Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary
Rosemary in flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Lamiaceae
Genus:	Rosmarinus
Species:	R. officinalis
Binomial name
Rosmarinus officinalis L.[1]

Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis, is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves and white, pink, purple or blue flowers, native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, which includes many other herbs, and is one of two species in the genus Rosmarinus. The name "rosemary" derives from the Latin name rosmarinus, derived from "dew" (ros) and "sea" (marinus), or "dew of the sea"^[2] because in many locations it needs no water other than the humidity carried by the sea breeze to live. The plant is also sometimes called Anthos, from the ancient Greek word ἄνθος, meaning "flower".^[3]

Rosemary is used as a decorative plant in gardens and has many culinary and medical uses. The plant is said to improve the memory. The leaves are used to flavor various foods, like stuffings and roast meats. Rosemary contains the antioxidants carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, and other bioactive compounds including camphor, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, rosmaridiphenol, and rosmanol. Some of these may be useful in preventing or treating cancers, strokes, and Alzheimer's Disease.

Taxonomy[link]

Rosmarinus officinalis is one of two species^{[dubious – discuss]} in the genus Rosmarinus. The other species is the closely related, but less commercially viable, Rosmarinus eriocalyx,^{[citation needed]} of the Maghreb of Africa and Iberia. Named by the 18th-century naturalist and founding taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus, it has not undergone much taxonomic change since.

It is used in essential oils for purposes of fragrant bodily perfumes or to emit an aroma into a room. It is also burnt as incense to emit this aroma by the light of a candle. It is is also used in shampoos or cleaning products.

Description[link]

Illustration from Köhler's Medicinal Plants

Flowering rosemary

Rosemary is an aromatic evergreen shrub that has leaves similar to pine needles. The leaves are used as a flavouring in foods like stuffings and roast lamb, pork, chicken and turkey. Rosemary is native to the Mediterranean and Asia, but is reasonably hardy in cool climates. Rosemary can withstand droughts, surviving a severe lack of water for lengthy periods.^[4] Forms range from upright to trailing; the upright forms can reach 1.5 m (5 ft) tall, rarely 2 m (6 ft 7 in). The leaves are evergreen, 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) long and 2–5 mm broad, green above, and white below, with dense short woolly hair. The plant flowers in spring and summer in temperate climates but the plants can be in constant bloom in warm climates; flowers are white, pink, purple or deep blue.^[5]

Mythology[link]

The name derives from the Latin words ros marinus, which translate as dew of the sea. According to legend, it was draped around the Greek goddess Aphrodite when she rose from the sea, born of Ouranos's semen. The Virgin Mary is said to have spread her blue cloak over a white-blossomed rosemary bush when she was resting, and the flowers turned blue. The shrub then became known as the 'Rose of Mary'.^[6]

Usage[link]

Cultivation[link]

Since it is attractive and drought tolerant, Rosemary is used as an ornamental plant in gardens and for xeriscape landscaping, especially in regions of Mediterranean climate. It is considered easy to grow and pest-resistant. Rosemary can grow quite large and retain attractiveness for many years, can be pruned into formal shapes and low hedges and has been used for topiary. It is easily grown in pots. The groundcover cultivars spread widely, with a dense and durable texture.

Rosemary grows on friable loam soil with good drainage in an open sunny position. It will not withstand waterlogging and some varieties are susceptible to frost. It grows best in neutral to alkaline conditions (pH 7–7.8) with average fertility. It can be propagated from an existing plant by clipping a shoot 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long, stripping a few leaves from the bottom, and planting it directly into soil.

