- go to the top
- About WN
- Contact
- Feedback
- Privacy Policy
- © 2012 World News Inc., all Rights Reserved
Canada's
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
- Analytical Chemistry
- Astrochemistry
- Biochemistry
- CSI - Forensic Science
- Chemical Engineering
- Introduction to Chemistry
- Chromatography
- Color Chemistry
- Cryogenics
- Crystallography
- Electrochemistry
- Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
- Fire & Combustion Chemistry
- Fireworks & Pyrotechnics
- Food & Cooking Chemistry
- Geochemistry & Petrochemistry
- History of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Jewelry Chemistry
- Medical Chemistry & Drugs
- Metals & Alloys
- Nuclear Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry
- Physical Chemistry & Thermochemistry
- Polymer Chemistry
- Spectroscopy & Spectrometry
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- 141st meridian west
- 1976 Summer Olympics
- 1988 Winter Olympics
- 2010 Winter Olympics
- 41st parallel north
- 49th parallel north
- 52nd meridian west
- 60th meridian west
- 84th parallel north
- A Mari Usque Ad Mare
- A. J. Casson
- A. Y. Jackson
- Acadians
- Act of Union 1840
- Aeronautics
- Afghanistan
- Air India Flight 182
- Alaska
- Alberta
- Aluminum
- American Revolution
- Anguilla
- Antigua and Barbuda
- APEC
- Arctic
- Arctic Cordillera
- Arctic Ocean
- Arktika 2007
- Arms of Canada
- Arthur Lismer
- Aruba
- Athabasca oil sands
- Atlantic Canada
- Atlantic Ocean
- Australia
- Bangladesh
- Bank of Canada
- Banking in Canada
- Baptists
- Barack Obama
- Barbados
- Basque people
- Battle of Vimy Ridge
- Beaver
- Beaver Wars
- Belize
- Benjamin West
- Bermuda
- Beverley McLachlin
- Bill Reid
- BioWare
- Black Brant (rocket)
- Black Canadians
- Bloc Québécois
- Bluefish Caves
- Bonaire
- Book Canada
- Botswana
- Brian Mulroney
- British Columbia
- British Empire
- Brunei
- Calgary
- Calixa Lavallée
- Cambridge, Ontario
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Canada (New France)
- Canada 1996 Census
- Canada 2001 Census
- Canada 2006 Census
- Canada 2011 Census
- Canada Act 1982
- Canada Day
- Canada Goose
- Canada Health Act
- Canada Pension Plan
- Canadarm
- Canadarm2
- Canadian Army
- Canadian art
- Canadian Cabinet
- Canadian Corps
- Canadian cuisine
- Canadian dollar
- Canadian English
- Canadian federalism
- Canadian football
- Canadian Forces
- Canadian French
- Canadian heraldry
- Canadian identity
- Canadian literature
- Canadian nationalism
- Canadian people
- Canadian Prairies
- Canadian public debt
- Canadian Red Ensign
- Canadian Rockies
- Canadian Senate
- Canadian Shield
- Canadians
- Canola
- Cape Breton Island
- Category Canada
- Cayman Islands
- CBC News
- Celsius
- Central Canada
- Centre Block
- CFS Alert
- Chinese Canadian
- Chipewyan language
- Christmas Island
- Cinema of Canada
- Clarity Act
- Clipperton Island
- Coast Mountains
- Colombia
- Columbia Mountains
- Common Era
- Common law
- Commonwealth realm
- Confidence vote
- Conscription
- Continental climate
- Cook Islands
- Coral Sea Islands
- Costa Rica
- Coureur des bois
- Cree language
- Cricket
- Crime in Canada
- CTV News
- Cuba
- Cultural mosaic
- Culture of Canada
- Culture of Quebec
- Curaçao
- Curling
- Cyprus
- David Johnston
- Daylight saving time
- Demonym
- Dependent territory
- Dextre
- Dieppe Raid
- Dogrib language
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Dominion
- Dominion Day
- Dominion Lands Act
- Donnacona
- Dutch monarchy
- Economy of Canada
- Edmonton
- Education in Canada
- El Salvador
- Elections in Canada
- Elizabeth II
- Ellesmere Island
- Emily Carr
- English Canadian
- Eugene Forsey
- Euro-Canadian
- Fahrenheit
- Falkland Islands
- Fauna of Canada
- Federalism
- Federation
- Fiji
- First language
- First Nations
- First Nations music
- First World
- Fiscal year
- Flag of Canada
- Flora of Canada
- Foreign debt
- France
- Francis I of France
- Franco-Albertan
- Franco-Manitoban
- Franco-Ontarian
- Francophone
- Francophonie
- Franklin Carmichael
- Frederick Varley
- French Canadian
- French culture
- Fresh water
- Frigate
- G20
- G7
- G8
- Gatineau
- Geography of Canada
- Ghana
- Gibraltar
- Gini coefficient
- Glacial period
- Globalization
- God Save the Queen
- Gold
- Government of Canada
- Great Depression
- Great Lakes
- Great Northern Loon
- Greenland
- Grenada
- Guadeloupe
- Guatemala
- Guernsey
- Gulf War
- Guyana
- Gwich’in language
- Haiti
- Hamilton, Ontario
- Head of government
- Heritage Foundation
- History of Canada
- Honduras
- Horseshoe Falls
- Hudson Bay
- Humphrey Gilbert
- Ice hockey
- Iceland
- India
- Indian Act
- Infectious disease
- Influenza
- Interior Plateau
- Inuinnaqtun
- Inuit
- Inuit language
- Inuksuk
- Inuktitut
- Inuvialuktun
- Invasion of Iraq
- Investment Canada
- Irish Canadian
- Irreligion
- ISIS (satellite)
- Isla Aves
- Islam in Canada
- Isle of Man
- ISO 3166
- ISO 3166-2 CA
- ISO 4217
- Italian Canadians
- J. E. H. MacDonald
- Jack Pine (painting)
- Jacques Cartier
- Jamaica
- James Wolfe
- Jean Chrétien
- Jersey
- John A. Macdonald
- John Cabot
- Judiciary
- Juno Award
- Kenya
- Kevin S. MacLeod
- Kiribati
- Kitchener, Ontario
- Klondike Gold Rush
- Korean War
- L'Anse aux Meadows
- Lacrosse
- Language extinction
- Languages of Canada
- Latin
- Lava
- Law of Canada
- Lawren Harris
- Lead
- League of Nations
- Legislature
- Lesotho
- Lester B. Pearson
- Lez Канада
- List of Canadians
- London, Ontario
- Longitude
- Lower Canada
- Lower house
- Lower Mainland
- Lutherans
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Malta
- Manitoba
- Maple leaf
- Marc Garneau
- Maritimes
- Mark I tank
- Martinique
- Materiel
- Mauritius
- Measles
- Medicare (Canada)
- Meech Lake Accord
- Mexico
- Middle East
- Mixed economy
- Mixed-blood
- Monarchy of Canada
- Montreal
- Montserrat
- Mount Cayley
- Mount Garibaldi
- Mount Meager
- Mozambique
- Multiculturalism
- Music of Canada
- Name of Canada
- Namibia
- NASA
- Nass River
- National Policy
- National sport
- Native American art
- NATO
- Nauru
- Navassa Island
- Nazi Germany
- Netherlands
- New Brunswick
- New Democratic Party
- New France
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Nickel
- Nigeria
- Nisga'a people
- Niue
- Nobel Peace Prize
- Nominal GDP
- Norfolk Island
- Normandy landings
- Norsemen
- North America
- North Pole
- Northern Canada
- Norway
- Nova Scotia
- Numbered Treaties
- Nunavut
- O Canada
- Obesity in Canada
- October Crisis
- OECD
- Offshore drilling
- Ohio River
- Oil reserves
- Ojibwe language
- Oka Crisis
- Old Crow Flats
- Ontario
- Operation Overlord
- Oregon Treaty
- Oshawa
- Ottawa
- Outline of Canada
- Pacific Northwest
- Pacific Ocean
- Pacific Rim
- Pakistan
- Paleo-Indian
- Panama
- Papua New Guinea
- Parliament Hill
- Parliament of Canada
- Parliamentary system
- Parti Québécois
- Patriation
- Peacekeeping
- Permafrost
- Petroleum industry
- Pierre Trudeau
- Pitcairn Islands
- Plurality (voting)
- Politics of Canada
- Portal Canada
- Portal Geography
- Poverty in Canada
- Prairie
- Prince Edward Island
- Protestantism
- Province of Canada
- Puerto Rico
- Punjabi language
- Quebec
- Quebec Act
- Quebec City
- Quebec nationalism
- Queen Victoria
- Quiet Revolution
- Radarsat-1
- Radarsat-2
- Rebellions of 1837
- Recession of 2008
- Red River Rebellion
- Referendum
- Refugee
- Regina, Saskatchewan
- Religion in Canada
- Research In Motion
- Rideau Hall
- RIMPAC
- Robert Borden
- Robotics
- Ross Dependency
- Royal 22e Régiment
- Royal anthem
- Royal Canadian Navy
- Royal prerogative
- Rugby league
- Rupert's Land
- Rwanda
- Saba
- Saint Barthélemy
- Saint Lucia
- Samoa
- Samuel de Champlain
- Saskatchewan
- Saskatoon
- Saudi Arabia
- School shooting
- Scottish Canadian
- Second Boer War
- Senate of Canada
- Seven Years' War
- Seychelles
- Sherbrooke
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Sint Eustatius
- Sint Maarten
- SIPRI
- Skiing
- Slavey language
- Smallpox
- Smartphone
- Smoking in Canada
- Social democracy
- Solomon Islands
- Somalia Affair
- Sounding rocket
- South Africa
- Southern Ontario
- Sovereign state
- Soviet Union
- Space program
- Space Shuttle
- Sports in Canada
- Sri Lanka
- St. Catharines
- St. Lawrence River
- Stadacona
- Statistics Canada
- Stephen Harper
- STS-116
- STS-41-G
- Suez Crisis
- Swaziland
- Taiga
- Tank
- Tanzania
- Tariff
- Taxation in Canada
- The Bahamas
- The Canadas
- The Daily Telegraph
- The Gambia
- The Weather Network
- Theatre of Canada
- Thirteen Colonies
- Thomas Mulcair
- Théodore Robitaille
- Tokelau
- Tom Thomson
- Tommy Douglas
- Tonga
- Toronto
- Totem pole
- Tourism in Canada
- Trade deficit
- Transport in Canada
- Treaty of Utrecht
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tseax Cone
- Tundra
- Tuvalu
- Uganda
- Ukrainian Canadian
- Unemployment
- Unicameralism
- UNITAS
- United Kingdom
- United Nations
- United States
- Upper Canada
- Upper house
- Uranium
- Vancouver
- Vanuatu
- Vep Kanad
- Video games
- Visible minority
- Volcanism of Canada
- War of 1812
- Waterloo, Ontario
- Welfare state
- Western Canada
- Western Front
- Wikipedia Books
- Wikipedia Media help
- Wilfrid Laurier
- Wind chill
- Windsor, Ontario
- Winnipeg
- WTO
- Yue Chinese
- Yugoslavia
- Yukon
- Zambia
- Zinc
-
84th parallel north
http://wn.com/84th_parallel_north -
Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Afghanistan -
Alaska
Alaska () is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698,473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009, Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S.
http://wn.com/Alaska -
Alberta
Alberta is the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. It covers nearly the same land area as the state of Texas, and had a population of 3.7 million in 2009. It became a province on September 1, 1905, on the same day as Saskatchewan.
http://wn.com/Alberta -
Anguilla
Anguilla ( ) is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean, one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles. It consists of the main island of Anguilla itself, approximately long by wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The island's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is , with a population of approximately 13,500 (2006 estimate).
http://wn.com/Anguilla -
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda (; Spanish for "ancient" and "bearded") is a twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major inhabited islands, Antigua and Barbuda, and a number of smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guinea, Long, Maiden and York Islands). Separated by a few sea miles, the group is in the middle of the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17 degrees north of the Equator. Being a former part of the British Empire has strongly influenced the country's governance, language, and culture.
http://wn.com/Antigua_and_Barbuda -
Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest, and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying it as one of the mediterranean seas of the Atlantic Ocean. Alternatively, the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost lobe of the all-encompassing World Ocean.
http://wn.com/Arctic_Ocean -
Aruba
http://wn.com/Aruba -
Atlantic Canada
http://wn.com/Atlantic_Canada -
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Bangladesh
http://wn.com/Bangladesh -
Barbados
Barbados ()or (Bar-bay-dos) is an island nation of the Lesser Antilles, in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic Ocean and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and north-east of Venezuela. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
http://wn.com/Barbados -
Battle of Vimy Ridge
The Battle of Vimy Ridge was a military engagement fought primarily as part of the Battle of Arras, in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France, during the First World War. The main combatants were the Canadian Corps against three divisions of the German Sixth Army. The battle, which took place from 9 April to 12 April 1917, was part of the opening phase of the British-led Battle of Arras, a diversionary attack for the French Nivelle Offensive.
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge -
Belize
Belize () (formerly British Honduras), is a democratic constitutional monarchy, and the northernmost Central American nation. Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages. Although Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official language. Belize is bordered by Mexico to its north, by Guatemala to its south and west, and by the Caribbean Sea to the east.
http://wn.com/Belize -
Bermuda
Bermuda (; officially, the Bermudas or Somers Islands) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Located off the east coast of the United States, its nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, about to the west-northwest. It is about south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and northeast of Miami, Florida. Its capital city is Hamilton but the largest municipality is the town of Saint George's.
http://wn.com/Bermuda -
Bonaire
http://wn.com/Bonaire -
Botswana
The Republic of Botswana () is a sub Saharan country located in Southern Africa. The citizens are referred to as "Batswana" (singular: Motswana). Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. It has held free and fair democratic elections since independence.
http://wn.com/Botswana -
British Columbia
British Columbia (B.C.) (, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
http://wn.com/British_Columbia -
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13 million square miles (34 million km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
http://wn.com/British_Empire -
Brunei
http://wn.com/Brunei -
Calgary
Calgary () is the largest city in the Province of Alberta, Canada. It is located in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, approximately east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies. The city is located in the Grassland region of Alberta.
http://wn.com/Calgary -
Cameroon
http://wn.com/Cameroon -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Cape Breton Island
http://wn.com/Cape_Breton_Island -
Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands ( or ) is a British Overseas Territory located in the western Caribbean Sea. The territory comprises the islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman, located south of Cuba and northwest of Jamaica. It is considered a part of the geographic Western Caribbean Zone. The territory is a major offshore financial centre in the Caribbean.
http://wn.com/Cayman_Islands -
Central Canada
Central Canada (sometimes the Central provinces) is a region consisting of Canada's two largest and most populous provinces: Ontario and Quebec. Due to their high populations, Ontario and Quebec have traditionally held a significant amount of political power in Canada, leading to some amount of resentment from other regions of the country. Before Confederation, the term 'Canada' specifically referred to Central Canada. Today, the term "Central Canada" is less often used than the names of the individual provinces.
http://wn.com/Central_Canada -
CFS Alert
Canadian Forces Station Alert, also CFS Alert, is a Canadian Forces signals intelligence intercept facility located in Alert, Nunavut on the northeastern tip of Ellesmere Island, at .
http://wn.com/CFS_Alert -
Christmas Island
The Territory of Christmas Island is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. It is located northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, and ENE of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
http://wn.com/Christmas_Island -
Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
http://wn.com/Colombia -
Cook Islands
http://wn.com/Cook_Islands -
Coral Sea Islands
The Coral Sea Islands Territory includes a group of small and mostly uninhabited tropical islands and reefs in the Coral Sea, northeast of Queensland, Australia. The only inhabited island is Willis Island. The territory covers 780,000 km2, extending east and south from the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef, and including Heralds Beacon Island, Osprey Reef, the Willis Group, and fifteen other reef/island groups.
http://wn.com/Coral_Sea_Islands -
Costa Rica
:For the plant genus Costarica, see its synonym Sicyos.
http://wn.com/Costa_Rica -
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
http://wn.com/Cuba -
Curaçao
http://wn.com/Curaçao -
Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus -
Dominica
Dominica, ( ) officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. To the north-northwest lies Guadeloupe, to the southeast Martinique. Its size is and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of . The Commonwealth of Dominica has an estimated population of 72,500. The capital is Roseau.
http://wn.com/Dominica -
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
http://wn.com/Dominican_Republic -
Edmonton
Edmonton () is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. The city is located on the North Saskatchewan River in the central region of the province, an area with some of the most fertile farmland on the prairies. It is the second largest city in Alberta after Calgary, and is the hub of Canada's sixth-largest census metropolitan area.
http://wn.com/Edmonton -
El Salvador
El Salvador (; , literally meaning "Republic of The Savior") is the smallest and also the most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaragua further south.
http://wn.com/El_Salvador -
Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (; ) are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located approximately from the coast of mainland South America. The archipelago, consisting of East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 lesser islands, is a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. The capital, Stanley, is on East Falkland.
http://wn.com/Falkland_Islands -
Fiji
Fiji (; ), officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (; ), is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 2000 km northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its more immediate neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, France's New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north. Fiji has had inhabitants since the second millennium B.C. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji.Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century. Because of the abundance of forest, mineral, and fish resources, Fiji is one of the most developed economies in the Pacific island realm. Today, the main sources of foreign exchange are its tourist industry and sugar exports. The country's currency is the Fijian dollar.
http://wn.com/Fiji -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Francophonie
http://wn.com/Francophonie -
Gatineau
Gatineau ( census population 242,124) is a city in western Quebec, Canada, the fourth largest by population in the province (after Montreal, Quebec City and Laval). It is paired with Ottawa, the capital of Canada. It is situated on the northern bank of the Ottawa River, immediately across from Ottawa, Ontario, and is located within Canada's National Capital Region. Ottawa and Gatineau comprise a single Census Metropolitan Area.
