A river is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river. In a few cases, a river simply flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water. Small rivers may also be called by several other names, including stream, creek, brook, rivulet, tributary and rill; there is no general rule that defines what can be called a river, although in some countries or communities a stream may be defined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; one example is "burn" in Scotland and northeast England. Sometimes a river is said to be larger than a creek, but this is not always the case, because of vagueness in the language.

Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle. Water within a river is generally collected from precipitation through a drainage basin from surface runoff and other sources such as groundwater recharge, springs, and the release of stored water in natural ice and snowpacks (e.g., from glaciers). Potamology is the scientific study of rivers.

Topography

The water in a river is usually confined to a channel, made up of a stream bed between banks. In larger rivers there is also a wider floodplain shaped by flood-waters over-topping the channel. Flood plains may be very wide in relation to the size of the river channel. This distinction between river channel and floodplain can be blurred especially in urban areas where the floodplain of a river channel can become greatly developed by housing and industry. The term upriver refers to the direction leading to the source of the river, which is against the direction of flow. Likewise, the term downriver describes the direction towards the mouth of the river, in which the current flows.

The river channel typically contains a single stream of water, but some rivers flow as several interconnecting streams of water, producing a braided river. Extensive braided rivers are now found in only a few regions worldwide, such as the South Island of New Zealand. They also occur on peneplains and some of the larger river deltas. Anastamosing rivers are similar to braided rivers and are also quite rare. They have multiple sinuous channels carrying large volumes of sediment.

A river flowing in its channel is a source of energy which acts on the river channel to change its shape and form. According to Brahm's law (sometimes called Airy's law), the mass of objects that may be carried away by a river is proportional to the sixth power of the river flow speed. Thus, when the speed of flow increases two times, it can transport 64 times larger (i.e., more massive) objects. In mountainous torrential zones this can be seen as erosion channels through hard rocks and the creation of sands and gravels from the destruction of larger rocks. In U-shaped glaciated valleys, the subsequent river valley can often easily be identified by the V-shaped channel that it has carved. In the middle reaches where the river may flow over flatter land, meanders may form through erosion of the river banks and deposition on the inside of bends. Sometimes the river will cut off a loop, shortening the channel and forming an oxbow lake or billabong. Rivers that carry large amounts of sediment may develop conspicuous deltas at their mouths, if conditions permit. Rivers whose mouths are in saline tidal waters may form estuaries.

Throughout the course of the river, the total volume of water transported downstream will often be a combination of the free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through sub-surface rocks and gravels that underlie the river and its floodplain (called the hyporheic zone). For many rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow.

Subsurface streams

Most but not all rivers flow on the surface. Subterranean rivers flow underground in caves or caverns. Such rivers are frequently found in regions with limestone geologic formations. Subglacial streams are the braided rivers that flow at the beds of glaciers and ice sheets, permitting meltwater to be discharged at the front of the glacier. Because of the gradient in pressure due to the overlying weight of the glacier, such streams can even flow uphill.

Permanence of flow

An ''intermittent river'' (or ephemeral river) only flows occasionally and can be dry for several years at a time. These rivers are found in regions with limited or highly variable rainfall, or can occur because of geologic conditions such as having a highly permeable river bed. Some ephemeral rivers flow during the summer months but not in the winter. Such rivers are typically fed from chalk aquifers which recharge from winter rainfall. In the UK these rivers are called ''Bournes'' and give their name to place such as Bournemouth and Eastbourne

Classification

Rivers have been classified by many criteria including their topography, their biotic status, their relevance to white water rafting or canoeing activities.

Topographical classification

Rivers can generally be classified as either alluvial, bedrock, or some mix of the two. Alluvial rivers have channels and floodplains that are self-formed in unconsolidated or weakly consolidated sediments. They erode their banks and deposit material on bars and their floodplains. Bedrock rivers form when the river downcuts through the modern sediments and into the underlying bedrock. This occurs in regions that have experienced some kind of uplift (thereby steepening river gradients) or in which a particular hard lithology causes a river to have a steepened reach that has not been covered in modern alluvium. Bedrock rivers very often contain alluvium on their beds; this material is important in eroding and sculpting the channel. Rivers that go through patches of bedrock and patches of deep alluvial cover are classified as mixed bedrock-alluvial.

Alluvial rivers can be further classified by their channel pattern as meandering, braided, wandering, anastomose, or straight. The morphology of an alluvial river reach is controlled by a combination of sediment supply, substrate composition, discharge, vegetation, and bed aggradation.

The work of William Morris Davis at the turn of the 20th century used a classification based on river “age” as a way to characterise rivers.

Youthful river: A river with a steep gradient that has very few tributaries and flows quickly. Its channels erode deeper rather than wider. Examples include the Brazos, Trinity and Ebro rivers.

Mature river: A river with a gradient that is less steep than those of youthful rivers and flows more slowly. A mature river is fed by many tributaries and has more discharge than a youthful river. Its channels erode wider rather than deeper. Examples include the Mississippi, Saint Lawrence, Danube, Ohio, Thames and Paraná rivers.

