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Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil -
Burma
Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the second largest country by geographical area in Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by People's Republic of China on the north-east, Laos on the east, Thailand on the south-east, Bangladesh on the west, India on the north-west and the Bay of Bengal to the south-west with the Andaman Sea defining its southern periphery. One-third of Burma's total perimeter, 1,930 kilometers (1,199 mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.
http://wn.com/Burma -
Cambodia
http://wn.com/Cambodia -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Christmas Island
The Territory of Christmas Island is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. It is located northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, and ENE of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
http://wn.com/Christmas_Island -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Fujian
is a province on the southeast coast of China. Fujian borders Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait. The name Fujian came from the combination of Fuzhou and Jian'ou, two cities in Fujian, during the Tang Dynasty. It is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China with Han Chinese majority.
http://wn.com/Fujian -
Guangdong
Guangdong () is a province on the southern coast of People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province. It surpassed Henan and Sichuan to become the most populous province in China in January 2005, registering 79 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are amongst the most populous and important cities in China.
http://wn.com/Guangdong -
Han Dynasty
http://wn.com/Han_Dynasty -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
http://wn.com/Indonesia -
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Kaifeng
Kaifeng (; Postal map spelling: Kaifeng), formerly known as Bianliang (), Bianjing (), Daliang (), or simply Liang (), is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, People's Republic of China. Located along the southern bank of the Yellow River, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the west, Xinxiang to the northwest, Shangqiu to the east, Zhoukou to the southeast, Xuchang to the southwest, and the province of Shandong to the northeast.
http://wn.com/Kaifeng -
Laos
Laos (, , or ), officially the '''Lao People's Democratic Republic''', is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and People's Republic of China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west.
http://wn.com/Laos -
Liaoning
http://wn.com/Liaoning -
Macau
Macau (), also spelled Macao () is, along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
http://wn.com/Macau -
Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
http://wn.com/Malaysia -
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty (; ), or Empire of the Great Ming (, also anachronistically ), was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Hans. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng who established the Shun Dynasty, which was soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, regimes loyal to the Ming throne (collectively called the Southern Ming Dynasty) survived until 1662.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
http://wn.com/NASA -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand -
Northern Wei
http://wn.com/Northern_Wei -
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines -
Qing Dynasty
http://wn.com/Qing_Dynasty -
Quanzhou
Quanzhou () is a prefecture-level city in Fujian province, People's Republic of China. It borders all other prefecture-level cities in Fujian but two (Ningde and Nanping) and faces the Taiwan Strait. In older English works, its name may appear as Chinchew or Chinchu or Zayton.
http://wn.com/Quanzhou -
Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
http://wn.com/Republic_of_China -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai -
Sichuan
http://wn.com/Sichuan -
Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore -
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
http://wn.com/South_Africa -
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
http://wn.com/South_Korea -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan -
Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Thailand -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
http://wn.com/Vietnam -
Yangtze River Delta
The Yangtze River Delta, Yangtze Delta or YRD, also called Yangzi, or Chang Jiang Delta, Rive Chang Delta Tai Lake Region or the Golden Triangle of the Yangtze (; Hanyu Pinyin: ), generally comprises the triangular-shaped territory of Wu-speaking Shanghai, southern Jiangsu province and northern Zhejiang province of China. The area lies at the heart of the region traditionally called Jiangnan (literally, "south of the Yangtze River"). The Yangtze river drains into the East China Sea. In modern times the area is home to an economy the size of a medium-sized developed country, encompassing a GDP (when measured to purchasing power parity) of some $2 trillion US, which is 40% of the national economy (about the size of that of France, 2,046,899 MM$ in 2007 according to the International Monetary Fund). The urban build-up in the area has given rise what may be the largest concentration of adjacent metropolitan areas in the world. It covers an area of 99600 km2 and is home to over 80 million people as of 2007, of which an estimated 50 million are urban.
http://wn.com/Yangtze_River_Delta -
Yellow River
http://wn.com/Yellow_River -
Yuan Dynasty
http://wn.com/Yuan_Dynasty -
Zhangzhou
http://wn.com/Zhangzhou
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Andrew Yao
Andrew Chi-Chih Yao () is a prominent computer scientist and computational theorist. Yao used the minimax theorem to prove what is now known as Yao's Principle.
http://wn.com/Andrew_Yao -
Barefoot doctors
http://wn.com/Barefoot_doctors -
Buddhism
http://wn.com/Buddhism -
Buyei
http://wn.com/Buyei -
Cai Lun
http://wn.com/Cai_Lun -
Cao Xueqin
http://wn.com/Cao_Xueqin -
Charles K. Kao
Sir Charles Kuen Kao, GBM, KBE, FRS, FREng (; born November 4, 1933) is a pioneer in the development and use of fiber optics in telecommunications. Kao, widely regarded as the "Godfather of Broadband", "Father of Fiber Optics" or "Father of Fiber Optic Communications", was awarded half of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication".
http://wn.com/Charles_K_Kao -
Chen Ning Yang
Chen-Ning Franklin Yang () (born October 1, 1922) is a Chinese-American physicist who worked on statistical mechanics and particle physics. He, together with Tsung-dao Lee, received the 1957 Nobel prize in physics for their work on parity nonconservation of weak interaction. Yang naturalized as a United States citizen in 1964.
http://wn.com/Chen_Ning_Yang -
Chien-Shiung Wu
http://wn.com/Chien-Shiung_Wu -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
China proper
China proper (also Inner China) was a term used by Western writers on the Qing Dynasty to express a distinction between the core and frontier regions of China. There is no fixed extent for China proper, as many administrative, cultural, and linguistic shifts have occurred in Chinese history. One definition refers to the original area of Chinese civilization, the North China Plain; another to the "Eighteen Provinces" system of the Ming Dynasty. While "China proper" is associated with the Han people, many Han live and have lived outside of China proper. The term was and is not an administrative distinction for the governments of China. Today, the term is promoted by separatists to argue that certain areas are not culturally a part of China.
http://wn.com/China_proper -
Chinese Tatars
http://wn.com/Chinese_Tatars -
Ching W. Tang
Ching W. Tang, is a Hong Kong - American chemist. He was born in Yuen Long, Hong Kong in 1947. Tang currently is the Doris Johns Cherry Professor at the University of Rochester Chemical Engineering Department. He also has joint appointments in the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Physics and Astronomy.
http://wn.com/Ching_W_Tang -
Choh Hao Li
http://wn.com/Choh_Hao_Li -
Civilization
Civilization (or civilisation) refers to either: 1) the procession of human societies generally toward more development and use of more complex technology, higher population densities, increasing per capita gross domestic product, and other significant advancements; or 2) any human society (for example, "Ancient Greek Civilization") associated with any particular geographical location at a particular time, historical or current. (When used in this second sense, the word is often restricted to apply only to societies that have attained a particular level of advancement, especially the founding of cities, with the word "city" defined in various ways.) The level of advancement of a civilization is often measured by its progress in agriculture, long-distance trade, occupational specialization, and urbanism. Aside from these core elements, civilization is often marked by any combination of a number of secondary elements, including a developed transportation system, writing, standards of measurement (currency, etc.), contract and tort-based legal systems, characteristic art styles (which may pertain to specific cultures), monumental architecture, mathematics, sophisticated metallurgy, and astronomy.
http://wn.com/Civilization -
Confucius
http://wn.com/Confucius -
Dai people
http://wn.com/Dai_people -
Daniel C. Tsui
http://wn.com/Daniel_C_Tsui -
Daur people
http://wn.com/Daur_people -
David Ho (scientist)
David Da-i Ho (; born November 3, 1952) is a Taiwanese American AIDS researcher famous for pioneering the use of protease inhibitors in treating HIV-infected patients with his team.
http://wn.com/David_Ho_(scientist) -
Dongxiang people
http://wn.com/Dongxiang_people -
Du Fu
http://wn.com/Du_Fu -
Emperor Wu of Han
http://wn.com/Emperor_Wu_of_Han -
Evenks
http://wn.com/Evenks -
Fujian
is a province on the southeast coast of China. Fujian borders Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait. The name Fujian came from the combination of Fuzhou and Jian'ou, two cities in Fujian, during the Tang Dynasty. It is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China with Han Chinese majority.
http://wn.com/Fujian -
Gao Xingjian
http://wn.com/Gao_Xingjian -
Gin people
http://wn.com/Gin_people -
Gu Hongzhong
http://wn.com/Gu_Hongzhong -
Guan Yu
http://wn.com/Guan_Yu -
Guangdong
Guangdong () is a province on the southern coast of People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province. It surpassed Henan and Sichuan to become the most populous province in China in January 2005, registering 79 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are amongst the most populous and important cities in China.
