November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 45 days remaining until the end of the year.

Events[link]

• 534 – A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published.
• 1272 – While travelling during the Ninth Crusade, Prince Edward becomes King of England upon Henry III of England's death, but he will not return to England for nearly two years to assume the throne.
• 1491 – An auto-da-fé, held in the Brasero de la Dehesa outside of Ávila, concludes the case of the Holy Child of La Guardia with the public execution of several Jewish and converso suspects.
• 1532 – Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca Emperor Atahualpa.
• 1776 – American Revolutionary War: Hessian mercenaries capture Fort Washington from the Patriots.
• 1776 – American Revolution: the United Provinces (Low Countries) recognize the independence of the United States.
• 1805 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Schöngrabern – Russian forces under Pyotr Bagration delay the pursuit by French troops under Murat.
• 1822 – American Old West: Missouri trader William Becknell arrives in Santa Fe, New Mexico over a route that became known as the Santa Fe Trail.
• 1849 – A Russian court sentences Fyodor Dostoevsky to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group; his sentence is later commuted to hard labor.
• 1852 – The English astronomer John Russell Hind discovers the asteroid 22 Kalliope.
• 1857 – Second relief of Lucknow – twenty-four Victoria Crosses are awarded, the most in a single day.
• 1863 – American Civil War: Battle of Campbell's Station near Knoxville, Tennessee – Confederate troops unsuccessfully attack Union forces.
• 1885 – Canadian rebel leader of the Métis and "Father of Manitoba", Louis Riel is executed for treason.
• 1904 – English engineer John Ambrose Fleming receives a patent for the thermionic valve (vacuum tube).
• 1907 – Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory join to form Oklahoma, that is admitted as the 46th U.S. state.
• 1907 – Cunard Line's RMS Mauretania, sister ship of RMS Lusitania, sets sail on her maiden voyage from Liverpool, England to New York City.
• 1914 – The Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens.
• 1938 – LSD is first synthesized by Swiss chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland.
• 1940 – World War II: in response to the leveling of Coventry, England by Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe two days before, the Royal Air Force bombs Hamburg.
• 1940 – Holocaust: in occupied Poland, the Nazis close off the Warsaw Ghetto from the outside world.
• 1943 – World War II: American bombers strike a hydro-electric power facility and heavy water factory in German-controlled Vemork, Norway.
• 1944 – Operation Queen, the costly Allied thrust to the Rur river was launched
• 1944 – Dueren, Germany is destroyed by Allied bombers.
• 1945 – Cold War: Operation Paperclip – the United States Army secretly admits 88 German scientists and engineers to help in the development of rocket technology.
• 1945 – UNESCO is founded.
• 1965 – Venera program: the Soviet Union launches the Venera 3 space probe toward Venus, that will be the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet.
• 1973 – Skylab program: NASA launches Skylab 4 with a crew of three astronauts from Cape Canaveral, Florida for an 84-day mission.
• 1973 – U.S. President Richard Nixon signs the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act into law, authorizing the construction of the Alaska Pipeline.
• 1979 – The first line of Bucharest Metro (Line M1) is opened from Timpuri Noi to Semănătoarea in Bucharest, Romania.
• 1988 – The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic declares that Estonia is "sovereign" but stops short of declaring independence.
• 1988 – In the first open election in more than a decade, voters in Pakistan elect populist candidate Benazir Bhutto to be Prime Minister of Pakistan.
• 1989 – A death squad composed of El Salvadoran army troops kills six Jesuit priests and two others at Jose Simeon Canas University.
• 1992 – The Hoxne Hoard is discovered by metal detectorist Eric Lawes in Hoxne, Suffolk.
• 1997 – After nearly 18 years of incarceration, the People's Republic of China releases Wei Jingsheng, a pro-democracy dissident, from jail for medical reasons.

Births[link]