Old river: A river with a low gradient and low erosive energy. Old rivers are characterized by flood plains. Examples include the Yellow, Ganges, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus and Nile rivers.

Rejuvenated river: A river with a gradient that is raised by tectonic uplift.

The way in which a river's characteristics vary between the upper course and lower course of a river are summarized by the Bradshaw model. Power-law relationships between channel slope, depth, and width are given as a function of discharge by "river regime".

Biotic classification

There are very many systems of classification based on biotic conditions typically assigning classes from the most oligotrophic or unpolluted through to the most eutrophic or polluted. Other systems are based on a whole eco-system approach such as developed by the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment. In Europe, the requirements of the Water Framework Directive has led to the development of a wide range of classification methods including classifications based on fishery status A system of river zonation used in francophone communities divides rivers into three primary zones:

The ''crenon'' is the uppermost zone at the source of the river. It is further divided into the eucrenon (spring or boil zone) and the hypocrenon (brook or headstream zone). These areas are characterized by low temperatures, reduced oxygen content and slow moving water.

The ''rhithron'' is the upstream portion of the river that follows the crenon. It is characterized by relatively cool temperatures, high oxygen levels, and fast, turbulent flow.

The ''potamon'' is the remaining downstream stretch of river. It is characterized by warmer temperatures, lower oxygen levels, slow flow and sandier bottoms.

Whitewater classification

The International Scale of River Difficulty is used to rate the challenges of navigation—particularly those with rapids. Class I is the easiest and Class VI is the hardest.

Stream order classification

The Strahler Stream Order ranks rivers based on the connectivity and hierarchy of contributing tributaries. Headwaters are first order while the Amazon River is twelfth order. Approximately 80% of the rivers and streams in the world are of the first and second order.

Uses

Rivers have been used as a source of water, for obtaining food, for transport, as a defensive measure, as a source of hydropower to drive machinery, for bathing, and as a means of disposing of waste.

Rivers have been used for navigation for thousands of years. The earliest evidence of navigation is found in the Indus Valley Civilization, which existed in northwestern Pakistan around 3300 BC. Riverine navigation provides a cheap means of transport, and is still used extensively on most major rivers of the world like the Amazon, the Ganges, the Nile, the Mississippi, and the Indus. Since river boats are often not regulated, they contribute a large amount to global greenhouse gas emissions, and to local cancer due to inhaling of particulates emitted by the transports.

In some heavily forested regions such as Scandinavia and Canada, lumberjacks use the river to float felled trees downstream to lumber camps for further processing, saving much effort and cost by transporting the huge heavy logs by natural means.

Rivers have been a source of food since pre-history. They can provide a rich source of fish and other edible aquatic life, and are a major source of fresh water, which can be used for drinking and irrigation. It is therefore no surprise to find most of the major cities of the world situated on the banks of rivers. Rivers help to determine the urban form of cities and neighbourhoods and their corridors often present opportunities for urban renewal through the development of foreshoreways such as riverwalks. Rivers also provide an easy means of disposing of waste-water and, in much of the less developed world, other wastes.

Fast flowing rivers and waterfalls are widely used as sources of energy, via watermills and hydroelectric plants. Evidence of watermills shows them in use for many hundreds of years such as in Orkney at Dounby click mill. Prior to the invention of steam power, water-mills for grinding cereals and for processing wool and other textiles were common across Europe. In the 1890s the first machines to generate power from river water were established at places such as Cragside in Northumberland and in recent decades there has been a significant increase in the development of large scale power generation from water, especially in wet mountainous regions such as Norway

The coarse sediments, gravel and sand, generated and moved by rivers are extensively used in construction. In parts of the world this can generate extensive new lake habitats as gravel pits re-fill with water. In other circumstances it can destabilise the river bed and the course of the river and cause severe damage to spawning fish populations which rely on stable gravel formations for egg laying.

In upland rivers, rapids with whitewater or even waterfalls occur. Rapids are often used for recreation, such as whitewater kayaking.

Rivers have been important in determining political boundaries and defending countries. For example, the Danube was a long-standing border of the Roman Empire, and today it forms most of the border between Bulgaria and Romania. The Mississippi in North America and the Rhine in Europe are major east-west boundaries in those continents. The Orange and Limpopo Rivers in southern Africa form the boundaries between provinces and countries along their routes.

Ecosystem

The organisms in the riparian zone respond to changes in river channel location and patterns of flow. The ecosystem of rivers is generally described by the River continuum concept, which has some additions and refinements to allow for spatial (dams, waterfalls) and temporal (extensive flooding). The basic idea is that the river can be described as a system that is continuously changing along its length in the physical parameters, the availability of food particles and the composition of the ecosystem. The food (energy) that is the leftover of the upstream part is being utilized downstream.

The general pattern is that the first order streams contain particulate matter (decaying leaves from the surrounding forests), which is processed there by shredders like Plecoptera larvae. The leftovers of the shredders are utilized by collectors, such as Hydropsyche, and further downstream algae that create the primary production become the main foodsource of the organisms. All changes are gradual and the distribution of each species can be described as a normal curve with the highest density where the conditions are optimal. In rivers succession is virtually absent and the composition of the ecosystem stays fixed in time.

