Native name
Conventional long name	The Mughal Empire
Common name	Mughal Empire
Continent	Asia
Region	South Asia
Country	India
Era	Early modern
Status	Empire
Status text
Empire
Government type	Absolute monarchy, unitary statewith federal structure
Year start	1526
Year end	1857
Year exile start
Year exile end
Event start	First Battle of Panipat
Date start	21 April
Event end	Battle of Buxar
Date end	22 November
Event1
Event pre
Event post
Date post
P1	Timurid dynasty
Flag p1	Timurid.svg
Image p1
P2	Delhi Sultanate
Flag p2	}.svg" (size 30) -->
P3	Suri dynasty
P4	Adil Shahi dynasty
P5	Hemu
P6	Sultanate of Bengal
P7	Deccan Sultanates
S1	Maratha Empire
Flag s1	Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
Border s1	no
Image s1
S3	Hotaki dynasty
S5	British Raj
Flag s5	British Raj Red Ensign.svg
S6	Hyderabad State
Flag s6	Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png
S7	Nawab of Carnatic
Flag s7	Nawab flag.GIF
S8	Nawab of Bengal|Bengal
S9	Nawab of Awadh|Kingdom of Awadh
Flag s9	Flag of Awadh.svg
S10	Kingdom of Mysore
Flag s10	Flag of Mysore.svg
S11	Bharatpur State
Flag s11	Flag of Bharatpur.svg
Flag border	no
Flag alt	Flag of the Mughal Empire
Flag	Flag of the Mughal Empire
Flag type
Image coat	}.svg -->
Coat alt
Symbol	} -->
Symbol type
Image map alt	Timeline of Mughal State 1526-1707
Image map caption	The Mughal Empire around 1700
Image map2
Capital	Agra (1526-1571) Fatehpur Sikri (1571-1585) Lahore (1585-1598) Agra (1598-1649) Delhi (1649-1857)
Capital exile
Common languages	Persian (initially also Chagatai Turkic; later also Hindustani)
Currency	Rupee
Leader1	Babur
Leader2	Humayun
Leader3	Akbar
Leader4	Jahangir Shazhad
Leader5	Shah Jahan
Leader6	Aurangzeb
Year leader1	1526–1530
Year leader2	1530–1539, 1555–1556
Year leader3	1556–1605
Year leader4	1605–1627
Year leader5	1628–1658
Year leader6	1658–1707
Title leader	Emperor
Representative1
Year representative1
Title representative
Deputy1
Year deputy1
Title deputy
Legislature
House1
Type house1
House2
Type house2
Stat year1	1700
Stat area1	3200000
Stat pop1	150000000
Footnotes	Population source:
Today	}}

The Mughal Empire ( ; }}; self-designation:  ),‎ or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire ''in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were descendants of the Timurids. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south.'' Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).

The "''classic period''" of the empire started in 1556 with the accession of Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar, better known as Akbar the Great. Under the rule of Akbar the Great, India enjoyed much cultural and economic progress as well as religious harmony. The Mughals also forged a strategic alliance with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms. Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but they were subdued by Akbar. The reign of Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor, was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the legendary Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as Pearl Mosque, the Red Fort, Jama Masjid (Mosque) and Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expansion during the reign of Aurangzeb. During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 1.25 million square miles, ruling over more than 150 million subjects, nearly 1/4th of the world's population.

By the late 17th century, Hindu Maratha Empire had emerged as formidable foes of the Mughals, resulting in War of 27 years between both the forces. Following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the empire started its gradual decline, weakened by wars of succession, agrarian crises fueling local revolts, the growth of religious intolerance, the rise of the Maratha. After 27 years of war with the Marathas, Mughals lost all of their territory in the Deccan region. In 1737, Maratha forces sacked Delhi, following their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi. In 1739, a weakened Mughal Empire lost the Battle of Karnal, following which the victorious forces of Nader Shah, the Turkic ruler of Afsharid dynasty, invaded and looted Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne. A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi. The last Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, whose rule was restricted to the city of Delhi, was imprisoned and exiled by the British after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

The name ''Mughal'' is derived from the original homelands of the Timurids, the Central Asian steppes once conquered by Genghis Khan and hence known as ''Moghulistan'', "Land of Mongols". Although early Mughals spoke the Chagatai language and maintained some Turko-Mongol practices, they became essentially Persianized and transferred the Persian literary and high culture to India, thus forming the base for the Indo-Persian culture and the Spread of Islam in South Asia.