• 42 BC – Tiberius, Roman emperor (d. 37)
• 1436 – Leonardo Loredan, Doge of the Republic of Venice (d. 1521)
• 1569 – Paul Sartorius, German composer and organist (d. 1609)
• 1603 – Augustyn Kordecki, Polish prior (d. 1673)
• 1643 – Jean Chardin, French explorer (d. 1703)
• 1715 – Girolamo Abos, Maltese-Italian composer of both operas and church music (d. 1760)
• 1717 – Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician (d. 1793)
• 1720 – Carlo Antonio Campioni, Italian composer (d. 1788)
• 1753 – James McHenry, American statesman (d. 1816)
• 1758 – Peter Andreas Heiberg, Danish author and philologist (d. 1841)
• 1766 – Rodolphe Kreutzer, French violinist (d. 1831)
• 1811 – John Bright, British politician (d. 1889)
• 1836 – King Kalākaua, of Hawaiʻi (d. 1891)
• 1839 – Louis-Honoré Fréchette, French Canadian poet (d. 1908)
• 1841 – Jules Violle, French physicist (d. 1923)
• 1847 – Edmund James Flynn, Canadian politician (d. 1927)
• 1851 – Minnie Hauk, American soprano (d. 1929)
• 1862 – Charles Turner, Australian cricketer (d. 1944)
• 1873 – W. C. Handy, American composer (d. 1958)
• 1880 – Alexander Blok, Russian poet (d. 1921)
• 1885 – Monsignor Sir Mikiel Gonzi, Maltese archbishop (d. 1984)
• 1888 – Luis Cluzeau Mortet, Uruguayan composer and pianist (d. 1957)
• 1889 – George S. Kaufman, American playwright (d. 1961)
• 1889 – Dietrich Kraiß, German Nazi officer (d. 1944)
• 1890 – Elpidio Quirino, 6th President of the Philippines (d. 1956)
• 1892 – Guo Moruo, Chinese writer (d. 1978)
• 1892 – Tazio Nuvolari, Italian racing driver (d. 1953)
• 1895 – Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918)
• 1895 – Paul Hindemith, German composer (d. 1963)
• 1896 – Pavel Sergeevich Alexandrov, Russian mathematician (d. 1982)
• 1896 – Joan Lindsay, Australian novelist (d. 1984)
• 1896 – Oswald Mosley, British politician and founder of the British Union of Fascists (d. 1980)
• 1896 – Lawrence Tibbett, American baritone (d. 1960)
• 1897 – Choudhary Rehmat Ali, Pakistani nationalist (d. 1951)
• 1899 – Mary Margaret McBride, American radio interview host (d. 1976)
• 1904 – Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1st President of Nigeria (d. 1996)
• 1905 – Eddie Condon, American jazz banjoist and guitarist (d. 1973)
• 1907 – Burgess Meredith, American actor (d. 1997)
• 1909 – Mirza Nasir Ahmad, 3rd Caliph of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and 3rd successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (d. 1982)
• 1914 – Eddie Chapman, British World War II spy and double agent, aka Agent Zigzag (d. 1997)
• 1915 – Alphonse "Bois Sec" Ardoin, Cajun accordionist (d. 2007)
• 1916 – Daws Butler, American voice actor (d. 1988)
• 1916 – Al Lucas, Canadian jazz double-bassist (d. 1983)
• 1922 – Gene Amdahl, American computer scientist
• 1922 – José Saramago, Portuguese novelist, Nobel laureate (d. 2010)
• 1924 – Mel Patton, American sprinter
• 1927 – Dolo Coker, jazz pianist and composer (d. 1983)
• 1928 – Clu Gulager, American actor
• 1930 – Chinua Achebe, Nigerian novelist, poet and academic
• 1930 – Paul Foytack, American baseball player
• 1930 – Salvatore Riina, Italian Mafia leader
• 1931 – Luciano Bottaro, Italian comic book artist (d. 2006)
• 1931 – Hubert Sumlin, American blues guitarist (Howlin' Wolf's band)
• 1933 – Garnet Mimms, American singer
• 1935 – Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah, Iraqi-born Lebanese Shiite Muslim cleric and Hezbollah mentor (d. 2010)
• 1935 – Elizabeth Drew, American journalist and author
• 1936 – John Moore, Australian politician
• 1938 – Robert Nozick, American philosopher (d. 2002)
• 1940 – Donna McKechnie, American actress and dancer
• 1941 – Gerry Marshall, British race car driver (d. 2005)
• 1941 – Dan Penn, American singer-songwriter
• 1942 – Willie Carson, Scottish jockey
• 1942 – Joanna Pettet, English actress
• 1944 – Oliver Braddick, British psychologist
• 1946 – Terence McKenna, American writer and public speaker (d. 2000)
• 1946 – Jo Jo White, American basketball player
• 1947 – Ebby Thust, German boxing promoter and writer
• 1947 – Omar Ruiz Hernández, Cuban dissident journalist
• 1948 – Horst Bertram, German footballer