http://wn.com/Gatineau -
Ghana
http://wn.com/Ghana -
Gibraltar
Gibraltar () is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean, overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar. The territory itself is a peninsula of whose isthmus connects to the north with Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the area and gives its name to the densely populated town, home to almost 30,000 Gibraltarians.
http://wn.com/Gibraltar -
Great Lakes
http://wn.com/Great_Lakes -
Greenland
Greenland ( meaning "Land of the Kalaallit people"; ) is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Physiographically, it is a part of the continent of North America. The largest island in Greenland is also named Greenland, and makes up most of the country's land area.
http://wn.com/Greenland -
Grenada
Grenada () is an island country and Commonwealth Realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
http://wn.com/Grenada -
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe (; ; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is an archipelago located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is the first overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. As with the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic since 2007.
http://wn.com/Guadeloupe -
Guatemala
http://wn.com/Guatemala -
Guernsey
The Bailiwick of Guernsey ( ; , ) is a British Crown Dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy.
http://wn.com/Guernsey -
Guyana
Guyana ( ), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is a state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana has been a former colony of the British, Dutch and for a brief period, the French. It is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America, and is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which has its secretariat headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966 and became a Republic on 23 February 1970.
http://wn.com/Guyana -
Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
http://wn.com/Haiti -
Hamilton, Ontario
:For Hamilton Township in Northumberland County, see Hamilton, Ontario (township)
http://wn.com/Hamilton_Ontario -
Honduras
Honduras (, , ) is a republic in Central America. It was formerly known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras (now Belize). The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
http://wn.com/Honduras -
Horseshoe Falls
The Horseshoe Falls, also known as the Canadian Falls, is a waterfall on the Niagara River. Two-thirds of the falls is located in Ontario, Canada and one-third in New York State, United States of America according to the US Geological Survey. It is located between Terrapin Point on Goat Island in New York State, and Table Rock on the Ontario side of the falls.
http://wn.com/Horseshoe_Falls -
Iceland
:
http://wn.com/Iceland -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Interior Plateau
The Interior Plateau comprises a large region of central British Columbia, and lies between the Cariboo and Monashee Mountains on the east, and the Hazelton Mountains, Coast Mountains and Cascade Range on the west. The continuation of the plateau into the United States is known there as the Columbia Plateau. The Interior Plateau is not part of the Interior Mountains, a huge area that constitutes most of the northern two thirds of the Canadian province of British Columbia between the Coast Mountains, Rocky Mountains and the various small ranges on the inland lea of the Coast Mountains between the Bulkley Ranges and the Bella Coola River. Physiographically, the Interior Plateau is a section of the larger Northern Plateaus province, which in turn is part of the Intermontane Plateaus physiographic division.
http://wn.com/Interior_Plateau -
Isle of Man
The Isle of Man (; , ), otherwise known simply as Mann (, ), is a self-governing British Crown Dependency, located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, within the British Isles. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The island is not part of the United Kingdom, but its foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the UK Government. Although it does not usually interfere in the island's domestic matters, its "good government" is the ultimate responsibility of the Crown (i.e., in practice, the Government of the United Kingdom).
http://wn.com/Isle_of_Man -
Jamaica
http://wn.com/Jamaica -
Jersey
http://wn.com/Jersey -
Kenya
The Republic of Kenya (pronounced ) is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean to its southeast and at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria is to the southwest and is shared between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's area is 580,000 km2 with a population of nearly 39 million which is diverse: more than 40 different ethnic groups are present. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks.
http://wn.com/Kenya -
Kiribati
Kiribati ( ; ), officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an island nation located in the central tropical Pacific Ocean. It is composed of 32 atolls and one raised coral island, dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometres, (1,351,000 square miles) straddling the equator, and bordering the International Date Line at its easternmost point.
http://wn.com/Kiribati -
Kitchener, Ontario
The City of Kitchener () is a city in Southern Ontario, Canada. It was the Town of Berlin from 1854 until 1912 and the City of Berlin from 1912 until 1916. The city had a population of 204,668 in the Canada 2006 Census. The metropolitan area, which includes the neighbouring cities of Waterloo and Cambridge, has 451,235 people, making it the eleventh largest Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) in Canada and the fifth largest CMA in Ontario. It is the seat of the Waterloo Regional Municipality, and is adjacent to the smaller cities of Cambridge to the south, and Waterloo to the north. Kitchener and Waterloo are often referred to jointly as "Kitchener-Waterloo" (K-W), although they have separate municipal governments. Including Cambridge, the three cities are known as "the tri-cities".
http://wn.com/Kitchener_Ontario -
Lesotho
http://wn.com/Lesotho -
London, Ontario
http://wn.com/London_Ontario -
Lower Mainland
The Lower Mainland is a name commonly applied to the region surrounding Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. As of 2007, 2,524,113 people live in the region; sixteen of the province's thirty most populous municipalities are located there.
http://wn.com/Lower_Mainland -
Malawi
The Republic of Malawi (; Chichewa ) is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size is over with an estimated population of more than 13,900,000. Its capital is Lilongwe, the second largest city is Blantyre and the third large city is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area.
http://wn.com/Malawi -
Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
http://wn.com/Malaysia -
Maldives
http://wn.com/Maldives -
Malta
Malta , officially the Republic of Malta (), is a southern European country and consists of an archipelago situated centrally in the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km east of Tunisia, with the Strait of Gibraltar 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria 1,510 km to the east.
http://wn.com/Malta -
Manitoba
Manitoba is a Canadian prairie province with an area of . The province has over 110,000 lakes and has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other major industries are transportation, manufacturing, mining, forestry, energy, and tourism.
http://wn.com/Manitoba -
Maritimes
The Maritime provinces, also called the Maritimes or the Canadian Maritimes, is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of three provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
http://wn.com/Maritimes -
Martinique
Martinique () is an island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of . Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The Island was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1502.
http://wn.com/Martinique -
Mauritius
http://wn.com/Mauritius -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Montreal
http://wn.com/Montreal -
Montserrat
Montserrat () is a British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. It measures approximately 16 km (10 miles) long and 11 km (7 miles) wide, giving of coastline. Christopher Columbus gave Montserrat its name on his second voyage to the New World in 1493, after Montserrat mountain located in Catalonia. Montserrat is nicknamed the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean, both for its resemblance to coastal Ireland and for the Irish descent of its inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Montserrat -
Mozambique
http://wn.com/Mozambique -
Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (, ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990 following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.
http://wn.com/Namibia -
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
http://wn.com/NASA -
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( ; ), also called the "(North) Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
http://wn.com/NATO -
Nauru
Nauru ( ), officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island nation in Micronesia in the South Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 km to the east. Nauru is the world's smallest island nation, covering just .
http://wn.com/Nauru -
Nazi Germany
http://wn.com/Nazi_Germany -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
New Brunswick
New Brunswick (; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally bilingual province (English and French) in the federation. The provincial capital is Fredericton, while Saint John is the most populous city. Statistics Canada estimates the provincial population in 2009 to be 750,457; a majority are English-speaking, but there is also a large Francophone minority (33%), chiefly of Acadian origin.
http://wn.com/New_Brunswick -
New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand -
Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
http://wn.com/Nicaragua -
Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
http://wn.com/Nigeria -
Niue
http://wn.com/Niue -
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
http://wn.com/Nobel_Peace_Prize -
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island (Norfuk: Norfuk Ailen ) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia, but it enjoys a large degree of self-governance. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories.
http://wn.com/Norfolk_Island -
North Pole
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is, subject to the caveats explained below, defined as the point in the northern hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets the Earth's surface. It should not be confused with the North Magnetic Pole.
http://wn.com/North_Pole -
Northern Canada
Northern Canada, colloquially the North, is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics. Politically, the term refers to the three territories of Canada: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Similarly, the Far North (when contrasted to the North) may refer to the Canadian Arctic: the portion of Canada north of the Arctic Circle.
http://wn.com/Northern_Canada -
Norway
http://wn.com/Norway -
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia (pronounced ; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of . As of 2009, the population is 940,397, which makes Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province.
http://wn.com/Nova_Scotia -
Nunavut
http://wn.com/Nunavut -
Ontario
Ontario is a Province of Canada located in the east-central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area, (Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are larger in area, but they are not provinces.) The province's largest metropolitan area and Canada's most populous city, Toronto, is the capital city of Ontario. The national capital of Canada, Ottawa, is located in Ontario as well.
http://wn.com/Ontario -
Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord was the code name for the operation that launched the invasion of German-occupied western Europe during World War II by Allied forces. The operation commenced on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings (commonly known as D-Day). A 12,000-plane airborne assault preceded an amphibious assault involving almost 7,000 vessels. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June; more than 3 million troops were in France by the end of August.
http://wn.com/Operation_Overlord -
Ottawa
Ottawa ( or ) is the capital of Canada, a municipality and the second largest city within the province of Ontario. Located in the Ottawa Valley, in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario, the city lies on the Ottawa River, a major waterway forming the local boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
http://wn.com/Ottawa -
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
http://wn.com/Pacific_Ocean -
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Panama
Panama (), officially the Republic of Panama (; ), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City.
http://wn.com/Panama -
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea ( , also or ; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) (PNG), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.
http://wn.com/Papua_New_Guinea -
Parliament of Canada
http://wn.com/Parliament_of_Canada -
Pitcairn Islands
http://wn.com/Pitcairn_Islands -
Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island (PEI or P.E.I.; , Scottish Gaelic: ''Eilean a' Phrionnsa'') is a Canadian province consisting of an island of the same name, as well as other islands. The maritime province is the smallest in the nation in both land area and population (excluding the territories). The island has a few other names: "Garden of the Gulf" referring to the pastoral scenery and lush agricultural lands throughout the province; and "Birthplace of Confederation", referring to the Charlottetown Conference in 1864, although PEI did not join the confederation itself until 1873 when it became the seventh Canadian province.
http://wn.com/Prince_Edward_Island -
Puerto Rico
http://wn.com/Puerto_Rico -
Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
http://wn.com/Quebec -
Quebec City
http://wn.com/Quebec_City -
Regina, Saskatchewan
Regina ( - "ridge-eye-na") is the capital of Saskatchewan, Canada. The city is the second largest in the province (after Saskatoon), and is a cultural and commercial metropole for southern Saskatchewan. Its summer agricultural exhibition was originally established in 1884 as the Assiniboia Agricultural Association and since the mid-1960s has been styled "Buffalo Days". It is governed by Regina City Council. Regina is the cathedral city of the Roman Catholic and Romanian Orthodox Dioceses of Regina and the Anglican Diocese of Qu'Appelle. Citizens of Regina are referred to as Reginans. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Sherwood No. 159.
http://wn.com/Regina_Saskatchewan -
Rupert's Land
'''Rupert's Land''', also sometimes called "Prince Rupert's Land", was a territory in British North America, consisting of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, that was nominally owned by the Hudson's Bay Company for 200 years from 1670 to 1870, although numerous aboriginal groups lived in the same territory and disputed the sovereignty of the area. The area once known as Rupert's Land is now mainly a part of Canada, but a small portion is now in the United States of America. It was named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine, a nephew of Charles I and the first Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company.
http://wn.com/Rupert's_Land -
Rwanda
The Republic of Rwanda (, , or in English, or in Kinyarwanda) is a unitary republic of central and eastern Africa. It borders Uganda to the north; Tanzania to the east; Burundi to the south; and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Rwanda is landlocked but is noted for its lakes, particularly Lake Kivu, which occupies the floor of the Rift Valley along most of the country's western border. Although close to the equator, the country has a temperate climate due to its high elevation, with the highest point being Mount Karisimbi. The terrain consists of mountains and gently rolling hills, with plains and swamps in the east. Abundant wildlife, including rare mountain gorillas, have led to a fast-growing tourism sector. The largest cities in Rwanda are Kigali, Gitarama, and Butare. Unlike many African countries, Rwanda is home to only one significant ethnic and linguistic group, the Banyarwanda. The country is well known for its native styles of dance, particularly the Intore dance, and for its drummers. Kinyarwanda, English and French are the official languages.
http://wn.com/Rwanda -
Saba
Saba () is a Caribbean island and the smallest special municipality of the Netherlands, located at . It consists largely of the potentially active volcano Mount Scenery (877 m), the highest point of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Netherlands proper.
http://wn.com/Saba -
Saint Barthélemy
http://wn.com/Saint_Barthélemy -
Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia (; ) is an island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 620 km2 (238 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 160,000. Its capital is Castries. The island nation has been the home of two Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis and Derek Walcott. It is the nation with the second most such honorees per capita after Faroe Islands.
http://wn.com/Saint_Lucia -
Samoa
Samoa , officially the Independent State of Samoa, formerly known as Western Samoa and German Samoa, is a country governing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. The two main islands of Samoa are Upolu and one of the biggest islands in Polynesia, Savai'i. The capital city Apia and Faleolo International Airport are situated on the island of Upolu.
http://wn.com/Samoa -
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of . Saskatchewan is bounded on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the American states of Montana and North Dakota.
http://wn.com/Saskatchewan -
Saudi Arabia
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia -
Seychelles
Seychelles ( ; French: ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
http://wn.com/Seychelles -
Sherbrooke
http://wn.com/Sherbrooke -
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone () (Krio: Sa Lone), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the north and east, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and southwest. Sierra Leone covers a total area of and has a population estimated at 6.5 million. It is a former British Colony and now a constitutional republic comprising three provinces and the Western Area; which are further divided into fourteen districts.
http://wn.com/Sierra_Leone -
Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore -
Sint Eustatius
Sint Eustatius ( ), also known affectionately to the locals as Statia () or Statius, is a Caribbean island and a special municipality of the Netherlands. It lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands and immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis and to the southeast of Saba, at . The island is named after the legendary Christian martyr Saint Eustace. The regional capital is Oranjestad.
http://wn.com/Sint_Eustatius -
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands ) is a sovereign state in Oceania, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands. It covers a land mass of 28,400 square kilometres (10,965 sq mi). The capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The nation of the Solomon Islands is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
http://wn.com/Solomon_Islands -
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
http://wn.com/South_Africa -
Southern Ontario
Southern Ontario is a region of the province of Ontario, Canada that lies south of the French River and Algonquin Park. Depending on the inclusion of the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts, its surface area would cover between 14 to 15% of the province. It is the southernmost region of Canada, and contains the only place in the nation where one can travel north to the United States. At Windsor, Ontario if one travels north they will reach Detroit, Michigan.
http://wn.com/Southern_Ontario -
Soviet Union
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
http://wn.com/Sri_Lanka -
St. Catharines
St. Catharines (2006 population 131,989; metropolitan population 390,317) is the largest city in Canada's Niagara Region and the sixth largest urban area in Ontario, Canada, with 97.11 square kilometres (37.5 sq mi) of land. It lies in Southern Ontario 51 kilometres (32 mi) south of Toronto across Lake Ontario and is 19 kilometres (12 mi) inland from the international boundary with the United States of America along the Niagara River. It is the northern entrance of the Welland Canal. Residents of St. Catharines are known as St. Catharinians.
http://wn.com/St_Catharines -
Stadacona
Stadacona was a 16th century St. Lawrence Iroquoian village near present-day Quebec City.
http://wn.com/Stadacona -
Swaziland
The Kingdom of Swaziland (Umbuso weSwatini), sometimes called Ngwane or Swatini, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique. The nation, as well as its people, are named after the 19th century king Mswati II.
http://wn.com/Swaziland -
Tanzania
The United Republic of Tanzania (; phonetical: tan-zann-ei-a; or sometimes tan-zanneia; ) is a country in central East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.
http://wn.com/Tanzania -
The Bahamas
The Bahamas (), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 islets (rocks). It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its total land area is ; slightly larger than the US states of Connecticut and Rhode Island combined), with an estimated population of 330,000. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands, the designation of the Bahamas refers normally to the commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
http://wn.com/The_Bahamas -
The Gambia
The Republic of the Gambia, commonly known as the Gambia, or Gambia, is a country in Western Africa. The Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, bordered to the north, east, and south by Senegal, with a small coast on the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
http://wn.com/The_Gambia -
Tokelau
Tokelau () is a territory of New Zealand that consists of three tropical coral atolls with a combined land area of 10 km2 and a population of approximately 1,400 in the South Pacific Ocean. The atolls lie north of the Samoan Islands, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands (both islands groups belonging to Kiribati) and northwest of the Cook Islands.
http://wn.com/Tokelau -
Tonga
http://wn.com/Tonga -
Toronto
http://wn.com/Toronto -
Trinidad and Tobago
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago () is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American country of Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boundaries with other nations including Barbados to the northeast, Guyana to the southeast, and Venezuela to the south and west.
http://wn.com/Trinidad_and_Tobago -
Tuvalu
Tuvalu ( or ), formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. Its nearest neighbours are Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa and Fiji. It comprises four reef islands and five true atolls. Its population of 12,373 makes it the second-least populous sovereign state in the world, with only Vatican City having fewer inhabitants. In terms of physical land size, at just Tuvalu is the fourth smallest country in the world, larger only than the Vatican City at , Monaco at and Nauru at .
http://wn.com/Tuvalu -
Uganda
The Republic of Uganda ( or ) is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania.
http://wn.com/Uganda -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Vancouver
Vancouver () is a coastal city located in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It is named for British Captain George Vancouver, who explored the area in the 1790s. The name Vancouver itself originates from the Dutch "van Coevorden", denoting somebody from Coevorden, a city in the Netherlands.
http://wn.com/Vancouver -
Vanuatu
Vanuatu ( or ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (, Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is some east of northern Australia, northeast of New Caledonia, west of Fiji, and southeast of the Solomon Islands, near New Guinea.
http://wn.com/Vanuatu -
Waterloo, Ontario
Waterloo is a city in Southern Ontario, Canada. It is the smallest of the three cities in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, and is adjacent to the larger city of Kitchener.
http://wn.com/Waterloo_Ontario -
Windsor, Ontario
http://wn.com/Windsor_Ontario -
Winnipeg
Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada, and is the primary municipality of the Winnipeg Capital Region, with more than sixty percent of Manitoba's population. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers (a point now commonly known as The Forks).