Early history [link]

Zahir ud-din Muhammad Babur learned about the riches of Hindustan and conquest of it by his ancestor, Timur, in 1503 at Dikh-Kat, a place in the Transoxiana region. At that time, he was roaming as a wanderer after losing his principality, Farghana. In his memoirs he wrote that after he had acquired Kabulistan in 1504, he desired to regain the territories in Hindustan held once by Turks. He started his exploratory raids from September 1519 when he visited the Indo-Afghan borders to suppress the rising by Yusufzai tribes. He undertook similar raids up to 1524 and had established his base camp at Peshawar. Finally in 1526 in his fifth attempt, Babur defeated the last of the Delhi Sultans, Ibrahim Shah Lodi, at the First Battle of Panipat. To secure his newly founded kingdom, Babur then had to face the formidable Rajput Rana Sanga of Chittor, at the Battle of Khanwa. Rana Sanga offered stiff resistance but was defeated

Babur's son Humayun succeeded him in 1530, but suffered reversals at the hands of the Pashtun Sher Shah Suri and lost most of the fledgling empire before it could grow beyond a minor regional state. From 1540 Humayun became ruler in exile, reaching the court of the Safavid rule in 1554 while his force still controlled some fortresses and small regions. During 1553–1556, the Hindu king, Hemu Vikramaditya acceded to the throne of Delhi by defeating forces of Mughal Emperor Akbar at Agra and Delhi. However, the Mughals reestablished their rule after Akbar's army defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat.

Humayun crossed the rough terrain of the Makran with his wife until their son Akbar was born in the fortress of Umarkot in Sind. The resurgent Humayun then conquered the central plateau around Delhi, but months later died in an accident, leaving the realm unsettled and in war.

Akbar succeeded his father on 14 February 1556. He became known as ''Akbar'', as he was a wise ruler, setting high but fair taxes. He was a more inclusive in his approach to the non-Muslim subjects of the Empire. He investigated the production in a certain area and taxed inhabitants one-fifth of their agricultural produce. He also set up an efficient bureaucracy and was tolerant of religious differences which softened the resistance by the locals. He made alliances with Rajputs and appointed native generals and administrators. Later in life, he devised his own brand of syncretic philosophy based on tolerance.

Jahangir, son of Emperor Akbar, ruled the empire from 1605–1627. In October 1627, Shah Jahan, son of Emperor Jahangir succeeded to the throne, where he inherited a vast and rich empire. At mid-century this was perhaps the greatest empire in the world. Shah Jahan commissioned the famous Taj Mahal (1630–1653) in Agra which was built by the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri as a tomb for Shah Jahan's wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died giving birth to their 14th child. By late 17th century, the empire reached its peak under the leadership of Aurangzeb Alamgir with major parts of present day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and most of Afghanistan.

Mughal dynasty [link]

The Mughal Empire was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent between the mid-16th century and the early 18th century. Founded in 1526, it officially survived until 1858, when it was supplanted by the British Raj. The dynasty is sometimes referred to as the Timurid dynasty as Babur was descended from Timur.

The Mughal dynasty was founded when Babur, hailing from Ferghana (Modern Uzbekistan), invaded parts of northern India and defeated Ibrahim Shah Lodhi, the ruler of Delhi, at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. The Mughal Empire superseded the Delhi Sultanate as rulers of northern India. In time, the state thus founded by Babur far exceeded the bounds of the Delhi Sultanate, eventually encompassing a major portion of India and earning the appellation of Empire. A brief interregnum (1540–1555) during the reign of Babur's son, Humayun, saw the rise of the Afghan Suri Dynasty under Sher Shah Suri, a competent and efficient ruler in his own right. However, Sher Shah's untimely death and the military incompetence of his successors enabled Humayun to regain his throne in 1555. However, Humayun died a few months later, and was succeeded by his son, the 13-year-old Akbar the Great.

The greatest portions of Mughal expansion was accomplished during the reign of Akbar (1556–1605). The empire was maintained as the dominant force of the present-day Indian subcontinent for a hundred years further by his successors Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. The first six emperors, who enjoyed power both de jure and de facto, are usually referred to by just one name, a title adopted upon his accession by each emperor. The relevant title is bolded in the list below.