• 1948 – Bonnie Greer, American playwright and critic
• 1948 – Chi Coltrane, American rock-pop-jazz songwriter, pianist, and singer
• 1949 – Arrow, Montserratian soca musician (d. 2010)
• 1950 – David Leisure, American actor
• 1950 – John Swartzwelder, American television writer and novelist
• 1951 – Miguel Sandoval, American actor
• 1952 – Robin McKinley, American novelist
• 1952 – Piero Falchetta, Italian archivist in Biblioteca Marciana, essayist and translator
• 1952 – Shigeru Miyamoto, Japanese video game designer
• 1953 – Griff Rhys Jones, Welsh comedian, writer and actor
• 1954 – Andrea Barrett, American novelist
• 1954 – Bruce Edwards, American golf caddy (d. 2004)
• 1954 – Luis Conte, Cuban percussionist
• 1954 – Dick Gross, Australian politician
• 1954 – Arrow, calypso and soca musician, born Alphonsus Cassell
• 1955 – Pierre Larouche, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1956 – Terry Labonte, American NASCAR driver
• 1957 – Jacques Gamblin, French actor
• 1958 – Marg Helgenberger, American actress
• 1958 – Boris Krivokapić, Serbian academic
• 1961 – Frank Bruno, British boxer
• 1961 – Corinne Hermès, French singer
• 1962 – Gary Mounfield, English bassist (The Stone Roses, Primal Scream)
• 1962 – Josh Silver, American keyboardist (Type O Negative)
• 1963 – Meenakshi Seshadri, Indian actress
• 1963 – Steve Arguelles, British jazz drummer
• 1964 – Dwight Gooden, American baseball player
• 1964 – Diana Krall, Canadian jazz pianist and singer
• 1964 – Harry J. Lennix, American actor
• 1964 – Maeve Quinlan, American actress
• 1964 – Valeria Bruni Tedeschi, Italian actress
• 1965 – Mika Aaltonen, Finnish footballer
• 1965 – Mark Benton, English actor
• 1966 – Christian Lorenz, German keyboardist (Rammstein)
• 1966 – Dean McDermott, Canadian actor
• 1966 – Tahir Shah, British travel writer and explorer
• 1966 – Dave Kushner, American guitarist (Velvet Revolver)
• 1967 – Craig Arnold, American poet
• 1967 – Lisa Bonet, American actress
• 1968 – Vlado Šola, Croatian handball goalkeeper
• 1968 – Melvin Stewart, American swimmer
• 1970 – Martha Plimpton, American actress
• 1970 – Logan Mader, American guitarist (Machine Head)
• 1971 – Mustapha Hadji, Moroccan footballer
• 1971 – Alexander Popov, Russian swimmer
• 1971 – Koshi Rikdo, Japanese manga artist
• 1971 – Waqar Younis, Pakistani cricketer
• 1972 – Missi Pyle, American actress
• 1973 – Christian Horner, British Formula One team owner
• 1973 – Brendan Laney, Scottish rugby player
• 1974 – Eric Judy, American bassist (Modest Mouse)
• 1974 – Maurizio Margaglio, Italian ice dancer
• 1974 – Paul Scholes, British footballer
• 1975 – Julio Lugo, Dominican baseball player
• 1976 – Mario Barravecchia, Belgian singer
• 1976 – Juha Pasoja, Finnish footballer
• 1976 – Danny Wallace, British author
• 1976 – Martijn Zuijdweg, Dutch swimmer
• 1977 – Oksana Baiul, Ukrainian figure skater
• 1977 – Maggie Gyllenhaal, American actress
• 1977 – Mauricio Ochmann, Mexican actor
• 1978 – Kip Bouknight, American baseball player
• 1978 – Gary Naysmith, Scottish footballer
• 1978 – Carolina Parra, Brazilian guitarist and drummer (CSS)
• 1979 – Tony Frias, American footballer
• 1979 – Bruce Irons, American surfer
• 1980 – Kayte Christensen, American basketball player
• 1980 – Nicole Gius, Italian alpine skier
• 1980 – Carol Huynh, Canadian freestyle wrestler
• 1981 – Allison Crowe, Canadian singer, songwriter, pianist and guitarist
• 1981 – Caitlin Glass, American voice actress
• 1981 – Kate Miller-Heidke, Australian singer-songwriter
• 1981 – Osi Umenyiora, English-born American football player
• 1982 – Jannie du Plessis, South African rugby player
• 1982 – Ronald Pognon, French sprinter
• 1982 – Amar'e Stoudemire, American basketball player
• 1983 – Chris Gocong, American football player
• 1983 – K, South Korean-born Japanese singer
• 1983 – Kari Lehtonen, Finnish ice hockey goaltender
• 1983 – Britta Steffen, German swimmer
• 1984 – Kimberly J. Brown, American actress
• 1986 – Saeko, Japanese actress
• 1986 – Maxime Médard, French rugby player
• 1991 – Tomomi Kasai, Japanese actress and singer (AKB48)
• 1995 – Noah Gray-Cabey, American actor