http://wn.com/Winnipeg -
Yugoslavia
http://wn.com/Yugoslavia -
Yukon
http://wn.com/Yukon -
Zambia
The Republic of Zambia () is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of the country. The population is concentrated mainly around the Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt to the northwest.
http://wn.com/Zambia
-
A. Y. Jackson
http://wn.com/A_Y_Jackson -
Acadians
http://wn.com/Acadians -
Arthur Lismer
Arthur Lismer, CC (27 June 1885 – 23 March 1969) was an English-born Canadian painter and member of the Group of Seven.
http://wn.com/Arthur_Lismer -
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
http://wn.com/Barack_Obama -
Basque people
The Basques (, , ) as an ethnic group primarily inhabit an area traditionally known as the Basque Country (), a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-eastern Spain and south-western France.
http://wn.com/Basque_people -
Beaver Wars
The Beaver Wars, also called the Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars, commonly refer to a series of conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern North America. Encouraged and armed by their Dutch and English trading partners, the Iroquois sought to expand their territory and monopolize the fur trade and the trade between European markets and the tribes of the western Great Lakes region. The conflict pitted the nations of the Iroquois Confederation, led by the dominant Mohawk, against the French-backed and largely Algonquian-speaking tribes of the Great Lakes region.
http://wn.com/Beaver_Wars -
Benjamin West
http://wn.com/Benjamin_West -
Beverley McLachlin
Beverley McLachlin, PC (born September 7, 1943) is the Chief Justice of Canada, the first woman to hold this position. She also serves as a Deputy of the Governor General of Canada.
http://wn.com/Beverley_McLachlin -
Bill Reid
William (Bill) Ronald Reid, OBC (born Victoria, BC, 12 January 1920; died Vancouver, BC, 13 March 1998) was a Canadian artist whose works included jewelry, sculpture, screen-printing, and painting. He was born to an American father of Scottish-German descent and a mother from the Haida (one of the First Nations of the Pacific coast) in Victoria, British Columbia. He developed a keen interest in Haida art while working as a radio announcer in Toronto, where he also studied jewelry making, having first learnt about his heritage from his maternal grandfather, who had himself been trained by Charles Edenshaw, a Haida artist of great renown.
http://wn.com/Bill_Reid -
Black Canadians
'''
http://wn.com/Black_Canadians -
Brian Mulroney
Martin Brian Mulroney, PC, CC, GOQ (; born March 20, 1939) was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of highly contentious economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax, and the failure of equally contentious constitutional reforms through the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords. Prior to his political career, he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal.
http://wn.com/Brian_Mulroney -
Calixa Lavallée
http://wn.com/Calixa_Lavallée -
Canadians
Canadians are citizens of Canada. Canada is a multiethnic society, home to people of many different ethnic and national backgrounds. Aside from the indigenous Aboriginal peoples, who according to the 2006 Canadian Census enumerated 1,172,790, 3.8% of the country's total population, nearly all Canadians or their ancestors immigrated to Canada within the past five centuries, and the overwhelming majority arrived in the 20th century.
http://wn.com/Canadians -
Chinese Canadian
Chinese Canadians (also known as Canasians) are Canadians of Chinese descent and constitute the second-largest visible minority group in Canada, standing at 1,346,510 which comprises 3.9% of the population in 2006. Out of those 1,346,510 people, 211,145 people were of Chinese and one other ethnic origin.
http://wn.com/Chinese_Canadian -
Coureur des bois
A coureur des bois (, runner of the woods) was a French woodsman, who travelled to the interior of Canada to engaged in the fur trade with the natives without permission from the French authorities. The Coureurs de Bois was an adventurer, expert canoeist, and skilled businessmen. The coureurs de bois, mostly of French descent, operated during the late 17th century and early 18th century in eastern North America, particularly in New France. Later, a limited number of permits were issued to coureurs des bois who became known as voyageurs.
http://wn.com/Coureur_des_bois -
Donnacona
http://wn.com/Donnacona -
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is the reigning queen and head of state of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In addition, as Head of the Commonwealth, she is the figurehead of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations and, as the British monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
http://wn.com/Elizabeth_II -
Emily Carr
http://wn.com/Emily_Carr -
First Nations
http://wn.com/First_Nations -
Francis I of France
http://wn.com/Francis_I_of_France -
Franco-Albertan
The Franco-Albertans are an extended community of French Canadians or French-speaking people living in Alberta. They are centred in the Bonnie Doon area of Edmonton, and there are tens of thousands of Franco-Albertans living in communities such as Legal north of Edmonton, Bonnyville, Plamondon, and St. Paul in the northeastern part of the province, northwest areas such as the hamlet of St. Isidore, Municipal District of Smoky River No. 130-including the towns of Falher, Donnelly, McLennan and Girouxville and north central Alberta. Immigration from Quebec to Alberta in the 1970s and again in the 21st century has also increased the francophone population of the province, especially in the cities of Calgary, Edmonton and Fort McMurray.
http://wn.com/Franco-Albertan -
Franco-Manitoban
http://wn.com/Franco-Manitoban -
Franco-Ontarian
Franco-Ontarians ( or Franco-Ontariennes if female) are French Canadian or francophone residents of the Canadian province of Ontario. They are sometimes known as "Ontarois".
http://wn.com/Franco-Ontarian -
Franklin Carmichael
Franklin Carmichael (May 4, 1890 – October 24, 1945) was a Canadian artist. He was the youngest original member of the Group of Seven.
http://wn.com/Franklin_Carmichael -
Frederick Varley
http://wn.com/Frederick_Varley -
French Canadian
http://wn.com/French_Canadian -
Humphrey Gilbert
Sir Humphrey Gilbert (c. 1539 – 9 September 1583)
http://wn.com/Humphrey_Gilbert -
Inuit
The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada (Northwest Territories, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), Russia (Siberia) and the United States (Alaska). The Inuit language is grouped under Eskimo-Aleut languages. An Inuk is an Inuit person.
http://wn.com/Inuit -
Irish Canadian
Irish Canadians are immigrants and descendants of immigrants who originated in Ireland. 1.2 million Irish immigrants arrived, 1825 to 1970, at least half of those in the period from 1831-1850. By 1867, they were the second largest ethnic group (after the French), and comprised 24% of Canada's population. Not all Irish immigrants were Catholic, and increasingly more Catholic Irish after 1850 usually headed to the U.S., England, Australia and Scotland. By 1931 there were 1,230,000 Canadians of Irish descent, half of whom lived in Ontario.
http://wn.com/Irish_Canadian -
Jacques Cartier
http://wn.com/Jacques_Cartier -
Jean Chrétien
http://wn.com/Jean_Chrétien -
John A. Macdonald
Sir John Alexander Macdonald, GCB, KCMG, PC, PC (Can), (11 January 18156 June 1891) was the first Prime Minister of Canada and the dominant figure of Canadian Confederation. Macdonald's tenure in office spanned 18 years, making him the second longest serving Prime Minister of Canada. He is the only Canadian Prime Minister to win six majority governments. He was the major proponent of a national railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, completed in 1885, linking Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. He won praise for having helped forge a nation of sprawling geographic size, with two diverse European colonial origins, numerous Aboriginal nations, and a multiplicity of cultural backgrounds and political views.
http://wn.com/John_A_Macdonald -
John Cabot
http://wn.com/John_Cabot -
Kevin S. MacLeod
http://wn.com/Kevin_S_MacLeod -
Korean War
http://wn.com/Korean_War -
Lawren Harris
:This article is about the Canadian artist. For the American painter (born 1937) see "Lawrence Harris".
http://wn.com/Lawren_Harris -
Lester B. Pearson
http://wn.com/Lester_B_Pearson -
List of Canadians
This is a list of Canadians, people born in Canada, or who became citizens of Canada, grouped by their area of notability.
http://wn.com/List_of_Canadians -
Norsemen
Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who speak one of the North Germanic languages as their native language. ("Norse", in particular, refers to the Old Norse language belonging to the North Germanic branch of Indo-European languages, especially Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese, Swedish and Danish in their earlier forms.)
http://wn.com/Norsemen -
Pierre Trudeau
http://wn.com/Pierre_Trudeau -
Queen Victoria
http://wn.com/Queen_Victoria -
Robert Borden
:Not to be confused with his cousin Frederick Borden, Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence from 1896 to 1911.
http://wn.com/Robert_Borden -
Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain (ca. 1567 or 1580 – December 25, 1635) ( ), "The Father of New France", was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat and chronicler, who founded Quebec City on July 3, 1608.
http://wn.com/Samuel_de_Champlain -
Scottish Canadian
Scottish Canadians are people of Scottish descent or heritage living in Canada. As the third-largest ethnic group in Canada and among the first to settle in Canada, Scottish people have made a large impact on Canadian culture since colonial times. According to the 2001 Census of Canada, the number of Canadians claiming full or partial Scottish descent is 4,719,850 [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo;=PR&Code;=01&Table;=2&Data;=Count&StartRec;=1&Sort;=3&Display;=All&CSDFilter;=5000], or 15.10% of the nation's total population, however this is said to be a major underestimation.
http://wn.com/Scottish_Canadian -
Second Boer War
The Second Boer War (, Afrikaans:Tweede Vryheidsoorlog or Tweede Boereoorlog), was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902. The Second Boer War was fought between the British Empire and the Dutch-speaking Boer inhabitants of the two independent Boer republics: the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State. It ended with the annexation of the region under the British Empire, ultimately forming the Union of South Africa as part of the Commonwealth. The conflict is commonly referred to as The Boer War but is also known as the South African War outside South Africa, the Anglo-Boer War among most South Africans, and in Afrikaans as the Anglo-Boereoorlog or Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second War of Liberation") or the Engelse oorlog (English War).
http://wn.com/Second_Boer_War -
Stephen Harper
Stephen Joseph Harper, PC, MP (born April 30, 1959) is the 22nd and current Prime Minister of Canada, and leader of the Conservative Party. Harper became Prime Minister after his party won a minority government in the 2006 federal election. He is the first Prime Minister from the newly reconstituted Conservative Party, following a merger of the Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance parties.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Harper -
Thomas Mulcair
Thomas J. Mulcair (born October 24, 1954, Ottawa, Ontario) is the Member of Parliament for Outremont, Quebec, Canada. He was the Member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Chomedey in Laval from 1994 to 2007. He served as the Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks from 2003 until 2006. Elected MP for Outremont in a by-election in 2007, he was named Deputy Leader of the New Democratic Party, jointly with Libby Davies.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Mulcair -
Théodore Robitaille
http://wn.com/Théodore_Robitaille -
Tom Thomson
Thomas John Thomson (August 5, 1877 – July 8, 1917), also known as Tom Thomson, was an influential Canadian artist of the early 20th century. He directly influenced a group of Canadian painters that would come to be known as the Group of Seven, and though he died before they formally formed, he is sometimes incorrectly credited as being a member of the group itself. Thomson died under mysterious circumstances, which added to his mystique.
http://wn.com/Tom_Thomson -
Tommy Douglas
http://wn.com/Tommy_Douglas -
Ukrainian Canadian
A Ukrainian Canadian (, translit. Ukrayintsi Kanady) is a person of Ukrainian descent or origin who was born in or immigrated to Canada. In 2006, there were an estimated 1,209,085 persons residing in Canada (mainly Canadian-born citizens) of Ukrainian origin, making them Canada's ninth largest ethnic group, and giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. Self-identified Ukrainians are the plurality in several rural areas of Western Canada.
http://wn.com/Ukrainian_Canadian -
Wilfrid Laurier
http://wn.com/Wilfrid_Laurier
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Canada's Tennis Aces
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Published: 10 Jul 2012
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Two Canadians served up winners at Wimbledon this weekend. Eugenie Bouchard and Filip Peliwo took the tournament's Juniors titles - a first for anyone from this country.
http://wn.com/Canada's_Tennis_Aces
2011 Canadian Open - Paige Collings - Team Canada Player Profile
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:08
- Published: 09 Jul 2012
- Updated: 09 Jul 2012
Canada's Paige Collings got the chance to shine in front of her hometown, at the 2011 Canadian Open Fastpitch International Championship. Kolby Solinsky / Black Press
http://wn.com/2011_Canadian_Open_Paige_Collings_Team_Canada_Player_Profile
UFC 148: Silva vs. Sonnen predictions
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:44
- Published: 04 Jul 2012
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
15 MMA fighters, from Nick Diaz, Georges St. Pierre, Cain Velasquez and Antonio Silva just to name a few, predict the outcome of UFC 148 Anderson Silva vs. Chael Sonnen 2 grudge match. Go to sportsnet.ca for comprehensive UFC coverage. www.sportsnet.ca
http://wn.com/UFC_148_Silva_vs_Sonnen_predictions
Nissan Canada Day 3D Water Projection
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:11
- Published: 03 Jul 2012
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
Find Nissan Canada on Facebook at: www.facebook.com And on Twitter: www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Nissan_Canada_Day_3D_Water_Projection
Canadian National Canthem
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Published: 27 Jun 2012
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
Our anthem. Like never before. Five musicians conduct an experiment to perform O Canada using nothing but instruments made from Molson Canadian bottles and cans. The result is something no one expected. #Canthem
http://wn.com/Canadian_National_Canthem
Canada's 'Cannibal' Killer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Published: 05 Jun 2012
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
"[Luke] Magnotta, who also goes by the pseudonym Vladimir Romanov, is a suspect in a crime against his lover, a 32-year-old Chinese national named Jun Lin, according to Montreal Police. Lin was brutally murdered sometime last month, after being stabbed with an ice pick and his throat slit. The killer then sliced him to pieces, decapitating him, carving out pieces of his flesh and feeding it to a dog, masturbating with the man's body parts, and anally penetrating the limbless corpse, when all that was left at that point was a torso...".* Ana Kasparian and Cenk Uygur discuss the 'Canadian cannibal' on The Young Turks. *Read more here Winston Ross at The Daily Beast: www.thedailybeast.com Support The Young Turks by Subscribing bit.ly Like Us on Facebook: www.fb.com Follow Us on Twitter: twitter.com Find out how to watch The Young Turks on Current by clicking here: www.current.com
http://wn.com/Canada's_'Cannibal'_Killer
Meet Canada's Olympic Gymnastics Team - Dominique Pegg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Published: 14 Jul 2012
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
Dominique Pegg bounced back at the final selection meet in Gatineau, Que., on June 28th to earn one of five spots on the Canadian women's Olympic team in artistic gymnastics. "The first day was a little shaky because of all the pressure but this is what we've been working for our whole lives," said Pegg. "We do what we love and what we need to do to get through it all." Selection was based primarily on results from the 2012 Canadian championships and the two-day Olympic selection meet. Also qualifying for Canada's first full team in women's gymnastics since the 2004 Olympics were Kristina Vaculik of Whitby, Ont., Victoria Moors of Cambridge, Ont., Brittany Rogers of Coquitlam, BC,and Ellie Black of Halifax.
http://wn.com/Meet_Canada's_Olympic_Gymnastics_Team_Dominique_Pegg
Canada Gets Rid of the Penny (Huzzah!)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Published: 02 Apr 2012
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
How Canada will get rid of the penny and why they're better off with out it. **NEW: T-Shirts now for sale!** Help support making more videos: goo.gl Here's my previous video on pennies youtu.be & also John's rant on the topic: youtu.be Help me make videos faster: blog.cgpgrey.com Canadian MP Pat Martin (patmartin.ndp.ca said it best: "There's 30 billion pennies in circulation and every year they were minting a billion more. It was just a no-brainer, slam dunk, that it's a place where we could save some money. They cost more to produce than they are worth, nobody likes them, they have no commercial value." You can read the details about Canada's plan to withdraw the Penny from circulation here: www.budget.gc.ca If you're a super geek there is an interesting report about the inefficiencies in the economy caused by the Canadian penny here: www.desjardins.com An interesting bit is the following: "In truth, the 'artificial' demand for small-denomination coins is rising primarily because merchants and financial institutions have to constantly add new coins to the retail distribution system due to a shortage caused not by commercial or economic factors but rather by the fact that consumers do not put their small-denomination coins back into circulation. The hoarded coins do not circulate and are not used for any productive purposes. Moreover, most people cannot be bothered to take the time to count, roll and deposit these coins so that financial institutions can put them back <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Canada_Gets_Rid_of_the_Penny_Huzzah!
The Stream - Canada's Maple Spring
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:42
- Published: 08 Jun 2012
- Updated: 07 Jul 2012
The recent Quebec protests are the largest in Canadian history. We'll examine if the movement has become broad in popular uprising.
http://wn.com/The_Stream_Canada's_Maple_Spring
Leviathan's First Test Run at Canada's Wonderland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Published: 16 Mar 2012
- Updated: 05 Jul 2012
The first full-circuit test of B&M's first giga-coaster, Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland
http://wn.com/Leviathan's_First_Test_Run_at_Canada's_Wonderland
Will Canada Legalize Marijuana?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Published: 17 Jan 2012
- Updated: 14 Jul 2012
The Liberal Party in Canada has proposed legalizing and taxing marijuana. Will legal pot reinvigorate the Canadian youth movement within the party? The Young Turks host Cenk Uygur explains. www.vancouversun.com Subscribe to The Young Turks: bit.ly Download the politics or entertainment hour of this TYT episode: goo.gl Find out how to watch The Young Turks on Current by clicking here: www.current.com The Largest Online New Show in the World. Google+: www.gplus.to Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Will_Canada_Legalize_Marijuana?