Cultivars[link]

Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use. The following are frequently sold:

• 'Albus' – white flowers
• Arp' – leaves light green, lemon-scented
• 'Aureus' – leaves speckled yellow
• 'Benenden Blue' – leaves narrow, dark green
• 'Blue Boy' – dwarf, small leaves
• 'Golden Rain' – leaves green, with yellow streaks
• 'Gold Dust' -dark green leaves, with golden streaks but stronger than Golden Rain
• 'Irene' – low and lax, trailing, intense blue flowers
• 'Lockwood de Forest' – procumbent selection from 'Tuscan Blue'
• Ken Taylor' – shrubby
• Majorica Pink' – pink flowers
• Miss Jessop's Upright' – distinctive tall fastigate form, with wider leaves.
• 'Pinkie' – pink flowers
• 'Prostratus' - lower groundcover
• 'Pyramidalis (a.k.a. 'Erectus') – fastigate form, pale blue flowers
• 'Roseus' – pink flowers
• 'Salem' – pale blue flowers, cold hardy similar to 'Arp'
• 'Severn Sea' – spreading, low-growing, with arching branches; flowers deep violet
• 'Tuscan Blue' – traditional robust upright form
• 'Wilma's Gold' – yellow leaves

Culinary use[link]

The leaves, both fresh and dried, are used in traditional Mediterranean cuisine. They have a bitter, astringent taste and are highly aromatic, which complements a wide variety of foods. A tisane can be made from the leaves. When burnt, they give off a mustard-like smell and a smell similar to burning wood, which can be used to flavor foods while barbecuing. Rosemary is high in iron, calcium and vitamin B₆,^[7] 317 mg, 6.65 mg and 0.336 mg per 100 g, respectively.^[8] Rosemary extract has been shown to improve the shelf life and heat stability of omega 3-rich oils, which are prone to rancidity.^[9]

Rosemary illustration from an Italian herbal, circa 1500

Medicine[link]

Hungary water was first prepared for the Queen of Hungary Elisabeth of Poland to " ... renovate vitality of paralyzed limbs ... " and to treat gout. It was used externally and prepared by mixing fresh rosemary tops into spirits of wine.^[10] Don Quixote (Part One, Chapter XVII) mixes it in his recipe of the miraculous balm of Fierabras.^[11]

Rosemary has a very old reputation for improving memory and has been used as a symbol for remembrance during weddings, war commemorations and funerals in Europe and Australia.^[12] Mourners would throw it into graves as a symbol of remembrance for the dead. In Shakespeare's Hamlet, Ophelia says, "There's rosemary, that's for remembrance." (Hamlet, iv. 5.) A modern study lends some credence to this reputation. When the smell of rosemary was pumped into cubicles where people were working, they showed improved memory, though with slower recall.^[13] 1,8-cineole (1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octane), one of rosemary's main chemical components was found to improve speed and accuracy in cognitive performance in a study in 2012.^[14]

Potential medicinal use[link]

The results of a study suggest carnosic acid, found in rosemary, may shield the brain from free radicals, lowering the risk of strokes and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,^[15] and is anti-inflammatory.^[16] Carnosol is also a promising cancer chemoprevention and anti-cancer agent.^[17] A study found that rosemary "produced a significant enhancement of performance for overall quality of memory and secondary memory factors, but also produced an impairment of speed of memory compared to controls."^[18]

Rosemary contains a number of potentially biologically active compounds, including antioxidants carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid. Other bioactive compounds include camphor (up to 20% in dry rosemary leaves), caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, rosmaridiphenol and rosmanol. Rosemary antioxidants levels are closely related to soil moisture content.^[19] Rosemary may have some anticarcinogenic properties. A study where a powdered form of rosemary was given to rats in a measured amount for two weeks showed a reduction in the binding of a certain carcinogen by 76%, and greatly reduced the formation of mammary tumors.^[20]

Folklore and customs[link]

In the Middle Ages, rosemary was associated with wedding ceremonies - the bride would wear a rosemary headpiece and the groom and wedding guests would all wear a sprig of rosemary, and from this association with weddings, rosemary evolved into a love charm. Newlywed couples would plant a branch of rosemary on their wedding day. If the branch grew, it was a good omen for the union and family. In ‘A Modern Herbal’, Mrs Grieves says “A rosemary branch, richly gilded and tied with silken ribands of all colours, was also presented to wedding guests, as a symbol of love and loyalty.” If a young person would tap another with a rosemary sprig and if the sprig contained an open flower, it was said that the couple would fall in love.