Deaths[link]

• 1093 – Saint Margaret of Scotland, Hungarian-born queen-consort of King Malcolm III of Scotland (b. c. 1045)
• 1240 – Saint Edmund Rich, English Archbishop of Canterbury (b. c. 1175)
• 1272 – King Henry III of England (b. 1207)
• 1328 – Prince Hisaaki, Japanese shogun (b. 1276)
• 1613 – Trajano Boccalini, Italian satirist (b. 1556)
• 1628 – Paolo Quagliati, Italian composer (b. c. 1555)
• 1632 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (b. 1594)
• 1695 – Pierre Nicole, French philosopher (b. 1625)
• 1724 – Jack Sheppard, English burglar (b. 1702)
• 1745 – James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, Irish statesman and soldier (b. 1665)
• 1773 – John Hawkesworth, English writer
• 1779 – Pehr Kalm, Finnish explorer and naturalist (b. 1716)
• 1790 – Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, American Continental Congressman (b. 1723)
• 1797 – King Frederick William II of Prussia (b. 1744)
• 1802 – André Michaux, French botanist (b. 1746)
• 1806 – Moses Cleaveland, American lawyer and surveyor; namesake of Cleveland, Ohio (b. 1754)
• 1836 – Christian Hendrik Persoon, Dutch mycologist (b. 1761)
• 1878 – Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (b. 1874)
• 1884 – František Chvostek, Moravian physician (b. 1835)
• 1885 – Louis Riel, Canadian politician (b. 1844)
• 1907 – Robert I, Duke of Parma (b. 1848)
• 1908 – Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, French-born Canadian politician (b. 1829)
• 1911 – A. A. Ames, American politician (b. 1842)
• 1922 – Max Abraham, German physicist (b. 1875)
• 1939 – Pierce Butler, American lawyer and jurist (b. 1866)
• 1950 – Bob Smith, American physician and temperance activist (b. 1879)
• 1956 – Ōtori Tanigorō, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 24th Yokozuna (b. 1887)
• 1960 – Clark Gable, American actor (b. 1901)
• 1961 – Sam Rayburn, American politician (b. 1882)
• 1971 – Edie Sedgwick, American socialite and heiress (b. 1940)
• 1972 – Vera Karalli, Russian ballerina and actress (b. 1889)
• 1973 – Alan Watts, English writer and philosopher (b. 1915)
• 1974 – Walther Meissner, German technical physicist (b. 1882)
• 1980 – Jayan, Indian actor (b.1938)
• 1982 – Arthur Askey, British comedian (b. 1900)
• 1982 – Lenny Murphy, Northern Irish loyalist figure (b. 1952)
• 1984 – Vic Dickenson, American trombonist (b. 1906)
• 1986 – Siobhán McKenna, Irish stage and screen actress (b. 1923)
• 1987 – Jim Brewer, American baseball player (b. 1937)
• 1987 – Zubir Said, Singaporean composer (b. 1907)
• 1989 – Jean-Claude Malépart, Quebec politician (b. 1938)
• 1993 – Lucia Popp, Slovakian soprano (b. 1939)
• 1993 – Achille Zavatta, Tunisia-born French clown (b. 1915)
• 1994 – Doris Speed, British actress (b. 1899)
• 1994 – Chet Powers, American musician (Quicksilver Messenger Service) (b. 1943)
• 1995 – Jack Finney, American writer (b. 1911)
• 1999 – Daniel Nathans, American microbiologist, Nobel laureate (b. 1928)
• 2000 – Ahmet Kaya, Turkish singer and composer (b. 1957)
• 2000 – DJ Screw, American hiphop DJ (b. 1971)
• 2000 – Joe C., American rapper (b. 1974)
• 2001 – Tommy Flanagan, American jazz pianist (b. 1930)
• 2003 – Bettina Goislard, French relief worker (b. 1974)
• 2004 – Margaret Hassan, Irish aid worker (b. 1945)
• 2005 – Henry Taube, Canadian-born American chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1915)
• 2005 – Robert Tisch, American football team owner (b. 1926)
• 2005 – Donald Watson, English vegan advocate (b. 1910)
• 2006 – Milton Friedman, American economist, Nobel laureate (b. 1912)
• 2006 – Yuri Levada, Russian sociologist (b. 1930)
• 2007 – Harold Alfond, American businessman (b. 1914)
• 2007 – Grethe Kausland, Norwegian actress and singer (b. 1947)
• 2007 – Trond Kirkvaag, Norwegian comedian and author (b. 1946)
• 2008 – Reg Varney, British actor (b. 1916)
• 2009 – Edward Woodward, British actor (b. 1930)
• 2009 – Antonio de Nigris, Mexican footballer (b. 1978)
• 2010 – Wyngard Tracy, Filipino talent manager (b. 1952)
• 2010 – Donald Nyrop, American airline executive (b. 1912)
• 2010 – Ronni Chasen, American film publicist (b. 1946)
• 2010 – Britton Chance, American molecular biologist and yachtsman (b. 1913)

Holidays and observances[link]

