;Date: 30 / 1 / 2011 ;Description: Wikipedia's 10th Anniversary Celebration ;Organizers: Talib Ali Al Abri

Let's work together to celebrate Wikipedia's 10th anniversary. This would help spread awareness about the benefits of wikipedia.

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category:Oman category:2011-01-30

Name	Beatrix
Succession	Queen of the Netherlands
Reign	30 April 1980 – present
Predecessor	Juliana
Suc-type	Heir apparent
Successor	Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange
Reg-type
Regent
Spouse	Claus von Amsberg
Issue-link	#Issue
Issue	Willem-Alexander, Prince of OrangePrince Friso of Orange-NassauPrince Constantijn of the Netherlands
House	House of Orange-Nassau
Full name	Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard
Father	Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld
Mother	Juliana of the Netherlands
Birth date	January 31, 1938
Birth place	Baarn, Netherlands
Signature	Beatrix of the Netherlands Signature.svg
Religion	Protestantism }}

Beatrix (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, ; born 31 January 1938) is the Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands comprising the Netherlands, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and Aruba. She is the oldest daughter of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. She studied sociology at Leiden University. In 1966, she married Claus von Amsberg, with whom she had three children: Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau and Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands. When her mother Juliana stepped down on the 30 April 1980, Beatrix succeeded her as Queen of the Netherlands.

Early life

Princess Beatrix was born ''Princess Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld'', on 31 January 1938 at the Soestdijk Palace in Baarn, the Netherlands. She was the eldest daughter of Crown Princess Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. Beatrix's five godparents are King Leopold III of the Belgians, Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, Princess Elisabeth of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg, and Countess Allene de Kotzebue. When Beatrix was one year old, in 1939, her first sister Princess Irene was born.

When World War II broke out in the Netherlands in May 1940, the Dutch Royal Family fled to London in Great Britain. One month later, Beatrix went to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, with her mother Juliana and her sister Irene, while her father Bernhard and maternal grandmother Queen Wilhelmina remained in London. The family lived at the Stornoway residence. In thanks for the protection of her and her daughters, (then) Princess Juliana established the delivery of tulips to the Canadian government every spring, which are the centrepiece of the Canadian Tulip Festival. Her second sister Princess Margriet was born in 1943. During their exile in Canada, Beatrix attended nursery and the primary school Rockcliffe Park Public School.

The family returned to the Netherlands on 2 August 1945. Beatrix went to the progressive primary school ''De Werkplaats'' in Bilthoven. Her third sister Princess Christina was born in 1947. On 6 September 1948, her mother Juliana succeeded her grandmother Wilhelmina as Queen of the Netherlands, and Beatrix became the heiress presumptive to the throne of the Netherlands at the age of ten.

Education

In April 1950, Princess Beatrix entered the Incrementum, a part of Baarnsch Lyceum, where, in 1956, she passed her school-graduation examinations in the subjects of arts and classics.

On 31 January 1956, Princess Beatrix celebrated her 18th birthday. From that date, under the Constitution of the Netherlands, she was entitled to assume the Royal Prerogative. At that time, her mother installed her in the Council of State.

The same year, at Leiden University, her university studies began. In her first years at the university, she studied sociology, jurisprudence, economics, parliamentary history and constitutional law. In the course of her studies she also attended lectures on the cultures of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands, international affairs, international law, history and European law.

The princess also visited various European and international organisations in Geneva, Strasbourg, Paris, and Brussels. She was also an active member of the VVSL (Female Union for Students in Leiden), now called L.S.V.Minerva, after it had merged with the Leidsch Studenten Corps (which before then was male-only). In the summer of 1959, she passed her preliminary examination in law, and she obtained her law degree in July 1961.

Political involvement and marriage

Her appearance on the political scene was almost immediately marked by controversy. In 1965, Princess Beatrix became engaged to the German aristocrat Claus von Amsberg, a diplomat working for the German Foreign Office. Their marriage caused a massive protest during the wedding day in Amsterdam on 10 March 1966. Prince Claus had served in the Hitler Youth and the Wehrmacht and was, therefore, associated by a part of the Dutch population with German Nazism. Protests included such memorable slogans as "Claus 'raus!" (Claus out!) and "Mijn fiets terug" (Give me back my bike), a reference to the memory of occupying German soldiers confiscating Dutch bicycles. A smoke bomb was thrown at the wedding carriage by a group of Provos causing a violent street battle with the police. As time went on, however, Prince Claus became one of the most popular members of the Dutch monarchy and his 2002 death was widely mourned.

