November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 52 days remaining until the end of the year.

Events [link]

• 694 – Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims, sentencing all Jews to slavery.
• 1282 – Pope Martin IV excommunicates King Peter III of Aragon.
• 1313 – Louis the Bavarian defeats his cousin Frederick I of Austria at the Battle of Gamelsdorf.
• 1330 – Battle of Posada, Wallachian Voievode Basarab I defeats the Hungarian army in an ambush
• 1456 – Ulrich II of Celje (Slovene: Ulrik Celjski, German Ulrich von Cilli, Hungarian: Cillei Ulrik), last prince of Celje principality, is assassinated in Belgrade.
• 1492 – Peace of Etaples between Henry VII and Charles VIII.
• 1494 – The Family de' Medici are expelled from Florence.
• 1520 – More than 50 people are sentenced and executed in the Stockholm Bloodbath
• 1620 – Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower sight land at Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
• 1688 – The Glorious Revolution: William of Orange captures Exeter.
• 1697 – Pope Innocent XII founds the city of Cervia.
• 1720 – The synagogue of Yehudah he-Hasid is burned down by Arab creditors, leading to the expulsion of the Ashkenazim from Jerusalem.
• 1729 – Spain, France and Great Britain sign the Treaty of Seville.
• 1764 – Mary Campbell, a captive of the Lenape during the French and Indian War, is turned over to forces commanded by Colonel Henry Bouquet.
• 1780 – American Revolutionary War: In the Battle of Fishdam Ford a force British and Loyalist troops fail in a surprise attack against the South Carolina Patriot militia under Brigadier General Thomas Sumter.
• 1791 – Foundation of the Dublin Society of United Irishmen.
• 1793 – William Carey reaches the Hooghly River.
• 1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads the Coup d'état of 18 Brumaire ending the Directory government, and becoming one of its three Consuls (Consulate Government).
• 1822 – The Action of 9 November 1822 between USS Alligator and a squadron of piratical schooners off the coast of Cuba.
• 1848 – Robert Blum, a German revolutionary, is executed in Vienna.
• 1851 – Kentucky marshals abduct abolitionist minister Calvin Fairbank from Jeffersonville, Indiana, and take him to Kentucky to stand trial for helping a slave escape.
• 1857 – The Atlantic founded in Boston.
• 1861 – The first documented football match in Canada is played at University College, University of Toronto.
• 1862 – American Civil War: Union General Ambrose Burnside assumes command of the Army of the Potomac, after George B. McClellan is removed.
• 1867 – Tokugawa Shogunate hands power back to the Emperor of Japan, starting the Meiji Restoration.
• 1872 – The Great Boston Fire of 1872.
• 1883 – The Royal Winnipeg Rifles of the Canadian Forces was founded. Known then as the "90th Winnipeg Battalion of Rifles".
• 1887 – The United States receives rights to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
• 1888 – Jack the Ripper kills Mary Jane Kelly, his last known victim.
• 1906 – Theodore Roosevelt is the first sitting President of the United States to make an official trip outside the country. He did so to inspect progress on the Panama Canal.
• 1907 – The Cullinan Diamond is presented to King Edward VII on his birthday.
• 1913 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913, the most destructive natural disaster ever to hit the lakes, destroys 19 ships and kills more than 250 people.
• 1914 – SMS Emden sunk by HMAS Sydney in the Battle of Cocos.
• 1917 – Joseph Stalin enters the provisional government of Bolshevik Russia.
• 1918 – Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicates after the German Revolution, and Germany is proclaimed a Republic.
• 1923 – In Munich, Germany, police and government troops crush the Beer Hall Putsch in Bavaria. The failed coup is the work of the Nazis.
• 1935 – The Congress of Industrial Organizations is founded in Atlantic City, New Jersey by eight trade unions belonging to the American Federation of Labor.
• 1937 – Japanese troops take control of Shanghai, China.
• 1938 – Nazi German diplomat Ernst vom Rath dies from the fatal gunshot wounds of Jewish resistance fighter Herschel Grynszpan, an act which the Nazis used as an excuse to instigate the 1938 national pogrom, also known as Kristallnacht.
• 1940 – Warsaw is awarded the Virtuti Militari.
• 1947 – India forcibly annexes Junagadh from Pakistan.
• 1953 – Cambodia becomes independent from France.
• 1960 – Robert McNamara is named president of Ford Motor Co., the first non-Ford to serve in that post. A month later, he quit to join the newly-elected John F. Kennedy administration.
• 1963 – At Miike coal mine, Miike, Japan, an explosion kills 458, and hospitalises 839 with carbon monoxide poisoning.
• 1965 – Several U.S. states and parts of Canada are hit by a series of blackouts lasting up to 13 hours in the Northeast Blackout of 1965.
• 1965 – Catholic Worker member Roger Allen LaPorte, protesting against the Vietnam War, sets himself on fire in front of the United Nations building.
• 1967 – Apollo program: NASA launches the unmanned Apollo 4 test spacecraft atop the first Saturn V rocket from Cape Kennedy, Florida.
• 1967 – First issue of Rolling Stone Magazine is published.
• 1970 – Vietnam War: The Supreme Court of the United States votes 6 to 3 against hearing a case to allow Massachusetts to enforce its law granting residents the right to refuse military service in an undeclared war.
• 1979 – Nuclear false alarm: the NORAD computers and the Alternate National Military Command Center in Fort Ritchie, Maryland detected purported massive Soviet nuclear strike. After reviewing the raw data from satellites and checking the early warning radars, the alert is cancelled.
• 1985 – Garry Kasparov, 22, of the Soviet Union becomes the youngest World Chess Champion by beating Anatoly Karpov, also of the Soviet Union.
• 1989 – Cold War: Fall of the Berlin Wall. Communist-controlled East Germany opens checkpoints in the Berlin Wall allowing its citizens to travel to West Germany. This key event led to the eventual reunification of East and West Germany.
• 1993 – Stari most, the "old bridge" in Bosnian Mostar built in 1566, collapses after several days of bombing.
• 1994 – The chemical element Darmstadtium is discovered.
• 1998 – A US federal judge ordered 37 US brokerage houses to pay 1.03 billion USD to cheated NASDAQ investors to compensate for price-fixing. This is the largest civil settlement in United States history.
• 1998 – Capital punishment in the United Kingdom, already abolished for murder, is completely abolished for all remaining capital offences.
• 2005 – The Venus Express mission of the European Space Agency is launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
• 2005 – Suicide bombers attacked three hotels in Amman, Jordan, killing at least 60 people.
• 2007 – The German Bundestag passes the controversial data retention bill mandating storage of citizens' telecommunications traffic data for six months without probable cause.