Akbar the Great initiated certain important policies, such as religious liberalism (abolition of the jizya tax), inclusion of natives in the affairs of the empire, and political alliance/marriage with the Rajputs, that were innovative for his milieu; he also adopted some policies of Sher Shah Suri, such as the division of the empire into ''sarkar'' raj, in his administration of the empire. These policies, which undoubtedly served to maintain the power and stability of the empire, were preserved by his two immediate successors but were discarded by Emperor Aurangzeb who spent nearly his entire career expanding his realm, beyond the Urdu Belt, into the Deccan and South India, Assam in the east; this venture provoked resistance from the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats and Ahoms.

Decline [link]

After Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the empire fell into succession crisis. Barring Muhammad Shah, none of the Mughal emperors could hold on to power for a decade. In the 18th century, the Empire suffered the depredations of invaders like Nadir Shah of Persia and Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan, who repeatedly sacked Delhi, the Mughal capital. Most of the empire's territories in India passed to the Marathas, Nawabs, and Nizams by . The Mughal Emperors lost effective power in favor of the British after the Battle of Buxar in 1764. In 1804, the ineffective Shah Alam II formally accepted the protection of the British East India Company. The company had already begun to refer to the weakened emperor as "King of Delhi", rather than "Emperor of India". The once glorious and mighty Mughal army was disbanded in 1805 by the British; only the guards of the Red Fort were spared to serve with the King of Delhi, which avoided the uncomfortable implication that British sovereignty was outranked by the Indian monarch. Nonetheless, for a few decades afterward the British East India Company continued to rule the areas under its control as the nominal servants of the emperor and in his name. After the Revolt of 1857, even these courtesies were disposed. The rebels declared their allegiance to Shah Alam's descendant, Bahadur Shah II which led to a protracted Siege of Delhi, after which the victorious British abolished the institution altogether with transfer of authority to the British crown. The last Mughal emperor was deposed and exiled to Burma, where he died in 1862.

List of Mughal emperors [link]

Certain important particulars regarding the Mughal emperors is tabulated below: 1526–1530 Mar 6, 1508 1472 c.1500 Mar 6, 1508 Nov 14, 1542 Oct 1569 Jan 5, 1592 Oct 21, 1618 Oct 14, 1643 1664 1683 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 1702 1725 1699 Unknown 1728 1760 1775

Emperor !! Birth !! Reign Period !! Death !! Notes
width=150px	Zaheeruddin Muhammad ''Babur''	Feb 23, 1483	|	Dec 26, 1530	Founder of the Mughal Dynasty.
Humayun	Nasiruddin Muhammad ''Humayun''	|	1530–1540	Jan 1556	Reign interrupted by Suri Dynasty. Youth and inexperience at ascension led to his being regarded as a less effective ruler than usurper, Sher Shah Suri.
Sher Shah Suri	|	1540–1545	May 1545	Deposed Humayun and led the Suri Dynasty.
Islam Shah Suri	|	1545–1554	1554	2nd and last ruler of the Suri Dynasty, claims of sons Sikandar and Adil Shah were eliminated by Humayun's restoration.
Humayun	Nasiruddin Muhammad ''Humayun''	|	1555–1556	Jan 1556	Restored rule was more unified and effective than initial reign of 1530–1540; left unified empire for his son, Akbar.
Akbar	Jalaluddin Muhammad ''Akbar''	|	1556–1605	Oct 27, 1605	Akbar greatly expanded the Empire and is regarded as the most illustrious ruler of the Mughal Dynasty as he set up the empire's various institutions; he married Mariam-uz-Zamani, a Rajput princess. One of his most famous construction marvels was the Lahore Fort.
Jahangir	Nooruddin Muhammad ''Jahangir''	|	1605–1627	1627	British East India Company. Reportedly was an alcoholic, and his wife Empress Nur Jahan>Noor Jahan became the real power behind the throne and competently ruled in his place.
Shah Jahan	Shahaabuddin Muhammad ''Shah Jahan''	|	1627–1658	1666	Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, Delhi>Jama Masjid, Red Fort, Tomb of Jahangir
[[Aurangzeb	Mohiuddin Muhammad ''Aurangzeb'' Alamgir	|	1658–1707	Mar 3, 1707	He reinterpreted Sharia
[[Bahadur Shah I	|	1707–1712	Feb 1712	First of the Mughal emperors to preside over a steady and severe decline in the territories under the empire's control and military power due to the rising strength of the autonomous Nawabs. After his reign, the empire went into steady decline.
Jahandar Shah	|	1712–1713	Feb 1713	He was highly influenced by his Grand Vizier Zulfikar Khan.
Furrukhsiyar	|	1713–1719	1719	firman (decree)>firman to the English East India Company granting them duty free trading rights for Bengal and confirmed their position in India.
Rafi Ul-Darjat	|	1719	1719
Rafi Ud-Daulata.k.a. Shah Jahan II	|	1719	1719
Nikusiyar	|	1719	1743
Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor)	Muhammad Ibrahim	|	1720	1744
Muhammad Shah	|	1719–1720, 1720–1748	1748	Got rid of the Syed Brothers. Fought a long war with the Maratha Empire, losing Deccan and Malwa in the process. Suffered the invasion of Nadir-Shah of Persia in 1739. He was the last Mughal Emperor to have full control over the Empire, since the Mughal Court was now under control of the Maratha.
Ahmad Shah Bahadur	|	1748–54	1754	Mughal forces massacred by the Maratha during the Battle of Sikandarabad;
Alamgir II	|	1754–1759	1759	Consolidation of power of the Nizam of Hyderabad,Nawab of Oudh, Marathas, State of Mysore & Nawab of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa;
Shah Jahan III	|	In 1759	1770s
Shah Alam II	|	1759–1806	1806	Defeat of the combined forces of Mughal, Nawab of Oudh & Nawab of Bengal,Bihar at the hand of East India Company at the Battle of Buxar. Treaty of Allahabad. Hyder Ali becomes Nawab of Mysore in 1761. Ahmed-Shah-Abdali in 1761 defeated the Marathas during the Third Battle of Panipat; The fall of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1799; He was the last Mughal Emperor to preside effective control over the empire.
Akbar Shah II	|	1806–1837	1837	Titular figurehead under British protection
Bahadur Shah Zafar	Bahadur Shah (Zafar) II	|	1837–1857	1862	Myanmar>Burma following the Indian Rebellion of 1857. End of Mughal dynasty.