• Christian Feast Day:
  • Edmund of Abingdon
  • Eucherius of Lyon
  • Gertrude the Great (Roman Catholic church)
  • Lebuinus
  • Margaret of Scotland
  • Matthew the Evangelist (Eastern Christianity)
  • Saint Othmar
  • November 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

• Day of Declaration of Sovereignty (Estonia)
• Day of Repentance and Prayer or Buß- und Bettag (the Protestant church bodies of Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist) and United. A school holiday in Saxony and Bavaria)
• Icelandic Language Day or Dagur íslenskrar tungu (Iceland)
• International Day for Tolerance (International)

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: November 16

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada

Danny MacAskill

Personal information
Full name	Danny MacAskill
Born	(1985-12-23) 23 December 1985 (age 26) Scotland
Height	1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
Team information
Discipline	Trials
Role	Rider
Rider type	Street Trials

Danny MacAskill, (born 23 December 1985) also known as 'Danny MegaSkill', is a Scottish trials cyclist, from Dunvegan on the Isle of Skye. He works professionally as a street trials pro rider for Inspired Bicycles Ltd.^[1] He released 'April 2009', a five-and-a-half-minute street trials video, filmed by his flatmate Dave Sowerby, on YouTube on the 19th April 2009. The video quickly gained popular acclaim and widespread media attention. The video features stunts performed by MacAskill set to 'The Funeral' by Band of Horses.^[2]

As of April 2009, MacAskill, who was brought up in Dunvegan on the Isle of Skye,^[3] had been practising for more than 12 years. He gave up his job as a mechanic so he could ride full time.^[2] He now lives in Edinburgh.^[4] In June 2009, MacAskill appeared in the music video for Doves' single "Winter Hill".^[5] MacAskill also appeared in a TV-commercial for the new Volkswagen Golf Estate.^[6]

On 16 November 2010 MacAskill released a new video "Way Back Home" produced by Red Bull Media House. The video showcases locations around Scotland including Edinburgh Castle, North Berwick, wartime bunkers on the island of Inchgarvie beneath the Forth Bridge and a hydro-electric power station in the Scottish Highlands.^[7] In May 2011 Leica Cameras released a "Go Play" promo video featuring him doing tricks in the city of Cape Town. In August 9 of 2011 Cut Media released a video named "Industrial Revolutions". The video, set to 'The Wolves' by Ben Howard, features MacAskill doing tricks in an abandoned Scottish iron works. It was created for Channel 4's documentary Concrete Circus.^[8]

On 19 October 2011 MacAskill along with Inspired Bicycles released his signature trials frame, the Inspired Skye, to the public making him a full fledged professional rider.^[9]

In 2012 Danny MacAskill was nominated for the 2012 Adventurer of the Year Award. Danny MacAskill was nominated for changing the way a street trials rider can redefine how we view urban landscapes—and become a global icon in the process. The award is organised by the National Geographic.

Macaskill is currently managed by the German agency Rasoulution.^[10][11]

References[link]

External links[link]

• dannymacaskill.co.uk

Kristen Stewart
Kristen Stewart at the 2012 Wondercon on March 17, 2012
Born	Kristen Jaymes Stewart (1990-04-09) April 9, 1990 (age 22) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1999–present
Signature
Website
kristenstewart.com

Kristen Jaymes Stewart (born April 9, 1990) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Bella Swan in The Twilight Saga. She has starred in other films, including Panic Room (2002), Zathura (2005), In the Land of Women (2007), The Messengers (2007), Adventureland (2009), The Runaways (2010), and Snow White and the Huntsman. She will star in upcoming films in 2012: On the Road and The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2.

Early life[link]

Stewart was born and raised in Los Angeles, California.^[1][2][3] Her father, John Stewart, is a stage manager and television producer who has worked for Fox.^[4] Her mother, Jules Mann-Stewart, is a script supervisor originally from Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia.^[3][5][6][7] She has an older brother, Cameron Stewart, and an adopted brother, Taylor.^[8][9] Stewart attended school until the seventh grade and then continued her education by correspondence.^[3] She has since completed high school.^[10]

Career[link]

Early work[link]

Her whole family all worked behind the camera and Stewart thought she would become a writer/director, but never considered being an actor. "I never wanted to be the center of attention – I wasn't that 'I want to be famous, I want to be an actor' kid. I never sought out acting, but I always practiced my autograph because I love pens. I'd write my name on everything."^[11] Stewart's acting career began at the age of eight, after an agent saw her perform in her elementary school's Christmas play.^[12] After a year of auditioning, Stewart's first role was a small nonspeaking part in the Disney Channel original film The Thirteenth Year.^[4] Then, she had another part in the film The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas as the "ring toss girl".^[4] She subsequently appeared in the independent film The Safety of Objects, in which she played the tomboy daughter of a troubled single mother (Patricia Clarkson). Stewart also played a tomboy in the film Panic Room, playing the diabetic daughter of a divorced mother (Jodie Foster). She was nominated for a Young Artist Award for her performance.^[13]