Leviathan Front Seat on-ride HD POV Canada's Wonderland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Published: 15 May 2012
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
It's brand new, over 300 feet tall, has an 80 degree drop, goes 92 mph & it's a B&M. What more could you ask for? Watch in high definition.
http://wn.com/Leviathan_Front_Seat_on-ride_HD_POV_Canada's_Wonderland
Leviathan POV *REAL* Front Seat OnRide Canada's Wonderland 2012 B&M; Giga Roller Coaster
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Published: 28 Apr 2012
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
Full onride - 1:16 Skip the lift hill! Front seat POV of the 306 foot tall B&M giga coaster "Leviathan" at Canada's Wonderland - www.themeparkreview.com - http
http://wn.com/Leviathan_POV_*REAL*_Front_Seat_OnRide_Canada's_Wonderland_2012_B&M;_Giga_Roller_Coaster
Victoria Grant
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:44
- Published: 09 May 2012
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
12-year old Victoria Grant explains why her homeland, Canada, and most of the world, is in debt. April 27, 2012 at the Public Banking in America Conference, Philadelphia, PA. Support a public bank for YOUR state. Donate and make it happen! npo.networkforgood.org For more information see www.publicbankinginstitute.org. It is also posted at https
http://wn.com/Victoria_Grant
Inexplicable Earthquake Swarm in Canada; "Sounds like dynamite exploding." - April 16, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Published: 19 Apr 2012
- Updated: 06 Jul 2012
sheilaaliens.net "A New Brunswick town has been experiencing small earthquakes over the past month and residents are getting worried." source: www.globalnews.ca Canada's EQ Center: www.earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca And an interesting article by CanadianBusiness from today entitled "Manmade earthquakes trigger government drill-down into possible fracking link": "VANCOUVER - A booming gas extraction process that has environmentalists all shaken up is being probed by two different studies to determine if it's also causing the depths of Canada to rattle and roll. The research into whether hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, can trigger earthquakes is being conducted just as a pair of independent papers were released internationally this week suggesting they do. The studies out of mid-continent US and Britain found that shallow, man-made tremors may be linked to the blasting of water, sand and chemicals deep underground to break open rock to obtain crude oil and natural gas. Experts and critics alike are waiting for conclusive results from home soil before suggesting industry practices should be altered. "These are tiny earthquakes and they're the variety that occur thousands of times a day around the world," said John Cassidy, a federal government seismologist in Victoria, BC, of the international findings. He said mounting interest and unusual vibrations in British Columbia have prompted closer study at home. "The idea is to be able to provide well-grounded science advice <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Inexplicable_Earthquake_Swarm_in_Canada;_Sounds_like_dynamite_exploding_April_16,_2012
Ozz from Rock95 on the Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland (POV)!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Published: 30 Apr 2012
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
Ozz from the Rock95 Morning Crew on the Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland! Ozz (who is very afraid of heights) on the Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland! It's 1672 m long, 93 m tall and with a top speed of 148 km/h per hour!! He never intended to ride the Leviathan all he was told was that he had to escort two radio winners! But his co-hosts had made other plans and he was forced by two hired professional thrill seekers!
http://wn.com/Ozz_from_Rock95_on_the_Leviathan_at_Canada's_Wonderland_POV!
![Lindsay LipDub [OFFICIAL] - The World's LARGEST and Canada's FIRST City LipDub](http://web.archive.org./web/20120718000708im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/vnQV4nwBb_Y/0.jpg "Lindsay LipDub [OFFICIAL] - The World's LARGEST and Canada's FIRST City LipDub")
Lindsay LipDub [OFFICIAL] - The World's LARGEST and Canada's FIRST City LipDub
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 23 Jun 2012
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
THE WORLD'S LARGEST and CANADA'S FIRST CITY LIP DUB! Lindsay LipDub - May 31, 2012 - Presented by Stratta Creative With over 9300 people in attendance, Lindsay LipDub made history as the world's largest and Canada's first city LipDub...and it was all captured in one, continuous shot! A LipDub is a lip-synching music video filmed in one, continuous shot. Start to finish: no cuts; no edits. Lindsay LipDub sparked unprecedented community spirit and national celebrity attention (www.LindsayLipDub.ca stimulated creativity, and brought people of all ages and interests together to participate in a truly unique experience. Lindsay LipDub was completed, start-to-finish, in two hours with the help of over 150 volunteers. The main street was closed spanning seven city blocks and was filled with more than 9300 participants from local schools, groups, teams, clubs, businesses, and more. Filmed on the RED Scarlet-X. This project was conceived and produced by a small group in our twenties who wanted to do something good in our community. 1-in-7 people from our community came to participate in the event (if this were done in Toronto, that would require over 350000 participants to reach the same ratio). We used this LipDub as a way to bring our community together, and together any community can find a way to achieve the incredible... Find a way to achieve the incredible. Visit our website and like us on Facebook: www.LindsayLipDub.ca http Watch our behind-the-scenes documentary <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Lindsay_LipDub_OFFICIAL_The_World's_LARGEST_and_Canada's_FIRST_City_LipDub
WILLIAM SHATNER SINGS O CANADA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:29
- Published: 26 Jul 2011
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
William Shatner's got something to tweet about. Canada's Governor General is giving him a Lifetime Achievement Award. The most famous space cadet in showbiz takes helm of our heritage and treats us to a memorable rendition of Canada's national anthem.
http://wn.com/WILLIAM_SHATNER_SINGS_O_CANADA
Inside Story - Canada's Katrina moment?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:04
- Published: 24 Jan 2012
- Updated: 15 Jun 2012
Canada's aboriginal leaders will meet with PM Stephen Harper for the first time on Tuesday, but will they deal with the real issues at hand or will it just be a historic photo-op? Discussants are:Cindy Blackstock, Rex Lee Jim and Jacqueline Pata.
http://wn.com/Inside_Story_Canada's_Katrina_moment?
Canada's Wonderland: Leviathan Test Run POV (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Published: 19 Mar 2012
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
Leviathan completed its first test run on March 15, 2012; are you ready? VAUGHAN, ON, Aug. 18, 2011 /CNW/ - In 2012, Canada's Wonderland will unveil one of the biggest and tallest roller coasters in the world: Leviathan. When the Park opens in May 2012, Leviathan will dominate the Park's landscape, taking riders to breathtaking heights and speeds never experienced before at Wonderland. The excitement begins on Leviathan's first lift hill as riders climb to a record breaking height of 306 feet (93.3M) followed by an exhilarating 80 degree drop. Reaching a top speed of 148 kilometers per hour, riders will experience extreme coaster thrills on 5486 feet (1672M) of track that includes a series of giant camelback hills reaching heights up to 180 feet (54.9M), and an astonishing overbanked hammerhead turn at 115 degrees that will cross above the Park's front gate at 147 feet (44.8M) high. "Leviathan will be our 16th coaster and now positions Canada's Wonderland as one of the top three coaster destinations in the world." said Raffi Kaprelyan, Vice President and General Manager, Canada's Wonderland. "We will go higher, longer, and faster than ever before when we launch Leviathan in 2012. With the addition of this new coaster and our diverse collection of rides, shows and attractions, we continue to show why Canada's Wonderland is the destination of choice for those seeking world class thrills and family entertainment". Leviathan is designed and manufactured by Bolliger <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Canada's_Wonderland_Leviathan_Test_Run_POV_HD
16x9 - A Massacre: Canada in WWII's Dieppe Raid
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:36
- Published: 13 Apr 2012
- Updated: 08 Jul 2012
It was Canada's darkest day of World War II. And next summer will mark the 70th anniversary of the disastrous raid on the beach of Dieppe. Mike Armstrong went to Dieppe to walk the beach where more than 900 Canadians were killed.
http://wn.com/16x9_A_Massacre_Canada_in_WWII's_Dieppe_Raid
16x9 - Cold Reality of Canada's northern communities
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:50
- Published: 19 Apr 2012
- Updated: 06 May 2012
Poverty, soaring crime rates, crippling drug addiction - that's the cold reality in some of Canada's Northern communities. Sean Mallen has this shocking 16:9 exclusive on Canadians living in third world conditions right here, in our own backyard.
http://wn.com/16x9_Cold_Reality_of_Canada's_northern_communities
Tom Brokaw Explains Canada To Americans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:16
- Published: 27 Feb 2010
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
Tom Brokaw explains the relationship between Canada and The United States, in a pre-recorded short film that aired on NBC, prior to the Opening Ceremonies of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada on Feb. 12th, 2010. *** i saw others take it upon themselves to put TomCanAm video on themselves. and i thank them. they can't silence us all. everyone should post it. i'm serious. i put it back up. if i disappear you know why. thanks all of you. the video is even more inspiring when you think about how we can unite to fight big business and erase imaginary copyright borders. here's to freedom. cheers.
http://wn.com/Tom_Brokaw_Explains_Canada_To_Americans
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Themightyquill
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Julia W
Creative Commons / Alexander Jonsson
Creative Commons / Biggerben
Creative Commons / YSSYguy
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Cephas
Loading results ...
photo: US Navy / MCS3 Cale Hatch
17 Jul 2012
The ship is part of the Fifth Fleet, which has increased its patrols in the Gulf region because of heightened tensions with Iran. Both the US and Iran have warned each other against provocative naval...
photo: Creative Commons / Frank Capra
15 Jul 2012
THE Nazi-hunting Simon Wiesenthal Centre has provided "new evidence" to authorities in Budapest on its most wanted suspect, Laszlo Csatary, who is believed to be living in Hungary. The...
photo: AP
17 Jul 2012
AFP - Syrian President Bashar al-Assad will use chemical weapons against opposition forces and may have already deployed them, Nawaf Fares, the first Syrian ambassador to defect, told the BBC on...
photo: AP / Evan Vucci
15 Jul 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling When Republican presidential contender Mitt Romney used the idiom "Obamacare" at the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),...
photo: Creative Commons
06 Jul 2012
Air Canada said its planes flew 85.6 per cent full on average last month, a record load factor for the month of June. That...
photo: Creative Commons / Jost Jahn
05 Jul 2012
Advocates with Lyme Disease are calling on all levels of government in Canada to improve testing and treatment for the illness. The disease is spread by a bite from an infected blacklegged tick that...
photo: public domain
03 Jul 2012
* C$ hits 6-wk high at $1.0140 vs US$, or 98.62 U.S cents * Canadian bond prices rise across the curve By Claire Sibonney TORONTO, July 3 (Reuters) - The Canadian dollar climbed to its strongest level...
Daily Finance
The U.S. may bill itself as the land of opportunity, but right now, Canadians are making out better. That's according to a column in the Toronto-based Globe and Mail, which reports, "Over the past five years, net worth per Canadian household has exceeded net worth per American household (total...(size: 3.5Kb)
Business Wire
DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/lsjgbj/acrylonitrilebuta) has announced the addition of GlobalData's new report "Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Industry Outlook in Canada to 2016 - Market Size, Price Trends and Trade Balance" to their...(size: 3.5Kb)
Bloomberg
Ford Motor Co. (F), entering contract talks with the Canadian Auto Workers union, will try to close a $15 an hour all-in labor cost gap versus what the company pays its U.S. workers, according to a senior company official. Ford, which lists 7,400 employees at five plants in Canada on its website,...(size: 6.3Kb)
TSN Canada
SAVIESE, Switzerland -- The Canadian women's soccer team finished its preparations for the London Olympics on Tuesday, losing 2-1 to Brazil in the Match World Women's Cup. Canadian star Christine Sinclair scored a game-tying...(size: 1.5Kb)
The Times of India
Tweet MUMBAI: The Naveen Jindal-controlled Jindal Steel & Power is close to acquiring a controlling stake in a Canadian coal mine owner to feed its India-based power and steel plants. Jindal, which announced on Tuesday that it is pulling out of the massive $2.1-billion iron ore investment in...(size: 3.7Kb)
Canoe
By QMI Agency...(size: 0.6Kb)
Detroit Free Press
WASHINGTON U.S. Rep. John Conyers of Detroit asked Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano on Tuesday to review security at...(size: 0.9Kb)
Reuters
* TSX ends up 50.01 points, or 0.4 pct, at 11,571.19 * Energy shares boosted by higher oil prices * Bernanke remains coy on stimulus By Jon Cook TORONTO, July 17 (Reuters) - Canada's main stock index hit a one-week high o n T uesday, rising with energy shares on fresh tensions in the Middle East,...(size: 3.4Kb)
For other uses, see Canada (disambiguation).
|
Canada
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin) "From Sea to Sea" |
||||||
| Anthem: "O Canada" Royal anthem: "God Save the Queen"[1][2] |
||||||
.svg) |
||||||
| Capital | Ottawa 45°24′N 75°40′W / 45.4°N 75.667°W / 45.4; -75.667 |
|||||
| Largest city | Toronto | |||||
| Official language(s) | English and French | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Chipewyan, Cree, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South) and Tłįchǫ[3] | |||||
| Demonym | Canadian | |||||
| Government | Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy[4] | |||||
| - | Monarch | Elizabeth II | ||||
| - | Governor General | David Johnston | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Stephen Harper | ||||
| - | Chief Justice | Beverley McLachlin | ||||
| Legislature | Parliament | |||||
| - | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | House of Commons | ||||
| Establishment | from the United Kingdom | |||||
| - | Constitution Act, 1867 | July 1, 1867 | ||||
| - | Statute of Westminster | December 11, 1931 | ||||
| - | Canada Act | April 17, 1982 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 9,984,670 km2 (2nd) 3,854,085 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 8.92 (891,163 km2/344,080 mi2) | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2012 estimate | 34,839,000[5] (35th) | ||||
| - | 2011 census | 33,476,688[6] | ||||
| - | Density | 3.41/km2 (228th) 8.3/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1.396 trillion[7] (14th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $40,541[7] (12th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1.736 trillion (10th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $50,436[7] (9th) | ||||
| Gini (2005) | 32.1[8] (medium) | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.908[9] (very high) (6th) |
|||||
| Currency | Canadian dollar ($) (CAD) |
|||||
| Time zone | (UTC−3.5 to −8) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | (UTC−2.5 to −7) | ||||
| Date formats | dd-mm-yyyy, mm-dd-yyyy, and yyyy-mm-dd (CE) | |||||
| Drives on the | Right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | CA | |||||
| Internet TLD | .ca | |||||
| Calling code | +1 | |||||
Canada (
/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
Canada is a federal state that is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level. Canada's diversified economy is one of the world's largest, and is reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade – particularly with the United States, with which Canada has had a long and complex relationship. It is a member of the G7, G8, G20, NATO, OECD, WTO, Commonwealth of Nations, Francophonie, OAS, APEC, and United Nations.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Main article: Name of Canada
The name Canada comes from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement".[10] In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona.[11] Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village, but also the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this region as Canada.[11]
In the 17th and early 18th centuries, "Canada" referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River and the northern shores of the Great Lakes. The area was later split into two British colonies, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. They were reunified as the Province of Canada in 1841.[12]
Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country, and the word Dominion was conferred as the country's title.[13] However, as Canada asserted its political autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government increasingly used simply Canada on state documents and treaties, a change that was reflected in the renaming of the national holiday from Dominion Day to Canada Day in 1982.[14]
History[link]
Main article: History of Canada
See also: List of years in Canada
Aboriginal peoples[link]
Main article: Aboriginal peoples in Canada
Archaeological studies and analyses of DNA haplogroups have indicated a human presence in the northern Yukon region from 24,500 BC, and in southern Ontario from 7500 BC.[15][16][17] The Paleo-Indian archaeological sites at Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.[18][19][20] The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks.[21][22] Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, and have only been discovered through archaeological investigations.[23]
The aboriginal population is estimated to have been between 200,000[24] and two million in the late 15th century,[25] with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health.[26] As a consequence of the European colonization, Canada's aboriginal peoples suffered from repeated outbreaks of newly introduced infectious diseases such as influenza, measles, and smallpox (to which they had no natural immunity), resulting in a forty- to eighty-percent population decrease in the centuries after the European arrival.[24] Aboriginal peoples in present-day Canada include the First Nations,[27] Inuit,[28] and Métis.[29] The Métis are a mixed-blood people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers.[30] In general, the Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during the colonization period.[31]
European colonization[link]
Main articles: New France and Canada under British rule (1763–1867)
Further information: Former colonies and territories in Canada
The first known attempt at European colonization began when Norsemen settled briefly at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland around 1000 AD.[32] No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when Italian seafarer John Cabot explored Canada's Atlantic coast for England.[33] Basque and Portuguese mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in the early 16th century.[34] In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River, where on July 24 he planted a 10-metre (33 ft) cross bearing the words "Long Live the King of France", and took possession of the territory in the name of King Francis I of France.[35]
In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed St. John's, Newfoundland, as the first North American English colony by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I.[36] French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603, and established the first permanent European settlements at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608. Among the French colonists of New France, Canadiens extensively settled the St. Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. The Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade.[37]
The English established additional colonies in Cupids and Ferryland, Newfoundland, beginning in 1610. The Thirteen Colonies were founded to the south soon after.[34] A series of four French and Indian Wars erupted between 1689 and 1763.[38] Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the Treaty of Paris (1763) ceded Canada and most of New France to Britain after the Seven Years' War.[39]
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 created the Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia.[14] St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769.[40] To avert conflict in Quebec, the British passed the Quebec Act of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the 1775 outbreak of the American Revolution.[14]
The 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized American independence and ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. New Brunswick was split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking Lower Canada (later Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.[41]
The Canadas were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. Following the war, large-scale immigration to Canada from Britain and Ireland began in 1815.[25] Between 1825 and 1846, 626,628 European immigrants reportedly landed at Canadian ports.[43] Between one-quarter and one-third of all Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891 died of infectious diseases.[24]
The desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837. The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture.[14] The Act of Union 1840 merged The Canadas into a united Province of Canada. Responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by 1849.[44] The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858).[45]
Confederation and expansion[link]
Main articles: Canadian Confederation and Territorial evolution of Canada
Following several constitutional conferences, the 1867 Constitution Act officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces – Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.[46][47][48] Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where the Métis' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870.[49] British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had been united in 1866) joined the Confederation in 1871, while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.[50] Prime Minister John A. Macdonald and his Conservative government established a National Policy of tariffs to protect the nascent Canadian manufacturing industries.[48]
To open the West, the government sponsored the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the Canadian Pacific Railway), opened the prairies to settlement with the Dominion Lands Act, and established the North-West Mounted Police to assert its authority over this territory.[51][52] In 1898, during the Klondike Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories, the Canadian government created the Yukon Territory. Under the Liberal Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, continental European immigrants settled the prairies, and Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905.[50]
Early 20th century[link]
Main article: Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years
Because Britain still maintained control of Canada's foreign affairs under the Confederation Act, its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought Canada into World War I. Volunteers sent to the Western Front later became part of the Canadian Corps. The Corps played a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy Ridge and other major engagements of the war.[53] Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in World War I, around 60,000 were killed and another 173,000 were wounded.[54] The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden brought in compulsory military service over the objections of French-speaking Quebecers. In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain,[53] and the 1931 Statute of Westminster affirmed Canada's independence.[4]
The Great Depression of the early 1930s brought great economic hardship to Canada. In response to the downturn, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a welfare state (as pioneered by Tommy Douglas) in the 1940s and 1950s.[55] Canada declared war on Germany independently during World War II under Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, three days after Britain. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939.[53]
Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid, the Allied invasion of Italy, the Normandy landings, the Battle of Normandy, and the Battle of the Scheldt in 1944.[53] Canada provided asylum for the monarchy of the Netherlands while that country was occupied, and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to its liberation from Nazi Germany.[56] The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military materiel for Canada, Britain, China, and the Soviet Union.[53] Despite another Conscription Crisis in Quebec, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.[57]
Modern times[link]
The Dominion of Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador) was unified with Canada in 1949.[58] Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of the current Maple Leaf Flag in 1965,[59] the implementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in 1969,[60] and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971.[61] Socially democratic programs were also instituted, such as Medicare, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans, though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.[62] Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the 1982 patriation of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[63] In 1999, Nunavut became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.[64]
At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, giving birth to a modern nationalist movement. The radical Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis in 1970,[65] and the sovereignist Parti Québécois was elected in 1976, organizing an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990.[66] This led to the formation of the Bloc Québécois in Quebec and the invigoration of the Reform Party of Canada in the West.[67][68] A second referendum followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of just 50.6 to 49.4 percent. In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled that unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional, and the Clarity Act was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.[66]
In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included the explosion of Air India Flight 182 in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history;[69] the École Polytechnique massacre in 1989, a university shooting targeting female students;[70] and the Oka Crisis of 1990,[71] the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and Aboriginal groups.[72] Canada also joined the Gulf War in 1990 as part of a US-led coalition force, and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the late 1990s.[73] Canada sent troops to Afghanistan in 2001, but declined to send forces to Iraq when the US invaded in 2003.[74] In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the Libyan civil war.[75]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Canada
Canada occupies a major northern portion of North America, sharing land borders with the contiguous United States to the south and the US state of Alaska to the northwest. Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean.[76][77] Greenland is to the northeast, while Saint Pierre and Miquelon is south of Newfoundland.