http://wn.com/Guangdong -
Hakka people
http://wn.com/Hakka_people -
Hani people
The Hani people (Hani: Haqniq; ; ) are an ethnic group. They form one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They also form one of the 54 officially recognized ethnic groups of Vietnam. There are 12,500 Hanis living in the Lai Chau and Lao Cai provinces of Vietnam.
http://wn.com/Hani_people -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong -
Hui people
http://wn.com/Hui_people -
Kazakhs
The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; ; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia, and Mongolia).
http://wn.com/Kazakhs -
Khitans
http://wn.com/Khitans -
Koreans in China
The population of Koreans in China include millions of descendants of Korean immigrants with citizenship of the People's Republic of China, as well as smaller groups of South and North Korean expatriates, with a total of roughly 2.3 million people .
http://wn.com/Koreans_in_China -
Kyrgyz people
http://wn.com/Kyrgyz_people -
Lai Man-Wai
http://wn.com/Lai_Man-Wai -
Laozi
Laozi (; also Lao Tse, Lao Tu, Lao-Tzu, Lao-Tsu, Laotze, Lao Zi, Laocius, and other variations) was a mystic philosopher of ancient China, and best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching. His association with the Tao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of Taoism (also spelled "Daoism"). He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of the Taoist religion, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or "One of the Three Pure Ones". Laozi literally means "old master", and is generally considered honorific.
http://wn.com/Laozi -
Lee Kuan Yew
http://wn.com/Lee_Kuan_Yew -
Li Bai
http://wn.com/Li_Bai -
Li Qingzhao
http://wn.com/Li_Qingzhao -
Liaoning
http://wn.com/Liaoning -
Macau
Macau (), also spelled Macao () is, along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
http://wn.com/Macau -
Mainland China
Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term that refers to the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC). This term excludes the PRC Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
http://wn.com/Mainland_China -
Manchu
http://wn.com/Manchu -
Manchu people
#REDIRECTManchu
http://wn.com/Manchu_people -
Min Chueh Chang
Dr. Min Chueh Chang (; October 10, 1908 - June 5, 1991), often credited as M.C. Chang, was a Chinese American reproductive biologist. His specific area of study was the fertilisation process in mammalian reproduction. Though his career produced findings that are important and valuable to many areas in the field of fertilisation, including his work on in vitro fertilisation which led to the first "test tube baby", he was best known to the world for his contribution to the development of the combined oral contraceptive pill at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology.
http://wn.com/Min_Chueh_Chang -
Mongol
http://wn.com/Mongol -
Mongols
http://wn.com/Mongols -
Mongols in China
http://wn.com/Mongols_in_China -
Nanai people
http://wn.com/Nanai_people -
Oroqen people
:Not to be confused with the Oroch and Orok peoples of Russia.
http://wn.com/Oroqen_people -
Qiang people
The Qiang people () are an ethnic group of China. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, with a population of approximately 200,000, living mainly in northwestern part of Sichuan province.
http://wn.com/Qiang_people -
Qin Shi Huang
http://wn.com/Qin_Shi_Huang -
Qiu Jin
http://wn.com/Qiu_Jin -
Religion in China
Religion in China has been characterized by pluralism since the beginning of Chinese history. The Chinese religions are family-oriented and do not demand the exclusive adherence of members. Some scholars doubt the use of the term "religion" in reference to Buddhism and Taoism, and suggest "cultural practices" or "thought systems" as more appropriate names. The questions of who should be called religious in China, and what religion or religions they should be called are up to debate. Generally, the percentage of people who call themselves religious in China have been the lowest in the world.
http://wn.com/Religion_in_China -
Roger Y. Tsien
Roger Yonchien Tsien (; born February 1, 1952) is an American biochemist and a professor at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego. He was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in chemistry "for his discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with two other chemists: Martin Chalfie of Columbia University and Osamu Shimomura of Boston University and Marine Biological Laboratory.
http://wn.com/Roger_Y_Tsien -
Salar people
http://wn.com/Salar_people -
Samuel C. C. Ting
http://wn.com/Samuel_C_C_Ting -
Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai -
Shiing-Shen Chern
http://wn.com/Shiing-Shen_Chern -
Shing-Tung Yau
Shing-Tung Yau (; born April 4, 1949) is a Chinese American mathematician working in differential geometry. He was born in Shantou, Guangdong Province, China into a family of scholars from Jiaoling, Guangdong Province.
http://wn.com/Shing-Tung_Yau -
Sichuan
http://wn.com/Sichuan -
Sima Qian
| align=right style="border:1px solid; background-color:#ccffcc;"
http://wn.com/Sima_Qian -
Soong May-Ling
http://wn.com/Soong_May-Ling -
Steven Chu
Steven Chu (born February 28, 1948) is an American physicist and currently the 12th United States Secretary of Energy. Chu is known for his research at Bell Labs in cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light, which won him a share of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997, with Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips. At the time of his appointment as Energy Secretary, he was a professor of physics and molecular and cellular biology at the University of California, Berkeley and the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where his research was concerned primarily with the study of biological systems at the single molecule level. Previously, he had been a professor of physics at Stanford University. He is a vocal advocate for more research into alternative energy and nuclear power, arguing that a shift away from fossil fuels is essential to combating climate change. For example, he has conceived of a global "glucose economy", a form of a low-carbon economy, in which glucose from tropical plants is shipped around like oil is today.
http://wn.com/Steven_Chu -
Su Shi
http://wn.com/Su_Shi -
Sun Tzu
http://wn.com/Sun_Tzu -
Sun Yat-Sen
http://wn.com/Sun_Yat-Sen -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan -
Taiwanese aborigines
http://wn.com/Taiwanese_aborigines -
Tajiks of Xinjiang
http://wn.com/Tajiks_of_Xinjiang -
Terence Tao
http://wn.com/Terence_Tao -
Tibetan people
The Tibetan people (; ) are an ethnic group that is native to Tibet, which is mostly in the People's Republic of China. They number 5.4 million and are the 10th largest ethnic group in the country. Significant Tibetan minorities also live in India, Nepal, and Bhutan.
http://wn.com/Tibetan_people -
Tsien Hsue-shen
http://wn.com/Tsien_Hsue-shen -
Tsung-Dao Lee
Tsung-Dao Lee (T.D. Lee, ) (born November 24, 1926) is a Chinese-born American physicist, well known for his work on parity violation, the Lee Model, particle physics, relativistic heavy ion (RHIC) physics, nontopological solitons and soliton stars.
http://wn.com/Tsung-Dao_Lee -
Uzbeks
http://wn.com/Uzbeks -
Willow Palisade
Willow Palisade (, Liutiao bian) was a system of ditches and embankments planted with willows intended to restrict movement into Manchuria, built by the Qing Dynasty during the later 17th century. It is often conveniently divided into three connected sections: the western and eastern sections, forming the "Inner Willow Palisade" around Liaodong Peninsula, and the northern section, also known as the "Outer Willow Palisade", separating the traditionally Manchu areas (to the east) from the traditionally Mongol area (to the west) north of the Inner Palisade.
http://wn.com/Willow_Palisade -
Wu Hu
:For other uses, see Wuhu.
http://wn.com/Wu_Hu -
Wu Sangui
http://wn.com/Wu_Sangui -
Xianbei
The Xianbei () were a significant nomadic people residing in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan.
http://wn.com/Xianbei -
Xinjiang
Xinjiang (; ; ; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang) is an autonomous region (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2. Xinjiang borders Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, has abundant oil reserves and is China's largest natural gas-producing region.
http://wn.com/Xinjiang -
Xuan Zang
#REDIRECTXuanzang
http://wn.com/Xuan_Zang -
Yang Liwei
http://wn.com/Yang_Liwei -
Yellow Emperor
http://wn.com/Yellow_Emperor -
Yi people
http://wn.com/Yi_people -
Yuan T. Lee
Yuan Tseh Lee (; born November 19, 1936) is a chemist. He was the first Taiwanese Nobel Prize laureate, who, along with the Hungarian-Canadian John C. Polanyi and American Dudley R. Herschbach won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1986 "for their contributions to the dynamics of chemical elementary processes."
