name	Fonseca Prize
description	Popularization of science
presenter	University of Santiago de CompostelaConsortium of Santiago
location	Santiago de Compostela
country	Spain
reward	€ 6,000
year	2008
website	Premio Fonseca
next	}}

The Fonseca Prize of science communication () is an annual award created by the University of Santiago de Compostela and the Consortium of Santiago under the auspices of the Program ConCiencia.

The award is named after Alonso III Fonseca, one of the earliest patrons of the university.

Recipients

! Year	Recipient		! Country	! Rationale
2008		Stephen Hawking	United Kingdom	"For his exceptional mastery in the popularization of complex concepts in Physics at the very edge of our current understanding of the Universe, combined with the highest scientific excellence, and for becoming a public reference of science worldwide."
2009		James Lovelock	United Kingdom	"For his leadership and his pioneering character in the construction of the current environmental awareness, of which he is a public international reference, and for his sharing of important scientific concepts with members of society; all of the above in combination with an exemplary freedom and independence of thought, and outstanding brilliance and talent, which has made it possible the achieving of exceptional results in different fields of scientific knowledge."
2010		David Attenborough	United Kingdom	"For his pioneering role in the spreading of the wildlife, making it accessible to huge audiences with an original outlook that has been a real turning point in the popularization of nature through television broadcasting, and for having become an international public reference for science communication."
2011		Roger Penrose	United Kingdom	"For his outstanding skills in science communication, placing the reader at the forefront of knowledge in a vast multidisciplinary range, from the understanding of the universe to the mysteries of human mind, in the same creative and alternative way that has characterized his brilliant scientific trajectory"

Category:Academic awards Category:Spanish awards Category:Awards established in 2008 Category: Science communication awards

Name	David Fonseca
Background	solo_singer
Birth date	June 14, 1973
Origin	Leiria, Portugal
Genre	Alternative rock Pop
Occupation	Singer-songwriter
Years active	1998–2002 (as Silence 4) 2003-present (Solo) |
Label	Universal Records (2003-2009) Castle of the Amazing Cats (2009-present)|
Albums	''Sing Me Something New'', ''Our Hearts Will Beat As One'', ''Dreams In Colour'', ''Between Waves''
Associated acts	Silence 4, Humanos
Website	DavidFonseca.com| }}

David Fonseca (; born in Leiria, Portugal, in 1973) is a Portuguese musician, singer-songwriter, and plays several instruments, including acoustic guitar and organ. He is mainly recognised because of his successful music career, as member of Silence 4 and as a solo singer. Besides playing various instruments and being the author of almost all of his lyrics, he is also responsible for the graphic designs on his album covers. From 2004 to 2006, he was also part of the Humanos project. He is an active spokesman for the Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa regarding Copyright infringement on the Internet.

Beginnings

David Fonseca studied cinema at Escola Superior de Belas Artes de Lisboa between 1992 and 1994, where he obtained a degree. David began his professional life as a photographer, working for various fashion catalogues. He participated in many exhibitions, both group and individual. He also worked in a radio station for a while. David Fonseca has dedicated his life to his love of music choosing to become a pop/rock alternative musician. He has multiple musical influences by names such as Sérgio Godinho, Jeff Buckley, The B-52's, Pixies, Roy Orbison, Aphex Twin and Ryan Adams, all of whom had a huge role in his musical creativity and individuality. He also mentioned in an interview with radio station “Antena 3” that he has an addiction to the group Yeah Yeah Yeahs. David is married and has a son and a daughter.

Career

Silence 4

Fonseca's musical career started with a band called Silence 4, formed by a group of hometown friends. They first released the unpredictable ''Silence Becomes It'', in June 1998 that was a huge success at the time, selling 250,000 copies (the equivalent to six platinum records). This was a remarkable achievement in the Portuguese musical scene, where it is usually difficult to sell these many copies. The album has only two songs written in Portuguese. One of them is ''“Sexto Sentido”'', featuring the popular Portuguese singer, Sérgio Godinho. To complete this great year for the band, which played at most of the Portuguese Summer festivals, they closed the world famous exhibition Expo '98 in Lisbon, playing for about 50 thousand people. Later in the same year, in December, Silence 4 was the first national band to sell out at Pavilhão Atlântico, performing to an astonishing 18,000-strong crowd, only 6 months after the release of their first album. Two years after the “phenomenon” the second album was released, ''Only Pain Is Real'', in July 2000, selling approximately 100,000 copies to this day. The respective tour ended in a double concert at the legendary stage in the Portuguese capital of Lisbon, the Coliseu dos Recreios, which sold out completely and was released later on in CD and in DVD format. Throughout 2000, Silence 4 went on their last tour. In 2001, the band entered an undetermined hiatus, that still remains.