By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. By land area alone, Canada ranks fourth.[77] The country lies between latitudes 41° and 84°N, and longitudes 52° and 141°W.
Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60° and 141°W longitude,[78] but this claim is not universally recognized. Canada is home to the world's northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces Station Alert, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island – latitude 82.5°N – which lies 817 kilometres (508 mi) from the North Pole.[79] Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost. Canada has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of 202,080 kilometres (125,570 mi);[77] additionally, its border with the United States is the world's longest land border, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi).[80]
Since the end of the last glacial period, Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, including extensive boreal forest on the Canadian Shield.[82] Canada has around 31,700 large lakes,[83] more than any other country, containing much of the world's fresh water.[84] There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies and the Coast Mountains. Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[85] The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre (14.0 mi) lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.[86]
Canada's population density, at 3.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (8.5 /sq mi), is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[87]
Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills.[88] In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).[89]
Government and politics[link]
Main articles: Government of Canada and Politics of Canada
See also: Elections in Canada and List of political parties in Canada
Canada has a parliamentary system within the context of a constitutional monarchy, the monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[90][91][92][93] The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as head of state of 15 other Commonwealth countries and each of Canada's ten provinces and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom. As such, the Queen's representative, the Governor General of Canada (presently David Lloyd Johnston), carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada.[94][95]
The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited;[92][96][97] in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons and chosen and headed by the Prime Minister of Canada (presently Stephen Harper),[98] the head of government, though the governor general or monarch may in certain crisis situations exercise their power without ministerial advice.[96] To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons.[99] The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor general, lieutenant governors, senators, federal court judges, and heads of Crown corporations and government agencies.[96] The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition (presently Thomas Mulcair) and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.[100]
Each of the 308 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district or riding. General elections must be called by the governor general, on the advice of the prime minister, within four years of the previous election, or may be triggered by the government losing a confidence vote in the House.[101] The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75.[102] Five parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament in the 2011 elections: the Conservative Party of Canada (governing party), the New Democratic Party (the Official Opposition), the Liberal Party of Canada, the Bloc Québécois, and the Green Party of Canada. The list of historical parties with elected representation is substantial.
Canada's federal structure divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces. Provincial legislatures are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons.[97] Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but these are not sovereign and have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces.[103] The territorial legislatures also differ structurally from their provincial counterparts.[104]
Law[link]
Main articles: Law of Canada and Court system of Canada
The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the British North America Act prior to 1982) affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments; the Statute of Westminster 1931 granted full autonomy; and the Constitution Act, 1982, ended all legislative ties to the UK, added a constitutional amending formula, and added the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be overridden by any government – though a notwithstanding clause allows the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years.[105]
Although not without conflict, European Canadians' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. The Crown and Aboriginal peoples began interactions during the European colonialization period. Numbered Treaties, the Indian Act, the Constitution Act of 1982, and case laws were established.[106] A series of eleven treaties were signed between Aboriginals in Canada and the reigning Monarch of Canada from 1871 to 1921.[107] These treaties are agreements with the Government of Canada administered by Canadian Aboriginal law and overseen by the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. The role of the treaties was reaffirmed by Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982, which "recognizes and affirms existing Aboriginal and treaty rights".[106] These rights may include provision of services such as health care, and exemption from taxation.[108] The legal and policy framework within which Canada and First Nations operate was further formalized in 2005, through the First Nations–Federal Crown Political Accord.[106]
Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter and has been led by the Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin, P.C. (the first female Chief Justice) since 2000.[109] Its nine members are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the Prime Minister and Minister of Justice. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed after consultation with nongovernmental legal bodies. The federal cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts at the provincial and territorial levels.[110]
Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where civil law predominates. Criminal law is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada.[111] Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial police forces.[112] However, in most rural areas and some urban areas, policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police.[113]
Foreign relations and military[link]
Main articles: Foreign relations of Canada and Military history of Canada
Canada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force of over 67,000 regular personnel and approximately 43,000 reserve personnel, including supplementary reserves.[114] The unified Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, and Royal Canadian Air Force. In 2011, Canada's military expenditure totalled approximately C$24.5 billion.[115]
Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner.[116] Canada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba and declining to officially participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Francophonie.[117] Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II.[56]
Canada's strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations.[118][119] Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and of NATO in 1949. During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in cooperation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union.[120]
_and_deploy_onto_Mayp.jpg)
During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force, for which he was awarded the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize.[121] As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission, Pearson is often credited as the inventor of the concept. Canada has since served in 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989,[53] and has since maintained forces in international missions in Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, and elsewhere; Canada has sometimes faced controversy over its involvement in foreign countries, notably in the 1993 Somalia Affair.[122]
Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly in Windsor, Ontario, in June 2000 and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April 2001.[123] Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).[124]
_1.jpg)
In 2001, Canada deployed troops to Afghanistan as part of the US stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-led International Security Assistance Force. Starting in July 2011, Canada began withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan. In all, Canada lost 158 soldiers, one diplomat, two aid workers, and one journalist during the mission,[125] which cost approximately C$11.3 billion.[126]
In February 2007, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom, Norway, and Russia announced their joint commitment to a $1.5-billion project to help develop vaccines for developing nations, and called on other countries to join them.[127] In August 2007, Canada's territorial claims in the Arctic were challenged after a Russian underwater expedition to the North Pole; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925.[128] In July 2010, the federal government announced the largest purchase in Canadian military history – the acquisition of 65 F-35 Lightning II jet fighters, totalling C$9 billion.[129] Between March and October 2011, Canadian forces participated in a UN-mandated NATO intervention into the 2011 Libyan civil war.[130]
Provinces and territories[link]
Main article: Provinces and territories of Canada
See also: Canadian federalism
Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories. In turn, these may be grouped into four main regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada ("Eastern Canada" refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together). Provinces have more autonomy than territories, having responsibility for social programs such as health care, education, and welfare. Together, the provinces collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the Canada Health Act; the provinces can opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice. Equalization payments are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.[131]
A clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories, and their capitals.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Canada
Canada is the world's eleventh-largest economy, with a 2011 nominal GDP of approximately US$1.74 trillion.[7] It is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the G8, and is one of the world's top ten trading nations, with a highly globalized economy.[132][133] Canada is a mixed economy, ranking above the US and most western European nations on the Heritage Foundation's index of economic freedom.[134] The largest foreign importers of Canadian goods are the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan.[135]
In the past century, the growth of Canada's manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to an advanced, urbanized, industrial one. Like many other First World nations, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs about three-quarters of the country's workforce.[136] However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of its primary sector, in which the logging and petroleum industries are two of the most prominent elements.[137]
Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy.[138] Atlantic Canada possesses vast offshore deposits of natural gas, and Alberta also hosts large oil and gas resources. The immense Athabasca oil sands give Canada the world's second-largest proven oil reserves, after Saudi Arabia.[139] Canada is additionally one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products; the Canadian Prairies are one of the most important global producers of wheat, canola, and other grains.[140] Canada is a major producer of zinc and uranium, and is a leading exporter of many other minerals, such as gold, nickel, aluminum, and lead.[141][138] Many towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, are sustainable because of nearby mines or sources of timber. Canada also has a sizable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with automobiles and aeronautics representing particularly important industries.[142]
Canada's economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II. The Automotive Products Trade Agreement of 1965 opened Canada's borders to trade in the automobile manufacturing industry. In the 1970s, concerns over energy self-sufficiency and foreign ownership in the manufacturing sectors prompted Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's Liberal government to enact the National Energy Program (NEP) and the Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA).[143] In the 1980s, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservatives abolished the NEP and changed the name of FIRA to "Investment Canada", in order to encourage foreign investment.[144] The Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include Mexico in 1994.[140] In the mid-1990s, Jean Chrétien's Liberal government began to post annual budgetary surpluses, and steadily paid down the national debt.[145]
In 2008, Canada's imported goods were worth over $442.9 billion, of which $280.8 billion originated from the United States, $11.7 billion from Japan, and $11.3 billion from the United Kingdom.[135] The country’s 2009 trade deficit totaled C$4.8 billion, compared with a C$46.9 billion surplus in 2008.[146]
The global financial crisis of 2008 caused a major recession, which led to a significant rise in unemployment in Canada.[147] By October 2009, Canada's national unemployment rate reached 8.6 percent, with provincial unemployment rates varying from a low of 5.8 percent in Manitoba to a high of 17 percent in Newfoundland and Labrador.[148] Between October 2008 and October 2010, the Canadian labour market lost 162,000 full-time jobs and a total of 224,000 permanent jobs.[149] Canada's federal debt was estimated to total $566.7 billion for the fiscal year 2010–11, up from $463.7 billion in 2008–09.[150] Canada’s net foreign debt rose by $41 billion to $194 billion in the first quarter of 2010.[151]
Science and technology[link]
Main article: Science and technology in Canada
.jpg)
In 2011, Canada spent approximately C$29.9 billion on domestic research and development.[152] The country has produced ten Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry and medicine,[153] and is home to a number of global technology firms, such as smartphone maker Research In Motion and video games developer BioWare.[154] Canada ranks twelfth in the world for Internet users as a proportion of the population, with over 28 million users – equivalent to around 84 percent of its total 2011 population.[155]
The Canadian Space Agency operates a highly active space program, conducting space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites. In 1984, Marc Garneau became Canada's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist on NASA's STS-41-G Space Shuttle mission. As of 2012, nine Canadians have flown into space, over the course of fifteen manned missions.[156]
Canada is a participant in the International Space Station (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA. Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including Radarsat-1 and 2, ISIS and MOST.[157] Canada has also produced a successful and widely used sounding rocket, the Black Brant; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.[158]
Demographics[link]
Main articles: Demographics of Canada and Population of Canada by year
See also: Ethnic origins of people in Canada
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1851 | 2,415,000 | — |
| 1861 | 3,174,000 | +31.4% |
| 1871 | 3,689,000 | +16.2% |
| 1881 | 4,325,000 | +17.2% |
| 1891 | 4,833,000 | +11.7% |
| 1901 | 5,371,000 | +11.1% |
| 1911 | 7,207,000 | +34.2% |
| 1921 | 8,788,000 | +21.9% |
| 1931 | 10,377,000 | +18.1% |
| 1941 | 11,507,000 | +10.9% |
| 1951 | 14,009,000 | +21.7% |
| 1961 | 18,238,000 | +30.2% |
| 1971 | 21,962,000 | +20.4% |
| 1981 | 24,820,000 | +13.0% |
| 1991 | 28,031,000 | +12.9% |
| 2001 | 31,021,000 | +10.7% |
| 2011 | 33,476,000 | +7.9% |
| Source: Statistics Canada[6][159] | ||
The 2011 Canadian census counted a total population of 33,476,688, an increase of around 5.9 percent over the 2006 figure.[6][160] Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth. The main drivers of population growth are immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. About four-fifths of the population lives within 150 kilometres (93 mi) of the United States border.[161] Approximately 80 percent of Canadians live in urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, the BC Lower Mainland, and the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor in Alberta.[162] In common with many other developed countries, Canada is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2006, the average age was 39.5 years;[163] by 2011, it had risen to approximately 39.9 years.[164]
According to the 2006 census, the country's largest self-reported ethnic origin is Canadian (accounting for 32% of the population), followed by English (21%), French (15.8%), Scottish (15.1%), Irish (13.9%), German (10.2%), Italian (4.6%), Chinese (4.3%), First Nations (4.0%), Ukrainian (3.9%), and Dutch (3.3%).[165] There are 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands, encompassing a total of 1,172,790 people.[166]
Canada's aboriginal population is growing at almost twice the national rate, and four percent of Canada's population claimed aboriginal identity in 2006. Another 16.2 percent of the population belonged to a non-aboriginal visible minority.[167] The largest visible minority groups are South Asian (4.0%), Chinese (3.9%) and Black (2.5%). Between 2001 and 2006, the visible minority population rose by 27.2 percent.[168] In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) could be classified as belonging to a visible minority group, and less than one percent as aboriginal.[169] By 2007, almost one in five (19.8%) were foreign-born, with nearly 60 percent of new immigrants coming from Asia (including the Middle East).[170] The leading sources of immigrants to Canada were China, the Philippines and India.[171] According to Statistics Canada, visible minority groups could account for a third of the Canadian population by 2031.[172]
Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,[173] driven by economic policy and family reunification, and is aiming for between 240,000 and 265,000 new permanent residents in 2012,[174] a similar number of immigrants as in recent years.[175] In 2010, a record 280,636 people immigrated to Canada.[176] New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas like Toronto and Vancouver.[177] Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees.[178] The country resettles over one in 10 of the world’s refugees.[179]
According to the 2001 census, 77.1 percent of Canadians identify as Christian; of this, Catholics make up the largest group, accounting for 43.6 percent of the population. The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada (accounting for 9.5% of Canadians), followed by Anglicans (6.8%), Baptists (2.4%), Lutherans (2%), and other Christian denominations (4.4%). About 16.5 percent declare no religious affiliation, and the remaining 6.3 percent are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (2.0%) and Judaism (1.1%).[180]
Canadian provinces and territories are responsible for education. The mandatory school age ranges between 5–7 to 16–18 years,[181] contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent.[77] In 2002, 43 percent of Canadians aged 25 to 64 possessed a post-secondary education; for those aged 25 to 34, the rate of post-secondary education reached 51 percent.[182] The Programme for International Student Assessment indicates that Canadian students rank well above the OECD average, particularly in mathematics, sciences, and reading.[183]
| Largest metropolitan areas in Canada by population (2011 Census) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Province | Population | Name | Province | Population | |||
| Toronto | Ontario | 5,583,064 | London | Ontario | 474,786 | |||
| Montreal | Quebec | 3,824,221 | St. Catharines–Niagara | Ontario | 392,184 | |||
| Vancouver | British Columbia | 2,313,328 | Halifax | Nova Scotia | 390,328 | |||
| Ottawa–Gatineau | Ontario–Quebec | 1,236,324 | Oshawa | Ontario | 356,177 | |||
| Calgary | Alberta | 1,214,839 | Victoria | British Columbia | 344,615 | |||
| Edmonton | Alberta | 1,159,869 | Windsor | Ontario | 319,246 | |||
| Quebec | Quebec | 0765,706 | Saskatoon | Saskatchewan | 260,600 | |||
| Winnipeg | Manitoba | 0730,018 | Regina | Saskatchewan | 210,556 | |||
| Hamilton | Ontario | 0721,053 | Sherbrooke | Quebec | 201,890 | |||
| Kitchener–Cambridge-Waterloo | Ontario | 0477,160 | St. John's | Newfoundland and Labrador | 196,966 | |||
Language[link]
Main articles: Languages of Canada and List of endangered languages in Canada
English – 57.8%
English and French (Bilingual) – 17.4%
French – 22.1%
Sparsely populated area (<0.4 persons per km2)
Canada's two official languages are Canadian English and Canadian French. Official bilingualism is defined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Official Languages Act, and Official Language Regulations; it is applied by the Commissioner of Official Languages. English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. Citizens have the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French, and official-language minorities are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories.[184]
English and French are the first languages of 59.7 and 23.2 percent of the population respectively. Approximately 98 percent of Canadians speak English or French: 57.8 percent speak English only, 22.1 percent speak French only, and 17.4 percent speak both.[185] The English and French official-language communities, defined by the first official language spoken, constitute 73.0 and 23.6 percent of the population respectively.[186]
The 1977 Charter of the French Language established French as the official language of Quebec.[187] Although more than 85 percent of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial Francophone populations in Ontario, Alberta, and southern Manitoba; Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec.[188] New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a French-speaking Acadian minority constituting 33 percent of the population. There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island, and through central and western Prince Edward Island.[189]
Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status, but is not fully co-official.[190] There are 11 Aboriginal language groups, composed of more than 65 distinct dialects.[191] Of these, only the Cree, Inuktitut and Ojibway languages have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to survive in the long term.[192] Several aboriginal languages have official status in the Northwest Territories.[193] Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and is one of three official languages in the territory.[194]
In 2005, over six million people in Canada listed a non-official language as their mother tongue. Some of the most common non-official first languages include Chinese (mainly Cantonese; 1,012,065 first-language speakers), Italian (455,040), German (450,570), Punjabi (367,505) and Spanish (345,345).[195] English and French are the most-spoken home languages, being spoken at home by 68.3 and 22.3 percent of the population respectively.[196]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Canada
Canadian society is often depicted as being "diverse and multicultural".[197][198] Canada's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote multiculturalism are constitutionally protected.[199] In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a culture of Quebec that is distinct from English Canadian culture.[200] However, as a whole, Canada is in theory a cultural mosaic – a collection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures.[201] Government policies such as publicly funded health care, higher taxation to redistribute wealth, the outlawing of capital punishment, strong efforts to eliminate poverty, an emphasis on multiculturalism, strict gun control, and the legalization of same-sex marriage are further social indicators of Canada's political and cultural values.[202]
Historically, Canada has been influenced by British, French, and aboriginal cultures and traditions. Through their language, art and music, aboriginal peoples continue to influence the Canadian identity.[203] Many Canadians value multiculturalism and see Canada as being inherently multicultural.[63] American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the United States and worldwide.[204] The preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the National Film Board of Canada, and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.[205]
Canadian visual art has been dominated by figures such as Tom Thomson – the country's most famous painter – and by the Group of Seven. Thomson's career painting Canadian landscapes spanned a decade up to his death in 1917 at age 39.[206] The Group were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920. Though referred to as having seven members, five artists – Lawren Harris, A. Y. Jackson, Arthur Lismer, J. E. H. MacDonald, and Frederick Varley – were responsible for articulating the Group's ideas. They were joined briefly by Frank Johnston, and by commercial artist Franklin Carmichael. A. J. Casson became part of the Group in 1926.[207] Associated with the Group was another prominent Canadian artist, Emily Carr, known for her landscapes and portrayals of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast.[208]
The Canadian music industry has produced internationally renowned composers, musicians and ensembles.[209] Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presents Canada's music industry awards, the Juno Awards, which were first awarded in 1970.[210] The national anthem of Canada O Canada adopted in 1980, was originally commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Honourable Théodore Robitaille, for the 1880 St. Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony.[211] Calixa Lavallée wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The text was originally only in French, before it was translated to English in 1906.[212]
Canada's official national sports are ice hockey and lacrosse.[213] Hockey is a national pastime and the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is also the sport most played by Canadians, with 1.65 million participants reported in 2004. Seven of Canada's eight largest metropolitan areas – Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg – have franchises in the National Hockey League (NHL), and there are more Canadian players in the NHL than from all other countries combined. Other popular spectator sports include curling and football; the latter is played professionally in the Canadian Football League (CFL). Golf, baseball, skiing, soccer, cricket, volleyball, rugby league and basketball are widely played at youth and amateur levels, but professional leagues and franchises are not widespread.[214]
Canada has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, the 1994 Basketball World Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Canada was the host nation for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia.[215]
Canada's national symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and Aboriginal sources. The use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's current and previous flags, on the penny, and on the Arms of Canada.[216] Other prominent symbols include the beaver, Canada Goose, Common Loon, the Crown, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police,[216] and more recently, the totem pole and Inuksuk.[217]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage. "Royal anthem 'God Save The Queen'". Queen's Printer. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/godsave-eng.cfm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Kallmann, Helmut. "National and royal anthems". In Marsh, James Harley. Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. Historica-Dominion. http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002533. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Official Languages Act. Government of the Northwest Territories. 2004. p. 4. http://www.nwtlanguagescommissioner.ca/pdf/Official_Languages_act.pdf.