http://wn.com/Yuan_T_Lee -
Yugur
The Yugurs (),
http://wn.com/Yugur -
Zhang Heng
http://wn.com/Zhang_Heng -
Zhang Zhongjing
Zhang Zhongjing (), formal name Zhang Ji (, 150 - 219), was an Eastern Han physician and one of the most eminent Chinese physicians during the later years of the Eastern Han. He established medication principles and summed up the medicinal experience up until that time, thus making a great contribution to the development of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
http://wn.com/Zhang_Zhongjing -
Zhou Xuan
Zhou Xuan ( - ) was a popular Chinese singer and film actress. By the 1940s, she had become one of China's seven great singing stars. She is probably the most well-known of the seven, as she had a concurrent movie career until 1953.
http://wn.com/Zhou_Xuan -
Zhuang people
http://wn.com/Zhuang_people
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Han Chinese beauties in traditional costumes (Hanfu)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Published: 13 Dec 2007
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
Artworks for Chinese REAL costumes Hanfu.(include some noblewomen wearing formal attires )
http://wn.com/Han_Chinese_beauties_in_traditional_costumes_Hanfu
Huns VS Han China War - China Cavalry VS Turik Cavalry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:03
- Published: 30 Mar 2011
- Updated: 03 Jul 2012
The Eastern (Dai Prefecture) Theatre : Huo Qubing's forces set off from Dai Prefecture, marched over 1000 miles and directly engaged the forces of the Xiongnu's Worthy Prince of the East (左賢王, "Wise King of the East"). The battle was swift and decisive, as the Worthy Prince's forces were no match for Huo's elite cavalry. The Huo's army quickly encircled and overran their enemy, killing 70443 men and capturing three Xiongnu lords and 83 nobles. Huo Qubing's forces suffered a 20% casualty rate but were quickly resupplied locally from their capture. He then went on to conduct a series of rituals upon arrival at the Khentii Mountains (狼居胥山, and the more northern 姑衍山) in order to symbolize the historic Han victory, then continued his pursuit as far as Lake Baikal (瀚海), effectively annihilating the Xiongnu clan The Western (Dingxiang) Theatre:The Han army mobilized as planned. After a journey of over 500 miles, they encountered the Chanyu's main forces of 80000 cavalry. This was unexpected, as the original strategy was to let Huo Qubing's elite troops deal with Chanyu's elite cavalry (the reason that the two Han columns switched route). The Xiongnu forces, however, had been long waiting in anticipation to ambush their adversary. The Han forces, on the other hand, were tired and outnumbered, especially since the eastern division had not yet arrived on the battlefield. Without hesitation, the Xiongnu charged the Han forces with a 10000-strong vanguard of cavalry. Wei <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Huns_VS_Han_China_War_China_Cavalry_VS_Turik_Cavalry
Chinese HanFu (Traditional costume of Han-Chinese nationality)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Published: 10 Feb 2009
- Updated: 30 Jun 2012
PS: I've posted 2nd video clip about Hanfu, pls check it in: www.youtube.com I am also a Han Chinese. We have our own traditional costume, and it is called Hanfu(漢服) . Hanfu is one of our heritages that we are proud of, and it has also influenced most traditional costumes of other neighboring Asian countries such as the Japanese Kimono(着物 or 吳服) or Korean Hanbok(한복 or 조선옷). if you come across any Chinese culture that is different from Greater China, please do not blindly trust what you see because these cultures may not be original/pure as they have been changed/altered/influenced by other cultures. Please enjoy the video and I hope that you like it. :-D
http://wn.com/Chinese_HanFu_Traditional_costume_of_Han-Chinese_nationality
China's Uighers fear a Han economic takeover
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:02
- Published: 15 Sep 2011
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
China's minority Uighur community, the majority of whom live in the northeastern autonomous region of Xinjiang, fear they could be left isolated by Chinese government plans to modernise and develop the region economically. This region is the country's largest natural gas-producing areas but as Al Jazeera's Melissa Chang reports from Kashgar, it is also one of the poorest. The Uighurs, a Muslim Turkic ethnic group who have long complained they are victims of government discrimination and repression, say China's declaration of Kashgar, a city in Xinjiang, as a Special Economic Zone, will probably benefit the country's predominant Han Chinese at their expense. They say their jobs and land are under threat as a consequence of a massive influx of Han Chinese migrants. Geoff Crothall, a researcher at the China Labour Bulletin, a rights group, said social problems and ethnic tensions in the region would probably escalate as the government implements new economic projects there. "If you just look at the population figures of Xinjiang, only two million people there actually have a residency card, while about 12 million others are just migrant workers," he told Al Jazeera. "The Uighurs, the indigenous group in Kashgar, are going to be subject to a flood of Han Chinese as well. "Because it's always the Han Chinese migrant workers who build the new office buildings, new factories, and that is clearly going to create further tension in the future."
http://wn.com/China's_Uighers_fear_a_Han_economic_takeover
Han Chinese Immigrants and Army Attacking Uyghur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Published: 07 Jul 2009
- Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Han Chinese Immigrants are starting to Attack uyghur's residential area ,shops, apartment even innocent uyghur people on the street, It's good that Western Meida are there, This Chinese Communist can't Cover their ass.
http://wn.com/Han_Chinese_Immigrants_and_Army_Attacking_Uyghur
Conversation with Han Han, Chinese blogger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:41
- Published: 21 Sep 2011
- Updated: 26 Jun 2012
Channel NewsAsia | 20 September 2011
http://wn.com/Conversation_with_Han_Han,_Chinese_blogger
HAN CHINESE RULE THE WORLD, UYGHURS, URUMQI, XINJIANG
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Published: 11 Jul 2009
- Updated: 03 Jul 2012
HAN CHINESE RULE THE WORLD, UYGHURS, URUMQI, XINJIANG
http://wn.com/HAN_CHINESE_RULE_THE_WORLD,_UYGHURS,_URUMQI,_XINJIANG
Han Chinese mob in hunt for Uighur Muslims
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Published: 07 Jul 2009
- Updated: 03 Jul 2012
"We want revenge for our dead", "We heard from the television that Uighurs had killed hundreds of Han Chinese, including children. We cannot bear it anymore. We cannot live our lives in this city. We will show the Uighurs that the Han people can join our hands together also." Chinese reports suggested the local Han Chinese, unhappy with the level of protection they had received from police, were now taking matters into their own hands.
http://wn.com/Han_Chinese_mob_in_hunt_for_Uighur_Muslims
The terrible truth - Uighurs were killing Han Chinese on street
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Published: 05 Jan 2012
- Updated: 03 Jun 2012
The terrible truth, the Chinese minority people - Uighurs were killing Han Chinese on street on 5th/7/2009 . Location: Urumqi, Xinjiang , China .This video clip was shot by my friend who hided in a hospital on the top of the accident occurred.This is the truth ,seeing is believing.
http://wn.com/The_terrible_truth_Uighurs_were_killing_Han_Chinese_on_street
Chinese Han Warriors - Fearless 霍元甲
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:35
- Published: 12 Jan 2009
- Updated: 14 May 2012
pictures of really cool Chinese guys in Hanfu Song by Jay Chou from the movie Fearless 霍元甲Includes pictures depicting heroes such as Xiangyu and Yuji (widely known in the famous opera Farewell my Concubine), Zhugeliang and Zhouyu from Three Kingdoms...
http://wn.com/Chinese_Han_Warriors_Fearless_霍元甲
Hanfu - Traditional Clothing of Han Chinese
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Published: 25 Apr 2009
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
Hanfu is the traditional clothing of the Han enthnic group, which makes up the majority of China's population. The pictures all come from the internet, they do not belong to me, and the background music is Hyakki Yakou Shou by Mori Hideharu. I used this music because even though it is written by a Japanese composer, its style sounds very Chinese. Racism and swearing are NOT WELCOME in this post. Please behave yourselves and enjoy the video.
http://wn.com/Hanfu_Traditional_Clothing_of_Han_Chinese
Chinese HanFu (Traditional costume of Han-Chinese nationality) - II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Published: 03 Jun 2009
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
This is my 2nd video of Hanfu(漢服). I've changed to use another software, and added some effects. If u got some suggestions, pls just tell me. Cheers buddies. :-P Hanfu is traditional costume of Han-Chinese people, and it has also influenced the traditional costumes of other neighboring Asian countries such as the Japanese Kimono(着物 or 吳服) or Korean Hanbok(한복 or 조선옷). if you come across any Chinese culture that is different from Greater China, please do not blindly trust what you see because these cultures may not be original/pure as they have been changed/altered/influenced by other cultures.