Births[link]

• 1389 – Isabella of Valois, queen consort of England (d. 1409)
• 1414 – Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg (d. 1486)
• 1522 – Martin Chemnitz, German theologian (d. 1586)
• 1606 – Hermann Conring, German intellectual (d. 1681)
• 1664 – Henry Wharton, English writer (d. 1695)
• 1664 – Johann Speth, German organist and composer (d. 1719)
• 1697 – Claudio Casciolini, Italian composer (d. 1760)
• 1719 – Domenico Lorenzo Ponziani, Italian law professor, priest, chess player, composer and theoretician (d. 1796)
• 1721 – Mark Akenside, English poet and physician (d. 1770)
• 1723 – Princess Anna Amalia of Prussia, Prussian composer (d. 1787)
• 1731 – Benjamin Banneker, African-American astrononomer (d. 1806)
• 1732 – Julie de Lespinasse, French aristocrat, hostess and writer (d. 1776)
• 1799 – Gustavus, Crown Prince of Sweden (d. 1877)
• 1801 – Gail Borden, Jr., American inventor(d. 1874)
• 1802 – Elijah P. Lovejoy, American abolitionist (d. 1837)
• 1810 – Bernhard von Langenbeck, German surgeon (d. 1887)
• 1811 – Alexandru Hâjdeu, Russian writer of Romanian origins (d. 1872)
• 1818 – Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (d. 1883)
• 1825 – A. P. Hill, American Confederate general (d. 1865)
• 1829 – Peter Lumsden, British general in Indian army (d. 1918)
• 1832 – Émile Gaboriau, French writer (d. 1873)
• 1840 – Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, French Canadian lawyer (d. 1898)
• 1841 – King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (d. 1910)
• 1850 – Louis Lewin, German pharmachologist (d. 1929)
• 1853 – Stanford White, American architect (d. 1906)
• 1862 – Gigo Gabashvili, Georgian painter (d. 1936)
• 1869 – Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (d. 1934)
• 1872 – Bohdan Lepky, Ukrainian writer and poet (d. 1941)
• 1873 – Otfrid Foerster, German neurologist (d. 1941)
• 1874 – Albert Francis Blakeslee, American botanist (d. 1954)
• 1877 – Enrico De Nicola, 1st President of the Italian Republic (d. 1959)
• 1877 – Allama Iqbal, British Indian poet and politician (d. 1938)
• 1878 – An Chang-ho, Korean independence activist (d. 1938)
• 1879 – Milan Šufflay, Croatian politician (d. 1931)
• 1879 – Jenő Bory, Hungarian architect (d. 1959)
• 1880 – Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, English architect and designer (d. 1960)
• 1883 – Edna May Oliver, American actress (d. 1942)
• 1885 – Velimir Khlebnikov, Russian writer (d. 1922)
• 1885 – Hermann Weyl, German mathematician (d. 1955)
• 1885 – Theodor Kaluza, German scientist (d. 1954)
• 1885 – Aureliano Pertile, Italian tenor (d. 1952)
• 1886 – S. O. Davies, Welsh politician (d. 1972)
• 1886 – Ed Wynn, American actor (d. 1966)
• 1889 – Jean Monnet, French internationalist (d. 1979)
• 1890 – George Regas, Greek actor (d. 1940)
• 1895 – Mae Marsh, American actress (d. 1968)
• 1897 – Harvey Hendrick, American baseball player (d. 1941)
• 1897 – Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, British chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1978)
• 1902 – Anthony Asquith, British film director (d. 1968)
• 1904 – Viktor Brack, Nazi physician (d. 1948)
• 1905 – Erika Mann, German writer (d. 1969)
• 1906 – Arthur Rudolph, German rocket engineer (d. 1996)
• 1911 – Tabish Dehlvi, Pakistani poet (d. 2004)
• 1913 – Hedy Lamarr, Austrian actress and inventor (d. 2000)
• 1914 – Thomas Berry, American theologian and deep ecologist (d. 2009)
• 1915 – André François, French cartoonist (d. 2005)
• 1915 – Sargent Shriver, American politician (d. 2011)
• 1918 – Choi Hong Hi, Co-Founder of Taekwon-Do (d. 2002)
• 1918 – Spiro Agnew, 39th Vice President of the United States (d. 1996)
• 1918 – Thomas Ferebee, Enola Gay bombardier over Hiroshima (d. 2000)
• 1920 – Byron De La Beckwith, American assassin, white supremacist (d. 2001)
• 1921 – Viktor Chukarin, Soviet gymnast (d. 1984)
• 1921 – Pierrette Alarie, Canadian operatic soprano (d. 2011)
• 1922 – Dorothy Dandridge, American actress and singer (d. 1965)
• 1922 – Raymond Devos, French humorist (d. 2006)
• 1922 – Imre Lakatos, Hungarian philosopher (d. 1974)
• 1923 – Alice Coachman, American athlete
• 1924 – Robert Frank, Swiss Photographer
• 1925 – Sir Alistair Horne, British historian
• 1926 – Dominguín, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1996)
• 1928 – Anne Sexton, American poet (d. 1974)
• 1929 – Marc Favreau, French Canadian humourist (d. 2005)
• 1929 – Imre Kertész, Hungarian writer, Nobel laureate
• 1931 – Whitey Herzog, American baseball player
• 1933 – Jim Perry, American and Canadian television host