Solo career

David’s solo career kicked off the 21st century with a different sound from Silence 4. In his first solo work, "Sing Me Something New", recorded in 2003, David sang and played nearly all the instruments, exploring a totally new environment of sounds on his own. The album was recorded in the studios of producer Mário Barreiros, and later in the Sterling Sound Studios (in New York), by the well-known sound engineer, George Marino, who participated in some of the recordings of Coldplay, the Rollins Band, The Dandy Warhols and Sepultura, among many others. The first single was ''Someone That Cannot Love'' which debuted on about 150 Portuguese radio stations in a coordinated release: they were all played on March 10 at midnight. It soon reached #2 on the National Sales Chart and was certified Gold. The tour supporting this first record was extensive; it included many big music venues and large festivals across Portugal.

''Our Hearts Will Beat As One'', his second solo album, is said by David himself to be “scarily personal” and was only released in the fall of 2005 because of the other projects that David was involved in between his two albums. The first single was ''Who Are U?'', described by David as “the song I always wanted to write”. It reached #3 on the Portuguese charts. ''Our Hearts Will Beat As One'' was critically acclaimed by the media and was considered pop album of the year in Portugal, even before the end of the year. The album went straight to #1 on the National Sales Chart and reached Gold status on its first week of sales.

In October, 2007, his third original album, ''Dreams in Colour'', was released and the first single was Superstars II, a song that obtained substantial airplay due to a cellphone campaign that adopted the single.

In July 2009, the first single ("A Cry 4 Love") was finally released to the public. The new album, ''Between Waves'', was out in the stores on the 2nd November 2009. On the same day, David's online community, ''Amazing Cats Club'' started working.

Humanos

In 2004, David joined a new project called Humanos. The idea behind it was to record some unpublished songs by the famous Portuguese artist, a singer-songwriter, from the 80’s, António Variações. David Fonseca, Manuela Azevedo (the lead singer of another Portuguese music group, Clã), Camané (one of the most famous Portuguese “fadistas”), Sérgio Nascimento (a member of Sérgio Godinho’s band), Hélder Gonçalves (also from Clã), Nuno Rafael and João Cardoso are the seven members of a group that would become a huge success, something unseen in the Portuguese music scene. The eponymous album scored an impressive quintuple platinum, staying for weeks at #1. “Muda de Vida”, “Maria Albertina” and “Rugas” are just some of the group's hits.

All this culminated in three sold out concerts, two of them in “Coliseu dos Recreios” (Lisbon) and the other in Porto. There was also another memorable performance, in front of a crowd of 40,000 people, at the “Sudoeste” Portuguese Festival, in the year 2005. The Humanos were always intended to be a short project, because there were few unpublished Antonio Variações’ songs. Thus, the CD and DVD with the recorded Coliseums’ live concerts, which was released on November 2006, marked the end of the Humanos project.

Live concerts

David Fonseca is known by his powerful dancing on stage, equipped with his pair of Chuck Taylor All-Stars. He plays different instruments during the show and he is accompanied by his band, which includes: Sérgio Nascimento (drummer), Ricardo Fiel (guitarist), Rita Redshoes (ex-Atomic Bees in the piano and also voices; the second record single ''“Hold Still”'' it’s a David and Rita’s duet), Nuno Simões (bass player) and Paulo Pereira (hammond). David doesn’t just play his solo-career hits but also lesser-known tracks. He also plays (in most of his live concerts) ''“Angel Song”'', the first music he wrote, composed when he was only 18 and which was included in Silence 4’s first album. This theme is perhaps the one most loved among fans, of the group or of David. In the middle of the show, he usually leaves the stage to return wearing a white suit, to announce that “dancing time” has begun and that the “moonwalk” move is near. Then the crowd laughs.

Discography

Albums

With Silence 4

*1998 - ''Silence Becomes It''

*2000 - ''Only Pain Is Real''

*2000 - ''Only Pain Is Real: The Remixes'' (EP)

With Humanos

*2004: ''Humanos''

*2006: ''Humanos ao Vivo'' (Live album)

Solo

! Year	! Album	Portugal>POR Chart positions
2003	''Sing Me Something New''
2005	''Our Hearts Will Beat As One''
2007	''Dreams in Colour''
2009	''Between Waves''

DVDs

2004 - ''Silence 4 in Coliseu dos Recreios'' (recorded live by Silence 4 and David Fonseca)

2008 - ''Dreams in Colour: Tour Edition'' (recorded live 12 April 2008 live at the Coliseu)

Singles

With Silence 4

*1998: "Borrow" (from ''Silence Becomes It'')