http://wn.com/Chinese_HanFu_Traditional_costume_of_Han-Chinese_nationality_II
Retro pop China Lifestyle han Chinese clothing part1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Published: 17 Feb 2008
- Updated: 19 May 2012
pics form baidu
http://wn.com/Retro_pop_China_Lifestyle_han_Chinese_clothing_part1
Han dynasty Chinese clothes show in bristol 2012 Chinese new year party 汉服秀
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Published: 04 Feb 2012
- Updated: 12 May 2012
Pretty chinese girls wear the Han dynasty Chinese clothes, make a fashion show with the chinese classical music, bring us back to the ancient China. Check it and feel it!!!!
http://wn.com/Han_dynasty_Chinese_clothes_show_in_bristol_2012_Chinese_new_year_party_汉服秀
Ancient Chinese Clothing【Hanfu 漢服】
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:04
- Published: 25 Nov 2011
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
Ancient Chinese Clothing: There are various dynasties that influenced the styles of the ancient Chinese clothing. From long robes to wide sleeves, each had their own distinct pattern, which made its mark. The pre 17th century ancient Chinese clothing or the Han Chinese clothing has a...
http://wn.com/Ancient_Chinese_Clothing【Hanfu_漢服】
Han Chinese traditional Costume (HanFu)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Published: 08 Oct 2008
- Updated: 09 Jun 2012
Chinese traditional lady's Costume (HanFu) made by 杨柳晓月
http://wn.com/Han_Chinese_traditional_Costume_HanFu
chinese beauties in traditional costumes - hanfu (漢服) part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:07
- Published: 02 Apr 2010
- Updated: 27 Jun 2012
chinese beauties , hanfu , music
http://wn.com/chinese_beauties_in_traditional_costumes_hanfu_漢服_part_1
汉服Han Chinese Traditional Clothing (3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:06
- Published: 12 Dec 2010
- Updated: 22 Apr 2012
From: www.ntdtv.com --- My Blog : thetruthaboutfalungong.blogspot.com , http --- My Video Channel : www.youtube.com , www.dailymotion.com --- My Photo Slideshow: www.flickr.com Shocking Video Documenting Persecution Suffered by Falun Gong practitioners in China, I am saddened to see such suffering, Pls help them & spread these video around, so as to STOP it! 1) www.youtube.com 2) www.youtube.com 3) www.youtube.com 4) www.youtube.com 5) www.youtube.com 6) www.youtube.com 7) www.youtube.com 法轮功学员受迫害录像怵目惊心1) www.youtube.com 2) www.youtube.com 3) www.youtube.com 4) www.youtube.com 5) www.youtube.com 6) www.youtube.com 7) www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/汉服Han_Chinese_Traditional_Clothing_3
"Day Road" Chinese Han Hong
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Published: 02 Jul 2006
- Updated: 06 Jun 2012
"Day Road" Chinese Han Hong
http://wn.com/Day_Road_Chinese_Han_Hong
han kyung's former performance in China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Published: 14 Jul 2006
- Updated: 26 Jun 2012
it's his former performance when he was still a Chinese dancing major~ the name is HUNTER~ compared with now,his apperance may had something different,but you still could find him out easily~ his performance was really excellent!!!
http://wn.com/han_kyung's_former_performance_in_China
The Evolution of Chinese Armor 2: Han to Sui Dynasty
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:34
- Published: 08 Nov 2010
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
Han Dynasty revised video: youtu.be Musics: The Battle Of Red Cliff Beyond The River Shadow Of The Evanescence Closing In Upon The Enemy (all Red Cliff 1&2 movie soundtracks) References: 画说中国历代甲胄(Illustrate Ancient Chinese Armor) by David Chen 陈大威e9studio.com tieba.baidu.com www.madefuns.com bbs.m4.cn bbs.m4.cn www.360doc.com hfsword.com wiudwing.blogspot.com www.chinahistoryforum.com www.360doc.com steppes.proboards.com
http://wn.com/The_Evolution_of_Chinese_Armor_2_Han_to_Sui_Dynasty
Han Chinese Dance - Paper-cut Girls 剪纸姑娘
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Published: 28 May 2009
- Updated: 14 May 2012
AP / Ng Han Guan
AP / Ng Han Guan
AP / Ng Han Guan
AP / Ng Han Guan
AP / Ng Han Guan
Creative Commons![Animalistic guardian spirits of day and night wearing Chinese robes, Han Dynasty paintings on ceramic tile; Michael Loewe writes that the hybrid of man and beast in art and religious beliefs predated the Han and remained popular during the first half of Western Han and the Eastern Han.[82]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120717005810im_/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/90/b1/d32d9c6d6a212b8c6826a0baf634_small.jpg "Animalistic guardian spirits of day and night wearing Chinese robes, Han Dynasty paintings on ceramic tile; Michael Loewe writes that the hybrid of man and beast in art and religious beliefs predated the Han and remained popular during the first half of Western Han and the Eastern Han.[82]")
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / PericlesofAthens
Creative Commons / Yaan
AP
Creative Commons / Vberger
Creative Commons / JoJan
Creative Commons / PericlesofAthens
Creative Commons / Periclesof Athens
Creative Commons / Doron
Creative Commons / Jacob.jose
Creative Commons / Vmenkov![The City of Tacloban (Filipino: Lungsod ng Tacloban, Waray: Siyudad han Tacloban, simplified Chinese: 独鲁万; traditional Chinese: 獨魯萬) is a port city approximately 360 miles southeast of Manila. It is the first in Eastern Visayas to be classified as a Highly Urbanized City. It is the capital of Philippine province of Leyte. It is the largest city in terms of population [5] and considered as the regional center of Eastern Visayas or Region VIII. It briefly became the seat of the Philippine Commonwe](http://web.archive.org./web/20120717005810im_/http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/b6/d9/69fec43c0f9a57b9fa59b989f45c_small.jpg "The City of Tacloban (Filipino: Lungsod ng Tacloban, Waray: Siyudad han Tacloban, simplified Chinese: 独鲁万; traditional Chinese: 獨魯萬) is a port city approximately 360 miles southeast of Manila. It is the first in Eastern Visayas to be classified as a Highly Urbanized City. It is the capital of Philippine province of Leyte. It is the largest city in terms of population [5] and considered as the regional center of Eastern Visayas or Region VIII. It briefly became the seat of the Philippine Commonwe")
Creative Commons / JinJian![The ruins of a Han Dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang, Gansu province, the eastern end of the Silk Road Rammed earth, also known as taipa[1], pisé de terre or simply pisé, is a technique used in the building of walls using the raw materials of mud, chalk, lime and gravel.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120717005810im_/http://cdn8.wn.com/pd/f7/43/9b58aaaaa5668d7f6b4f5caaf52c_small.jpg "The ruins of a Han Dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang, Gansu province, the eastern end of the Silk Road Rammed earth, also known as taipa[1], pisé de terre or simply pisé, is a technique used in the building of walls using the raw materials of mud, chalk, lime and gravel.")
Creative Commons / Periclesof Athens
WN / Yeshe Choesang
WN / Yeshe Choesang
AP / Andy Wong
AP / Andy Wong
AP / Eugene Hoshiko
AP / Eugene Hoshiko
AP / Ng Han Guan
AP / Ng Han Guan
Creative Commons / Gary Lee Todd
AP / Ng Han Guan
AP / Ng Han Guan
![Animalistic guardian spirits of day and night wearing Chinese robes, Han Dynasty paintings on ceramic tile; Michael Loewe writes that the hybrid of man and beast in art and religious beliefs predated the Han and remained popular during the first half of Western Han and the Eastern Han.[82]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120717005810/http://cdn0.wn.com/pd/90/b1/d32d9c6d6a212b8c6826a0baf634_medium.jpg "Animalistic guardian spirits of day and night wearing Chinese robes, Han Dynasty paintings on ceramic tile; Michael Loewe writes that the hybrid of man and beast in art and religious beliefs predated the Han and remained popular during the first half of Western Han and the Eastern Han.[82]")
![The City of Tacloban (Filipino: Lungsod ng Tacloban, Waray: Siyudad han Tacloban, simplified Chinese: 独鲁万; traditional Chinese: 獨魯萬) is a port city approximately 360 miles southeast of Manila. It is the first in Eastern Visayas to be classified as a Highly Urbanized City. It is the capital of Philippine province of Leyte. It is the largest city in terms of population [5] and considered as the regional center of Eastern Visayas or Region VIII. It briefly became the seat of the Philippine Commonwe](http://web.archive.org./web/20120717005810/http://cdn8.wn.com/pd/b6/d9/69fec43c0f9a57b9fa59b989f45c_medium.jpg "The City of Tacloban (Filipino: Lungsod ng Tacloban, Waray: Siyudad han Tacloban, simplified Chinese: 独鲁万; traditional Chinese: 獨魯萬) is a port city approximately 360 miles southeast of Manila. It is the first in Eastern Visayas to be classified as a Highly Urbanized City. It is the capital of Philippine province of Leyte. It is the largest city in terms of population [5] and considered as the regional center of Eastern Visayas or Region VIII. It briefly became the seat of the Philippine Commonwe")
![The ruins of a Han Dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang, Gansu province, the eastern end of the Silk Road Rammed earth, also known as taipa[1], pisé de terre or simply pisé, is a technique used in the building of walls using the raw materials of mud, chalk, lime and gravel.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120717005810/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/f7/43/9b58aaaaa5668d7f6b4f5caaf52c_medium.jpg "The ruins of a Han Dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang, Gansu province, the eastern end of the Silk Road Rammed earth, also known as taipa[1], pisé de terre or simply pisé, is a technique used in the building of walls using the raw materials of mud, chalk, lime and gravel.")