Chemistry

The chemistry of rivers is complex and depends on inputs from the atmosphere, the geology through which it travels and the inputs from man's activities. The chemistry of the water has a large impact on the ecology of that water for both plants and animals and it also affects the uses that may be made of the river water. Understanding and characterising river water chemistry requires a well designed and managed programme of sampling and analysis

Like many other Aquatic ecosystems, rivers too are under increasing threat of pollution. According to a study of the WWF's Global Freshwater Programme, the 10 most polluted rivers are: Ganges, Indus, Yangtze, Salween-Nu, Mekong-Lancang, Rio Grande/Rio Bravo, La Plata, Danube, Nile-Lake Victoria, and the Murray-Darling.

Brackish water

Some rivers generate brackish water by having their river mouth in the ocean. This, in effect creates a unique environment in which certain species are found.

Flooding

Flooding is a natural part of a river's cycle. The majority of the erosion of river channels and the erosion and deposition on the associated floodplains occur during flood stage. In many developed areas, human activity has changed river channel form, altering different magnitudes and frequencies of flooding. Some examples of this are the building of levees, the straightening of channels, and the draining of natural wetlands. In many cases human activities in rivers and floodplains have dramatically increased the risk of flooding. Straightening rivers allows water to flow more rapidly downstream increasing the risk of flooding places further downstream. Building on flood plains removes flood storage which again exacerbates downstream flooding. The building of levees may only protect the area behind the levees and not those further downstream. Levees and flood-banks can also increase flooding upstream because of back-water pressure as the upstream water has to squeeze between the levees.

Flow

Studying the flows of rivers is one aspect of hydrology.

Direction

A common misconception is that most, or even all, rivers flow from north to south. Rivers in fact flow downhill regardless of compass direction. Sometimes downhill is from north to south, but equally it can be from south to north, and usually is a complex meandering path involving all directions of the compass. Three of the ten longest rivers in the world - the Nile, Yenisei, and Ob - flow north, as do other major rivers such as the Rhine, Mackenzie, and Nelson.

Rivers flowing downhill, from river source to river mouth, do not necessarily take the shortest path. For alluvial streams, straight and braided rivers have very low sinuosity and flow directly down hill, while meandering rivers flow from side to side across a valley. Bedrock rivers typically flow in either a fractal pattern, or a pattern that is determined by weaknesses in the bedrock, such as faults, fractures, or more erodible layers.

Rate

Volumetric flow rate, also called discharge, volume flow rate, and rate of water flow, is the volume of water which passes through a given cross-section of the river channel per unit time. It is typically measured in cubic meters per second (cumec) or cubic feet per second (cfs), where 1 m³/s = 35.51 ft³/s; it is sometimes also measured in litres or gallons per second.

Volumetric flow rate can be thought of as the mean velocity of the flow through a given cross-section, times that cross-sectional area. Mean velocity can be approximated through the use of the Law of the Wall. In general, velocity increases with the depth (or hydraulic radius) and slope of the river channel, while the cross-sectional area scales with the depth and the width: the double-counting of depth shows the importance of this variable in determining the discharge through the channel.

Management

Rivers are often managed or controlled to make them more useful, or less disruptive, to human activity.

Dams or weirs may be built to control the flow, store water, or extract energy.

Levees, known as dikes in Europe, may be built to prevent river water from flowing on floodplains or floodways.

Canals connect rivers to one another for water transfer or navigation.

River courses may be modified to improve navigation, or straightened to increase the flow rate.

River management is a continuous activity as rivers tend to 'undo' the modifications made by people. Dredged channels silt up, sluice mechanisms deteriorate with age, levees and dams may suffer seepage or catastrophic failure. The benefits sought through managing rivers may often be offset by the social and economic costs of mitigating the bad effects of such management. As an example, in parts of the developed world, rivers have been confined within channels to free up flat flood-plain land for development. Floods can inundate such development at high financial cost and often with loss of life.

Rivers are increasingly managed for habitat conservation, as they are critical for many aquatic and riparian plants, resident and migratory fishes, waterfowl, birds of prey, migrating birds, and many mammals.

See also

Aqueduct

Baer's law

Blackwater river

Canal

Drought

Estuary

Hack's law

Hydrology

List of international border rivers

List of rivers by discharge

List of rivers by length

List of rivers of Africa

List of rivers of Asia

List of rivers of Europe

List of rivers of Oceania

List of rivers of the Americas

List of river name etymologies

List of waterways

Mainstem (hydrology)

Playfair's Law

River civilization

River continuum concept

River cruise

''The Riverkeepers'' (book)

Rock-cut basin

Salt tide

Sediment transport

Water dispute

World Rivers Day

Crossings

Bridges

Ferries

Fords

Tunnels

Transport

Barge

Riverboat

Sailing

Tow-path

References

Further reading

— a non-technical primer on the geomorphology and hydraulics of water.