After Panic Room's success, Stewart was cast in another thriller, Cold Creek Manor, playing the daughter of Dennis Quaid's and Sharon Stone's characters. She was again nominated for a Young Artist Award for her performance.^[13] It was revealed that at about this time in her career, she had to be homeschooled due to her irregular schedule, which was affecting her grades. She said, "I started homeschooling because my teachers were failing me. I think it was just resentment – I made more work for them. But homeschooling is great; you can study what you want, which allows you to get more excited about what you're doing".^[13]

2004–07[link]

Her first starring role followed, in the children's action-comedy Catch That Kid, opposite Max Thieriot and Corbin Bleu. Stewart also played the role of Lila in the thriller Undertow. Stewart starred in the Lifetime/Showtime television film Speak (2004), based on the novel by Laurie Halse Anderson. Stewart, 13 at the time of filming, played high school freshman Melinda Sordino, who stops almost all verbal contact after being raped.

In 2005, Stewart appeared in the fantasy-adventure film Zathura, playing the role of Lisa, the irresponsible older sister of two little boys, who turn their house into a spacecraft hurtling uncontrollably in outer space by playing a board game. The film received praise by critics, but Stewart's performance did not garner much media attention, as it was noted that her character is immobilized during most of the film.^[14] The following year, she played the character Maya in Fierce People, directed by Griffin Dunne. After that film, she received the lead role of Jess Solomon in the supernatural thriller film The Messengers.

In 2007, Stewart appeared as teenager Lucy Hardwicke in In the Land of Women, a romantic drama starring Meg Ryan and Adam Brody. The film, as well as Stewart's performance, received mixed reviews. That same year, Stewart appeared in the Sean Penn-directed adaptation film Into the Wild. For her portrayal of Tracy – a teenage singer who has a crush on young adventurer Christopher McCandless (played by Emile Hirsch) – Stewart received mixed reviews. While Salon.com considered her work a "sturdy, sensitive performance",^[15] and the Chicago Tribune noted that she did "vividly well with a sketch of a role",^[16] Variety's critic Dennis Harvey said, "It's unclear whether Stewart means to be playing hippie-chick Tracy as vapid, or whether it just comes off that way."^[17] After Into the Wild, Stewart had a cameo appearance in Jumper and also appeared in What Just Happened, which was released in October 2008.^[18] She also co-starred in The Cake Eaters an independent film that has only been screened at film festivals.

2008–present[link]

On November 16, 2007, Summit Entertainment announced that Stewart would play Isabella "Bella" Swan in the film Twilight, based on Stephenie Meyer's bestselling vampire romance novel of the same name.^[19] Stewart was on the set of Adventureland when director Catherine Hardwicke visited her for an informal screen test which "captivated" the director.^[20] She starred alongside Robert Pattinson, who plays Edward Cullen, her character's vampire boyfriend. The film began production in February 2008 and finished filming in May 2008. Twilight was released domestically on November 21, 2008.^[21] Her performance garnered mixed reviews with some critcs calling her "the ideal casting choice" and praising her for conveying "Bella's detachment, as well as her need to bust through it"^[22] while others criticized her acting for being "wooden" and lacking variety in her facial expressions which they described as "blank".^[23]

Stewart reappeared as Bella in the sequel, The Twilight Saga: New Moon, once again receiving mixed reviews for her performance. Jordan Mintzer from Variety called Stewart "the heart and soul of the film" and praised her for giving "both weight and depth to dialogue...she makes Bella's psychological wounds seem like the real deal"^[24] Manohla Dargis from The New York Times said Stewart's "lonely-girl blues soon grow wearisome" throughout the film^[25] and Billy Goodykoontz from The Arizona Republic stated "Stewart is a huge disapointment... She sucks the energy right out of the film".^[26] She reprised this role in The Twilight Saga: Eclipse.

Kristen Stewart at the 2010 Academy Awards.

At the 2010 82nd Annual Academy Awards, Stewart and Twilight co-star Taylor Lautner presented a tribute in honour of the horror movie genre.^[27]

In 2009, Stewart starred in The Yellow Handkerchief, which debuted at the Sundance Film Festival and was released into theaters in 2010 by Samuel Goldwyn Films. She also starred alongside James Gandolfini in Welcome to the Rileys, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2010.