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14 Jul 2012
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Han Style Tea Ceremony at Seattle Chinese Garden
23 Mar 2012
The Examiner
Tomorrow, March 24th, the Seattle Chinese Garden will host a Han Style Chinese Tea Ceremony, presented by Mei Collier, owner of Eight Cranes. Ms. Collier will spend the first ten minutes of the event introducing the ceremony, and will then perform the 45-minute ceremony. She will be available...(size: 6.1Kb)
The Examiner
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Han Chinese migrants causing unrest in Tibet
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DNA India
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Breitbart
HONG KONG, July 14 (AP) - (Kyodo)—More than 100 people have been injured in clashes this week between ethnic minority villagers and majority Han Chinese mining company workers in southern China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region over the company's alleged land grab and water pollution, a Hong...(size: 2.1Kb)
Pure-blood Chinese Han ethnicity vanishes
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Han Chinese, long-held as the country's ethnic majority, may turn out to be a false proposition as a latest ethnology finding said its...(size: 0.9Kb)
This article is about the majority ethnic group within China. For other uses, see Han (disambiguation).
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| Simplified Chinese | 汉族 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Han Chinese or Han People (simplified Chinese: 汉族 or 汉人; traditional Chinese: 漢族 or 漢人; pinyin: hànzú or hànrén) are an ethnic group native to China and are the largest single ethnic group in the world.
Han Chinese constitute about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China (mainland China), 98% of the population of the Republic of China (Taiwan), 74% of the population of Singapore, and about 20% of the entire global human population, making it the largest ethnic group in the world. There is considerable genetic, linguistic, cultural, and social diversity among the subgroups of the Han, mainly due to thousands of years of immigration and assimilation of various regional ethnicities and tribes within China.[12] The Han Chinese are a subset of the Chinese nation (Zhonghua minzu). Sometimes Han and other Chinese refer to themselves as the "Descendants of the Yan and Huang Emperors" (simplified Chinese: 炎黄子孙; traditional Chinese: 炎黃子孫).
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Terms and etymology[link]
The name Han comes from the Han Dynasty, which succeeded the short-lived Qin Dynasty that united China. The Han Dynasty's first emperor was originally known as the king of the region of 'Han Zhong' 漢中, which is where the word is derived. Han, as a word in ancient China, especially in classical literary Chinese, can also mean the Milky Way, or as people in ancient China called it, the "Heavenly River" (天河 Tian He).
Prior to the Han Dynasty, the Chinese were referred to[by whom?] as "Huaxia people" (華夏族), citing[who?] ancient text description of China proper as an area of magnificent prosperity and culture. The Han Dynasty was considered as a classical period in Chinese civilization, in that it was able to expand its power and influence over Central, Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia, and come to rival its contemporary Roman Empire in population, territory, wealth, and power.[citation needed] As a result of the Han Dynasty's prominence, many Chinese began addressing themselves as "people of Han" (漢人), a name that was since carried down.
In the English language, the Han are often referred to as simply "Chinese".[13] Whether or not the use of the term Chinese correctly or incorrectly refers only to Han Chinese often is the subject of debate.
Among some southern Han Chinese, a different term exists within various Chinese dialects like Cantonese, Hakka and Minnan – Tángrén (唐人, literally "the people of Tang"). This term derives from a later Chinese dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, which is regarded as another zenith of Chinese civilization. The term survives in one of the Chinese names for Chinatown: 唐人街 (Tángrénjiē); literally meaning "Street of the people of Tang".
Another term commonly used by Overseas Chinese is Huaren (simplified Chinese: 华人; traditional Chinese: 華人; pinyin: huárén), derived from Zhonghua (simplified Chinese: 中华; traditional Chinese: 中華; pinyin: zhōnghuá), a literary name for China. The usual translation is "ethnic Chinese". The term refers to "Chinese" as a cultural and ethnic affiliation and is inclusive of both Chinese in China and persons of Chinese descent residing abroad.
Distribution[link]
Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau[link]
The vast majority of Han Chinese – over 1.2 billion – live in areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC), where they constitute about 92% of its population. Within the People's Republic of China, Han Chinese are the majority in every province, municipality, and autonomous region except for the autonomous regions of Xinjiang (41% as of 2000) and Tibet (6% as of 2000). Han Chinese also constitute the majority in both of the special administrative regions of the PRC, about 95% of the population of Hong Kong[14] and about 96% of the population of Macau.[15]
Taiwan[link]
Over 22 million Han Chinese are in Taiwan. The Han Chinese began migrating from southeastern coastal provinces of mainland China to Taiwan in the 17th century.[16]
At first, these immigrants chose to settle in locations that bore a resemblance to the areas they had left behind in mainland China, regardless of whether they arrived in the north or south of Taiwan. Hoklo immigrants from Quanzhou settled in coastal regions, and those from Zhangzhou tended to gather on inland plains, while Hakka immigrants inhabited hilly areas. Clashes between these groups over land, water, and cultural differences led to the relocation of some communities, and, as time passed, varying degrees of intermarriage and assimilation took place.[16] Recent scientific research conducted by Chen Shun-sheng of the Kaohsiung Hospital’s psychiatric department claims DNA studies of Taiwan’s people revealed a large percentage of the population has mixed Han Chinese and aboriginal bloodlines.[17]
Other locations[link]
Main article: Overseas Chinese
Of about 40 million "overseas Chinese" worldwide, nearly 30 million live in Southeast Asia. Singapore has the largest majority overseas Chinese population at 74%. Christmas Island also has a Chinese majority at 70%. Large Chinese populations also live in Malaysia (25%), Thailand (14%), Indonesia, and the Philippines. Elsewhere in the world, 3 million people of Chinese descent live in the United States where they constitute about 1% of the population, over 1 million in Canada (3.7%), over 1.3 million in Peru (4.3%), over 600,000 in Australia (3.5%), nearly 150,000 in New Zealand (3.7%), and as many as 750,000 in Africa.[18]
History[link]
Main article: History of China
Prehistory and the Huaxia[link]
Main article: Huaxia
The history of the Han Chinese ethnic group is closely tied to that of China. Han Chinese trace their ancestry back to the Huaxia people, who lived along the Huang He or Yellow River in northern China.[19] The famous Chinese historian Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian places the reign of the Yellow Emperor, the legendary ancestor of the Han Chinese, at the beginning of Chinese history. Although study of this period of history is complicated by lack of historical records, discovery of archaeological sites have identified a succession of Neolithic cultures along the Yellow River. Along the central reaches of the Yellow River were the Jiahu culture (7000 BCE to 6600 BCE), Yangshao culture (5000 BCE to 3000 BCE) and Longshan culture (3000 BCE to 2000 BCE). Along the lower reaches of the river were the Qingliangang culture (5400 BCE to 4000 BCE), the Dawenkou culture (4300 BCE to 2500 BCE), the Longshan culture (2500 BCE to 2000 BCE), and the Yueshi culture.
Early history[link]
The first dynasty to be described in Chinese historical records is the Xia Dynasty, a legendary period for which scant archaeological evidence exists. They were overthrown by peoples from the east, who founded the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BCE). The earliest archaeological examples of Chinese writing date back to this period, from characters inscribed on oracle bone divination, but the well-developed oracle characters hint at a much earlier origin of writing in China. The Shang were eventually overthrown by the people of Zhou, which had emerged as a state along the Yellow River in the 2nd millennium BC.
The Zhou Dynasty was the successor to the Shang. Sharing the language and culture of the Shang people, they extended their reach to encompass much of the area north of the Yangtze River. Through conquest and colonization, much of this area came under the influence of sinicization and the proto-Han Chinese culture extended south. However, the power of the Zhou kings fragmented, and many independent states emerged. This period is traditionally divided into two parts, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. This period was an era of major cultural and philosophical development known as the Hundred Schools of Thought. Among the most important surviving philosophies from this era are the teachings of Confucianism and Taoism.