Influence on the Indian subcontinent [link]

Mughal influence on South Asian art and culture[link]

A major Mughal contribution to the Indian subcontinent was their unique architecture. Many monuments were built by the Muslim emperors, especially Shahjahan, during the Mughal era including the UNESCO World Heritage Site Taj Mahal, which is known to be one of the finer examples of Mughal architecture. Other World Heritage Sites includes the Humayun's Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Agra Fort, and Lahore Fort. ''' The palaces, tombs, and forts built by the dynasty stands today in Agra, Aurangabad, Delhi, Dhaka, Fatehpur Sikri, Jaipur, Lahore, Kabul, Sheikhupura, and many other cities of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh. With few memories of Central Asia, Babur's descendents absorbed traits and customs of the Indian Subcontinent, and became more or less naturalised.

Mughal influence can be seen in cultural contributions such as: Centralised, imperialistic government which brought together many smaller kingdoms. Persian art and culture amalgamated with Indian art and culture.

New trade routes to Arab and Turkic lands.

The development of Mughlai cuisine.

Mughal Architecture found its way into local Indian architecture, most conspicuously in the palaces built by Rajputs and Sikh rulers.

Landscape gardening

Although the land the Mughals once ruled has separated into what is now India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan, their influence can still be seen widely today. Tombs of the emperors are spread throughout India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. There are 16 million descendants spread throughout the Subcontinent and possibly the world.

Urdu language [link]

Although Persian was the dominant and "official" language of the empire, the language of the elite later evolved into a form known as Urdu. Highly Persianized and also influenced by Arabic and Turkic, the language was written in a type of Perso-Arabic script known as Nastaliq, and with literary conventions and specialized vocabulary being retained from Persian, Arabic and Turkic; the new dialect was eventually given its own name of Urdu. Compared with Hindi, the Urdu language draws more vocabulary from Persian and Arabic (via Persian) and (to a much lesser degree) from Turkic languages where Hindi draws vocabulary from Sanskrit more heavily. Modern Hindi, which uses Sanskrit-based vocabulary along with Urdu loan words from Persian and Arabic, is mutually intelligible with Urdu. Today, Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and also an important co-official language in India.