In 2010, Stewart portrayed rock star Joan Jett in The Runaways, a biographical film of the titular band of the same name from writer-director Floria Sigismondi.^[28] Stewart met with Jett over the 2008–2009 New Year to prepare for the role and ended up prerecording songs in a studio for the film.^[29] She received praise for her performance as the Metro Times wrote, "It turns out that Stewart is actually really good at capturing Jett's icy, tough-but-cool girl swagger, adding the needed touches of vulnerability that transform it into a pretty terrific performance... Stewart is a genuine rock star here."^[30] Also, A. O. Scott of The New York Times noted "Ms. Stewart, watchful and unassuming, gives the movie its spine and soul."^[31]

She was cast in the role of Mary Lou in an upcoming film adaptation of Jack Kerouac's cult classic novel On the Road. Shooting began in August 2010.^[32]

Stewart was listed as the highest earning female actress in Hollywood in the "2010's Top Hollywood Top Earners List" compiled by Vanity Fair. Throughout 2010, Stewart earned an estimated $28.5 million for all her movie appearances.^[33]

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 was released on November 18, 2011. The film was successful in the box office making $283.5 million its opening weekend. Though the film received negative reviews, Stewart's performance was praised. Gabriel Chong called Stewart's performance "mesmerising" and said that she "makes [Bella's] every emotion keenly felt that runs the gamut from joy, trepidation, anxiety, distress and above all quiet and resolute determination"^[34] and the Village Voice's Dan Konis saying Stewart "beautifully underplays"^[35] the role. However, some critics found Pattinson and Stewart's chemistry lacking and said that the relationship came off like a "charade" onscreen^[36] or that none of the three leads were convincing in their roles.^[37]

In March 2011, it was confirmed that Stewart would be playing Snow White in the film Snow White and the Huntsman.^[38] Filming began on August 15 and the film was released on June 1, 2012.^[39]

On December 6, 2011, Stewart was named number one on Forbes magazine's list of Hollywood's Best Actors for the Buck.^[40]

She was named the new face of an unnamed Balenciaga perfume on January 13, 2012.^[41]

In May 2012, Stewart was cast in the thiller titled Cali, directed by Nick Cassavetes. She will begin shooting the film at the end of this summer.^[42] Stewart plays one half of a troublesome pair of San Fernando Valley lovebirds who decide to sell a fake snuff film and permanently ditch with the cash. Years later, Stewart's character runs into a dilemma when she's compelled to return to Los Angeles to help out the little sister she left behind. After faking her own death, she must explain her dramatic decision to not only her closest family members but to the angry former business partners she left behind.

Personal life[link]

Stewart currently lives in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles. She has expressed a desire to live and work in Australia, saying, "I want to go to Sydney University in Australia. My mom's from there."^[43] Apart from acting, she is also interested in attending college in the near future, saying, "I want to go to college for literature. I want to be a writer. I mean, I love what I do, but it's not all I want to do – be a professional liar for the rest of my life."^[44] In 2008, in an interview with Vanity Fair, Stewart acknowledged that she was in a relationship with Michael Angarano, her co-star from Speak.^[45]

Since meeting on the set of Twilight, Stewart has been romantically linked to co-star Robert Pattinson.^[46] Though they have never explicitly confirmed a relationship, paparazzi photographs and eyewitness accounts have driven intense media and fan speculation and attention, making "Robsten" the subject of wide media coverage.^[47] In an interview with GQ, when asked why she remained reluctant to talk about the relationship despite evidence of it being accessible online, Stewart replied, "Yeah, I know it is...So much of my life is so easily googled. I mean, it's like, come on guys, it's so obvious!"^[47] When asked why she refuses to talk about her life, Stewart replied "I'm selfish. I'm like, 'That's mine!' And I like to keep whatever is mine remaining that way. It's a funny little game to play and it's a slippery slope. I always say to myself I'm never going to give anything away because there's never any point or benefit for me. I guarantee whenever I get married or have a baby, everyone is going to want to know my kid's name and I'm not going to say it for ages."^[47]

Filmography[link]

Awards and nominations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kristen Stewart

• Official website
• Kristen Stewart at the Internet Movie Database

Carly Rae Jepsen
Jepsen performing on Canada Day in 2010
Background information
Born	(1985-11-21) November 21, 1985 (age 26) Mission, British Columbia, Canada
Genres	Pop, pop rock
Occupations	Singer-songwriter
Years active	2007–present
Labels	604 (2008–present) Schoolboy/Interscope (2012–present)
Website	carlyraemusic.com

Carly Rae Jepsen (born November 21, 1985) is a Canadian recording artist and singer-songwriter from Mission, British Columbia. In 2007, she placed third in the fifth season of Canadian Idol, and was a part of the Canadian Idol Top 3 concert tour.^[1]

Shortly after competing on Idol, she signed to Fontana and MapleMusic, and released her debut album, Tug of War, on September 30, 2008. Three years later, she released a new single, entitled "Call Me Maybe", which was released by 604 Records, and was followed by the release of her debut extended play, Curiosity, on February 14, 2012. "Call Me Maybe" was met with much success, reaching the Top 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and reaching the number 1 spot on the Canadian Hot 100. The single also went to number 1 in Australia, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Jepsen signed with Interscope Records in 2012.