Imperial history[link]
Main article: Qin Dynasty
The era of the Warring States came to an end with the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty after it conquered all other rival states. Its leader, Qin Shi Huang, declared himself the first emperor, using a newly created title, thus setting the precedent for the next two millennia. He established a new centralized and bureaucratic state to replace the old feudal system, creating many of the institutions of imperial China, and unified the country economically and culturally by decreeing a unified standard of weights, measures, currency, and writing.
Main article: Han Dynasty
However, the reign of the first imperial dynasty was to be short-lived. Due to the first emperor's autocratic rule, and his massive construction projects such as the Great Wall which fomented rebellion into the populace, the dynasty fell soon after his death. The Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) emerged from the succession struggle and succeeded in establishing a much longer lasting dynasty. It continued many of the institutions created by Qin Shi Huang but adopted a more moderate rule. Under the Han Dynasty, arts and culture flourished, while the dynasty expanded militarily in all directions. This period is considered one of the greatest periods of the history of China, and the Han Chinese take their name from this dynasty.
Main articles: Three Kingdoms, Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui Dynasty, and Tang Dynasty
The fall of the Han Dynasty was followed by an age of fragmentation and several centuries of disunity amid warfare by rival kingdoms. During this time, areas of northern China were overrun by various non-Chinese nomadic peoples which came to establish kingdoms of their own, the most successful of which was Northern Wei established by the Xianbei. Starting from this period, the native population of China proper began to be referred to as Hanren, or the "People of Han", to distinguish from the nomads from the steppe; "Han" refers to the old dynasty. Warfare and invasion led to one of the first great migrations in Han population history, as the population fled south to the Yangtze and beyond, shifting the Chinese demographic center south and speeding up Sinicization of the far south. At the same time, in the north, most of the nomads in northern China came to be Sinicized as they ruled over large Chinese populations and adopted elements of Chinese culture and Chinese administration. Of note, the Xianbei rulers of the Northern Wei ordered a policy of systematic Sinicization, adopting Han surnames, institutions, and culture.
The Sui (581–618) and Tang Dynasties (618–907) saw the continuation of the complete Sinicization of the south coast of what is now China proper, including what are now the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong. The later part of the Tang Dynasty, as well as the Five Dynasties period that followed, saw continual warfare in north and central China; the relative stability of the south coast made it an attractive destination for refugees.
The next few centuries saw successive invasions of non-Han peoples from the north, such as the Khitans and Jurchens. In 1279 the Mongols (Yuan Dynasty) conquered all of China, becoming the first non-Chinese to do so. The Mongols divided society into four classes, with themselves occupying the top class and Han Chinese into the bottom two classes. The Song and Yuan dynasties banned emigration, seen as disloyalty to ancestors and ancestral land, and foresaw severe penalties for it.[20]
In 1368 Han Chinese rebels drove out the Mongols and, after some infighting, established the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). Settlement of Han Chinese into peripheral regions continued during this period, with Yunnan in the southwest receiving a large number of migrants.
In 1644, Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels and the last Ming Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide. The Manchus (Qing Dynasty) then allied with Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing. Remnant Ming forces led by Koxinga fled to Taiwan, where they eventually capitulated to Qing forces in 1683. Taiwan, previously inhabited mostly by non-Han aborigines, was Sinicized via large-scale migration accompanied with assimilation during this period, despite efforts by the Manchus to prevent this, as they found it difficult to maintain control over the island. At the same time the Manchus prohibited Han Chinese migration to Manchuria, because the Manchus perceived it as the home base of their dynasty. In 1681, the emperor ordered construction of the Willow Palisade, a barrier beyond which the Chinese were prohibited from settling.[21] The Qing Dynasty started colonising the area with Han Chinese later on in the dynasty's rule. This movement of the Han Chinese to Manchuria is called Chuang Guandong (during previous dynasties, Han Chinese settlement in Manchuria was mainly in the southern part, in what is now the province of Liaoning; during and after the late Qing Dynasty, however, Han Chinese settled and became the majority in nearly all of Manchuria.)
In the 19th century, Chinese migrants went in large numbers to other parts of the world, including Southeast Asia, Australia, and North America. See Overseas Chinese.
Recent history[link]
Main articles: Republic of China and People's Republic of China
The Qing Dynasty was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912. In 1949 the People's Republic of China was established towards the end of the Chinese Civil War while the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan. About one million refugees fled with it, further augmenting the population of Taiwan. In the 1980s, the one-child policy was introduced in People's Republic to regulate population growth, which only applies to the Han.[22]
Chinese migration overseas has also continued into the 20th and 21st centuries. The returning of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty in 1997 prompted large waves of Hong Kong Chinese migration to North America, Australia, and elsewhere.[23] Chinese presences have also been established in Europe as well as Russia, especially the Russian Far East.
Culture[link]
Main article: Chinese culture
China is one of the world's oldest and most complex civilizations. Chinese culture dates back thousands of years. Some Han Chinese believe they share common ancestors, mythically ascribed to the patriarchs Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor, some thousands of years ago. Hence, some Chinese refer to themselves as "Descendants of Yan and Huang Emperor" (Traditional Chinese: 炎黃子孫; Simplified Chinese: 炎黄子孙), a phrase which has reverberative connotations in a divisive political climate, as in that between mainland China and Taiwan.
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Throughout the history of China, Chinese culture has been heavily influenced by Confucianism. Credited with shaping much of Chinese thought, Confucianism was the official philosophy throughout most of Imperial China's history, and mastery of Confucian texts provided the primary criterion for entry into the imperial bureaucracy.
Language[link]
Main article: Chinese language
Han Chinese speak various forms of the Chinese language; one of the names of the language group is Hanyu (simplified Chinese: 汉语; traditional Chinese: 漢語), literally the "Han language". Similarly, Chinese characters, used to write the language, are called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字), or "Han characters".
While there are many Chinese dialects, historically there has been greater unity in Chinese written languages. This unity is credited to the Qin dynasty which standardized the various forms of writing that existed in China at that time. For thousands of years, Literary Chinese was used as the standard written format among the literati, which used vocabulary and grammar that may be significantly different from the various forms of spoken Chinese.
During the early twentieth century, written vernacular Chinese based on Beijing Mandarin, which has been developing for a few centuries, was standardized and adopted to replace Literary Chinese. While written vernacular forms of other languages of China exist, such as written Cantonese, written Chinese based on Mandarin is widely understood by speakers of all Chinese languages and has taken up the dominant position among written Chinese languages, formerly occupied by Literary Chinese. Thus, although the residents of different regions would not necessarily understand each other's speech, they generally share a common written language.
Beginning in the 1950s, Simplified Chinese characters was adopted in mainland China and later in Singapore, while Chinese communities in Hong Kong, Macau, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and overseas countries continue to use Traditional Chinese characters. While significant differences exist between the two character sets, they are largely mutually intelligible.
Names[link]
Main articles: Chinese name and List of common Chinese surnames
Chinese names are typically two or three syllables in length, with the surname preceding the given name. Surnames are typically one character in length, though a few uncommon surnames are two or more syllables long, while given names are one or two syllables long. There are 4,000 to 6,000 surnames in China, of which about 1,000 surnames are most common.
In historical China, hundred surnames (百家姓) was a crucial identity of Han people. Besides the common culture and writings, common origin rooted in the surnames was another major factor that contributed towards Han Chinese identity.[24]
Dress[link]
Main article: Han Chinese clothing
Today, Han Chinese usually wear Western-style clothing. Few wear traditional Han Chinese clothing on a regular basis. It is, however, preserved in religious and ceremonial costumes. For example, Taoist priests dress in fashion typical of scholars of the Han Dynasty. The ceremonial dress in Japan, such as those of Shinto priests, is largely in line with ceremonial dress in China during the Tang Dynasty. Now, the most popular traditional Chinese clothing worn by many women on important occasions such as wedding banquets and New Year is called the qipao. However, this attire comes not from the Han Chinese but from a modified dress-code of the Manchus, the ethnic group that ruled China between the seventeenth (1644) and the early twentieth century.