• 1934 – Ingvar Carlsson, Swedish politician
• 1934 – Ronald Harwood, South African author and playwright
• 1934 – Carl Sagan, American astronomer and writer (d. 1996)
• 1935 – Bob Gibson, American baseball player
• 1936 – Daniel Robert Graham, American politician
• 1936 – Teddy Infuhr, American former child actor (d. 2007)
• 1936 – Mikhail Tal, Latvian chess player (d. 1992)
• 1936 – Mary Travers, American singer and songwriter (Peter, Paul and Mary) (d. 2009)
• 1937 – Roger McGough, English poet
• 1937 – Clyde Wells, Canadian politician
• 1938 – Ti-Grace Atkinson, American feminist author
• 1939 – Paul Cameron, American psychologist
• 1941 – Tom Fogerty, American musician (Creedence Clearwater Revival) (d. 1990)
• 1942 – Tom Weiskopf, American golfer
• 1944 – Phil May, English singer (The Pretty Things)
• 1945 – Richard Goldberg, convicted American sex offender and former fugitive
• 1945 – Moeletsi Mbeki, Political and economic commentator, South African economist
• 1946 – Benny Mardones, American singer-songwriter
• 1947 – Robert David Hall, American actor
• 1948 – Bille August, Danish film and television director
• 1948 – Henrik S. Järrel, Swedish politician
• 1948 – Michel Pagliaro, Canadian singer
• 1948 – Luiz Felipe Scolari, Brazilian football manager
• 1951 – Lou Ferrigno, American bodybuilder and star of The Incredible Hulk
• 1951 – Bill Mantlo, American comic book writer
• 1952 – Sherrod Brown, American politician, senior senator of Ohio
• 1953 – Gaétan Hart, Canadian boxer
• 1953 – Rhetta Hughes, American singer and actress
• 1954 – Shankar Nag, Indian film actor and director
• 1954 – Dennis Stratton, British musician, (Iron Maiden, Praying Mantis)
• 1954 – Sue Upton, English actress and dancer
• 1955 – Karen Dotrice, British actress
• 1955 – Thomas F. Duffy American actor
• 1955 – Fernando Meirelles, Brazilian film director
• 1955 – Bob Nault, Canadian politician
• 1959 – Nick Hamilton, American wrestling referee
• 1959 – Sito Pons, Spanish motorcycle racer
• 1959 – Thomas Quasthoff, German singer
• 1959 – Tony Slattery, British actor
• 1960 – Andreas Brehme, German footballer
• 1960 – Joëlle Ursull, Guadeloupean singer
• 1961 – Jill Dando, British television presenter (d. 1999)
• 1962 – Teryl Rothery, Canadian actress
• 1963 – Fulvio Fantoni, Italian bridge player
• 1964 – Sandra Denton, American musician (Salt-N-Pepa)
• 1964 – Robert Duncan McNeill, American actor
• 1965 – Bryn Terfel, Welsh baritone
• 1967 – Ricky Otto, English footballer
• 1968 – Nazzareno Carusi, Italian pianist
• 1969 – Allison Wolfe, American musician (Bratmobile, Cold Cold Hearts, Partyline)
• 1970 – Nelson Diebel, American swimmer
• 1970 – Domino, American music producer
• 1970 – Guido Görtzen, Dutch volleyball player
• 1970 – Bill Guerin, American ice hockey player
• 1970 – Chris Jericho, Canadian wrestler and musician (Fozzy)
• 1970 – Scarface, American rapper
• 1970 – Susan Tedeschi, American musician
• 1971 – David Duval, American golfer
• 1971 – Melinda Kinnaman, Swedish actress
• 1971 – Big Pun, American rapper (d. 2000)
• 1972 – Eric Dane, American actor
• 1972 – Doug Russell, American sports radio and television personality
• 1972 – Corin Tucker, American musician (Sleater-Kinney)
• 1972 – Naomi Shindou, Japanese voice actor
• 1973 – Alyson Court, Canadian actress
• 1973 – Nick Lachey, American singer
• 1973 – Gabrielle Miller, Canadian actress
• 1973 – Zisis Vryzas, Greek footballer
• 1974 – Joe C., American rapper (d. 2000)
• 1974 – Alessandro Del Piero, Italian footballer
• 1974 – Giovanna Mezzogiorno, Italian Actress
• 1977 – Chris Morgan, English footballer
• 1978 – Steven López, American taekwondo martial artist
• 1978 – Sisqó, American singer (Dru Hill)
• 1979 – Adam Dunn, American baseball player
• 1979 – Martin Taylor, English footballer
• 1980 – James Harper, English footballer
• 1980 – Dominique Maltais, Canadian snowboarder
• 1980 – Vanessa Minnillo, Filipino television personality
• 1981 – Lyn, South Korean singer
• 1981 – Jobi McAnuff, Jamaican footballer
• 1981 – Scottie Thompson, American actress
• 1982 – Jana Pittman, Australian athlete
• 1983 – Rob Elloway, English/German rugby player
• 1984 – Delta Goodrem, Australian singer
• 1984 – Seven, South Korean singer
• 1984 – Joel Zumaya, American baseball player
• 1985 – Bakary Soumaré, Malian footballer
• 1985 – Ku Hye Sun, South Korean actress
• 1986 – Carl Gunnarsson, Swedish hockey player
• 1988 – Nikki Blonsky, American actress
• 1989 – Baptiste Giabiconi, French male model
• 1990 – Hodgy Beats, American rapper
• 1990 – Nosa Igiebor, Nigerian footballer