- ^ a b Hail, M; Lange, S (February 25, 2010). "Federalism and Representation in the Theory of the Founding Fathers: A Comparative Study of US and Canadian Constitutional Thought". Publius: the Journal of Federalism 40 (3): 366–388. DOI:10.1093/publius/pjq001.
- ^ "Canada's population clock". Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ig-gi/pop-ca-eng.htm. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
- ^ a b c "2011 Census: Population and dwelling counts". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2012. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/120208/dq120208a-eng.htm?WT.mc_id=twtB2000. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Canada". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&pr.y=11&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=156&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
- ^ "Distribution of family income – Gini index". World Factbook. CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2011". United Nations. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
- ^ "Origin of the Name, Canada". Canadian Heritage. 2008. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/o5-eng.cfm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b Maura, Juan Francisco (2009). "Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de la toponimia ibérica en la América Septentrional en el siglo XVI". Bulletin of Spanish Studies 86 (5): 577–603. DOI:10.1080/14753820902969345.
- ^ Rayburn, Alan (2001). Naming Canada: Stories of Canadian Place Names (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 1–22. ISBN 0-8020-8293-9.
- ^ O'Toole, Roger (2009). "Dominion of the Gods: Religious continuity and change in a Canadian context". In Hvithamar, Annika; Warburg, Margit; Jacobsen, Brian Arly. Holy nations and global identities : civil religion, nationalism, and globalisation. Brill. p. 137. ISBN 978-90-04-17828-1.
- ^ a b c d Buckner, Philip, ed. (2008). Canada and the British Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125. ISBN 0-19-927164-X.
- ^ "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas" (PDF). University College London 73:524–539. 2003. DOI:10.1086/377588. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Bortolini-AJHG-03-YAmer.pdf. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Cinq-Mars, J (2001). "On the significance of modified mammoth bones from eastern Beringia" (PDF). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.palanth.com/forum/upload_download/articles/cinqmars_elefanti_01.pdf. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Wright, JV (September 27, 2009). "A History of the Native People of Canada: Early and Middle Archaic Complexes". Canadian Museum of Civilization. http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/archeo/hnpc/npvol04e.shtml. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Griebel, Ron. "The Bluefish Caves". Minnesota State University. Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080624012628/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/bluefishcaves.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Beringia: humans were here". Montreal Gazette. May 17, 2008. http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/saturdayextra/story.html?id=2a31375e-e834-407d-b8db-2a0010ad4acf&p=2. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ Cinq-Mars, Jacques (2001). "Significance of the Bluefish Caves in Beringian Prehistory". Canadian Museum of Civilization. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110429092138/http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/explore/resources-for-scholars/essays/archaeology/jacques-cinq-mars/significance-of-the-bluefish-caves-in-beringian-prehistory2. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Hayes, Derek (2008). Canada : an illustrated history. Douglas & Mcintyre. pp. 7, 13. ISBN 978-1-55365-259-5.
- ^ Macklem, Patrick (2001). Indigenous difference and the Constitution of Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 170. ISBN 0-8020-4195-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=quM1xyFyfhQC&pg=PA170.
- ^ Sonneborn, Liz (January 2007). Chronology of American Indian History. Infobase Publishing. pp. 2–12. ISBN 978-0-8160-6770-1.
- ^ a b c Wilson, Donna M; Northcott, Herbert C (2008). Dying and Death in Canada. University of Toronto Press. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-1-55111-873-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=p_pMVs53mzQC&pg=PA25.
- ^ a b Thornton, Russell (2000). "Population history of Native North Americans". In Haines, Michael R; Steckel, Richard Hall. A population history of North America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13, 380. ISBN 0-521-49666-7.
- ^ Bailey, Garrick Alan (2008). Handbook of North American Indians: Indians in contemporary society. Government Printing Office. p. 285. ISBN 0-16-080388-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z1IwUbZqjTUC&pg=PA285.
- ^ "Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage: Culture". Canadian Museum of Civilization. May 12, 2006. http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "ICC Charter". Inuit Circumpolar Council. 2007. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080226023243/http://inuitcircumpolar.com/index.php?auto_slide=&ID=374&Lang=En&Parent_ID=¤t_slide_num=. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "In the Kawaskimhon Aboriginal Moot Court Factum of the Federal Crown Canada". University of Manitoba Faculty of Law. 2007. p. 2. Archived from the original on November 19, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5lOHtrRJy. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "What to Search: Topics". Ethno-Cultural and Aboriginal Groups. Library and Archives Canada. May 27, 2005. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/genealogie/022-905.004-e.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Tanner, Adrian (1999). "3. Innu-Inuit 'Warfare'". Innu Culture. Department of Anthropology, Memorial University of Newfoundland. http://www.heritage.nf.ca/aboriginal/innu_culture.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Reeves, Arthur Middleton (2009). The Norse Discovery of America. BiblioLife. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-559-05400-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=HkoPUdPM3V8C&pg=PA7.
- ^ "John Cabot's voyage of 1498". Memorial University of Newfoundland. 2000. http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot1498.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b Hornsby, Stephen J (2005). British Atlantic, American frontier : spaces of power in early modern British America. University Press of New England. pp. 14, 18–19, 22–23. ISBN 978-1-58465-427-8.
- ^ Cartier, Jacques; Biggar, Henry Percival; Cook, Ramsay (1993). The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. University of Toronto Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8020-6000-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=VcKEk7hRTmYC&pg=PA26.
- ^ Rose, George A (October 1, 2007). Cod: The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries. Breakwater Books. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-55081-225-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=tDNe7GOOwfwC&pg=PA209.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C; Arnold, James; Wiener, Roberta (September 30, 2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 394. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=JsM4A0GSO34C&pg=PA394.
- ^ Nolan, Cathal J (2008). Wars of the age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization. ABC-CLIO. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-313-33046-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=Nn_61ts-hQwC&pg=PA160.
- ^ Allaire, Gratien (May 2007). "From "Nouvelle-France" to "Francophonie canadienne": a historical survey". International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2007 (185): 25–52. DOI:10.1515/IJSL.2007.024.
- ^ Hicks, Bruce M (March 2010). "Use of Non-Traditional Evidence: A Case Study Using Heraldry to Examine Competing Theories for Canada's Confederation". British Journal of Canadian Studies 23 (1): 87–117. DOI:10.3828/bjcs.2010.5.
- ^ McNairn, Jeffrey L (2000). The capacity to judge. University of Toronto Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-8020-4360-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=T_A3pZQrHzIC&pg=PA24.
- ^ This is an 1885 photograph of the now-destroyed 1884 painting.
- ^ "Immigration History of Canada". Marianopolis College. 2004. Archived from the original on December 16, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071216101207/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/ImmigrationHistoryofCanada.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Romney, Paul (Spring 1989). "From Constitutionalism to Legalism: Trial by Jury, Responsible Government, and the Rule of Law in the Canadian Political Culture". Law and History Review (University of Illinois Press) 7 (1): 128.
- ^ Evenden, Leonard J; Turbeville, Daniel E (1992). "The Pacific Coast Borderland and Frontier". In Janelle, Donald G. Geographical snapshots of North America. Guilford Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-89862-030-9.
- ^ "Territorial evolution". Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/anniversary_maps/terr_evol. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Canada: History". Country Profiles. Commonwealth Secretariat. http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145152/history/. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b Bothwell, Robert (1996). History of Canada Since 1867. Michigan State University Press. pp. 31, 207–310. ISBN 0-87013-399-3.
- ^ Bumsted, JM (1996). The Red River Rebellion. Watson & Dwyer. ISBN 0-920486-23-1.
- ^ a b "Building a nation". Canadian Atlas. Canadian Geographic. http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Atlas/themes.aspx?id=building&sub=building_basics_confederation&lang=En. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Sir John A. Macdonald". Library and Archives Canada. 2008. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sir-john-a-macdonald/023013-5000-e.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Cook, Terry (2000). "The Canadian West: An Archival Odyssey through the Records of the Department of the Interior". The Archivist. Library and Archives Canada. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/publications/archivist-magazine/015002-2230-e.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Morton, Desmond (1999). A military history of Canada (4th ed.). McClelland & Stewart. pp. 130–158, 173, 203–233, 258. ISBN 0-7710-6514-0.
- ^ Haglund, David G; MacFarlane, S Neil (1999). Security, strategy and the global economics of defence production. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-88911-875-2.
- ^ Mulvale, James P (July 11, 2008). "Basic Income and the Canadian Welfare State: Exploring the Realms of Possibility". Basic Income Studies 3 (1). DOI:10.2202/1932-0183.1084.
- ^ a b Goddard, Lance (2005). Canada and the Liberation of the Netherlands. Dundurn Press Ltd. pp. 225–232. ISBN 1-55002-547-3.
- ^ Bothwell, Robert (2007). Alliance and illusion : Canada and the world, 1945–1984. UBC Press. pp. 11, 31. ISBN 978-0-7748-1368-6.
- ^ Summers, WF. "Newfoundland and Labrador". Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica-Dominion. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=a1ARTA0005714#SEC925203. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Mackey, Eva (2002). The house of difference: cultural politics and national identity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-8020-8481-8.
- ^ Landry, Rodrigue; Forgues, Éric (May 2007). "Official language minorities in Canada: an introduction". International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2007 (185): 1–9. DOI:10.1515/IJSL.2007.022.
- ^ Esses, Victoria M; Gardner, RC (July 1996). "Multiculturalism in Canada: Context and current status". Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 28 (3): 145–152.
- ^ Sarrouh, Elissar (January 22, 2002). "Social Policies in Canada: A Model for Development". Social Policy Series, No. 1. United Nations. pp. 14–16, 22–37. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5nDiozOLF. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b Bickerton, James; Gagnon, Alain, ed. (2004). Canadian Politics (4th ed.). Broadview Press. pp. 250–254, 344–347. ISBN 1-55111-595-6.
- ^ Légaré, André (2008). "Canada's Experiment with Aboriginal Self-Determination in Nunavut: From Vision to Illusion". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 15 (2–3): 335–367. DOI:10.1163/157181108X332659.
- ^ Munroe, HD (2009). "The October Crisis Revisited: Counterterrorism as Strategic Choice, Political Result, and Organizational Practice". Terrorism and Political Violence 21 (2): 288–305. DOI:10.1080/09546550902765623.
- ^ a b Sorens, J (December 2004). "Globalization, secessionism, and autonomy". Electoral Studies 23 (4): 727–752. DOI:10.1016/j.electstud.2003.10.003.
- ^ Leblanc, Daniel (August 13, 2010). "A brief history of the Bloc Québécois". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/a-brief-history-of-the-bloc-qubcois/article1672831/. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
- ^ Betz, Hans-Georg; Immerfall, Stefan (1998). The new politics of the Right: neo-Populist parties and movements in established democracies. St. Martinʼs Press. p. 173. ISBN 0-312-21134-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=H9cGkDJgW7wC&pg=PA173.
- ^ "Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080622063429/http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/termsofreference/. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Sourour, Teresa K (1991). "Report of Coroner's Investigation" (PDF). http://www.diarmani.com/Montreal_Coroners_Report.pdf. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "The Oka Crisis" (Digital Archives). CBC. 2000. http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/civil_unrest/topics/99/. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Roach, Kent (2003). September 11: consequences for Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 15, 59–61, 194. ISBN 0-7735-2584-X.
- ^ "Canada and Multilateral Operations in Support of Peace and Stability". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. 2010. http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/news-nouvelles/news-nouvelles-eng.asp?cat=00&id=914. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Jockel, Joseph T; Sokolsky, Joel B (2008). "Canada and the war in Afghanistan: NATO's odd man out steps forward". Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6 (1): 100–115. DOI:10.1080/14794010801917212.
- ^ "Canada's military contribution in Libya". CBC. October 20, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/10/20/f-libya-nato-mission.html. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ^ "Canada: Geography". Country Profiles. Commonwealth Secretariat. http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/138398/geography/. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b c d "World Factbook: Canada". CIA. May 16, 2006. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Territorial Evolution, 1927". National Resources Canada. April 6, 2004. http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1927/1. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Susic, Stela (August 15, 2006). "Air Force becomes command authority for CFS Alert". The Maple Leaf (National Defence Canada) 12 (17). http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/Commun/ml-fe/article-eng.asp?id=5317. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "The Boundary". International Boundary Commission. 1985. http://www.internationalboundarycommission.org/boundary.html. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
- ^ "Significant Canadian Facts". Natural Resources Canada. April 5, 2004. http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/supergeneral.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ National Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. 2005. p. 1. ISBN 0-7705-1198-8.
- ^ I.e., lakes over 3 square kilometres (300 ha) in area. "Lakes". Atlas of Canada. http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/lakes.html. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ Bailey, William G; Oke, TR; Rouse, Wayne R (1997). The surface climates of Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 124. ISBN 0-7735-1672-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=oxNMhw-rRrQC&pg=PA244.
- ^ Etkin, David; Haque, CE; Brooks, Gregory R (April 30, 2003). An Assessment of Natural Hazards and Disasters in Canada. Springer. pp. 569, 582, 583. ISBN 978-1-4020-1179-5.
- ^ "Tseax Cone". Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. August 19, 2005. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_tsx_107. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Population Density, 2001". Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. June 15, 2005. http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/peopleandsociety/population/population2001/density2001. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ The Weather Network. "Statistics, Regina SK". Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090105062344/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/C02072/CASK0261?CASK0261. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
- ^ "Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1971–2000". Environment Canada. March 25, 2004. http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Queen Victoria (March 29, 1867). Constitution Act, 1867: Preamble. Queen's Printer. http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Smith, David E (June 10, 2010). "The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy?". The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options (Queen's University): p. 6. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5qXvz463C. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b MacLeod, Kevin S (2008). A Crown of Maples (1st ed.). Queen's Printer. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/crnCdn/crn_mpls-eng.pdf. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Canadian Heritage (February 2009). Canadian Heritage Portfolio (2nd ed.). Queen's Printer. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-100-11529-0. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/publctn/gp-pg/ppc-chp/ppc-chp-eng.pdf. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "The Governor General of Canada: Roles and Responsibilities". Queen's Printer. http://gg.ca/document.aspx?id=3. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Commonwealth public administration reform 2004. Commonwealth Secretariat. 2004. pp. 54–55. ISBN 0-11-703249-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=ATi5R5XNb2MC&pg=PA54.