Housing[link]
See also: Siheyuan
Han Chinese housing is different from place to place. Chinese Han people in Beijing traditionally commonly lived with the whole family in large houses that were rectangular in shape. This house is called a 四合院 (traditional and simplified characters) or sì hé yuàn (Hanyu Pinyin). These houses had four rooms in the front: the guest room, kitchen, lavatory, and servants' quarters. Across the large double doors was a wing for the elderly in the family. This wing consisted of three rooms, a central room where the four tablets, heaven, earth, ancestor, and teacher, were worshipped. There the two rooms attached to the left and right were bedrooms for the grandparents. The east wing of the house was inhabited by the eldest son and his family, while the west wing sheltered the second son and his family. Each wing had a veranda, some had a "sunroom" made from a surrounding fabric supported by a wooden or bamboo frame. Every wing is also built around a central courtyard used for study, exercise, or nature viewing.[25]
Literature[link]
Main article: Chinese literature
Chinese has a rich history of classical literature dating back several thousand years. Important early works include classics texts such as Analects of Confucius, the I Ching, Tao Te Ching, and the Art of War. Some of the most important Han Chinese poets in the pre-modern era include Li Bai, Du Fu, and Su Dongpo. The most important novels in Chinese literature, or the Four Great Classical Novels, are: Dream of the Red Chamber, Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and Journey to the West.
Contributions to humanity[link]
Main articles: Science and technology in China, List of Chinese inventions, and List of Chinese discoveries
Han Chinese have played a major role in the development of the arts, sciences, philosophy, and mathematics throughout history. In ancient times, the scientific accomplishments of China included seismological detectors, multistage rocket, rocket for recreational and military purposes, gunpowder, fire lance, cannon, landmine, naval mines, continuous flame thrower, fire arrow, trebuchet, crossbow, fireworks, pontoon bridge, matches, paper, printing, paper-printed money, insurance, menu, civil service examination system, the raised-relief map, cartography, biological pest control, the multi-tube seed drill, rotary winnowing fan, cast iron heavy plough, geobotanical prospecting, blast furnace, cast iron, steel, horse collar, petroleum and natural gas as fuel, deep drilling for natural gas, oil drilling, porcelain, lacquer, lacquerware, silk, dry docks, paddle wheels, Stern mounted rudder, the canal lock, Grand Canal, flash lock, water-tight compartments in ships, the double-action piston pump, the magnetic compass, South Pointing Chariot, odometer, fishing reel, Su Song water-driven astronomical clock tower, chain pump, chain drive, escapement, hot air balloon, mechanical clock, belt drive, sliding calipers, pound lock, pendulum, gimbal, collapsible umbrella, trip hammer, kites, sunglasses, toothbrush, inoculation etc. Paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder are celebrated in Chinese culture as the Four Great Inventions. Chinese astronomers were also among the first to record observations of a supernova.
Chinese art, Chinese cuisine, Chinese philosophy, and Chinese literature all have thousands of years of development, while numerous Chinese sites, such as the Great Wall of China and the Terracotta Army, are World Heritage Sites. Since the start of the program in 2001, aspects of Chinese culture have been listed by UNESCO as Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Throughout much of history, successive Chinese Dynasties have exerted influence on their neighbors in the areas of art, music, religion, food, dress, philosophy, language, government, and culture. In modern times, Han Chinese form the largest ethnic group in China, while an overseas Chinese diaspora numbering in the tens of millions has settled in and contributed to countries throughout the world.
In modern times, Han Chinese have continued to contribute to mathematics and sciences. Among them are Nobel Prize recipients Steven Chu, Samuel C. C. Ting, Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao Lee, Yuan T. Lee, Daniel C. Tsui, Roger Y. Tsien, Charles K. Kao, Gao Xingjian; Fields Medal recipients Terence Tao and Shing-Tung Yau, and Turing Award recipient Andrew Yao. Tsien Hsue-shen was a prominent scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, while Chien-Shiung Wu contributed to the Manhattan Project and was nicknamed the "First Lady of Physics". Ching W. Tang was the inventor of the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and hetero-junction organic photovoltaic cell (OPV) and won the 2011 Wolf Prize in Chemistry for this contribution. Others include David Ho (scientist), one of the first scientists to propose that AIDS was caused by a virus, thus subsequently developing combination antiretroviral therapy to combat it. Dr. Ho was named TIME magazine's 1996 Person of the Year. Min Chueh Chang was the co-inventor of the combined oral contraceptive pill and contributed significantly to the development of in vitro fertilization at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology. Choh Hao Li was associated with the identification, purification and synthesis of Growth hormone and discovered Beta-endorphin. Shiing-Shen Chern was one of the leaders in differential geometry of the twentieth century and was awarded the 1984 Wolf Prize in mathematics. The antimalarial drug Artemisinin and anti-IgE antibody Omalizumab for treatment of asthma was discovered and developed by ethnic Chinese scientists. China's system of Barefoot doctors was among the most important inspirations for the WHO conference in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978, and was hailed as a revolutionary breakthrough in international health ideology emphasising primary health care and preventive medicine.[26][27]
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in China
File:Vinegar tasters.jpg
A traditional representation of The Vinegar Tasters, an allegorical image representing Buddhists, Confucianists, and Taoists
Chinese culture has been long characterized by religious pluralism. The Chinese folk religion has always maintained a profound influence. Indigenous Confucianism and Taoism share aspects of being a philosophy or a religion, and neither demand exclusive adherence, resulting in a culture of tolerance and syncretism where multiple religions or belief systems are often practiced in concert, along with local customs and traditions. Han Chinese culture has also been long influenced by Buddhism, while in recent centuries, Christianity has also gained a foothold in the population.
Confucianism, a governing philosophy and moral code with some religious elements like ancestor worship, is deeply ingrained in Chinese culture and was the official state philosophy in China from the Han Dynasty until the fall of imperial China in the twentieth century.
The Chinese folk religion is the set of worship traditions of the ethnic deities of the Han people. It involves worship of various figures in Chinese mythology, folk heroes such as Guan Yu and Qu Yuan, mythological creatures such as the Chinese dragon, or family, clan and national ancestors. These practices vary from region to region, and do not characterize an organized religion, though many traditional Chinese holidays such as the Duanwu (or Dragon Boat) Festival, Qingming, and the Mid-Autumn Festival come from the most popular of these traditions.
Taoism, another indigenous religion, is also widely practiced in both its folk religion forms and as an organized religion, and has influenced Chinese art, poetry, philosophy, medicine, astronomy, alchemy and chemistry, cuisine, martial arts, and architecture. Taoism was the state religion of the early Han Dynasty, and also often enjoyed state patronage under subsequent emperors and dynasties.
In Han Dynasty, Confucian ideals were the dominant ideology. Near the end of the dynasty, Buddhism entered China and later gained popularity. Historically, Buddhism alternated between state tolerance and even patronage, and persecution. In its original form, Buddhism was at odds with the native Chinese religions, especially the elite, as certain Buddhist values often conflicted with Chinese sensibilities. However, through centuries of assimilation, adaptation, and syncretism, Chinese Buddhism gained an accepted place in the culture. Buddhism would come to be influenced by Confucianism and Taoism,[28] and exerted influence in turn, such as in the form of Neo-Confucianism.
Though Christian influence in China existed as early as the 7th century, Christianity did not begin to gain a significant influence in China until contact with Europeans during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Chinese practices at odds with Christian beliefs resulted in the Chinese Rites controversy, and subsequent reduction in Christian influence. Christianity grew considerably following the First Opium War, after which foreign missionaries in China enjoyed the protection of the Western powers, and widespread proselytism took place.
"Han" as a fluid concept[link]
The definition of the Han identity has varied throughout history. Prior to the 20th century, some Chinese-speaking groups like the Hakka and the Tanka were not universally accepted as Han Chinese, while some non-Chinese speaking peoples, like the Zhuang, were sometimes considered Han.[29] Today, Hui are considered a separate ethnic group, but aside from their practice of Islam, little distinguishes them from the Han; two Han from different regions might differ more in language, customs, and culture than a neighboring Han and Hui. During the Qing Dynasty, Han Chinese who had entered the Eight Banners military system were considered Manchu, while Chinese nationalists seeking to overthrow the monarchy stressed Han Chinese identity in contrast to the Manchu rulers. Upon its founding, the Republic of China recognized five major ethnic groups: the Han, Hui, Mongols, Manchus, and Tibetans, while the People's Republic of China now recognizes fifty-six ethnic groups.