Deaths[link]

• 748 – Nasr ibn Sayyar, last Umayyad governor of Khurasan (b. 663)
• 959 – Constantine VII, Byzantine Emperor (b. 905)
• 1187 – Emperor Gaozong of China (b. 1107)
• 1208 – Sancha of Castile, wife of Alfonso II of Aragon (b. 1155)
• 1456 – Ulrich II of Celje, last prince of Celje principality (b. 1406)
• 1516 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon (b. 1452)
• 1581 – Bayinnaung, King of Burma (b. 1516)
• 1623 – William Camden, English historian (b. 1551)
• 1641 – Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria, Spanish Governor of the Netherlands and Bishop of Toledo
• 1699 – Hortense Mancini, Italian mistress of Charles II (b. 1646)
• 1766 – Unico Wilhelm van Wassenaer, Dutch composer (b. 1692)
• 1770 – John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll, Scottish politician (b. 1693)
• 1778 – Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Italian artist (b. 1720)
• 1801 – Carl Stamitz, German-Czech composer (b. 1745)
• 1809 – Paul Sandby, English cartographer (b. 1725)
• 1848 – Robert Blum, German politician (b. 1810)
• 1881 – Edwin Drake, American oil driller (b. 1819)
• 1888 – Mary Jane Kelly, British victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1863)
• 1911 – Howard Pyle, American illustrator and author (b. 1853)
• 1918 – Guillaume Apollinaire, French poet (b. 1880)
• 1918 – Peter Lumsden, British general in Indian army (b. 1829)
• 1919 – Eduard Müller, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1848)
• 1920 – Saint Nectarios, Eastern Orthodox Metropolitan of Pentapolis (b. 1846)
• 1924 – Henry Cabot Lodge, American Senator (b. 1850)
• 1937 – Ramsay MacDonald, Scottish Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1866)
• 1938 – Vasily Blyukher, Soviet military commander (b. 1889)
• 1940 – Stephen Peter Alencastre, Portuguese Catholic prelate (b. 1876)
• 1940 – Neville Chamberlain, English Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1869)
• 1942 – Edna May Oliver, American actress (b. 1883)
• 1944 – Frank Marshall, American chess player (b. 1877)
• 1951 – Sigmund Romberg, Hungarian-born composer (b. 1887)
• 1952 – Chaim Weizmann, Israeli politician and 1st President of Israel (b. 1874)
• 1952 – Philip Murray, American labor leader and 1st president of the United Steelworkers and longest-serving president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (b. 1886)
• 1953 – Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet and author (b. 1914)
• 1953 – King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud the first monarch of Saudi Arabia (b. 1880)
• 1957 – Peter O'Connor, Irish athlete (b. 1872)
• 1968 – Jan Johansson, Swedish jazz pianist (b. 1931)
• 1970 – Charles de Gaulle, French military commander, politician, President of France (b. 1890)
• 1971 – Maude Fealy, American actress (b. 1883)
• 1977 – Fred Haney, American baseball player (b. 1898)
• 1979 – Frank O'Connor, American actor and representationalist painter (b. 1897)
• 1980 – Victor Sen Yung, American actor (b. 1915)
• 1985 – Marie-Georges Pascal, French actress (b. 1946)
• 1988 – David Bauer, Canadian ice hockey player and priest (b. 1924)
• 1988 – John N. Mitchell, United States Attorney General (b. 1913)
• 1991 – Yves Montand, French actor (b. 1921)
• 1996 – Joe Ghiz, Canadian politician (b. 1945)
• 1997 – Helenio Herrera, French football player and coach (b. 1910)
• 1998 – Ursula Reit, German actress (b. 1914)
• 2000 – Hugh Paddick, British actor (b. 1915)
• 2001 – Niels Jannasch, Canadian historian and museum curator (b. 1924)
• 2002 – Merlin Santana, American actor (b. 1976)
• 2002 – William Schutz, American psychologist (b. 1925)
• 2003 – Art Carney, American actor (b. 1918)
• 2003 – Gordon Onslow Ford, English painter (b. 1912)
• 2003 – Binod Bihari Verma, Indian Maithili littérateur (b. 1937)
• 2004 – Iris Chang, Asian author (b. 1968)
• 2004 – Emlyn Hughes, English football player (b. 1947)
• 2005 – K. R. Narayanan, Indian politician and President of India (b. 1921)
• 2006 – Ed Bradley, American journalist (b. 1941)
• 2006 – Ellen Willis, American journalist (b. 1941)
• 2006 – Markus Wolf, East German intelligence director (b. 1923)