Life and career[link]

Jepsen attended Heritage Park Secondary School in Mission, British Columbia and has since performed there post-graduation. She later attended the Canadian College of Performing Arts in Victoria, BC before auditioning for Canadian Idol. After completing the Canadian Idol tour, Jepsen retreated to B.C. to focus on writing, recording and completing her band. Her demos attracted attention and she was eventually signed a joint management deal with Simkin Artist Management and Dexter Entertainment. A deal with Fontana/Maple Music quickly followed, leading Jepsen into the studio with producer/writer Ryan Stewart.^[2]

[edit] 2008–11: Tug of War

On June 16, 2008, Jepsen released her debut single and another single, a cover of John Denver's song "Sunshine On My Shoulders". It is the only cover song on her debut album.^[3] On July 21, 2008, Jepsen added two new songs from the album to her MySpace page: "Bucket" and "Heavy Lifting". In August 2008, Jepsen's MySpace page announced that the album's title would be Tug of War, and it was released on September 30, 2008. The page also mentioned two more songs that were included on the album: "Tug of War" and "Sweet Talker". The former was released as a single on iTunes on September 16, 2008, and has been receiving radio airplay on various stations across Canada. She performed the latter as her Canadian Idol audition.^[4]
A music video for "Tug of War" was released in January 2009. "Bucket", her second single, was released in May 2009, and the video for "Sour Candy", a duet with Josh Ramsay of Marianas Trench who has also help produce some of her songs including Call Me Maybe, has also been released. All of Jepsen's music videos have been directed by Ben Knechtel. In spring 2009, she toured western Canada with Marianas Trench and Shiloh.^[5] She then went on a cross-Canada tour with Marianas Trench, The New Cities and Mission District.

[edit] 2012–present: Curiosity

Jepsen's second album Curiosity was released on February 14, 2012. It was produced by Ryan Stewart and Kevin James Maher produced the track "Dear Julien". On the same day as the release, Justin Bieber made the announcement on the MuchMusic program New Music Live that Jepsen has been signed to Schoolboy Records, the label run by Justin Bieber's manager, Scooter Braun.^[6] The lead single, "Call Me Maybe" (which gained notoriety after "Primetime" Sam Roberts played the track during "After Opie and Anthony Live" on SiriusXM Satellite Radio) is from her second studio album Curiosity was released on September 21, 2011 and was produced by Josh Ramsay of Marianas Trench and co-written by Jepsen, Ramsay and Tavish Crowe. "Call Me Maybe" is the first song by a Canadian artist to reach the top of the digital chart since Justin Bieber's “Baby” in January 2010. It is also only the 11th song by a Canadian artist to reach No. 1 on the Digital Songs chart since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking digital download sales in 2005. The song has also peaked at #1 on Billboard's Canadian Hot 100, being the 4th Canadian artist to do so, after Avril Lavigne's "Girlfriend", Nikki Yanofsky's "I Believe", and the Young Artists for Haiti version of "Wavin' Flag", originally by Canadian rapper K'naan.^[7] Jepsen is currently touring on the Shout it Out World Tour. She is the opening act for the pop-rock trio Hanson. In February 2012, Jepsen visited Justin Bieber and Scooter Braun in Los Angeles, California, where she subsequently signed to Schoolboy Records and Interscope. Her music will still be distributed by 604 Records in Canada. On March 23, 2012, Jepsen made her first American television debut on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, performing "Call Me Maybe" (with Jared Manierka on keys), later joined by Justin Bieber. Carly was also the first Canadian Idol contestant to enter the UK charts, when Call Me Maybe debuted at #1. Carly played at Citywalk at Universal Studios on April 14 2012. 400 people who paid $5 were allowed to meet with the singer and get CDs autographed by her.

Jepsen, 26, has been criticized in the press for dressing "too young" for her age in an effort to appeal to the pre-teen demographic.^[8][9]

On May 20th, 2012 Jepsen performed "Call Me Maybe" at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards. On May 22th, 2012 she performed "Tug of War", "Curiosity", and "Call Me Maybe" at the first Q102 Springle Ball concert.

[edit] Canadian Idol performances

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• Tug of War (2008)

Extended plays[link]

• Curiosity (2012)

Tours[link]

Opening act

• Justin Bieber – Believe Tour (North American dates) (2012)

Filmography[link]

Awards and nominations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Carly Rae Jepsen on Twitter
• Carly Rae Jepsen on Myspace
• "Primetime" Sam Roberts