*1998: "My Friends" (''from Silence Becomes It'')

*2000: "To Give" (from ''Only Pain Is Real'')

*"Only Pain Is Real" (from ''Only Pain Is Real'')

Solo

! Year	! Single	Portugal>POR Chart positions	! Album
2003	"Someone That Cannot Love"
2003	"The 80s"
2005	"Who Are U?"
2006	"Hold Still" feat. Rita Redshoes
2006	"Our Hearts Will Beat As One"
2007
2007
2007	"Kiss Me, Oh Kiss Me"
2008	"Orange Tree"
2009	"A Cry 4 Love"
2010	"Stop 4 a Minute"

Collaborations

David Fonseca has also collaborated with many other artits. Among them:

Trovante, Phase, Sérgio Godinho

He took part alongside many other Portuguese artists in the music video of "Encosta-te a mim" by Jorge Palma.

References

External links

David Fonseca's official website

David Fonseca YouTube site

David Fonseca Blog site

David Fonseca's Hi5 Profile

David Fonseca LastFm (in Portuguese)

Humanos' official website

Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:Portuguese singer-songwriters Category:Portuguese pop singers Category:Portuguese male singers Category:Silence 4 members

es:David Fonseca fr:David Fonseca pt:David Fonseca

The sweat lodge (also called purification ceremony, sweat house, medicine lodge, medicine house, or simply sweat) is a ceremonial sauna and is an important event in some North American First Nations or Native American cultures. There are several styles of sweat lodges that include a domed or oblong hut similar to a wickiup, or even a simple hole dug into the ground and covered with planks or tree trunks. Stones are typically heated in an exterior fire and then placed in a central pit in the ground.

World examples

One of the early non-Indian occurrences can be found in the fifth century BC, when Scythians constructed pole and woolen cloth sweat baths.

Native Americans in many regions employed the sweat lodge. For example, Chumash peoples of the central coast of California built sweat lodges in coastal areas in association with habitation sites.

Traditions

Rituals and traditions vary from region to region and from tribe to tribe. They often include prayers, drumming, and offerings to the spirit world. In some cultures a sweat-lodge ceremony may be a part of another, longer ceremony such as a Sun Dance. Some common practices and key elements associated with sweat lodges include:

Orientation – The door usually faces the fire. The cardinal directions usually have distinct symbolism in Native American cultures. The lodge may be oriented within its environment for a specific purpose. Placement and orientation of the lodge within its environment often facilitates the ceremony's connection with the spirit world.

Construction – The lodge is generally built with great care and with respect to the environment and to the materials being used. Many traditions construct the lodge in complete silence, some have a drum playing while they build, other traditions have the builders fast during construction.

Clothing – In Native American lodges participants usually wear a simple garment such as shorts or loose dresses.

Offerings – Various types of plant medicines are often used to make prayers, give thanks or make other offerings. Prayer ties are sometimes made.

Support – In many traditions, one or more persons will remain outside the sweat lodge to protect the ceremony, and assist the participants. Sometimes they will tend the fire and place the hot stones, though usually this is done by a designated firekeeper. In another instance, a person that sits in the lodge, next to the door, is charged with protecting the ceremony, and maintaining lodge etiquette.

Darkness - Many traditions consider it important that sweats be done in complete darkness.

Etiquette

The most important part of sweat lodge etiquette is respecting the traditions of the lodge leader. Some lodges take place in complete silence, while others involve singing, chanting, drumming, or other sound. It is important to know what is allowed and expected before entering a lodge. Traditional tribes hold a high value of respect to the lodge. In some cultures, objects, including clothing, without a ceremonial significance are discouraged from being brought into the lodge. Most traditional tribes place a high value on modesty as a respect to the lodge. In clothed lodges, women are usually expected to wear skirts or short-sleeved dresses of a longer length. In some traditions, nudity is forbidden, as are mixed sex sweats, whereas in others nudity is considered to have a greater connection with the spiritual aspect of your sweat. Some lodge leaders do not allow menstruating women. Perhaps the most important piece of etiquette is gratitude. It is important to be thankful to the purpose of the sweat, the people joining you in the lodge, and those helping to support the sweat lodge.

Risks

Wearing metal jewelry can be dangerous: metal objects may become hot enough to burn the wearer. Contact lenses and synthetic clothing should not be worn in sweat lodges as the heat can cause the materials to melt and adhere to eyes, skin, or whatever they might be touching. Because of the danger of melting, cotton clothing is better for lodges than synthetic.