Rosemary was used as a divinatory herb. Several herbs were grown in pots and assigned the name of a potential lover. They were left to grow and the plant that grew the strongest and fastest gave the answer. Rosemary was stuffed into poppets (cloth dolls) to attract a lover or attract curative vibrations for illness. It was believed that placing a sprig of rosemary under a pillow before sleep would repel nightmares, and if placed outside the home it would repel witches. Somehow, the use of rosemary in the garden to repel witches turned into signification that the woman ruled the household in homes and gardens where rosemary grew abundantly. By the 16th century, men were known to rip up rosemary bushes to show that they, not their wives, ruled the roost.^[21]

Sprigs of rosemary are worn on ANZAC Day and sometimes Remembrance Day to signify remembrance; the herb grows wild on the Gallipoli peninsula.^[12]

Health precautions and toxicology[link]

Rosemary in culinary or therapeutic doses is generally safe, but can cause allergic skin reactions when used in topical preparations. According to recent European research, rosemary interferes with the absorption of iron and should not be consumed by those with iron deficiency anemia.^[22] A toxicity study of the plant on rats has shown hepatoprotective and antimutagenic activities;^[23] however, precaution is necessary for those displaying allergic reaction or are prone to epileptic seizures. Rosemary essential oil may have epileptogenic properties, as a handful of case reports over the past century have linked its use with seizures in otherwise healthy adults or children.^[24] Avoid consuming large quantities of rosemary especially if pregnant or breastfeeding.^[22]

See also[link]

• Four Thieves Vinegar
• Scented water

Notes[link]

Further reading[link]

• Calabrese, V.; et al. (2000). "Biochemical studies of a natural antioxidant isolated from rosemary and its application in cosmetic dermatology". International Journal of Tissue Reactions 22 (1): 5–13. PMID 10937349. 
• Huang, M. T.; et al. (1 February 1994). "Inhibition of skin tumorigenesis by rosemary and its constituents carnosol and ursolic acid". Cancer Research 54 (3): 701–708. PMID 8306331. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/54/3/701. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rosmarinus officinalis

Wikispecies has information related to: Rosmarinus officinalis

Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on Rosemary

•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "rosemary". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
• Rosemary List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)
• medicinal use: botanical.com
• Rosemary for Remembrance
• History of Rosemary
• Description of characteristics, from Flora of China

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2010)

Rosemary Shrager

Born	(1952-01-21) 21 January 1952 (age 60) London
Current restaurant(s) Swinton Park (2002-present)
Previous restaurant(s) Amhuinnsuidhe Castle (1998-2002)
Television show(s) The Girls of Hedsor Hall (2009-present) Rosemary Shrager's School for Cooks (2007-2008) Soapstar Superchef (2007) Local Food Hero (2006-present) Ladette to Lady (2005 to present) Taste The Nation (2009)
Official website
http://www.rosemaryshrager.com

Rosemary Shrager is an English chef, best known for being a haute cuisine teacher on the reality television programme Ladette to Lady, and as a judge on Soapstar Superchef.

Other TV projects have included Kitchen Showdown with Rosemary Shrager, where she weaned unhealthy fast-food families onto nutritious cuisine.

Shrager is an accomplished chef and has worked with fellow Soapstar Superchef judge Jean-Christophe Novelli.

Currently she is hosting her latest TV series Rosemary Shrager's School for Cooks, where ten contestants compete for the opportunity to work in a Michelin star restaurant.

Shrager played the part of a strict, no-nonsense headmistress on the MTV reality show, The Girls of Hedsor Hall. She the food historian and author Ivan Day recreated dishes cooked for Queen Victoria on the 2011 BBC series Royal Upstairs Downstairs.