- ^ a b c Forsey, Eugene (2005). How Canadians Govern Themselves (6th ed.). Queen's Printer. pp. 1, 16, 26. ISBN 0-662-39689-8. Archived from the original on January 15, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5vkPPetrW. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille. "House of Commons Procedure and Practice: Parliamentary Institutions". Queen's Printer. http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Lang=E&Print=2&Sec=Ch01&Seq=5. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Prime Minister of Canada". Queen's Printer. 2009. http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/pm.asp?featureId=7. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Johnson, David (2006). Thinking government: public sector management in Canada (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 134–135, 149. ISBN 1-55111-779-7.
- ^ "The Opposition in a Parliamentary System". Library of Parliament. http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/bp47-e.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ O'Neal, Brian; Bédard, Michel; Spano, Sebastian (April 11, 2011). "Government and Canada’s 41st Parliament: Questions and Answers". Library of Parliament. http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-37-e.htm. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
- ^ Hicks, Bruce M; Blais, André (2008). "Restructuring the Canadian Senate through Elections". IIRP Choices (Institute for Research on Public Policy) 14 (14): 11. http://www.irpp.org/choices/archive/vol14no15.pdf.
- ^ "Difference between Canadian Provinces and Territories". Intergovernmental Affairs Canada. 2009. http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=provterr&sub=difference&doc=difference-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "A Comparison of Provincial & Territorial Governments". Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories. 2008. http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/factscomparisonofprovincialandterritorial.aspx. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Bakan, Joel; Elliot, Robin M (2003). Canadian Constitutional Law. Emond Montgomery Publications. pp. 3–8, 683–687, 699. ISBN 1-55239-085-3.
- ^ a b c Assembly of First Nations, Elizabeth II (2004). "A First Nations – Federal Crown Political Accord". 1. Assembly of First Nations. p. 3. Archived from the original on December 29, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5mNOfuTmo. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Treaty areas". Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. October 7, 2002. http://dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/EB/prb9916-e.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "What is Treaty 8?". CBC. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/aboriginals/treaty8.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ McCormick, Peter (2000). Supreme at last: the evolution of the Supreme Court of Canada. James Lorimer & Company Ltd. pp. 2, 86, 154. ISBN 1-55028-692-7.
- ^ "About the Court". Supreme Court of Canada. 2009. http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/sys/index-eng.asp. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Sworden, Philip James (2006). An introduction to Canadian law. Emond Montgomery Publications. pp. 22, 150. ISBN 1-55239-145-0.
- ^ "Ontario Provincial Police". OPP. http://www.opp.ca/ecms/index.php?id=19. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
- ^ Royal Canadian Mounted Police. "Keeping Canada and Our Communities Safe and Secure". Queen's Printer. http://www.nbpei-ecn.ca/documents/ECN-Forensics.pdf#neighbourhood. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "About the Canadian Forces". Department of National Defence. http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/acf-apfc/index-eng.asp. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Military expenditure of Canada". SIPRI. http://milexdata.sipri.org/result.php4. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ Haglung, David G (Autumn 2003). "North American Cooperation in an Era of Homeland Security". Orbis (Foreign Policy Research Institute) 47 (4): 675–691. DOI:10.1016/S0030-4387(03)00072-3.
- ^ James, Patrick (2006). Michaud, Nelson; O'Reilly, Marc J. ed. Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy. Lexington Books. pp. 213–214, 349–362. ISBN 0-7391-1493-X.
- ^ Teigrob, Robert (September 2010). "'Which Kind of Imperialism?' Early Cold War Decolonization and Canada–US Relations". Canadian Review of American Studies 37 (3): 403–430. DOI:10.3138/cras.37.3.403.
- ^ Canada's international policy statement: a role of pride and influence in the world. Government of Canada. 2005. ISBN 0-662-68608-X.
- ^ Finkel, Alvin (1997). Our lives: Canada after 1945. Lorimer. pp. 105–107, 111–116. ISBN 1-55028-551-3.
- ^ Holloway, Steven Kendall (2006). Canadian foreign policy: defining the national interest. University of Toronto Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 1-55111-816-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=MSHy65g7M7wC&pg=PA102.
- ^ Farnsworth, Clyde H (November 27, 1994). "Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/27/world/torture-by-army-peacekeepers-in-somalia-shocks-canada.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Canada and the Organization of American States (OAS)". Canadian Heritage. 2008. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ai-ia/rir-iro/am-as/oea-oas-eng.cfm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Opening Doors to Asia". Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. 2009. http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/cimar-rcami/2009/06_apec.aspx. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "In the line of duty: Canada's casualties". CBC. October 31, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/afghanistan/casualties/list.html. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ^ "Cost of the Afghanistan mission 2001–2011". Government of Canada. http://www.afghanistan.gc.ca/canada-afghanistan/news-nouvelles/2010/2010_07_09.aspx?lang=eng. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ^ Vagnoni, Giselda (February 5, 2007). "Rich nations to sign $1.5 bln vaccine pact in Italy". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/02/06/idUSL06661675._CH_.2400. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Blomfield, Adrian (August 3, 2007). "Russia claims North Pole with Arctic flag stunt". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559165/Russia-claims-North-Pole-with-Arctic-flag-stunt.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Row over Canada F-35 fighter jet order". BBC News. July 16, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-10667633. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Canada's Libya mission to end in 2 weeks". CBC. October 20, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2011/10/20/pol-libya-mission-end-two-weeks.html. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
- ^ Bird, Richard M (October 22, 2008). "Government Finance". Historical Statistics of Canada. Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/sectionh/4057752-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Latest release". World Trade Organization. April 17, 2008. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres08_e/pr520_e.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Index of Globalization 2010". KOF. http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ "Index of Economic Freedom". Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal. 2009. http://www.heritage.org/Index/. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b "Imports, exports and trade balance of goods on a balance-of-payments basis, by country or country grouping". Statistics Canada. November 16, 2009. http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/gblec02a-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Employment by Industry". Statistics Canada. January 8, 2009. http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/econ40-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Easterbrook, WT (March 1995). "Recent Contributions to Economic History: Canada". Journal of Economic History 19: 98.
- ^ a b Brown, Charles E (2002). World energy resources. Springer. pp. 323, 378–389. ISBN 3-540-42634-5.
- ^ Clarke, Tony; Campbell, Bruce; Laxer, Gordon (March 10, 2006). "US oil addiction could make us sick". Parkland Institute. http://parklandinstitute.ca/downloads/reports/FuellingFortressAmericareport.pdf. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b Britton, John NH (1996). Canada and the Global Economy: The Geography of Structural and Technological Change. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 26–27, 155–163. ISBN 0-7735-1356-6.
- ^ "Zinc Production by Country (Metric tons, zinc content of concentrate and direct shipping ore, unless otherwise specified)". United States Geological Survey data via Index Mundi. 2009. http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?product=zinc&graph=production. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
- ^ Leacy, FH, ed. (1983). "Vl-12". Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/sectionv/4057758-eng.htm#V332_350. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Morck, Randall; Tian, Gloria; Yeung, Bernard (2005). "Who owns whom? Economic nationalism and family controlled pyramidal groups in Canada". In Eden, Lorraine; Dobson, Wendy. Governance, multinationals, and growth. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 1-84376-909-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=q4gt2xhqpSIC&pg=PA50.
- ^ Hale, Geoffrey (October 2008). "The Dog That Hasn't Barked: The Political Economy of Contemporary Debates on Canadian Foreign Investment Policies". Canadian Journal of Political Science 41 (3): 719–747. DOI:10.1017/S0008423908080785.
- ^ "Jean Chrétien". CBC. July 13, 2009. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/07/13/f-jean-chretien.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Grant, Tavia (February 10, 2010). "Canada has first yearly trade deficit since 1975". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/canada-has-first-yearly-trade-deficit-since-1975/article1462607/. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Sturgeon, Jamie (March 13, 2009). "Jobless rate to peak at 10%: TD". National Post. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5nDiwjKnX. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Latest release from Labour Force Survey". Statistics Canada. November 6, 2009. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/subjects-sujets/labour-travail/lfs-epa/lfs-epa-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Yalnizyan, Armine (October 15, 2010). "The real state of Canada's jobs market". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/economy-lab/the-economists/the-real-state-of-canadas-jobs-market/article1757129/. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ "Budget fights deficit with freeze on future spending". CTV News. March 4, 2010. http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20100304/budget_2010_100304/20100304?hub=TorontoNewHome. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Canada's international investment position". The Daily. Statistics Canada. June 17, 2010. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/100617/dq100617b-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Spending on research and development". Statistics Canada. January 13, 2012. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/120113/dq120113d-eng.htm. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
- ^ "Canadian Nobel Prize in Science Laureates". Queen's University. http://resources.educ.queensu.ca/science/main/profdev/pdjsi1.htm. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
- ^ "Top 250 Canadian Technology Companies". Branham Group Inc. http://www.branham300.com/index.php?year=2011&listing=1. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
- ^ "Internet Usage and Population in North America". Internetworldstats. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats14.htm#north. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Canada's astronauts". CBC News. October 26, 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2010/09/01/f-canadian-space-astronauts.html. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ "The Canadian Aerospace Industry praises the federal government for recognizing Space as a strategic capability for Canada". Newswire. http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2010/11/c9200.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Black Brant Sounding Rockets". Magellan Aerospace. http://www.bristol.ca/BlackBrant.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present". Statistics Canada. 2009. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4151287-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Beauchesne, Eric (March 13, 2007). "We are 31,612,897". National Post. http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/financialpost/story.html?id=73b94aac-08f0-477f-a72a-b8b640f6658f&k=90795. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Custred, Glynn (2008). "Security Threats on America's Borders". In Moens, Alexander. Immigration policy and the terrorist threat in Canada and the United States. Fraser Institute. p. 96. ISBN 0-88975-235-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=HmiqBgnkAXYC&pg=PA96.
- ^ "Urban-rural population as a proportion of total population, Canada, provinces, territories and health regions". Statistics Canada. 2001. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-221-x/00503/t/th/4062283-eng.htm. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Martel, Laurent; Malenfant, Éric Caron (September 22, 2009). "2006 Census: Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006, by Age and Sex". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-551/index-eng.cfm?CFID=3347169&CFTOKEN=19485112. Retrieved October 18, 2009.
- ^ "Canadian population creeps up in average age". CBC. September 28, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/09/28/canada-population-stats.html. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
- ^ "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table". Statistics Canada. July 28, 2009. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data". 2006 Census: Topic-based tabulations. Statistics Canada. June 12, 2008. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=837928&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89122&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=73&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ "One in 6 Canadians is a visible minority". CBC. April 2, 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/04/02/stats-immigration.html. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
- ^ "2006 Census: Ethnic origin, visible minorities, place of work and mode of transportation". The Daily. Statistics Canada. April 2, 2008. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/080402/dq080402a-eng.htm. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
- ^ Pendakur, Krishna. "Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver's Labour Market". Simon Fraser University. http://www.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/equality/racism/racism_free_init/pendakur.shtml. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
- ^ "2006 Census: Immigration, citizenship, language, mobility and migration". The Daily. Statistics Canada. December 4, 2007. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/071204/dq071204a-eng.htm. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
- ^ Lilley, Brian (2010). "Canadians want immigration shakeup". Parliamentary Bureau. Canadian Online Explorer. http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Politics/2010/11/09/16054896.html. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
- ^ Friesen, Joe (March 9, 2010). "The changing face of Canada: booming minority populations by 2031". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-changing-face-of-canada-booming-minority-populations-by-2031/article1494651/. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
- ^ Zimmerman, Karla (2008). Canada (10th ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-74104-571-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nlSWLT8UC&pg=PA51.
- ^ "Supplementary Information for the 2012 Immigration Levels Plan". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/notices/notice-levels2012.asp. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
- ^ "Canada's 2011 immigration level unchanged". CBC. November 2, 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/montreal/story/2010/11/02/con-immigration.html. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ "Canada welcomes highest number of legal immigrants in 50 years while taking action to maintain the integrity of Canada’s immigration system". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. February 13, 2011. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/releases/2011/2011-02-13.asp. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
- ^ "When immigration goes awry". Toronto Star. July 14, 2006. http://www.thestar.com/Canada2020/article/106702. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
- ^ "Government of Canada Tables 2011 Immigration Plan". Canada News Centre. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/releases/2010/2010-11-01a.asp. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ "Canada's Generous Program for Refugee Resettlement Is Undermined by Human Smugglers Who Abuse Canada's Immigration System". Public Safety Canada. http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2010/nr20101021-6-eng.aspx. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ "Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census)". Statistics Canada. January 25, 2005. http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo30a-eng.htm. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
- ^ "Overview of Education in Canada". Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5mYLss1b9. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ "Creating Opportunities for All Canadians". Department of Finance Canada. November 14, 2005. http://www.fin.gc.ca/ec2005/agenda/agc4-eng.asp. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
- ^ "Comparing countries' and economies' performances". OECD. 2009. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/12/46643496.pdf. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ "Official Languages and You". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. June 16, 2009. http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/html/faq1_e.php. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
- ^ "2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: Highlights". Statistics Canada. 2006 (2010). http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-555/p1-eng.cfm. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
- ^ "Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. 2006. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo15-eng.htm. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
- ^ Bourhis, Richard Y; Montaruli, Elisa; Amiot, Catherine E (May 2007). "Language planning and French-English bilingual communication: Montreal field studies from 1977 to 1997". International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2007 (185): 187–224. DOI:10.1515/IJSL.2007.031.
- ^ Lachapelle, R (March 2009). "The Diversity of the Canadian Francophonie". Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/about-apercu/diversity-franco-diversite-eng.htm. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
- ^ Hayday, Matthew (2005). Bilingual Today, United Tomorrow: Official Languages in Education and Canadian Federalism. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-7735-2960-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=3D6LPBGT59kC&pg=PA49.
- ^ Heller, Monica (2003). Crosswords : language, education and ethnicity in French Ontario. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 72, 74. ISBN 978-3-11-017687-2.
- ^ "Aboriginal languages". Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-589-x/4067801-eng.htm. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G Jr. (2005) (Web Version online by SIL International). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ Fettes, Mark; Norton, Ruth (2001). "Voices of Winter: Aboriginal Languages and Public Policy in Canada". In Castellano, Marlene Brant; Davis, Lynne; Lahache, Louise. Aboriginal education: fulfilling the promise. UBC Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-7748-0783-0.
- ^ Russell, Peter H (2005). "Indigineous Self-Determination: Is Canada as Good as it Gets?". In Hocking, Barbara. Unfinished constitutional business?: rethinking indigenous self-determination. Aboriginal Studies Press. p. 180. ISBN 0-85575-466-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=mxreMX_cf4EC&pg=PA180.
- ^ "Population by mother tongue, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. January 27, 2005. http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo11a-eng.htm. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
- ^ "First Official Language Spoken (7) and Sex (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas 1, 2001 Census – 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55535&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=41&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
- ^ Anne-Marie Mooney Cotter (February 28, 2011). Culture clash: an international legal perspective on ethnic discrimination. Ashgate Publishing. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4094-1936-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=0AcvVUevrMYC&pg=PA176.
- ^ "Den Tandt: Canada’s socially progressive values now stretch from coast to coast". Canada.com. April 30, 2012. http://www.canada.com/news/Tandt+Canada+socially+progressive+values+stretch+from+coast+coast/6537774/story.html. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
- ^ "Canadian Multiculturalism". Library of Parliament. September 15, 2009. pp. 1–7. http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0920-e.pdf. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
- ^ Franklin, Daniel P; Baun, Michael J (1995). Political culture and constitutionalism: a comparative approach. Sharpe. p. 61. ISBN 1-56324-416-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=NtvKidOH9pgC&pg=PA61.
- ^ Garcea, Joseph; Kirova, Anna; Wong, Lloyd (January 2009). "Multiculturalism Discourses in Canada". Canadian Ethnic Studies 40 (1): 1–10. DOI:10.1353/ces.0.0069.
- ^ Bricker, Darrell; Wright, John (2005). What Canadians think about almost everything. Doubleday Canada. pp. 8–23. ISBN 0-385-65985-7.
- ^ Magocsi, Paul R (2002). Aboriginal peoples of Canada: a short introduction. University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–6. ISBN 0-8020-3630-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=GkAuYRVjlE8C&pg=PA3.
- ^ Blackwell, John D (2005). "Culture High and Low". International Council for Canadian Studies World Wide Web Service. http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html#culture. Retrieved March 15, 2006.
- ^ "Mandate of the National Film Board". National Film Board of Canada. 2005. http://www.onf.ca/medias/download/documents/pdf/NFB_STRATEGIC_PLAN.pdf. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
- ^ Brock, Richard (2008). "Envoicing Silent Objects: Art and Literature at the Site of the Canadian Landscape". Canadian Journal of Environmental Education 13 (2): 50–61.
- ^ Hill, Charles C (1995). The Group of Seven – Art for a Nation. National Gallery of Canada. pp. 15–21, 195. ISBN 0-7710-6716-X.
- ^ Newlands, Anne (1996). Emily Carr. Firefly Books. pp. 8–9. ISBN 1-55209-046-9.
- ^ Dorland, Michael (1996). The cultural industries in Canada: problems, policies and prospects. J. Lorimer. p. 95. ISBN 1-55028-494-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=vtDhVXAkpxcC&pg=PA95.
- ^ Edwardson, Ryan (2008). Canadian content, culture and the quest for nationhood. University of Toronto Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-8020-9759-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=IxVuSFLo8fAC&pg=PA127.