An even more violent riot occurred on 30 April 1980, during the investiture (sovereigns of the Netherlands are not crowned as such) of Queen Beatrix. Some people, including socialist squatters, used the occasion to protest against poor housing conditions in the Netherlands and against the monarchy in general, using the also memorable slogan "Geen woning; geen Kroning" (No house; no coronation). Clashes with the police and security forces turned brutal and violent. The latter event is reflected in contemporary Dutch literature in the books of A.F.Th. van der Heijden.

Queen Beatrix is a member of the Bilderberg Group and an honorary member of the Club of Rome.

Queen of the Netherlands

On 30 April 1980, Beatrix became Queen of the Netherlands when her mother abdicated. In domestic matters, she has little political say; however, in international relations, the queen has much more latitude. In 1994, the Minister of Foreign Affairs announced in the States-General that a Dutch embassy in Jordan had been opened at her request.

On 6 October 2002, the queen's husband, Prince Claus, died after a long illness. A year and a half later, her mother died after long suffering from senile dementia, while her father succumbed to cancer in December 2004.

Queen Beatrix is rarely quoted directly in the press, since the government information service (''Rijksvoorlichtingsdienst'') makes it a condition of interviews that she may not be quoted. This policy was introduced shortly after her inauguration, reportedly to protect her from political complications that may arise from "off-the-cuff" remarks. It does not apply to her son Prince Willem-Alexander.

On 8 February 2005, Queen Beatrix received a rare honorary doctorate from Leiden University, an honour the queen does not usually accept. In her acceptance speech she reflected on the monarchy and her own 25 years as Queen. The speech was broadcast live.

On 29 April and 30 April 2005, she celebrated the 25th anniversary of her reign. She was interviewed on Dutch television, was offered a concert on Dam Square in Amsterdam, and a celebration took place in The Hague, the country's seat of government.

On 30 April 2009, the queen and many senior members of the royal family were targeted in a car attack by a man called Karst Tates. Tates crashed his car into a parade in Apeldoorn, narrowly missing a bus carrying the queen. Five people were killed instantly; and two victims and the assailant Tates died later. Other victims of the crash were in a critical life threatening situation. One week after the attack another victim had succumbed to sustained injuries. The royal party were unharmed, but the queen and members of her family saw the crash at close range and were visibly shaken. Within hours, Queen Beatrix made a rare televised address to express her shock and condolences. The man apparently told police he was deliberately targeting the royal family. It is thought to be the first physical attack on Dutch royalty in modern times.

Royal finances

The royal palaces are the property of the Dutch state and given for the use of the reigning monarch; While the House of Orange-Nassau possesses a large number of personal belongings, items such as paintings, historical artifacts and jewellery are usually associated with the performance of royal duties and/or the decoration of royal residences. As such, these items have a cultural significance beyond that of simple artworks and jewellery, and have therefore been placed in the hands of trusts: the House of Orange-Nassau Archives Trust and the House of Orange-Nassau Historic Collections Trust. Part of the collection is on permanent loan to Het Loo Palace Museum in Apeldoorn and the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. Queen Juliana had sold the remaining royal palaces and had put the cultural assets (paintings, antiques, books, etc.) into non-personal trusts.

The crown jewels, comprising the crown, orb and sceptre, Sword of State, royal banner, and ermine mantle have been placed in the Crown Property Trust. The trust also holds the items used on ceremonial occasions, such as the carriages, table silver, and dinner services. Placing these goods in the hands of a trust ensures that they will remain at the disposal of the monarch in perpetuity. The Royal Archives house the personal archives of the royal family. This includes books, photographs, and artworks, as well as the books of the House of Orange-Nassau and the music library. The library was begun in 1813, following the return of the Orange-Nassaus to the Netherlands. King William I allowed the Stadtholder's library to remain part of the Royal Library in The Hague. The library houses a collection of some 70,000 books, journals and brochures. The music library has 6,000 scores, going back to the mid 18th century.

The ''Royal House Finances Act'' (1972) as amended in 2008 sets allowances for the King (or Queen Regnant), the Heir to the Throne, and the former sovereign who has abdicated. Provision is also made for their spouses (and in the case of death, for the surviving spouse). The allowances have two components: income (A-component) and personnel and materials (B-component). Annual increases or decreases are provided for: the A component is linked to changes in the annual salary of the Vice-President of the Council of State; the B-component is linked to changes in civil service pay and the cost of living.