Early life[link]

Shrager was born 21 January 1952, in London, England and is of Jewish parentage. She is now known for cooking daily on The Alan Titchmarsh Show.

Bibliography[link]

• Shrager, Rosemary; Gaisford, Sue, Rosemary: Castle Cook, Everyman's Library, 19 January 2001, ISBN 978-1-84159-049-3
• Shrager, Rosemary, School for Cooks, Dorling Kindersley Publishers Ltd, 1 August 2008, ISBN 978-1-4053-3513-3
• Shrager, Rosemary, 'Absolutely Foolproof', Octopus Publishing Group Ltd, 2 May 2011, ISBN 978-0-600-62207-9

External links[link]

• Official website
• Clarke, Alice, TV Guide: Ladies made, The Sunday Times, May 14, 2008
• Larging it with chef Rosemary, The Press, 6 May 2008
• Chef's Kitchen: Rosemary Shrager
• A passion for food is Rosemary's recipe for success, Yorkshire Post, 20 August 2008
• Rosemary Shrager's School for Cooks at itv.com
• Rosemary Shrager at the Internet Movie Database

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This biographical article about a foodie, restaurateur or gourmand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Nick Jonas
Nick Jonas in 2011.
Background information
Birth name	Nicholas Jerry Jonas
Born	(1992-09-16) September 16, 1992 (age 19) Dallas, Texas, United States
Origin	Wyckoff, New Jersey, United States
Genres	Teen pop, pop rock
Occupations	Vocalist, musician, actor, singer–songwriter
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, drums, piano, glockenspiel
Years active	2002–present
Labels	Columbia, Hollywood, Jonas
Associated acts	Jonas Brothers, Nick Jonas & The Administration, Demi Lovato
Notable instruments
Gibson SG Fender Telecaster Gibson ES-335

Nicholas Jerry "Nick" Jonas (born September 16, 1992) is an American singer-songwriter, musician and actor best known as one of the Jonas Brothers, a pop-rock band he formed with his brothers Joe and Kevin. The Jonas Brothers originally started as an attempted solo singing career for Nick, but the record producer liked the sound when his brothers sang backup for him. He previously starred in the Disney Channel original series JONAS L.A. as Nick Lucas, alongside his brothers. He also starred in the Disney Channel original movie Camp Rock and Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam. He formed the band Nick Jonas & The Administration, which released its first album in 2010.

Career[link]

Career beginnings: 2000-2005[link]

Jonas's career started when he was discovered at the age of six in a barber shop, while his mother was getting her hair cut and was referred to a professional show business manager.^[1][2] At the age of 7, he began performing on Broadway.^[3][4] He had acted in several plays, including A Christmas Carol (in 2000 as Tiny Tim and Scrooge at eight), Annie Get Your Gun (in 2001 as Little Jake), Beauty and the Beast (in 2002 as Chip), and Les Misérables (in 2003 as Gavroche).^[4][5][6][7] After Les Misérables closed, he performed in The Sound of Music (as Kurt) at the Paper Mill Playhouse.^[8]

In 2002, while performing in Beauty and the Beast, Jonas wrote a song with his father called "Joy to the World (A Christmas Prayer)." With background vocals from the Beauty and the Beast cast, Nick recorded the song on the 2002 annual Broadway "Equity Fights AIDS" album, Broadway's Greatest Gifts: Carols for a Cure, Vol. 4.^[9][10] In November 2003, INO Records received a demo copy of "Joy To The World (A Christmas Prayer)".^[11] The label released the song to Christian radio, where it quickly became popular on Record & Radio's Christian Adult Contemporary Chart.^[10]

By September 2004, an executive at Columbia Records discovered Jonas' song.^[9][10] He was soon jointly signed to INO Records and Columbia Records and released the single "Dear God".^[12][13] A second single, "Joy to the World (A Christmas Prayer)" (a re-recorded version), was released on November 16.^[14] It was supposed to be followed by a December release of a self-titled solo album Nicholas Jonas, but the album was pushed back.^[15] It did, however, get a limited release.^[16] Nick, along with his brothers, Kevin and Joe, co-wrote songs for the album.^[9] In early 2005, Columbia Records' new president, Steve Greenberg, heard Jonas' record. While Greenberg did not like the album, he did like Nick's voice.^[17]