Holidays and observances[link]

• Birthday of Muhammad Iqbal (Pakistan)
• Christian Feast Day:
  • Dedication of the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, Cathedral of the Pope (memorial feast day)
  • Theodore of Amasea (Roman Catholic Church)
  • Vitonus
  • Benignus of Armagh
  • November 9 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

• Day of the Skulls or Dia de los ñatitas (Bolivia)
• Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Cambodia from France in 1953.
• Inventor's Day (Germany, Austria, Switzerland)
• Schicksalstag (Germany)
• World Freedom Day (United States)

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: November 9

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada

Saint Mark the Evangelist
Evangelist, Martyr
Born	1st century AD Cyrene, Pentapolis of North Africa[1][2]
Died	April 25, 68 AD
Honored in	Coptic Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Catholic Churches, Lutheranism
Major shrine	Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Cairo, Egypt) Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Alexandria, Egypt) Basilica di San Marco (Venice, Italy)
Feast	April 25
Attributes	Lion in the desert; bishop on a throne decorated with lions; man helping Venetian sailors; man holding a book with "pax tibi Marce" written on it; man holding a palm and book; man with a book or scroll accompanied by a winged lion; man with a halter around his neck; man writing or holding his gospel; rescuing Christian slaves from Saracens.
Patronage	Barristers, Venice, Egypt, Mainar and others; see others in.[3]
Influences	Jesus, Simon Peter

Mark the Evangelist (Latin: Mārcus; Greek: Μᾶρκος; Coptic: Μαρκοϲ; Hebrew: מרקוס‎) is the traditional author of the Gospel of Mark. He is one of the Seventy Disciples, and the founder of the Church of Alexandria, one of the original four main episcopal sees of Christianity.

According to William Lane (1974), an "unbroken tradition" identifies Mark the Evangelist with John Mark,^[4] and John Mark as the cousin of Barnabas.^[5] An exception is found in Hippolytus of Rome, who in his work On the Seventy Apostles, distinguishes Mark the Evangelist (2 Tim 4:11), John Mark (Acts 12:12, 25; 13:5, 13; 15:37), and Mark the cousin of Barnabas (Col 4:10; Phlm 24).^[6] According to Hippolytus, they all belonged to the "Seventy Disciples" who were sent out by Jesus to saturate Judea with the gospel (Luke 10:1ff.). However, when Jesus explained that his flesh was "real food" and his blood was "real drink", many disciples left him (John 6:44-6:66), presumably including Mark. He was later restored to faith by the apostle Peter; he then became Peter’s interpreter, wrote the Gospel of Mark, founded the church of Africa, and became the bishop of Alexandria.