In 2009, the government decided that the annual State Budget of the Netherlands should show in a transparent way all the costs of the Royal House, some of which had previously been borne by various Government Ministries. Three sets of costs are now separately allocated in the annual budget for the Royal House (Budget I of the annual State Budget). These are:

Allowances paid under the Royal House Finances Act. They comprise the income and personnel and materials components mentioned above.

Expenses incurred in the performance of official duties. They include costs which had been previously been borne by the budgets of three Government Ministries (Interior, Transport and Water Management, Health and Welfare) and which are now attributed to the Royal budget in the interest of transparency. They also include the costs relating to royal flights and the royal yacht, Groene Draeck.

Other expenses relating to the management of the royal house. They relate to expenses for the Government Information Service (AZ/RVD) in connection with the royal house, the cost of the Royal Military Household, the Queen's Cabinet and the travel and other costs incurred by royal visits to Netherlands Antilles and Aruba

Costs relating to the security of members of the royal house, state visits, and the maintenance and upkeep of the royal palaces (which are considered to be national monuments) continue to be funded by the budgets of the appropriate Government Ministries and are not included in the budget for the Royal House.

According to the State Budget for 2010, the budgetary allocation for the royal house in 2010 is €39.643 million. There are the following categories of expenditure:

Allowances paid to the queen, the Prince of Orange and Princess Máxima under the Royal House Finances Act. They total some €7.102 million in 2010.

Expenses incurred in the performance of official duties. They total some €26.818 million in 2010.

Other expenses relating to the management of the royal house. They total some €5.723 million in 2010.

Personal wealth

In 2009, ''Forbes'' estimated her wealth at US$300 million but gave no details to substantiate this figure.

Titles, styles, and honours

Queen Beatrix has held titles throughout her life, as a granddaughter or daughter of a monarch, and eventually as the Sovereign. Queen Beatrix's official title is ''Her Majesty Beatrix, by the Grace of God, Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, etc. etc. etc''. The triple 'etc.' refers to the title Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld and many dormant titles still formally borne by the queen. The queen signs official documents with only "Beatrix". In common parlance she is ''The Queen'' or ''Her Majesty''. But when in conversation with the queen, the practice is to initially address her as "Your Majesty" or in Dutch as "Uwe Majesteit" and thereafter as "Madam" or in Dutch as "Mevrouw" which is the official etiquette though she prefers to be called "Your Majesty" at all times.

Beatrix has received honours and awards from countries around the world, both during her life as princess as well as the monarch. In capacity as the Sovereign she is Grand Master of the Military Order of William (''Militaire Willemsorde'') and the other Dutch orders of merit. She is the 975th Member and Lady of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, the 1,187th Dame of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain and has received numerous other medals and decorations.

Coat of Arms

bannerimage	Royal Standard of the Netherlands.PNG
notes	As the Monarch, Beatrix uses the Greater Coat of Arms of the Realm, (or "Grote Rijkswapen"). The components of the coats of arms were regulated by Queen Wilhelmina in a royal decree of 10 July 1907 and were affirmed by Queen Juliana in a royal decree of 23 April 1980.
adopted	10 July 1907
helm	Dutch royal crown
escutcheon	Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or.
supporters	Two lions rampant Or armed and langued Gules
motto	JE MAINTIENDRAI''Mediaeval French: I will maintain''
other elements	The monarch places this coat of arms on a mantle Gules lined with Ermine. Above the mantle is a pavilion Gules again topped with the royal crown.
banner	Upon her succesion to the throne, Beatrix adopted the Royal Standard of the Netherlands, which is a square orange flag, divided in four quarters by a nassau-blue cross. All quarters show a white and blue bugle-horn, taken from the coat of arms of the Principality of Orange. In the centre of the flag is the (small) coat of arms of the Kingdom, which originates from the arms of the House of Nassau, surmounted by a royal crown and surrounded by the insignia of the Grand Cross of the Military William Order.
symbolism	The seven arrows stand for the Seven Provinces of the Union of Utrecht.
previous versions	left|120px|Prior to her accession to the throne, Beatrix as a princess bore the following arms: quarterly, 1 and 3, Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or (royal arms of the Netherlands, i.e. that of her mother, Queen Juliana), 2 and 4, Or, a horn azure, langued gules (arms of the former Principality of Orange), on an inescutcheon argent, a rose gules, seeded vert (arms of the House of Lippe-Biesterfeld, i.e. that of her late father, Prince Bernhard). }}