External links

River Network - Connecting people, saving rivers (Environmental organization)

Category:Fluvial landforms Category:Geomorphology Category:Sedimentology Category:Water streams

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Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
name	Lykke Li
background	solo_singer
birth name	Li Lykke Timotej Zachrisson
birth date	March 18, 1986
birth place	Ystad, Skåne, Sweden
genre	Indie pop, indie rock, electronic, dream pop, Wonky pop
occupation	Singer-songwriter
years active	2007–present
label	LL, Atlantic
website	}}

Li Lykke Timotej Zachrisson (born 18 March 1986), better known by her stage name Lykke Li (), is a Swedish singer-songwriter. Her music often blends elements of pop, indie rock and electronic; various instruments can also be found in her songs, including violins, synthesizers, tambourines, trumpets, saxophones and cellos. Her debut album, ''Youth Novels'', was released in 2008.

Early life

Zachrisson was born in Ystad, Skåne; her mother is a photographer, and her father is a musician. The family moved to Stockholm when Zachrisson was a toddler and when she was six moved to a mountaintop in Portugal where they lived for five years. The family also spent time in Lisbon and Morocco, and winters in Nepal and India. She moved to the neighborhood of Bushwick, Brooklyn in New York for three months when she was 19. She returned when she was 21 to record her album.

Music career

Li had some success with the EP "Little Bit" in 2007. Stereogum named her an artist to watch in October 2007 and described her music as a mix of soul, electro and "powdered-sugar pop".

Li's debut album, ''Youth Novels'', was released on LL Recordings in the Nordic region on 30 January 2008 and received a wider European release in June 2008. The album was produced by Björn Yttling of Peter Bjorn and John and Lasse Mårtén and was reportedly inspired by a previous relationship of three years. It was released in the United States on 19 August 2008. The album was released in the UK and Ireland in June 2008, promoted by a performances of "Little Bit" on ''Later... with Jools Holland'' on 25 May 2008. Her second album ''Wounded Rhymes'' was released in 2011.

She appeared on Swedish musician Kleerup's self titled album, contributing vocals to the track "Until We Bleed". She also worked with Norwegian electronic duo Röyksopp on their 2009 album ''Junior'', contributing vocals to "Miss It So Much" and "Were You Ever Wanted".

Li appeared on ''Last Call with Carson Daly'' on 18 February 2009. She covered "Knocked Up", originally recorded by Kings of Leon who had approached Li to cover a song of her choice, and "Gifted" in which she performs with Kanye West. Going further mainstream, Li performed at the 2009 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on 19 April, as well as the 2009 Lollapalooza festival on 8 August as part of the promotional tour for ''Youth Novels''.

A remixed version of her song "I'm Good, I'm Gone" was featured in the 2009 horror film ''Sorority Row''.

The song "Possibility" was written for the 2009 film ''The Twilight Saga: New Moon''. Li had been asked to write a song to the film soundtrack but she was reluctant to commit to the project. It was after she had seen an early screening of the film that she decided she wanted to contribute to the soundtrack. The soundtrack was released on 16 October 2009.

In September 2010, she was announced as the official face of the Levi's Curve ID Collection, alongside Pixie Geldof and Miss Nine.

Her song "Until We Bleed", which she sang with singer Kleerup, was featured on an episode of UK TV series ''Misfits''. On 13 December 2010, RCRD LBL premiered a Beck remix of "Get Some". A part of the song "I Follow Rivers" was covered by Tina Cohen-Chang (played by Jenna Ushkowitz) on the ''Glee'' episode "A Night of Neglect". The episode aired on Fox in the United States on April 19, 2011.

On 30 April 2011, she performed on ''Later... with Jools Holland'' in the UK, playing "Get Some", "Sadness Is a Blessing" and "I Follow Rivers".

Li played at the 2011 Latitude Festival, held between 14 and 18 July 2011 at Henham Park in Suffolk, England.

On Thursday, August 4th 2011, she appeared with her band on US late night talk show "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno"

Discography

;Albums

''Youth Novels'' (2008)

''Wounded Rhymes'' (2011)

;Singles

"I'm Good, I'm Gone" (2007)

"Little Bit" (2007)

"Breaking It Up" (2008)

"Tonight" (2009)

"Get Some" (2010)

"I Follow Rivers" (2011)

"Sadness Is a Blessing" (2011)

"Rich Kids Blues" (2011)

;B-sides

"I Don't Mind (Jump on It)" included on the Swedish and UK two-track single of "I'm Good, I'm Gone"

"After Laughter" split single with El Perro del Mar for Record Store Day 18 April 2009

"Until We Bleed" – Kleerup featuring Lykke Li included on the Swedish two-track single of "Tonight"

"Paris Blue" included on the "Get Some" single

;Guest appearances

"Until We Bleed" – Kleerup featuring Lykke Li (''Kleerup'', 2008)

"Gifted" – N.A.S.A. featuring Kanye West, Santogold and Lykke Li (''The Spirit of Apollo'', 2009)