Whether or not there was the concept of "ethnic groups" in ancient China is still questionable. However, throughout history, majority of Chinese regarded each other as subjects of a particular Kingdom. Nevertheless, thousands of years of unity under various Han-dominated dynasties have brought a common identity.[24] Many Chinese scholars such as Ho Ping-Ti believe that the concept of a Han ethnicity is an ancient one, dating from the Han Dynasty itself.[30]
DNA analysis[link]
Y-chromosome haplogroup O3 is a common DNA marker in Han Chinese, as it appeared in China in prehistoric times. It is found in more than 50% of Chinese males, and ranging up to over 80% in certain regional subgroups of the Han ethnicity.[31] However, the mitochondrial DNA of Han Chinese increases in diversity as one looks from northern to southern China, which suggests that some male migrants from northern China married with women from local peoples after arriving in Guangdong, Fujian, and other regions of southern China.[32][33] Despite this, tests comparing the genetic profiles of northern Han, southern Han and southern natives determined that haplogroups O1b-M110, O2a1-M88 and O3d-M7, which are prevalent in southern natives, were only observed in some southern Hans (4% on average), but not in northern Hans. Therefore, this proves that the male contribution of southern natives in southern Hans is limited.[12] In contrast, there are consistent strong genetic similarities in the Y chromosome haplogroup distribution between the southern and northern Chinese population, and the result of principal component analysis indicates almost all Han populations form a tight cluster in their Y chromosome. Additionally, the estimated contribution of northern Hans to southern Hans is substantial in both paternal and maternal lineages and a geographic cline exists for mtDNA. As a result, the northern Hans are the primary contributors to the gene pool of the southern Hans. However, it is noteworthy that the expansion process was dominated by males, as is shown by a greater contribution to the Y-chromosome than the mtDNA from northern Hans to southern Hans. These genetic observations are in line with historical records of continuous and large migratory waves of northern China inhabitants escaping warfare and famine, to southern China. Aside from these large migratory waves, other smaller southward migrations also occurred during almost all periods in the past two millennia. Moreover, a study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences into the gene frequency data of Han subpopulations and ethnic minorities in China, showed that Han subpopulations in different regions are also genetically close to the local ethnic minorities, and it means that in many cases blood of ethnic minorities has mixed into Han, while at the same time, blood of Han also has mixed into the local ethnicities.[34] A recent, and to date the most extensive, genome-wide association study of the Han population shows that little geographic-genetic dispersion from north to south has occurred.[35] Ultimately, with the exception in some ethnolinguistic branches of the Han Chinese, such as Pinghua, there is a coherent genetic structure in all Han Chinese populace.[36]
Han diversity[link]
Main article: Han Chinese subgroups
In addition to a diversity of spoken language, which were all descended from a common Old Chinese ancestor, there are also regional differences in culture among Han Chinese. For example, China's cuisine varies from Sichuan's famously spicy food to Guangdong's Dim Sum and fresh seafood. However, like other ethnic groups, some sense of cultural (or at least political) unity still exists between the various groups because of common cultural, behavioural, linguistic, and religious practices.
Historical documentation indicates that the Han were descended from the ancient Huaxia tribes of northern China. During the past two millennia, the Han culture (that is, the language and its associated culture) extended into southern China, a region inhabited by the southern natives, including those speaking Tai–Kadai, Austro-Asiatic, and Hmong–Mien languages. As Huaxia culture spread from its heartland in the Yellow River basin, it absorbed many distinct ethnic groups which then came to be identified as Han Chinese, as these groups adopted Han language (or variations of it) and customs.
For example, during the Shang Dynasty, people of the Wu area, in the Yangtze River Delta, were considered a different tribe. They spoke a language that was almost certainly distinct from that of the Shang,[citation needed] and were described as being scantily dressed and tattooed. Later Taibo, elder uncle of King Wen of Zhou, realising that his younger brother, Jili, was wiser than him and deserved to inherit the throne, fled to Wu and settled there. Three generations later, King Wu of Zhou defeated the last Yin emperor, and enfeoffed the descendants of Taibo in Wu, this mirrors the later history of Nanyue, where a Chinese king and his soldiers ruled a local non-Chinese population, and mixed with the local inhabitants who were sinicized over time. By the Tang Dynasty, however, this area had become part of the Han Chinese heartland, and is today the most densely populated and strongest performing economic region in China, the site of China's largest city Shanghai. Many Chinese languages are mutually unintelligible, but descend from a common Old Chinese, and Middle Chinese ancestors.
References[link]
- ^ a b c d https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html#People
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o :: Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. ::. Ocac.gov.tw (2004-08-24). Retrieved on 2010-12-12.
- ^ Malaysia. State.gov (2010-07-14). Retrieved on 2010-12-12.
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- ^ "国籍（出身地）別在留資格（在留目的）別外国人登録者(Number of foreign residents by country as of 2008)" (in Japanese). Ministry of Justice. 2009-09-04. http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/Xlsdl.do?sinfid=000004032096.
- ^ Park, Yoon Jung (2009). Recent Chinese Migrations to South Africa - New Intersections of Race, Class and Ethnicity. Interdisciplinary Perspectives. ISBN 978-1-904710-81-3. http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/rei-v1.3b.pdf. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
- ^ "National Ethnic Population Projections: 2006(base)–2026 update". http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/NationalEthnicPopulationProjections_HOTP2006-26/Technical%20Notes.aspx. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ Travel China Guide – Han Chinese, Windows on Asia – Chinese Religions
- ^ a b "Genetic evidence support demic diffusion of Han culture (PDF)". Nature Publishing Group. http://159.226.149.45/compgenegroup/paper/wenbo%20Han%20culture%20paper%20(2004).pdf.
- ^ Definition of "Han" in the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
- ^ Census and Statistics Department. "Population and Vital Events: Table 139 Population by ethnicity 2001 and 2006". Hong Kong Government. http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index.jsp?htmlTableID=139&excelID=&chartID=&tableID=139&ID=&subjectID=1. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
- ^ Global Results of By-Census 2006. Statistics and Census Service (DSEC) of the Macau Government. 2007.
- ^ a b Chapter 2 People and Language. The Republic of China Yearbook 2009.
- ^ "Taiwanese have indigenous roots". The China Post. 2005. http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/detail.asp?ID=66709&GRP=B. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
- ^ China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration, By Malia Politzer, Migration Information Source, August 2008
- ^ Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio; Lai, David (1995). "War and Politics in Ancient China, 2700 B.C. to 722 B.C.". The Journal of Conflict Resolution 39 (3): 471–472.
- ^ Nyíri, Pál; Rostislavovich Savelʹev, Igorʹ (2002). Globalizing Chinese migration: trends in Europe and Asia. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. p. 208. ISBN 0-7546-1793-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=77F23y4RrnUC&pg=PA208&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ Elliott, Mark C. "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies." Journal of Asian Studies 59, no. 3 (2000): 603–46.
- ^ Ball, Stephen; Horner, Susan; Nield, Kevin (2007). Contemporary Hospitality and Tourism Management Issues in China and India. Butterworth–Heinemann. p. 17.
- ^ "Some regret leaving Hong Kong, some return ". June 28, 2007.
- ^ a b Ebrey, Patricia Surnames and Han Chinese Identity, University of Washington
- ^ Montgomery County Public Schools Foreign Language Department (08/2006). "Si-he-yuan". Montgomery County Public Schools. pp. 1–8. http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/.
- ^ http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/10/08-031008/en/
- ^ http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/12/08-021208/en/index.html
- ^ Jacques Gernet
- ^ Kaup, Katherine Palmer, Creating the Zhuang: Ethnic Politics in China, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Jan 1, 2000, ISBN 1-55587-886-5
- ^ Clayton D. Brown Research on Chinese History: Ethnology, Archaeology, and Han Identity
- ^ Matthew E. Hurles, Bryan C. Sykes, Mark A. Jobling, and Peter Forster, "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages," American Journal of Human Genetics 76:894–901, 2005.
- ^ Table from "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture". Nature (journal, 16 September 2004 issue)
- ^ Table from " A spatial analysis of genetic structure of human populations in China reveals distinct difference between maternal and paternal lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics (journal, 23 January 2008 issue)
- ^ Genetic distances between Chinese populations calculated on gene frequencies of 38 loci.
- ^ "Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation ", American Journal of Human Genetics, 11 December 2009, 85(6):775.
- ^ "Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure". Nature. 2008. http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v53/n4/abs/jhg200837a.html. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
External links[link]
- How the Han Chinese became the world's biggest tribe – People's Daily Online Sept 16, 2004
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Ancient Chinese Clothing【Hanfu 漢服】
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Ancient Chinese Clothing【Hanfu 漢服】
Ancient Chinese Clothing: There are various dynasties that influenced the styles of the ancient Chinese clothing. From long robes to wide sleeves, each had their own distinct pattern, which made its mark. The pre 17th century ancient Chinese clothing or the Han Chinese clothing has a...
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