Jonas Brothers: 2005-2010[link]

After meeting with Jonas and hearing the song, "Please Be Mine", written and performed by the brothers, Daylight/Columbia Records decided to sign the three as a group act.^[9][18][19] After being signed to Columbia, the brothers considered naming their group "Sons of Jonas" before settling on the name "Jonas Brothers."^[20] It's About Time, the brothers' first album was released on August 8, 2006.^[21] According to the band's manager, it was only a "limited release" of a little over 50,000 copies. Because Sony was not interested in further promoting the band, the Jonas Brothers considered switching labels. The band was ultimately dropped by Columbia Records in early 2007.

After shortly being without a label, the Jonas Brothers signed with Hollywood Records in February 2007.^[22][23] Around the same time, brothers began appearing in commercials for Baby Bottle Pops, singing the jingle.^[23] Their self-titled second album, Jonas Brothers, was released on August 7, 2007.^[24] It reached number five on the Billboard 200 chart in its first week. It has since sold over three million copies worldwide. On August 17, 2007, Jonas, along with his brothers, guest starred in an episode of Hannah Montana, which aired after the premiere of High School Musical 2 and the Disney Channel show Phineas and Ferb.^[25] The episode broke basic cable records with a record 10.7 million viewers and became basic cable's most watched series telecast ever.^[26]

Jonas performing in July 2009

The reality short series, Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream, premiered on Disney Channel on May 16, 2008. The show, which ran until September 5, 2008, documents the brothers' lives on the Look Me In The Eyes Tour. The name was inspired by the band's hit song "When You Look Me in the Eyes". The series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on March 21, 2010.^[27] The second season follows the band on the European leg of their World Tour 2009. Jonas and his brothers filmed a Disney Channel Original Movie called Camp Rock where they play a band called "Connect Three." Joe plays the lead male role as lead singer "Shane Gray"; Nick plays the role of "Nate," a guitarist; and Kevin plays the role of "Jason," also a guitarist. A soundtrack for the movie was released on June 17, 2008. The movie premiered on June 20, 2008, in the USA on Disney Channel, and Canada on Family. Production began on the sequel, Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam in September 2009 and it premiered during the summer of 2010.

The Jonas Brothers' third studio album, A Little Bit Longer, was released in the United States on August 12, 2008. It sold over 2 million copies worldwide. The Jonas Brothers were listed number 9 on the richest pop acts of 2008. Jonas and his brothers starred in the Disney Channel Original Series JONAS about a pop band trying to live a normal life, which premiered May 2, 2009 and concluded on March 14, 2010. Filming for the second season began in February 2010. The second season was renamed Jonas L.A., and premiered on June 20, 2010. On November 8, 2010, it was announced that the series had been cancelled.^[28] The Jonas Brothers' fourth studio album, Lines, Vines and Trying Times, was released in the United States in June, 2009.

Solo projects: 2010-2011[link]

Jonas performing live as part of the Jonas Brothers in 2010.

Jonas' side project from the Jonas Brothers called Nick Jonas & the Administration released their debut album Who I Am was released February 2, 2010. In January 2010, Jonas embarked on the Who I Am Tour with the Administration.^[29] The tour consisted of 22 dates that began on January 2, 2010, in Dallas, Texas and concluded on January 30, 2010, in Berkeley, California. Jonas also toured with his brothers again in 2010. In September 2011 and October 2011, Nick Jonas & The Administration began touring through South America in support of their debut album, Who I Am.^[30]