Mughal society [link]

The Indian economy remained as prosperous under the Mughals as it was, because of the creation of a road system and a uniform currency, together with the unification of the country. Manufactured goods and peasant-grown cash crops were sold throughout the world. Key industries included shipbuilding (the Indian shipbuilding industry was as advanced as the European, and Indians sold ships to European firms), textiles, and steel. The Mughals maintained a small fleet, which merely carried pilgrims to Mecca, imported a few Arab horses in Surat. Debal in Sindh was mostly autonomous. The Mughals also maintained various river fleets of Dhows, which transported soldiers over rivers and fought rebels. Among its admirals were Yahya Saleh, Munnawar Khan, and Muhammad Saleh Kamboh. The Mughals also protected the Siddis of Janjira. Its sailors were renowned and often voyaged to China and the East African Swahili Coast, together with some Mughal subjects carrying out private-sector trade. Cities and towns boomed under the Mughals; however, for the most part, they were military and political centres, not manufacturing or commerce centres. Only those guilds which produced goods for the bureaucracy made goods in the towns; most industry was based in rural areas. The Mughals also built Maktabs in every province under their authority, where youth were taught the Quran and Islamic law such as the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri in their indigenous languages.

The nobility was a heterogeneous body; while it primarily consisted of Rajput aristocrats and foreigners from Muslim countries, people of all castes and nationalities could gain a title from the emperor. The middle class of openly affluent traders consisted of a few wealthy merchants living in the coastal towns; the bulk of the merchants pretended to be poor to avoid taxation. The bulk of the people were poor. The standard of living of the poor was as low as, or somewhat higher than, the standard of living of the Indian poor under the British Raj; whatever benefits the British brought with canals and modern industry were neutralized by rising population growth, high taxes, and the collapse of traditional industry in the nineteenth century.

Science and technology [link]

Astronomy [link]

While there appears to have been little concern for theoretical astronomy, Mughal astronomers continued to make advances in observational astronomy and produced nearly a hundred Zij treatises. Humayun built a personal observatory near Delhi, while Jahangir and Shah Jahan were also intending to build observatories but were unable to do so. The instruments and observational techniques used at the Mughal observatories were mainly derived from the Islamic tradition. In particular, one of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the seamless celestial globe (see Technology below).

Technology [link]

Fathullah Shirazi (c. 1582), a Persian-Indian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar the Great in the Mughal Empire, developed a volley gun.

Considered one of the most remarkable feats in metallurgy, the seamless globe was invented in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 AH (1589–90 CE), and twenty other such globes were later produced in Lahore and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire. Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern metallurgists to be technically impossible to produce metal globes without any seams, even with modern technology. Another famous series of seamless celestial globes was produced using a lost-wax casting method in the Mughal Empire in 1070 AH (1659–1960 CE) by Muhammad Salih Tahtawi with Arabic and Persian inscriptions. It is considered a major feat in metallurgy. These Mughal metallurgists pioneered the method of wax casting while producing these seamless globes.

Gallery[link]

See also [link]

Mughal (tribe)

Mughal architecture, a style of architecture

Mughal Army, was the army of the Mughal Empire

Mughal gardens, a style of gardens

Mughal cuisine, a style of cooking

Mughal painting, a style of painting

Mughal weapons

Mughal-e-Azam, an India film

Mirza Mughal, fifth son of Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor

History of India

Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent

Mongols, one of several ethnic groups

Turco-Persian/Turco-Mongol

List of the Muslim Empires

List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

Islamic architecture

Timurid dynasty

Charlemagne to the Mughals

References [link]

Further reading [link]

Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. ''The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period''; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy at Packard Humanities Institute – Other Persian Texts in Translation; historical books: Author List and Title List)

Preston, Diana and Michael; Taj Mahal: Passion and Genius at the Heart of the Moghul Empire; Walker & Company; ISBN 0802716733.

The Moghul Economy and Society; Chapter 2 of Class Structure and Economic Growth: India & Pakistan since the Moghuls; By Maddison (1971)

External links [link]

Mughals and Swat

Mughal India an interactive experience from the British Museum

The Mughal Empire from BBC

Mughal Empire

The Great Mughals

Gardens of the Mughal Empire

''Indo-Iranian Socio-Cultural Relations at Past, Present and Future'', by M.Reza Pourjafar, Ali

A. Taghvaee, in ''Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony'' (Fabio Maniscalco ed.), vol. 1, January–June 2006

Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace — PHOTOS — Great Mughal Emperors of India

A Mughal diamond on BBC

Some Mughal coins with brief history

Category:History of Iran Category:States and territories established in 1526 Category:1857 disestablishments Category:Muslim dynasties Category:Post-medieval history of Pakistan Category:History of medieval India

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