic quality of movement and kinetic energy inherent in motion pictures.
Lucas saw many inspiring films in class, particularly the visual films coming out of the National Film Board of Canada like Arthur Lipsett's 21-87, the French-Canadian cameraman Jean-Claude Labrecque's cinéma vérité 60 Cycles, the work of Norman McLaren, and the documentaries of Claude Jutra. Lucas fell madly in love with pure cinema and quickly became prolific at making 16 mm nonstory noncharacter visual tone poems and cinéma vérité with such titles as Look at Life, Herbie, 1:42.08, The Emperor, Anyone Lived in a Pretty (how) Town, Filmmaker, and 6-18-67. He was passionate and interested in camerawork and editing, defining himself as a filmmaker as opposed to being a director, and he loved making abstract visual films that create emotions purely through cinema.[7]
After graduating with a bachelor of fine arts in film in 1967, he tried joining the United States Air Force as an officer, but he was immediately turned down because of his numerous speeding tickets. He was later drafted by the Army for military service in Vietnam, but he was exempted from service after medical tests showed he had diabetes, the disease that killed his paternal grandfather.
In 1967, Lucas re-enrolled as a USC graduate student in film production. Working as a teaching instructor for a class of U.S. Navy students who were being taught documentary cinematography, Lucas directed the short film Electronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB, which won first prize at the 1967–68 National Student Film Festival, and was later adapted into his first full-length feature film, THX 1138. Lucas was awarded a student scholarship by Warner Brothers to observe and work on the making of a film of his choosing. The film he chose was Finian's Rainbow (1968) which was being directed by Francis Ford Coppola, who at the time was revered among film school students of the time as a cinema graduate who had "made it" in Hollywood. In 1969, George Lucas was one of the camera operators on the classic Rolling Stones concert film Gimme Shelter.
Film career[link]
George Lucas is a filmmaker, with a film career dominated by writing and production. Aside from the nine short films he made in the 1960s, he also directed six major features. His work from 1971 and 1977 as a writer-director, which established him as a major figure in Hollywood, consists of just three films: THX 1138, American Graffiti, and Star Wars. There was a 22-year hiatus between the original Star Wars film and his only other feature-film directing credits, the three Star Wars prequels.
Lucas acted as a writer and executive producer on another successful Hollywood film franchise, the Indiana Jones series. In addition, he established his own effects company, Industrial Light and Magic (ILM), to make the original Star Wars film. The company is now one of the most successful in the industry.
Lucas co-founded the studio American Zoetrope with Coppola—whom he met during his internship at Warner Brothers—hoping to create a liberating environment for filmmakers to direct outside the perceived oppressive control of the Hollywood studio system[citation needed]. His first full-length feature film produced by the studio, THX 1138, was not a success. Lucas then created his own company, Lucasfilm, Ltd., and directed American Graffiti (1973). His new-found wealth and reputation enabled him to develop a story set in space. Even so, he encountered difficulties getting Star Wars made. It was only because Alan Ladd, Jr., at Fox Studios liked American Graffiti that he forced through a production and distribution deal for the film, which ended up restoring Fox to financial stability after a number of flops.[8]
Star Wars quickly became the highest-grossing film of all-time, displaced five years later by Spielberg’s E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. During the filming of Star Wars, Lucas waived his up-front fee as director and negotiated to own the licensing rights (for novelizations, T-shirts, toys, etc.)[citation needed]—rights which the studio thought were nearly worthless[citation needed]. This decision earned him hundreds of millions of dollars[citation needed], as he was able to directly profit from all the licensed games, toys, and collectibles created for the franchise. This accumulated capital enabled him to finance the sequel himself.