On June 21, 2010, Jonas made his West End debut performing in Les Misérables for the second time, but this time as the role of Marius Pontmercy.^[31] Jonas was originally supposed to play the role for only three weeks, but was able to extend his run until July 24, 2010, because of changes in the Jonas Brothers tour schedule.^[32] He also appeared in the 25th Anniversary Concert at The O2 Arena on October 3, 2010, again playing the role of Marius Pontmercy.^[33] From August 5–7, 2011, Jonas performed in the musical Hairspray as Link Larkin at the Hollywood Bowl.^[34] Jonas appeared in the 2011 series Mr. Sunshine; he played Eli White, an up-and-coming singer who wants everything his way before he performs at the Sunshine Center.^[35] He also plays the role of Ryan on the sitcom Last Man Standing.^[36][37]

Jonas Brothers reunion: 2012[link]

In February 2012, he appeared in episode of Smash in the role of Lyle West, a young musician and television star backing a promising Broadway musical;^[38][39] Jonas will reprise the role of Lyle West in the show's season finale on May 14.^[40] Nick had a cameo appearance in the last episode of the second season of the comedy web series Submissions Only.^[41] Jonas was to perform in the musical "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying" as J. Pierrepont Finch^[42] from January 24 till July 1, 2012.^[43] However, the musical ended its run on May 20th.^[44][45] Jonas recorded 5 songs for the How To Succeed in Business soundtrack.^[46][47]

On March 6, 2012, the Jonas Brothers released a video on Twitter of them in their home studio, along with the hashtag "#JonasBrothers2012", suggesting that a reunion was occurring.^[48] Starting on August 19, 2012, the eldest Jonas brother will appear in an E! reality series^[49] alongside his wife Danielle and brothers Nick and Joe. "Married to Jonas" will document the young couple's domestic life as well as the brothers' recording efforts as they prepare to release their newest group album.^[50]

On May 1, 2012, it was announced that after 6 years with Hollywood Records, the Jonas Brothers had parted ways with their label. The band has bought back the rights to their master recordings, merchandising, and publishing, and plans to release their upcoming fifth album with a new label.^[51]

Personal life[link]

Jonas was born in Dallas, Texas.^[52] His mother, Denise (née Miller), is a former sign language teacher and singer, and his father, Paul Kevin Jonas, Sr., is a songwriter, musician, and former ordained minister at an Assemblies of God church.^{[53][54][55][56]} He was raised in Wyckoff, New Jersey and homeschooled by his mother. Nick is of Italian (from a great-grandfather), German, Irish, English, Cherokee, and French-Canadian descent.^[57][58]

Jonas was diagnosed with Type I diabetes at the age of thirteen and wears an OmniPod insulin pump to help him manage his condition.^[59] He has developed the Change for the Children Foundation. Partnering with five different charities, their goal is to raise money and awareness for diabetes.^[60] He also developed a public service announcement with the Washington Nationals to support diabetes care at Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C.^[61]

Since August 6, 2008, Bayer Diabetes Care has partnered with Jonas as a diabetes ambassador to promote the idea for young people to manage their diabetes.^[62] Jonas testified in the U.S. Senate to promote more research funding for the condition.^[63] Nick is also is a member of the National Youth Leadership Committee for the Ronald Reagan Centennial Celebration, along with Jordin Sparks, Genevieve Ryan, and Brodi Conover.^[64][65][66]

Singer and actress Miley Cyrus has stated that she dated Jonas from June 2006 to December 2007. Cyrus claimed they were "in love" and began dating soon after they first met.^[67][68] Jonas dated Australian actress and singer Delta Goodrem from May 2011 to February 2012.^[69][70]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

Extended plays[link]

Singles[link]

Featured Singles[link]

Promotional Singles[link]

Other charted songs[link]

Other appearances[link]

Music videos[link]

Tours[link]

In January 2010, Nick Jonas & The Administration began touring in support of their debut album, Who I Am.^[29] Apart from guest appearances at specific events, it marks the first time Nick has toured without his brothers, Kevin and Joe.

In September 2011 and October 2011, Nick Jonas & The Administration began touring through South America in support of their debut album, Who I Am.^[30]

Filmography[link]