According to Eusebius of Caesarea (Eccl. Hist. 2.9.1-4), Herod Agrippa I in his first year of reign over the whole Judea (41) killed James, son of Zebedee and arrested Peter, planning to kill him after the Passover. Peter was saved miraculously by angels, and escaped out of the realm of Herod (Acts 12:1-19). Peter went to Antioch, then through Asia Minor (visiting the churches in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, as mentioned in 1 Pet 1:1), and arrived in Rome in the second year of Emperor Claudius (42; Eusebius, Eccl, Hist. 2.14.6). Somewhere on the way, Peter picked up Mark and took him as travel companion and interpreter. Mark the Evangelist wrote down the sermons of Peter, thus composing the Gospel according to Mark (Eccl. Hist. 15-16), before he left for Alexandria in the third year of Claudius (43).^[7]

In AD 49, about 19 years after the Ascension of Jesus, Mark traveled to Alexandria [cf. c. 49 [cf. Acts 15:36-41] and founded the Church of Alexandria, which today is claimed by the Coptic Orthodox Church.^[8] Aspects of the Coptic liturgy can be traced back to Mark himself. He became the first bishop of Alexandria and he is honored as the founder of Christianity in Africa.^[9]

According to Eusebius (Eccl. Hist. 2.24.1), Mark was succeeded by Annianus as the bishop of Alexandria in the eighth year of Nero (62/63), probably, but not definitely due to his coming death. Later Coptic tradition says that he was martyred in 68.^{[10][11][12][13][14]} It is believed that on the night when Jesus was arrested in the garden of Gethsemane Mark had followed him there and the Temple guards saw him, he ran away and dropped his loincloth.

His feast day is celebrated on April 25, and his symbol is the lion.^[15]

Biblical and traditional information[link]

Evidence for Mark the Evangelist's authorship of the Gospel that bears his name originates with Papias.^[16][17] According to D. A. Carson, Douglas J. Moo and Leon Morris, it is "almost certain" that Papias is referring to John Mark.^[18] However, some have argued that identifying Mark the Evangelist with John Mark and Mark the Cousin of Barnabas has led to the downgrading of the character of Barnabas from truly a "Son of Comfort" to one who favored his blood relative over principles.^[19]

The martyrdom of Saint Mark. Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (Musée Condé, Chantilly).

The identification of Mark the Evangelist with John Mark led to identifying him as the man who carried water to the house where the Last Supper took place (Mark 14:13).;^[20] or as the young man who ran away naked when Jesus was arrested (Mark 14:51-52).^[21]

The Coptic Church holds the tradition of identifying Mark the Evangelist with John Mark, and holds that he was one of the Seventy Disciples sent out by Christ (Luke 10:1), as is confirmed by the list of Hippolytus.^[22] It also believes that Mark the Evangelist is the one who hosted the disciples in his house after the death of Jesus, into whose house the resurrected Jesus Christ came (John 20), and into whose house the Holy Spirit descended on the disciples at Pentecost.^[22]

Mark is also believed to be one of the servants at the Marriage at Cana who poured out the water that Jesus turned to wine (John 2:1-11),^[22] These traditions have no solid proof neither from the New Testament nor from Church history.

According to the Coptic church, Saint Mark was born in Cyrene, a city in the Pentapolis of North Africa (now Libya). This tradition adds that he returned to Pentapolis later in life, after being sent by Saint Paul to Colossae (Colossians 4:10; Philemon 24; these actually refer to Mark the Cousin of Barnabas), and serving with him in Rome (2 Tim 4:11); from Pentapolis he made his way to Alexandria.^[23][24] When Mark returned to Alexandria, the pagans of the city resented his efforts to turn the Alexandrians away from the worship of their traditional gods.^{[citation needed]} In AD 68 they placed a rope around his neck and dragged him through the streets until he was dead.^[25]

Fate of his remains[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2007)

Illumination of St. Mark in the 11th century Trebizond Gospel (Russian State Museum, Saint Petersburg).

Russian Orthodox icon of St. Mark the Evangelist, 18th century (Iconostasis of Transfiguration Church, Kizhi Monastery, Karelia, Russia).

St. Mark by Donatello (Orsanmichele, Florence).

In 828, relics believed to be the body of St. Mark were stolen from Alexandria by two Venetian merchants and taken to Venice, where the Byzantine Theodore of Amasea had previously been the patron saint. A basilica was built there to house the relics.

A mosaic in St Mark's Basilica, Venice depicts sailors covering the relics with a layer of pork. Since Muslims are not allowed to touch pork, this action was done to prevent Muslim intervention in the relics removal.^{[citation needed]}

Copts believe that the head of the saint remained in Alexandria. Every year, on the 30th day of the month of Paopi, the Coptic Orthodox Church celebrates the commemoration of the consecration of the church of St. Mark, and the appearance of the head of the saint in the city of Alexandria. This takes place inside St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Alexandria, where the saint's head is preserved.

The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates his feast day on April 25.

In 1063, during the construction of a new basilica in Venice, St. Mark's relics could not be found. However, according to tradition, in 1094 the saint himself revealed the location of his remains by extending an arm from a pillar.^[26] The newfound remains were placed in a sarcophagus in the basilica.^[27]

In June 1968, Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria sent an official delegation to Rome to receive a relic of St. Mark from Pope Paul VI. The delegation consisted of ten metropolitans and bishops, seven of whom were Coptic and three Ethiopian, and three prominent Coptic lay leaders.