Over the two decades after the first Star Wars film, Lucas worked extensively as a writer and/or producer, including the many Star Wars spinoffs made for film, TV, and other media. He acted as executive producer for the next two Star Wars films, assigning the direction of The Empire Strikes Back to Irvin Kershner and Return of the Jedi to Richard Marquand, while receiving a story credit on the former and sharing a screenwriting credit with Lawrence Kasdan on the latter. Lucas also acted as executive producer and story writer on all four of the Indiana Jones films, which he convinced his colleague and good friend, Steven Spielberg, to direct. Other notable projects as a producer or executive producer in this period include Kurosawa's Kagemusha (1980), Lawrence Kasdan's Body Heat (1981), Jim Henson's Labyrinth (1986), Godfrey Reggio's Powaqqatsi (1986) and the animated film The Land Before Time (1988). There were also some less successful projects, however, including More American Graffiti (1979), the ill-fated Howard the Duck (1986), which was arguably[citation needed] the biggest flop of his career; Willow (1988, which Lucas also wrote); and Coppola's Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988). Between 1992 and 1996, Lucas served as executive producer for the television spinoff The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. In 1997, for the 20th anniversary of Star Wars, Lucas went back to his trilogy to enhance and add certain scenes using newly available digital technology. These new versions were released in theaters as the Star Wars Trilogy: Special Edition. For DVD releases in 2004, this series has received further revisions to make them congruent with the prequel trilogy. Besides the additions to the Star Wars franchise, Lucas released Special Edition director's cuts of THX 1138 and American Graffiti containing a number of CGI revisions.
_6.jpg)
The animation studio Pixar was founded as the Graphics Group[citation needed], one third of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm. Pixar's early computer graphics research resulted in groundbreaking effects in films such as Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan[9] and Young Sherlock Holmes,[9] and the group was purchased in 1986 by Steve Jobs shortly after he left Apple after a power struggle at Apple Computer. Jobs paid U.S. $5 million to Lucas and put U.S. $5 million as capital into the company. The sale reflected Lucas' desire to stop the cash flow losses from his 7-year research projects associated with new entertainment technology tools, as well as his company's new focus on creating entertainment products rather than tools. A contributing factor was cash-flow difficulties following Lucas' 1983 divorce concurrent with the sudden dropoff in revenues from Star Wars licenses following the release of Return of the Jedi.
The sound-equipped system, THX Ltd, was founded by Lucas and Tomlinson Holman[citation needed]. The company was formerly owned by Lucasfilm, and contains equipment for stereo, digital, and theatrical sound for films, and music. Skywalker Sound and Industrial Light & Magic, the sound and visual effects subdivisions of Lucasfilm, respectively, have become among the most respected firms in their fields[citation needed]. Lucasfilm Games, later renamed LucasArts, is well respected in the gaming industry[citation needed].
In 1994, Lucas began work on the screenplay for the prequel Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace, which would be the first film he had directed in over two decades. The Phantom Menace was released in 1999, beginning a new trilogy of Star Wars films. Lucas also directed Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith which were released in 2002 and 2005, respectively. Numerous critics considered these films inferior to the previously released Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back, and Return of the Jedi.[10][11][12]
In 2008, he reteamed with Spielberg for Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.
Lucas currently serves as executive producer for Star Wars: The Clone Wars, an animated television series on Cartoon Network, which was preceded by a feature film of the same name. He is also working on a so-far untitled Star Wars live-action series.
For the film Red Tails (2012), Lucas serves as story-writer and executive producer. He also took over direction of reshoots while director Anthony Hemingway worked on other projects. Lucas is working on his first musical, an untitled CGI project being produced at Skywalker Ranch. Kevin Munroe is directing and David Berenbaum wrote the screenplay.[13]
Semi-retirement[link]
“I’m moving away from the business... From the company, from all this kind of stuff.”
—George Lucas on his future career plans.[14]
In January 2012, Lucas announced his retirement from producing large-scale blockbuster films and instead re-focusing his career on smaller, independently budgeted features. He did not specify whether or not this would affect his involvement with a fifth installment of the Indiana Jones series.[14][15][16]
Philanthropy[link]
In 1991, The George Lucas Educational Foundation was founded as a nonprofit operating foundation to celebrate and encourage innovation in schools. The Foundation's content is available under the brand Edutopia, in an award-winning web site, social media and via documentary films. Lucas, through his foundation, was one of the leading proponents of the E-rate program in the universal service fund,[17] which was enacted as part of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. On June 24, 2008, Lucas testified before the United States House of Representatives subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet as the head of his Foundation to advocate for a free wireless broadband educational network.[18]
In 2005, Lucas gave US$1 million to help build the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial on the National Mall in Washington D.C. to commemorate American civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.[19]
On September 19, 2006, USC announced that George Lucas had donated $175–180 million to his alma mater to expand the film school. It is the largest single donation to USC and the largest gift to a film school anywhere.[20] Previous donations led to the already existing George Lucas Instructional Building and Marcia Lucas Post-Production building.[21][22]
Awards[link]
The American Film Institute awarded Lucas its Life Achievement Award on June 9, 2005.[23] This was shortly after the release of Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, about which he joked stating that, since he views the entire Star Wars series as one film, he could actually receive the award now that he had finally "gone back and finished the movie."