"Little Bit" – Drake and Lykke Li (''So Far Gone'', 2009)

"Miss It So Much" – Röyksopp featuring Lykke Li (''Junior'', 2009)

"Were You Ever Wanted" – Röyksopp featuring Lykke Li (''Junior'', 2009) [Japanese bonus track]

"Knocked Up" (Lykke Li vs. Rodeo Remix) – Kings of Leon ("Use Somebody", 2008)

"Starchasers" (as a sample of "Little Bit") – Charles Hamilton (''It's Charles Hamilton'', 2008)

"Leaving You Behind" – Amanda Blank featuring Lykke Li (''I Love You'', 2009)

;Covers

"After Laughter Comes Tears" – originally recorded by Wendy Rene

"Can I Kick It?" – originally recorded by A Tribe Called Quest (regular live cover/performed with Q-Tip at MTVu Awards)

"Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa" – originally recorded by Vampire Weekend (regular live cover)

"Hustlin'" – originally recorded by Rick Ross

"Knocked Up" – originally recorded by and featuring Kings of Leon

"A Milli" – originally recorded by Lil Wayne

"Velvet" – originally recorded by The Big Pink

"Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow?" – originally recorded by The Shirelles

;Music videos

Year	Song	Director(s)
	"Breaking It Up"	Sarah Chatfield
"Little Bit"
"I'm Good, I'm Gone"
	"Possibility"	Marcus Palmqvist and Frode Fjerdingstad
"Get Some"	Johan Söderberg
	"I Follow Rivers"
"Sadness Is a Blessing"

Awards and nominations

|- |rowspan="2"| 2009 ||rowspan="2"|Lykke Li || 2009 Meteor Music Award for Best International Female || |- | Studio8's Female Voice of February 2009 ||

Remixes

Her song "I'm Good, I'm Gone" was remixed by Fred Falke and featured in Hed Kandi's Lounge 2009 "I'm Good, I'm Gone" was also covered by British group Friendly Fires in 2009. Her song "Little Bit" was remixed by Drake, as well as a bootleg remix by AutoErotique. Her song "Little Bit" was sampled and remixed by Charles Hamilton. Her song "Love until We Bleed" was remixed by QuESt. Her song "Dance, Dance, Dance" was remixed by Buraka Som Sistema. Her song "I'm Good, I'm Gone" was also remixed by 3OH!3 as a collaboration.

References

External links

Lykke Li on RCRD LBL

Category:1986 births Category:Atlantic Records artists Category:English-language singers Category:Indie pop musicians Category:Living people Category:People from Ystad Municipality Category:Swedish electronic musicians Category:Swedish female singers Category:Swedish pop singers Category:Swedish singer-songwriters

ca:Lykke Li cy:Lykke Li da:Lykke Li de:Lykke Li es:Lykke Li fr:Lykke Li it:Lykke Li he:ליקה לי lt:Lykke Li nl:Lykke Li no:Lykke Li pl:Lykke Li pt:Lykke Li ro:Lykke Li ru:Люкке Ли fi:Lykke Li sv:Lykke Li

Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
Name	Alex Christensen
Background	solo_singer
Birth date	April 07, 1967
Origin	Hamburg, Germany
Occupation	Singer, producer
Website	}}

Alex Christensen (born 7 April 1967 in Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg, Germany), Jasper Forks or Alex C. as he is known, is a German dance music composer, producer, and DJ, generally known as the face, and one of the founding members, of U96. Since 2002, he has been collaborating with Yasmin K. also known as Y-ass.

Music career

Christensen started in 1991 as a music producer and dj, and had his first success in 1992 as ''U96'' with a techno version of ''Das Boot''. In several countries this song was the first techno song to obtain a number one position. Since 2002 Christensen also works under the name ''Alex C.'' and frequently collaborates with Yasmin K. whom he met as a judge on the second season of ''Popstars''.

As a producer and/or composer Christensen worked for big artists as Right Said Fred, Tom Jones, *NSYNC, Rollergirl, Marianne Rosenberg, Sarah Brightman, and ATC.

Christensen represented Germany at the Final of the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest in Moscow together with Oscar Loya, performing the song "Miss Kiss Kiss Bang" finishing in 20th place.

Alex Christensen's song "Doktorspiele" which featured additional vocals from Yass, won the 2008 Eurodanceweb Contest, which were determined by points assigned by a professional jury of disc jockeys, journalists, music producers, webmasters, radio speakers from all over the World.

Personal life

Alex Christensen is married to Nicole Safft. They have a son.