The relic was said to be a small piece of bone that had been given to the Roman pope by Giovanni Cardinal Urbani, Patriarch of Venice. Pope Paul, in an address to the delegation, said that the rest of the relics of the saint remained in Venice.

The delegation received the relic on June 22, 1968. The next day, the delegation celebrated a pontifical liturgy in the Church of Saint Athanasius the Apostolic in Rome. The metropolitans, bishops, and priests of the delegation all served in the liturgy. Members of the Roman papal delegation, Copts who lived in Rome, newspaper and news agency reporters, and many foreign dignitaries attended the liturgy.

See also[link]

• Feast of Saint Mark
• Gospel of John
• Gospel of Luke
• Gospel of Mark
• Gospel of Matthew
• John the Evangelist
• Luke the Evangelist
• Matthew the Evangelist

References[link]

General

• "The Apostle and Evangelist Mark (40–62)". Official web site of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa. http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?module=content&cid=001003&id=38&lang=en. Retrieved 2011-02-07. 

Specific

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Saint Mark

• The Life, Miracles and Martyrdom of St. Mark the Evangelist of Jesus Christ
• H.B. Swete, 'St. Mark in the New Testament'
• H.B. Swete, 'St. Mark in Early Tradition'
• St. Mark the Apostle, Evangelist, and Preacher of the Christian Faith in Africa
•  Joseph MacRory (1913). "St. Mark". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 
•  A. J. Schem (1879). "Mark, Saint". The American Cyclopædia. 
• Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy Orthodox icon and synaxarion

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2010)

Sam "Slam 'em" Greco (born 3 May 1967) is a retired Australian super heavyweight kickboxer, heavyweight mixed martial artist and professional wrestler^[1] of Italian descent, who fought in Kyokushin karate, professional kickboxing, and K-1 tournaments.

Biography and career[link]

When growing up in Melbourne, Australia Sam's Italian-born father Vittorio encouraged him to get involved with soccer from an early age and Sam became the youngest player ever to sign up with the Italian premier league team Juventus. He played as well for Heidelberg soccer club in Melbourne.

K-1 career[link]

He trained in Kyokushin karate, and started competing in full contact karate tournaments.

Sam had his K-1 debut in 1995 at K-1 Hercules. Following year he appeared in his first K-1 World Grand Prix tournament where he suffered his first loss in semifinals against Musashi.

After retiring in 2005 from professional competition, Sam Greco worked as trainer for other fighters, including Bob Sapp.

Acting career[link]

He played the stunt double for retired professional wrestler Stone Cold Steve Austin in the 2007 action thriller The Condemned and also had a small part in the 2008 Australian boxing drama film, Two Fists One Heart which was shot in Western Australia. He has also appeared occasionally in movies as a fight consultant and martial arts advisor.

He had a small part in the fourth episode of the Australian mini-series Underbelly, playing nightclub bouncer Bruno Bolotzi. The episode was first broadcast in February 2008.

He had a small part in the eightieth episode of series three of the Australian comedy Pizza, playing the roman soldier Glutious Maximus. He made another appearance for Pizza this time in a two part episode Holiday Pizza, playing Pauly's Italian cousin Luigi. The last appearance he made in Pizza was in the Cracker Pizza episode, playing Crackerus in the last season of the series. He also had a part in the first series of the Australian comedy Swift and Shift Couriers as Louie "Luigi" Marietti. Both Pizza and Swift and Shift Couriers were created by Greco's good friend Paul Fenech.

He played the Masked Wrestler Zarkos in Scooby Doo. In the movie Zarkos appears as one of N'Goo Tuana's henchmen, but later he sneaks up on Daphne and captures her and steals the Daemon Ritus from her. Later in the movie he tries to sneak up on Daphne and capture her again but instead they end up fighting, near the end of the fight he grabs Daphne and throws her onto his back and puts her in a hold but she escapes and defeats him.

Titles and accomplishments[link]

• 1999 K-1 World Grand Prix 3rd Place
• 1999 W.A.K.O. Pro World Muay Thai Super Heavyweight Champion
• 1995 The Best of the Best Tournament Champion
• 1994 W.K.A. World Muay Thai Super Heavyweight Heavyweight Champion
• 1994 Karate World Cup Champion
• Commonwealth Karate Champion 1989-1991
• 6 time Australia Full Contact Karate Champion

Kickboxing record[link]