On June 5, 2005, Lucas was named among the 100 "Greatest Americans" by the Discovery Channel.[24]
Lucas was nominated for four Academy Awards: Best Directing and Writing for American Graffiti, and Best Directing and Writing for Star Wars. He received the Academy's Irving G. Thalberg Award in 1991. He appeared at the 79th Academy Awards ceremony in 2007 with Steven Spielberg and Francis Ford Coppola to present the Best Director award to their friend Martin Scorsese. During the speech, Spielberg and Coppola talked about the joy of winning an Oscar, making fun of Lucas, who has not won a competitive Oscar.
On June 17, 2006, the Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted George Lucas and three others.[25][26]
On January 1, 2007 George Lucas served as the Grand Marshal for the 2007 Tournament of Roses Parade, and made the coin toss at the 2007 Rose Bowl.
On August 25, 2009, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver announced that Lucas would be one of 13 California Hall of Fame inductees in The California Museum's yearlong exhibit. The induction ceremony was on December 1, 2009 in Sacramento, California.
On September 6, 2009, Lucas was in Venice to present to the Pixar team the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement during the 2009 Biennale Venice Film Festival.
Personal life[link]
In 1969, Lucas married film editor Marcia Lou Griffin, who went on to win an Academy Award for her editing work on the original Star Wars film. George and Marcia adopted a daughter, Amanda, in 1981, and divorced in 1983. Lucas has since adopted two more children: Katie, born in 1988, and Jett, born in 1993. All three of his children have appeared in the three Star Wars prequels, as has Lucas himself. Lucas had been in a long relationship with and engaged to singer Linda Ronstadt. He has been dating Mellody Hobson, president of Ariel Investments, since 2006 and she has accompanied him to several events including the 79th Academy Awards ceremony in February 2007, an American Film Institute event in October 2007, the 2008 Cannes Film Festival held in May, and the 2010 Golden Globes.[27][28][29]
Lucas was born and raised in a strong Methodist family. The religious and mythical themes in Star Wars were inspired by Lucas' interest in the writings of mythologist Joseph Campbell,[30] and he would eventually come to identify strongly with the Eastern religious philosophies he studied and incorporated into his films, which were a major inspiration for "the Force." Lucas eventually came to state that his religion was "Buddhist Methodist". Lucas resides in Marin County.[31][32]
Lucas has said that he is a fan of Seth MacFarlane's hit TV show Family Guy. MacFarlane has said that Lucasfilm was extremely helpful when the Family Guy crew wanted to parody their works.[33]
Lucas has pledged to give half of his fortune to charity as part of an effort called The Giving Pledge led by Bill Gates and Warren Buffett to persuade America's richest individuals to donate their financial wealth to charities.[34][35]
Filmography[link]
Main article: George Lucas filmography
References[link]
- ^ a b c "George Lucas". Forbes. March 10, 2011. http://www.forbes.com/profile/george-lucas. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ "Star Wars Origins – Frank Herbert's Dune". Moongadget.com. http://moongadget.com/origins/dune.html. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ "Lucasfilm Ltd.: CEO & Executives". Bloomberg Businessweek. http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/people.asp?privcapId=902479. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ George Lucas Biography (1944–)
- ^ No. 83 Royal Descents, Notable Kin, and Printed Sources: A Third Set of Ten Hollywood Figures (or Groups Thereof), with a Coda on Two Directors
- ^ George Lucas Interview, Academy of Achievement, 06-19-1999
- ^ a b Silberman, Steve. "Life After Darth" Wired, November 2005.
- ^ Tom Shone: Blockbuster How Hollywood Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Summer (2004). London, Simon & Shuster UK. ISBN 0-7432-6838-5. Chapter 2.
- ^ a b Hormby, Thomas (January 22, 2007). The Pixar Story: Dick Shoup, Alex Schure, George Lucas, Steve Jobs, and Disney. Low End Mac. http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/0123.html. Retrieved March 1, 2007
- ^ "Star Wars – Episode II: Attack Of The Clones". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20020510/REVIEWS/205100305/1023.