Biggest hit

In 2007, Christensen released the song ''"Du hast den schönsten Arsch der Welt"'' ("You have the most beautiful ass in the world") in co-operation with Y-ass. It sampled The Soundlovers' "Run Away". This song marked an international breakthrough for Christensen. Because the song got high ratings in several foreign dance charts, it was re-released in several other languages. In some countries the melody was adjusted to fit the taste of the local inhabitants. Some of these versions are:

Alex C ft. Y-Ass - "Du hast den schönsten Arsch der Welt" (German - Original) ( English translation )

Trasero - "Lekkerste Kont Van Het Land" (Dutch)

Alex C ft. Y-ass - "Sweetest Ass In The World" (English)

Alex C ft. Y-ass - "Tienes El Culo Más Bello Del Mundo" (Spanish)

Alex C ft. Y-ass - "Tu As Le Plus Beau Cul Du Monde" (French)

Mr.Vee & Michaela - "Máš Nejhezčí Zadek Na Světě" (Czech)

Släm - Sul On Kõige Kaunim Kann (Estonian)

Jasper Forks (2010-present)

In early 2010, Alex Christensen adopted the name Jasper Forks to mark a move away from the dance productions he had previously been associated with. He began producing tech piano house, and his first single “River Flows In You” made it to the top 10 of the airplay charts all across Europe. The follow up single “Alone” was released in January 2011.

Discography

Albums as U96

Singles as U96

Albums as Alex C.

Singles as Alex C.

Singles As: Alex Swings Oscar Sings!

References

External links

Official website

Category:1967 births Category:Living people Category:People from Hamburg Category:German Eurovision Song Contest entrants Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2009

de:Alex Christensen es:Alex Christensen fr:Alex Christensen it:Alex Christensen nl:Alex Christensen pl:Alex Christensen pt:Alex Christensen ru:Кристенсен, Алекс sk:Alex Christensen sv:Alex Christensen tr:Alex Christensen

Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
name	Sungha Jung
birth name	정성하
birth date	September 02, 1996
birth place	Cheongju, South Korea
nationality	South Korean
other names	colloquially: ''Sungha Jung'', ''jwcfree'', ''jungsungha'', ''blueseaJSH''
years active	September 8, 2001–present
known for	Guitar music
website	Official website }}

Title	Korean name
Hangul	정성하
Hanja
Rr	Jeong Seongha
Mr	Jŏng Sŏngha}}

Seongha Jeong (정성하) (colloquially: Sungha Jung) (born 2 September 1996) is a South Korean professional acoustic finger-style guitarist who has risen to fame on YouTube and other sites. His first guitar cover was "Anak" by Fredie Aguilar. As of 2012, his channel had over 17 million views, with his videos getting a total of over 427 million views, and also over 650,000 subscribers.

Seongha typically takes three days to learn and practice a new piece, and video-record it for upload onto YouTube. His genre selection is rather broad, as he learns and plays many pieces that are playable on guitar, therefore consequently spread across numerous genres.

Seongha has won 13 awards on YouTube, including 6 "#1" awards. Also on YouTube, Seongha has 494 videos with over one million views. Seongha's video with the most views is the one which shows him playing the theme from "Pirates Of The Caribbean".

Seongha has composed 18 pieces as of February 2011, two of which are featured in his debut album, "Perfect Blue". He released his second album, "Irony", on 21 September 2011.

In 2011, he performed in the US with Trace Bundy, as well as touring in Scandinavia and Japan.

Discography

''Perfect Blue'' (2010)

''Irony'' (2011)

See also

Yuto Miyazawa, Seongha's Japanese electric guitar-playing counterpart

Trace Bundy, Fellow acoustic guitarist with whom Seongha collaborates

Ulli Bögershausen, Fellow acoustic guitarist who helped him get his sponsorship with Lakewood Guitars

References

External links

Category:South Korean guitarists Category:Fingerstyle guitarists Category:People from Seoul Category:Video bloggers Category:South Korean Internet personalities Category:1996 births Category:Living people

de:Sungha Jung ko:정성하 it:Sungha Jung ja:チョン・ソンハ pl:Sungha Jung pt:Sungha Jung ro:Sungha Jung ru:Чон Сонха sv:Sungha Jung vi:Seongha Jeong zh:鄭成河

Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
name	Steve Aoki
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Steve Hiroyuki Aoki
birth date	November 30, 1977
origin	Newport Beach, California, United States
genre	Electro house, Electronic
label	Dim Mak Records, Ministry of Sound Australia
website	}}

Steve Hiroyuki Aoki, (born November 30, 1977) is an American electro house musician, record producer and the founder of Dim Mak Records.

Early life/Personal Life

Steve Hiroyuki Aoki was born in Miami and grew up in Newport Beach, California. He graduated from Newport Harbor High School in 1995; he was a star player on the varsity Badminton team. He is the third child of Rocky Aoki and Chizuru Kobayashi. His father was a former Japanese Olympic wrestler who also founded the restaurant chain Benihana. He has two older siblings, sister Kana (who is sometimes called by her middle name "Grace"), and brother Kevin (owner of Doraku Sushi restaurant). He also has three half-siblings, all of whom are younger: half-brother Kyle and half-sisters Echo, and Devon, the supermodel and actress. As a child, Steve lived with his grandfather, his mother, and his two older siblings and one younger brother Jafet Aoki.