There have been reports of lodge-related deaths resulting from overexposure to heat, dehydration, smoke inhalation, or improper lodge construction leading to suffocation. In October 2009, during a New Age retreat organized by James Arthur Ray, three people died and 21 more were sickened from an overcrowded and improperly set up sweat lodge containing some 60 people and located near Sedona, Arizona. Ray was arrested by the Yavapai County Sheriff's Office in connection with the deaths on February 3, 2010, and bond was set at $5 million. In response to these deaths, Lakota spiritual leader Arvol Looking Horse issued a statement reading in part:

Even people who are experienced with sweats, and attending a ceremony led by a properly trained and authorized Native American ceremonial leader, could suddenly experience problems due to underlying health issues. It is recommended that a physician check people intending to have a sweat-lodge experience, and that people only attend lodges with reputable people.

If rocks are used, it is important not to use river rocks, or other kinds of rocks with air pockets inside them. Rocks must be completely dry before heating. Rocks with air pockets or excessive moisture could crack and possibly explode in the fire or when hit by water. Previously used rocks may absorb humidity or moisture leading to cracks or shattering.

Deaths

A list of sweat lodge related deaths.

Lizbeth Neuman, 49, of Prior Lake, MN (died October 17, 2009)

Kirby Brown, 38, of Westtown, NY (died October 9, 2009)

James Shore, 40, of Milwaukee, WI (died October 9, 2009)

Rowen Cooke, 37 (died 2004)

Kirsten Babcock, 34 (died 2002)

David Thomas Hawker, 36 (died 2002)

Gordon Reynolds, 43 (died November 21, 1996)

Lawsuit filed by the Lakota Nation

On November 2, 2009, the Lakota Nation filed a lawsuit against the United States, Arizona State, James Arthur Ray and Angel Valley Retreat Center site owners, to have Ray and the site owners arrested and punished under the Sioux Treaty of 1868 between the United States and the Lakota Nation, which states that “if bad men among the whites or other people subject to the authority of the United States shall commit any wrong upon the person or the property of the Indians, the United States will (...) proceed at once to cause the offender to be arrested and punished according to the laws of the United States, and also reimburse the injured person for the loss sustained.”

The Lakota Nation holds that James Arthur Ray and the Angel Valley Retreat Center have “violated the peace between the United States and the Lakota Nation” and have caused the “desecration of our Sacred ''Oinikiga'' (purification ceremony) by causing the death of Liz Neuman, Kirby Brown and James Shore”. As well, the Lakota claim that James Arthur Ray and the Angel Valley Retreat Center fraudulently impersonated Indians and must be held responsible for causing the deaths and injuries, and for evidence destruction through dismantling of the sweat lodge. The lawsuit seeks to have the treaty enforced and does not seek monetary compensation.

Preceding the lawsuit, Native American experts on sweat lodges criticized the reported construction and conduct of the lodge as not meeting traditional ways ("bastardized", "mocked" and "desecrated"). Indian leaders expressed concerns and prayers for the dead and injured. The leaders said the ceremony is their way of life and not a religion, as white men see it. It is Native American property protected by U.S. law and United Nation declaration. The ceremony should only be in sanctioned lodge carriers' hands from legitimate nations. Traditionally, a typical leader has 4 to 8 years of apprenticeship before being allowed to care for people in a lodge, and have been officially named as ceremonial leaders before the community. Participants are instructed to call out whenever they feel uncomfortable, and the ceremony is usually stopped to help them. The lodge was said to be unusually built from non-breathable materials. Charging for the ceremony was said to be inappropriate. The number of participants was criticized as too high and the ceremony length was said to be too long. Respect to elders' oversight was said to be important for avoiding unfortunate events. The tragedy was characterized as "plain carelessness", with a disregard for the participants' safety and outright negligence. The Native American community actively seeks to prevent abuses of their traditions. Organizers have been discussing ways to formalize guidance and oversight to authentic or independent lodge leaders.

See also

Inipi (Lakota Sweatlodge)

Kiva

Sauna

Temazcal (Mexican & Central American Native Sweatlodge)

The red road

References

Bibliography

External links

Adapted from the notes of Hopoyv Fekseko (D. Joseph Alderson)

Tzeltal-Tzotzil Maya of Chiapas, Mexico">Article on the use of the temazcal or sweatbath among the Tzeltal-Tzotzil Maya of Chiapas, Mexico

Category:Religious places of the indigenous peoples of North America Category:Native American religion Category:Ritual purification Category:Bathing Category:Lakota Category:Alternative medicine

als:Schwitzhütte bar:Schwitzhittn de:Schwitzhütte es:Cabaña de sudar fr:Hutte à sudation nl:Zweethut ja:スウェット・ロッジ fi:Hikimaja tr:Buhar kulübesi