- ^ Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace – Rotten Tomatoes
- ^ Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones – Rotten Tomatoes
- ^ "'George Lucas producing a CGI musical! Featuring ... fairies?". Heat Vision Blog. January 27, 2010. http://www.heatvisionblog.com/2010/01/george-lucas-cgi-musical-kevin-munroe.html.
- ^ a b Curtis, Bryan (January 17, 2012). "George Lucas Is Ready to Roll the Credits". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/magazine/george-lucas-red-tails.html?_r=2. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
- ^ Fischer, Russ (January 17, 2012). "George Lucas Ready to Retire From Blockbuster Filmmaking". /Film. http://www.slashfilm.com/george-lucas-ready-focus-personal-movies/. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
- ^ Yamato, Jen (January 17, 2012). "George Lucas Promises Retirement (From Blockbusters... Not Counting Indiana Jones 5)". Movie Line. http://www.movieline.com/2012/01/17/george-lucas-promises-retirement-from-blockbusters-not-counting-indiana-jones-5/. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
- ^ 2008 Rep. Ed Markey's opening statement on universal service
- ^ Nate Anderson. "Universal Service Fund should be "blown up" like Death Star". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080624-universal-service-fund-should-be-blown-up-like-death-star.html.
- ^ Quick Facts About the Memorial – Build the Dream
- ^ Stuart Silverstein, George Lucas Donates USC's Largest Single Gift, The Los Angeles Times, September 19, 2006.
- ^ George Lucas Instructional Building, USC School of Cinematic Arts.
- ^ Marcia Lucas Post-Production, USC School of Cinematic Arts.
- ^ 2005 AFI Life Achievement Award: A Tribute to George Lucas on USA Network
- ^ "Discovery Channel :: Greatest American: Top 100". Dsc.discovery.com. September 10, 2008. http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/greatestamerican/top100/top100.html. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
- ^ George Lucas Inducted into the Science Fiction Hall of Fame. Rick DeMott. Monday, March 13, 2006. Animation World Network News. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
- ^ Science Fiction Hall of Fame. Monday, May 15, 2006. The Cohenside. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
- ^ Kapos, Shia (December 3, 2007). "Taking Names: Stars in Chicago, but finding love elsewhere". Chicago Business. http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/mag/article.pl?article_id=28942. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
- ^ Germain, David (May 18, 2008). ""Indy" survives Cannes critics". The Denver Post via AP. http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_9303267. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
- ^ "Red Carpet at the Golden Globes". The New York Times. January 18, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/01/18/movies/awardsseason/0118-REDCARPET_14.html. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- ^ PBS – American Masters: George Lucas – About George Lucas
- ^ Cagle, Jess (April 29, 2002). "Director: So, What's the Deal with Leia's Hair?". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002327,00.html. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
- ^ "The Religious Affiliation of Director George Lucas". http://www.adherents.com/people/pl/George_Lucas.html.
- ^ Burton, Bonnie (September 21, 2007). ""Family Guy" Creator Reveals Star Wars Cred". Starwars.com. http://www.starwars.com/community/news/rocks/f20070921/index.html. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
- ^ "Gates, Buffett get 40 pledges". Boston Globe. AP. August 5, 2010. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/08/05/gates_buffett_get_40_pledges/.
- ^ "The Giving Pledge". http://givingpledge.org/. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
Sources[link]
- Rinzler, J.W. "The Making of Star Wars, The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film", Ebury Press, 2007.
- Silberman, Steve "Life After Darth" Wired, November, 2005
- "George Lucas: Interviews" University Press of Mississippi (February 16, 2007)
- The Cinema of George Lucas (Hardcover) by Marcus Hearn, Publisher: Harry N. Abrams (March 1, 2005)
- Michael Rubin, "Droidmaker: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution" (2005) [ISBN 0937404675]
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: George Lucas |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: George Lucas |
- George Lucas biography at the Science Fiction Hall of Fame
- George Lucas at the Internet Movie Database
- George Lucas at AllRovi
- George Lucas at the Notable Names Database
- George Lucas at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- George Lucas biography at Lucasfilm.com
- George Lucas biography at World Business Forum where Lucas is a featured speaker for the 2009 event
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lucas, George |
| Alternative names | Lucas, George Walton, Jr. |
| Short description | American filmmaker |
| Date of birth | (1944-05-14) May 14, 1944 (age 68) |
| Place of birth | Modesto, California |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/George_Lucas
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Лукас, Джордж
http://es.wn.com/George Lucas
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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