Aoki attended the University of California, Santa Barbara and graduated with two B.A.s; one in Women's Studies and the other in Sociology. In college, he produced do-it-yourself records and ran underground concerts out of his Biko room in the Santa Barbara Student Housing Cooperative, which was located in Isla Vista, a section of residential land adjacent to UCSB. As a concert venue, the apartment became known as ''The Pickle Patch''. By his early 20s, Aoki had built his own record label, which he named Dim Mak after his childhood hero, Bruce Lee. He has also been in numerous bands, including This Machine Kills, which released an album on Ebullition Records, Esperanza, and The Fire Next Time.

His father, Rocky, once said that he had 'three kids from three different women at exactly the same time'. He found out about the third child with the third woman when he was sued for paternity. In 2005, Rocky sued four of his children (Grace, Kevin, Kyle, and Echo) for an alleged attempt to take control of the companies he founded, which, at the time, had an estimated value between US $60 million and $100 million. Steve and his younger half-sister, Devon, were not named in the suit.

Musical career

Aoki founded his own label, Dim Mak Records, in 1996. The label has released music by other electro house artists such as MSTRKRFT, The Bloody Beetroots, and Mustard Pimp, as well as by Klaxons, Scanners, Whitey, and Mystery Jets. Aoki is also a club promoter and DJ. He has also teamed up with Blake Miller of the LA-based band Moving Units to produce remixes. The duo of Miller and Aoki work under the moniker Weird Science.

Aoki's debut album, ''Pillowface and His Airplane Chronicles'' was released in January 2008. He also had an Essential Mix that aired on BBC Radio 1 on August 2, 2008.¹⁰

He has remixed many artists and bands, including Drake, Lenny Kravitz, Bloc Party, Snoop Dogg, Robin Thicke, S.P.A., Kid Cudi, Chester French and Peaches.

He remixed the track "When The Wind Blows" that features on the UK edition of The All-American Rejects 2008 album ''When The World Comes Down''.

On November 10, 2009 he released a remix for Drake's song "Forever". The song features Drake, Kanye West, Lil Wayne, and Eminem. The track made it to the top of Hype Machine's chart in December 2009.

Through relentless touring he gained huge support from colleges. In Ann Arbor, MI he's played two sold-out shows to University of Michigan students at The Necto (nightclub), huge shows followed at campuses across the country.

In March 2010 Aoki released "I'm In The House", a collaboration with Zuper Blahq—alter-ego of The Black Eyed Peas singer will.i.am. The song charted at #29 in the UK Singles Chart in its first week of release.

Producer-songwriter Lucas Secon confirmed in a May 2010 interview with HitQuarters that he and Rivers Cuomo had recently worked with Aoki on a single.

In May 2006, Aoki became a board member for MC5 bassist Michael Davis' Music Is Revolution Foundation, a non-profit organization that provides music education support within public schools.

Business ventures

The Dim Mak Collection clothing line was launched in 2006. A new fashion range designed by Steve and his sister Devon Aoki was released in 2009. They've partnered with the founders/owners of Ksubi, George Gorrow and Dan Single to release this range together. "We've been putting it together for two years, from the very early stages." Aoki told. Also with Dan Single and George Gorrow, Ksubi will be partnering up and creating a Dim Mak sunglass line that will debut in 2009 as well.

Aoki and friend Greger, the owner of WeSC, came up with the idea together to do the "Aoki headphones." They used different shades of green, because that was Aoki's favorite color at the time. Each season Aoki plans to design new headphones for WeSC. Aoki also is endorsed by KR3W Apparel and Supra Footwear, where he develops and designs an entire range of clothing and shoes for both companies under his name.

Aoki is a co-owner in a Korean BBQ restaurant ''Shin'' alongside Danny Masterson, Julian Casablancas from The Strokes, Mark Ronson, Laura Prepon, Jerry Butler, among others. He also co-owned a management company called ''Deckstar'' with DJ AM along with their managers and Paul Rosenberg. Underneath the Deckstar Management division, Dim Mak management has been formed to manage some of the label's artists and other DJs.

In November 2009, Aoki created his own magazine titled "Aoki" through a celebrity magazine publishing company called MYMAG.

Guest appearances

He was featured in the video games ''NBA 2K8'' and ''NBA 2K9'' as a special celebrity player, even though he admits to being terrible at basketball. He makes cameos in the videos for Cobra Starship's 2007 single "Send My Love to the Dancefloor, I'll See You in Hell (Hey Mister DJ)" and The Sounds' single "Tony The Beat".

On January 2012, Steve Aoki released new tracks on ''Turntable.fm'' in conjunction with SOL REPUBLIC Headphones making him the first established artist to fully orchestrate a listening session using the platform.