Issue

style="text-align:center" 27 April 1967 25 September 1968 11 October 1969

Name !!rowspan="2"
style="text-align:center"	''Date''	|style="text-align:center">''Issue''
Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange	Prince Willem-Alexander	|	2 February 2002	Princess Máxima of the Netherlands>Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti	Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands>Princess Catharina-Amalia[[Princess Alexia of the Netherlands
	Prince Friso	|	24 April 2004	Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau>Mabel Wisse Smit	Countess Luana of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg
[[Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands	Prince Constantijn	|	19 May 2001	Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands>Laurentien Brinkhorst	Countess Eloise of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg>Countess Eloise[[Count Claus-Casimir of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer van Amsberg

Ancestry

{{ahnentafel-compact5 | style = font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; | border = 1 | boxstyle = padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; | boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc; | boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9; | boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc; | boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc; | boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe; |1 = 1. Beatrix of the Netherlands |2 = 2. Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld |3 = 3. Juliana of the Netherlands |4 = 4. Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld |5 = 5. Armgard of Sierstorpff-Cramm |6 = 6. Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |7 = 7. Wilhelmina of the Netherlands |8 = 8. Ernest II, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld |9 = 9. Countess Caroline of Wartensleben | 10 = 10. Baron Aschwin of Sierstorpff-Cramm | 11 = 11. Baroness Hedwig of Sierstorpff-Driburg | 12 = 12. Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin | 13 = 13. Princess Marie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt | 14 = 14. William III of the Netherlands | 15 = 15. Princess Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont | 16 = 16. Julius, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld | 17 = 17. Countess Adelheid of Castell-Castell | 18 = 18. Count Leopold of Wartensleben | 19 = 19. Mathilde Halbach | 20 = 20. Adolf of Cramm | 21 = 21. Hedwig of Cramm | 22 = 22. Ernst, Count of Sierstorpff-Driburg | 23 = 23. Baroness Karoline von Vincke | 24 = 24. Paul Frederick, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin | 25 = 25. Princess Alexandrine of Prussia | 26 = 26. Prince Adolph of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt | 27 = 27. Princess Mathilde of Schonburg-Waldenburg | 28 = 28. William II of the Netherlands | 29 = 29. Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia | 30 = 30. George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont | 31 = 31. Princess Helena of Nassau }}

Prime Ministers during the Queen's reign

+Prime Ministers during the Queen's reign	!Polity	!Prime Minister	!Start year	!End year
		1986	1989
	1989	1994
	1994	2001
	2001	2009
Mike Eman	2009	present
	Dries van Agt	1977	1982
Ruud Lubbers	1982	1994
Wim Kok	1994	2002
Jan Peter Balkenende	2002	2010
Mark Rutte	2010	present
	Dominico Martina	1979	1984
Maria Liberia Peters	1984	1986
Dominico Martina	1986	1988
Maria Liberia Peters	1988	1993
Susanne Camelia-Römer
Alejandro Felippe Paula
Miguel Arcangel Pourier	1994	1998
Susanne Camelia-Römer	1998	1999
Miguel Arcangel Pourier	1999	2002
Etienne Ys	2002	2003
Ben Komproe
Mirna Louisa-Godett	2003	2004
Etienne Ys	2004	2006
Emily de Jongh-Elhage	2006	2010
	Gerrit Schotte	2010	present
	Sarah Wescot-Williams	2010	present

References

External links

Queen Beatrix: Official website

|- |-

Category:1938 births Category:Attempted assassination survivors Category:Charlemagne Prize recipients Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients Category:Current national leaders Category:Dames of the Order of the Rajamitrabhorn Category:Dutch monarchs Category:Dutch Protestants Category:Extra Ladies of the Order of the Garter Category:Grand Collars of the Order of Prince Henry Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of Leopold (Belgium) Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Star of Jordan Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Double Cross Category:Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Category:Grand Masters of the Military William Order Category:Grand Masters of the Order of Orange-Nassau Category:Grand Masters of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau Category:Grand Masters of the Order of the House of Orange Category:Grand Masters of the Order of the Netherlands Lion Category:Heirs presumptive to the Dutch throne Category:Honorary Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Category:House of Orange-Nassau Category:Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav Category:Knights of the Elephant Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece Category:Leiden University alumni Category:Living people Category:Members of the Council of State of the Netherlands Category:Protestant monarchs Category:Queens regnant Category:Recipients of the Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana Category:Recipients of the Order of the Three Stars, 1st Class with Chain Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland) Category:Recipients of the Royal Victorian Chain Category:Reigning monarchs

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