Kickboxing Record

19 Wins (11 (T)KO's, 8 decisions), 9 Losses, 2 Draws Date Result Opponent Event Location Method Round Time 2003-10-11 Loss Peter Graham K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 Final Elimination Osaka, Japan TKO (Leg injury) 2 0:30 Fails to qualify for K-1 Grand Prix '03 Final. 2000-04-23 Loss Ernesto Hoost K-1 The Millennium Osaka, Japan TKO (Corner Stoppage) 3 3:00 1999-12-05 Loss Mirko Filipović K-1 Grand Prix '99 Final Round Semi Finals Tokyo, Japan TKO (Left Low Kick/two knockdowns) 2 2:50 1999-12-05 Win Ray Sefo K-1 Grand Prix '99 Final Round Quarter Finals Tokyo, Japan Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 1999-10-05 Win Stefan Leko K-1 World Grand Prix '99 Opening Round Osaka, Japan Decision (Majority) 3 2:35 Qualifies for K-1 Grand Prix '99 Final. 1999-07-18 Loss Peter Aerts K-1 Dream '99 Nagoya, Japan KO (Right high kick) 2 1:38 1999-06-20 Win Mike Bernardo K-1 Braves '99 Fukuoka, Japan Decision (Unanimous) 5 3:00 Wins vacant W.A.K.O. Pro World Muay Thai Super Heavyweight Title. 1999-03-22 NC Samir Benazzouz K-1 The Challenge '99 Tokyo, Japan No Contest (Greco right leg injury) 2 3:00 1998-12-13 Loss Andy Hug K-1 Grand Prix '98 Final Round Semi Finals Tokyo, Japan Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 1998-12-13 Win Ernesto Hoost K-1 Grand Prix '98 Final Round Quarter Finals Tokyo, Japan TKO (Corner stoppage/cut) 2 3:00 1998-09-27 Win Matt Skelton K-1 World Grand Prix '98 Opening Round Osaka, Japan Decision (Unanimous) 5 3:00 Qualifies for K-1 Grand Prix '98 Final. 1998-05-24 Win Carl Bernardo Crash at the Crown Melbourne, Australia TKO 5 1998-07-18 Loss Jérôme Le Banner K-1 Dream '98 Nagoya, Japan KO (Punch) 2 2:07 1997-11-09 Loss Francisco Filho K-1 Grand Prix '97 Final Quarter final Tokyo, Japan KO (Right hook) 1 0:15 1997-09-07 Win Jean-Claude Leuyer K-1 Grand Prix '97 1st Round Osaka, Japan KO (Right hook) 2 1:55 Qualifies for K-1 Grand Prix '97 Final. 1997-07-20 Win Branko Cikatić K-1 Dream '97 Nagoya, Japan KO (Right hooks) 1 2:58 1997-04-29 Draw Andy Hug K-1 Braves '97 Fukuoka, Japan Decision draw 5 3:00 1996-12-08 Draw Jérôme Le Banner K-1 Hercules '96 Nagoya, Japan Decision draw 5 3:00 1996-10-18 Win Gerry Harris K-1 Star Wars '96 Yokohama, Japan TKO 1 2:38 1996-09-01 NC Musashi K-1 Revenge '96 Osaka, Japan No contest 3 0:22 1996-05-06 Loss Musashi K-1 Grand Prix '96 Quarter Finals Yokohama, Japan TKO (Doctor stoppage/broken toe) 1 3:00 1996-03-10 Win Perry Telgt K-1 Grand Prix '96 Opening Battle Yokohama, Japan Decision (Unanimous) 5 3:00 Qualifies for K-1 Grand Prix '96 Final. 1995-12-09 Win Duane Van Der Merwe K-1 Hercules Nagoya, Japan KO (Kick) 1 1:24 1995-10-22 Win Stan Longinidis The Best of the Best Tournament, Final Melbourne, Australia Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 Wins The Best of the Best Tournament. 1995-10-22 Win Ben Hamilton The Best of the Best Tournament, Semi Finals Melbourne, Australia Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 1995-10-22 Win Sam Sweet The Best of the Best Tournament, Quarter Finals Melbourne, Australia KO 1 1995-09-03 Loss Peter Aerts K-1 Revenge II Yokohama, Japan Decision (Unanimous) 5 3:00 1995-03-03 Win Vjatcheslav Soukhanov K-1 Grand Prix '95 Opening Battle Tokyo, Japan KO (Punch) 3 1:33 Qualifies for K-1 Grand Prix '95 Final - would be unable to participate due to injury. 1994-12-10 Win Masaaki Satake K-1 Legend Nagoya, Japan KO (Right punch) 2 1:27 Wins Satake's W.K.A. World Muay Thai Super Heavyweight Heavyweight title. Legend:       Win       Loss       Draw/No contest       Notes

Mixed martial arts record[link]

Result	Record	Opponent	Method	Event	Date	Round	Time	Location	Notes
Win	3-1-1	Shungo Oyama	KO (knees and punches)	Hero's 3	02005-07-09July 9, 2005	1	2:37	Tokyo, Japan
Win	2-1-1	Heath Herring	TKO (knee injury)	Hero's 1	02005-03-26March 26, 2005	1	2:41	Saitama, Saitama, Japan
Loss	1-1-1	Lyoto Machida	Decision (split)	K-1 MMA ROMANEX	02004-05-22May 22, 2004	3	5:00	Saitama, Saitama, Japan
Win	1-0-1	Stefan Gamlin	Submission (rear naked choke)	K-1 Beast 2004 in Niigata	02004-03-14March 14, 2004	1	0:25	Niigata Prefecture, Japan
vDraw	0-0-1	Masaaki Satake	Draw	Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2001	02001-12-31December 31, 2001	3	5:00	Saitama, Saitama, Japan