Discography

Studio albums

Title	Details
! scope="row"		*Released: January 10, 2012	*Label: Dim Mak	* Formats:
Title	Details	Peak chart positions
		! style="width:3em;font-size:85%"
''[[Pillowface and His Airplane Chronicles">Compact Disc

Mix albums

Title	Details	Peak chart positions
		! style="width:3em;font-size:85%"
''[[Pillowface and His Airplane Chronicles''		*Released: January 22, 2008	*Label: Thrive Records	* Formats: [[Compact Disc	8

Singles

1 — 39 —

scope="col" rowspan="2"	Single	Year	Peak chart positions							Album
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"		! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"
! scope="row"	2010	29	3	|	—	—	43	40	''Willpower (will.i.am album)	#willpower''
scope="row"	"Turbulence"(with Laidback Luke feat. Lil Jon)		66	—	|	37	—	—	—	rowspan="3"	''Wonderland''
scope="row"	"No Beef"(with Afrojack feat. Miss Palmer)	25	6	|	—	—	—	23
scope="row"	"Livin' My Love"(feat. LMFAO & NERVO)	2012	—	—	|	—	68	—	—

As featured artist

Single	Year	Peak chart positions	Album
		! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"
2011	! scope="row"	89

Promotional singles

Single	Year	Album
"Earthquakey People"(feat. Rivers Cuomo)		rowspan="3"
"Tornado"(with Tiësto)
"Ladi Dadi"(feat. Wynter Gordon)

Remixes

Michael Jackson – "Dancin' Machine" (Universal Motown)

Autoerotique – "Gladiator" (Steve Aoki x DJ AM) (Dim Mak)

NASA – "Gifted" (feat. Kanye West, Lykke Li, Santigold) (Anti)

Chris Cornell – "Part of Me" (feat. Timbaland) (Interscope)

Chester French – "She Loves Everybody" (Star Trak)

The Killers – "Spaceman" (Steve Aoki & The Bloody Beetroots) (Polydor)

Fact – "Rise" (Avex)

All American Rejects – "The Wind Blows" (Interscope)

Good Charlotte – "Misery" (Epic)

S.P.A. – "Pets Dance" (Dim Mak)

Lenny Kravitz – "Dancin' Til Dawn" (Virgin)

Robin Thicke – "Magic" (Interscope)

Duran Duran – "Skin Divers" (feat. Timbaland) (Interscope)

Drake – "Forever" (feat. Kanye West, Lil Wayne & Eminem)

Weezer – "(If You're Wondering If I Want You To) I Want You To"

Kid Cudi – "Pursuit of Happiness" (feat. MGMT & Ratatat)

Klaxons – "Echoes"

Girls' Generation – "MR. TAXI"

Weird Science production

Steve Aoki and Blake Miller's production group

Haus of Cards – "Original" (Dim Mak)

Snoop Dogg – "Sensual Seduction" (Geffen)

Teddybears – "Cobrastyle" (Atlantic)

Bloc Party – "Helicopter" (Dim Mak)

The Rakes – "Work Work Work" (Dim Mak)

Metro Station – "Control" (Columbia)

Younglove – "Discotech" (Island)

Peaches – "Boys Wanna Be Her" (XL)

Under the Influence of Giants – "Mama's Room" (Island)

The Fashion – "Like Knives & Solo Impala" (Columbia)

Featurings

The Bloody Beetroots – "Warp 1977" (feat. Steve Aoki & Bobberman) (Dim Mak)

The Bloody Beetroots – "Warp 1.9" (feat. Steve Aoki) (Dim Mak)

The Bloody Beetroots – "Warp 7.7" (feat. Steve Aoki) (Dim Mak)

Junkie XL – "1967 Poem" (feat. Steve Aoki) (Nettwerk)

Motor – "Kick It" (feat. Steve Aoki) (Dim Mak)

Tai – "Paradise Poltergeist" (feat. Steve Aoki) (Dim Mak)

Travis Barker – "Misfits" (feat. Steve Aoki) (Dim Mak)

Collaborations

Steve Aoki & Armand Van Helden – "Brrrat"

Steve Aoki – "I'm In The House" (feat. Zuper Blahq)

Steve Aoki & Laidback Luke & Lil Jon – "Turbulence"

Steve Aoki & Afrojack – " No Beef"

Steve Aoki & Sidney Samson – "Wake Up Call"

Steve Aoki & Atari Teenage Riot – "Codebreaker"

Steve Aoki & Tiësto – "Tornado"

Steve Aoki & Travis Barker – "Misfits"

Nervo, Afrojack & Steve Aoki – "We're All No One"

Steve Aoki feat. LMFAO and Nervo - "Livin' My Love"

Awards

Best DJ of the Year – Paper Magazine (2007)

Best Set of the Season – Ibiza Awards (2007)

Best Party Rocker DJ – BPM Magazine (2007)

Best Mix Album of the Year – Billboard (2008)

References

External links

The LA Times article

Dim Mak Records website

UCSB Student Interview with Steve Aoki

The Santa Barbara Independent article

Interview with Steve Aoki, Submerge Magazine, Dec. 2008

Interview by Maximalminimal, April 2009

Interview by Clubplanet, May 2010

Steve Aoki on RCRD LBL

Category:1977 births Category:Club DJs Category:American DJs Category:Living people Category:People from New York City Category:People from Newport Beach, California Category:University of California, Santa Barbara alumni Category:American musicians of Japanese descent

de:Steve Aoki es:Steve Aoki fr:Steve Aoki it:Steve Aoki pt:Steve Aoki sv:Steve Aoki th:สตีฟ อาโอกิ