- ^ "'O Canada'". Historica-Dominion. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002611. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
- ^ "Hymne national du Canada". Canadian Heritage. June 23, 2008. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
- ^ Wieting, Stephen G (2001). Sport and memory in North America. Frank Cass. p. 4. ISBN 0-7146-8205-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=dvWqyW9lmXsC&pg=PA4.
- ^ Conference Board of Canada (December 2004). "Survey: Most Popular Sports, by Type of Participation, Adult Population". Strengthening Canada: The Socio-economic Benefits of Sport Participation in Canada – Report August 2005. Sport Canada. http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/sc/pubs/socio-eco/tab2_tab_e.cfm. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
- ^ "Vancouver 2010". The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. 2009. http://www.vancouver2010.com/. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
- ^ a b Canadian Heritage (2002). Symbols of Canada. Canadian Government Publishing. ISBN 0-660-18615-2.
- ^ Ruhl, Jeffrey (January 2008). "Inukshuk Rising". Canadian Journal of Globalization 1 (1): 25–30.
Further reading[link]
Main article: Bibliography of Canada
|
|
External links[link]
| Find more about Canada on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
This audio file was created from a revision of the "Canada" article dated 2008-01-04, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
- Official website of the Government of Canada
- Official website of the Governor General of Canada
- Canada at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Canada at the Open Directory Project
- Canadian Studies: A Guide to the Sources
- Canadiana: The National Bibliography of Canada
- Key Development Forecasts for Canada from International Futures
.svg){kind=small}
http://wn.com/Canada
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Канада
http://es.wn.com/Canadá
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| William Shatner | |
|---|---|
 William Shatner in 2005 |
|
| Born | William Alan Shatner (1931-03-22) March 22, 1931 (age 81) Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Residence | Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Other names | Bill Shatner |
| Education | Baron Byng High School Westhill High School |
| Alma mater | McGill University |
| Occupation | Actor, musician, novelist, spokesman, film director |
| Years active | 1950–present |
| Known for | James T. Kirk, Sergeant T. J. Hooker, Denny Crane, Priceline Negotiator |
| Home town | Westmount, Quebec, Canada |
| Television | Star Trek, T. J. Hooker, Boston Legal |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Spouse | Gloria Rand (1956–1969) Marcy Lafferty Shatner (1973–1994) Nerine Kidd-Shatner (1997–1999; her death) Elizabeth Martin (2001–present) |
| Children | 3 (with Rand) |
| Awards | People's Choice Award, Emmy Awards, Golden Globe Award |
| Website | |
| williamshatner.com | |
William Alan Shatner (born March 22, 1931) is a Canadian actor, musician, recording artist, author and film director. He gained worldwide fame and became a cultural icon for his portrayal of James T. Kirk, captain of the USS Enterprise, in the science fiction television series Star Trek from 1966 to 1969, Star Trek: The Animated Series from 1973 to 1974, and in seven of the subsequent Star Trek feature films from 1979 to 1994. He has written a series of books chronicling his experiences playing Captain Kirk and being a part of Star Trek, and has co-written several novels set in the Star Trek universe. He has also authored a series of science fiction novels called TekWar that were adapted for television.
Shatner also played the eponymous veteran police sergeant in T. J. Hooker from 1982 to 1986. Afterwards, he hosted the reality-based television series, Rescue 911 from 1989 to 1996, which won a People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Dramatic Series. He has since worked as a musician, author, producer, director and celebrity pitchman. From 2004 to 2008 he starred as attorney Denny Crane in the television dramas The Practice and its spin-off Boston Legal for which he won two Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award.
Contents |
Early life, and education[link]
Shatner was born on March 22, 1931, in the Côte Saint-Luc neighbourhood of Montreal, Quebec, the son of Anne (née Garmaise) and Joseph Shatner, a clothing manufacturer.[1][2] He has two sisters, Joy and Farla.[3] His paternal grandfather, Wolf Schattner, anglicized the family name to "Shatner".[4] All of Shatner's grandparents were Jewish immigrants (from Austria, Poland, Hungary, and Ukraine),[5][6] and Shatner was raised in Conservative Judaism.[7] He attended Willingdon Elementary School,[8] in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (NDG-Montreal) and Baron Byng High School, in Montreal, as well as West Hill High School in NDG. He is an alumnus of the Montreal Children's Theatre.[9] He also attended McGill University in Montreal, where he studied economics and graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce degree.[10] In June 2011, McGill awarded him with an honorary doctorate of letters.[11] The Students' Society of McGill University building on McTavish Street is popularly (though not officially) named "Shatner".
Shatner has said that he faced anti-semitism while growing up in Montreal.[12]
Acting career[link]
Early stage, film, and television work[link]
After graduating from McGill University in 1952 Shatner became business manager for the Mountain Playhouse in Montréal before joining the Canadian National Repertory Theatre in Ottawa. Trained as a classical Shakespearean actor, Shatner began performing at the Shakespearean Stratford Festival of Canada in Stratford, Ontario beginning in 1954. He played a range of roles at the Stratford Festival in productions that included a minor role in the opening scene of a renowned and nationally televised production of Sophocles' Oedipus Rex directed by Tyrone Guthrie, Shakespeare's Henry V, and Marlowe's Tamburlaine the Great. Shatner made his Broadway debut in the latter, in 1956.[13] In 1954, he was cast as Ranger Bob on The Canadian Howdy Doody Show.[14] Shatner was understudy to Christopher Plummer; the two would later star as adversaries in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country.
Though his official movie debut was in the 1951 Canadian film The Butler's Night Off, Shatner's first feature role came in the 1958 MGM film The Brothers Karamazov with Yul Brynner, in which he starred as the youngest of the Karamazov brothers, Alexei. In December of the same year, he appeared opposite Ralph Bellamy playing Roman tax collectors in Bethlehem on the day of Jesus' birth in a vignette of a Hallmark Hall of Fame live television production entitled The Christmas Tree directed by Kirk Browning, which featured in other vignettes such stars as Jessica Tandy, Margaret Hamilton, Bernadette Peters, Richard Thomas, Cyril Ritchard and Carol Channing. Shatner had a leading role in an Alfred Hitchcock Presents third-season (1957–1958) episode titled "The Glass Eye", one of his first appearances on American television.
File:NW-CBS-1959.jpg
William Shatner (Archie Goodwin) and Kurt Kasznar (Nero Wolfe) in the aborted 1959 CBS television series Nero Wolfe
In 1959, he received decent reviews when he took on the role of Lomax in the Broadway production of The World of Suzie Wong. In March 1959, while performing on stage in Suzie Wong, Shatner was also playing detective Archie Goodwin in what would have been television's first Nero Wolfe series had it not been aborted by CBS after shooting a pilot and a few episodes.[15]
In 1960, he appeared twice as Wayne Gorham in NBC's The Outlaws Western series with Barton MacLane, and then in another Alfred Hitchcock Presents fifth-season episode titled "Mother, may I go out to swim?". In 1961, he starred in the Broadway play A Shot in the Dark with Julie Harris and directed by Harold Clurman. Walter Matthau (who won a Tony Award for his performance) and Gene Saks were also featured in this play. Shatner also starred in two episodes of the NBC television series Thriller, "Grim Reaper" and "The Hungry Glass".
Guthrie had called the young Shatner the Stratford Festival's most promising actor, and he was seen as a peer to contemporaries like Steve McQueen, Paul Newman, and Robert Redford. Shatner was not as successful as the others, however, and during the 1960s he "became a working actor who showed up on time, knew his lines, worked cheap and always answered his phone." His motto was "Work equals work", but Shatner's willingness to take any role, no matter how "forgettable", likely hurt his career.[13] In 1962, he starred in Roger Corman's movie The Intruder. He also appeared in the Stanley Kramer film Judgment at Nuremberg and two episodes, "Nick of Time" and "Nightmare at 20,000 Feet", of the science fiction anthology series The Twilight Zone. In the 1963–1964 season, he appeared in episodes of two ABC series, Channing and The Outer Limits ("Cold Hands, Warm Heart"). In 1963, he starred in the Family Theater production called "The Soldier" and received credits in other programs of The Psalms series. That same year he guest starred in Route 66, in the episode, "Build Your Houses with Their Backs to the Sea". In 1964, he guest starred in the episode "He Stuck in His Thumb" of the CBS drama The Reporter.Also in 1964 he co-starred with Laurence Harvey, Claire Bloom, Paul Newman and Edward G Robinson in the western "The Outrage"
In 1965, Shatner guest-starred as Major Curt Brown in second season episode 9, "I Am The Enemy" of 12 O-Clock High. He guest-starred in The Man from U.N.C.L.E. in an episode that also featured Leonard Nimoy,[16] with whom Shatner would soon be paired in Star Trek. He also starred in the critically acclaimed drama For the People in 1965, as an assistant district attorney, costarring with Jessica Walter. The program lasted for only thirteen episodes. Shatner starred in the 1966 gothic horror film Incubus, the second feature-length movie ever made with all dialogue spoken in Esperanto. He also starred in an episode of Gunsmoke in 1966 as the character Fred Bateman. In 1967 he starred in the little known film White Comanche starring as two characters: Johnny Moon and his twin brother Notah.
[edit] Star Trek
Shatner was first cast as Captain James T. Kirk for the second pilot of Star Trek, titled "Where No Man Has Gone Before". He was then contracted to play Kirk for the Star Trek series and held the role from 1966 to 1969. In 1973, he returned to the role of Captain Kirk, albeit only in voice, in the animated Star Trek series.
In his role as Kirk, Shatner famously kissed African American actress Nichelle Nichols (Lt. Uhura) in the November 22, 1968, Star Trek episode "Plato's Stepchildren". The episode is popularly cited as the first example of an interracial kiss on scripted television in the United States.[17][18][19]
1970s[link]
Shatner's wife Gloria Rand divorced him in March 1969.[20] After Star Trek was cancelled that year, Shatner experienced difficulty in finding work in the early 1970s. With very little money and few acting prospects, he lived in a truck bed camper in the San Fernando Valley[21] until small roles turned into higher-paying jobs. Shatner refers to this part of his life as "that period", a humbling one during which he would take any odd job, including small party appearances, to support his family.
Shatner again appeared in "schlock" films, such as the horror film The Devil's Rain, Corman's Big Bad Mama,[13] and the TV movie The Horror at 37,000 Feet, which many fans believe is his worst work.[21] Shatner received good reviews as the lead prosecutor in a 1971 PBS adaptation of Saul Levitt's play The Andersonville Trial. Other television appearances included a starring role in the western-themed secret agent series Barbary Coast during 1975 and 1976, and guest roles on many 1970s series such as The Six Million Dollar Man, Columbo, The Rookies, Kung Fu, and Mission: Impossible.
Shatner was an occasional celebrity guest on The $10,000 Pyramid and The $20,000 Pyramid in the 1970s, once appearing opposite Nimoy in a week-long matchup billed as "Kirk vs. Spock". His appearances became far less frequent after a 1977 appearance in which, after giving an illegal clue ("the blessed" for Things That Are Blessed) at the top of the pyramid ($200) which deprived the contestant of a big money win, he threw his chair out of the Winner's Circle.[22] Other shows included The Hollywood Squares, Celebrity Bowling,[13] Beat the Clock and Match Game.
Shatner did a number of television commercials for Ontario-based Loblaws and British Columbia-based SuperValu supermarket chains in the 1970s,[23] and finished the Loblaws ad spots by saying, "At Loblaws, more than the price is right. But, by Gosh, the price is right."[24] He also did a number of television commercials for General Motors, endorsing the Oldsmobile brand, and Promise margarine.
A return to Kirk, and to work[link]
After its cancellation, Star Trek unexpectedly gained a cult following during the 1970s from syndicated reruns, and Captain Kirk became a cultural icon.[13] Shatner began appearing at Star Trek conventions organized by Trekkies.[25] In the mid-1970s Paramount began pre-production for a revised Star Trek television series, tentatively titled Star Trek: Phase II. However, the phenomenal success of Star Wars led the studio to instead consider developing a Star Trek motion picture. Shatner and the other original Star Trek cast members returned to their roles when Paramount produced Star Trek: The Motion Picture, released in 1979. It re-established Shatner as an actor, and he played Kirk in the next six Star Trek films, ending with the character's death in 1994's Star Trek Generations. His final appearances in the role are in the movie sequences of the video game Starfleet Academy (1997), and briefly for a DirecTV advertisement using footage from Star Trek VI running from late summer 2006.
| “ | I didn't want anything to do with a group of obsessives who paid to get together to talk incessantly about a TV show that had been cancelled. It wasn't logical . . . | ” |
|
—Shatner, on his reluctance to attend Star Trek conventions[21] |
||
Although Trekkies had resurrected Star Trek after cancellation, in a 1986 Saturday Night Live skit about a Star Trek convention Shatner advised a room full of fans to "Get a life".[26][13] The "much-discussed sketch" accurately portrayed his feelings about Trekkies, which the actor had previously discussed in interviews.[26] Shatner had been the unwilling subject of adoration by them for decades; as early as April 1968, a group attempted to rip his clothes off as the actor left 30 Rockefeller Plaza,[27] and he stopped attending conventions for more than a decade during the 1970s and 1980s.[28] Shatner also appeared in the film Free Enterprise in 1998, in which he played himself and tried to dispel the Kirk image of himself from the view of the film's two lead characters. He also has found an outlet in spoofing the cavalier, almost superhuman, character persona of Captain Kirk in films such as Airplane II: The Sequel (1982) and National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon (1993).
Tim Allen's role in Galaxy Quest as Captain Peter Quincy Taggart / Jason Nesmith is an analogue of James T. Kirk / William Shatner as seen by the public at large. Taggart has a reputation for taking off his shirt at the flimsiest excuse, rolling on the ground during combat, and making pithy speeches, while Nesmith is an egomaniac who regards himself as the core of Galaxy Quest and tells fans to "get a life". Poking fun at himself, Shatner professed to have no idea whom Allen was parodying.[29]
Besides the Star Trek films, Shatner gained a new starring role on television as a police officer in T. J. Hooker, which ran from 1982 to 1986. He then hosted the popular dramatic reenactment series Rescue 911 from 1989 to 1996. During the 1980s Shatner also began directing film and television, directing numerous episodes of T. J. Hooker and the feature film Star Trek V: The Final Frontier.
Subsequent acting career[link]
Shatner has appeared in advertisements for many companies and products, and for most of the 14 years ending in 2012, he has done a series of commercials for the travel web site Priceline, in which Shatner plays a pompous, fictionalized version of himself.[13][30] Although he received stock options for the commercials, Shatner insists that reports that they are now worth hundreds of millions of dollars are exaggerated.[31][32] Shatner was also the CEO of the Toronto, Ontario-based C.O.R.E. Digital Pictures, a special effects studio that operated from 1994 to 2010.[33]
Shatner has enjoyed success with a series of science fiction novels published under his name, though most are widely believed to have been written by uncredited co-writers such as William T. Quick and Ron Goulart.[34] The first, published in 1990, was TekWar. This popular series of books led to a Marvel Comics series, to a number of television movies, in which Shatner played a role, and to a short-lived television series in which Shatner made several appearances; he also directed some episodes. In 1995, a first-person shooter game named William Shatner's TekWar was released, and was the first game to use the Build engine. He also played as a narrator in 1995 American documentary film Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie directed by Peter Kuran.
In the television series 3rd Rock from the Sun, Shatner appeared in several episodes as the "Big Giant Head", a womanizing party-animal and high-ranking officer from the same alien planet as the Solomon family. The role earned Shatner a nomination for an Emmy.[35]
In 2001, Shatner starred in the animated film Osmosis Jones as the character Mayor Phlegmming, the self-centered head of the "City of Frank", a community comprising all the cells and microorganisms of a man's body. In the movie, the pompous Phlegmming is constantly preoccupied with his reelection and his own convenience, even to the detriment of his "city" and constituents.
In 2003, Shatner appeared in Brad Paisley's "Celebrity" and "Online" music videos along with Little Jimmy Dickens, Jason Alexander, and Trista Rehn.
Star Trek: Enterprise producer Manny Coto stated in Star Trek Communicator's October 2004 issue that he was preparing a three-episode story arc for Shatner. Shortly thereafter, Enterprise was cancelled.
After David E. Kelley saw Shatner's commercials,[13] he joined the final season of the legal drama The Practice. His Emmy-award winning role, the eccentric but highly capable attorney Denny Crane, was essentially "William Shatner the man . . . playing William Shatner the character playing the character Denny Crane, who was playing the character William Shatner."[13] Shatner took the Crane role to Boston Legal, and won a Golden Globe, an Emmy in 2005, and was nominated again in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 for his work. With the 2005 Emmy win, Shatner became one of the few actors (along with co-star James Spader as Alan Shore) to win an Emmy award while playing the same character in two different series. Even rarer, Shatner and Spader each won a second consecutive Emmy while playing the same character in two different series. Shatner remained with the series until its end in 2008.
Shatner made several guest appearances on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien, including cameos reciting Sarah Palin's resignation speech, Twitter posts, and autobiography. He has also recited Twitter posts by Levi Johnston, father of Palin's grandson. He also appears in the opening graphics of the occasional feature "In the Year 3000", with his disembodied head floating through space, announcing, "And so we take a cosmic ride into that new millennium; that far off reality that is the year 3000," followed by the tag line, "It's the future, man."
Shatner also played the voice of Ozzie the opossum in DreamWorks' 2006 feature Over the Hedge.
File:Shatner Star.JPG
Shatner's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
In January 2007, Shatner launched a series of daily vlogs on his life called ShatnerVision[36] on the LiveUniverse.com website. In 2008, he launched his video blogs on YouTube in a project renamed "The Shatner Project".[37] Shatner also starred as the voice of Don Salmonella Gavone on the 2009 YouTube animated series The Gavones.[38]
Shatner was not "offered or suggested" a role in the 2009 film Star Trek.[39][40] Director J.J. Abrams said in July 2007, that the production was "desperately trying to figure out a way to put him in" but that to "shove him in . . . would be a disaster."[41] an opinion echoed by Shatner in several interviews. At a convention held in 2010, Shatner commented on the film by saying "I've seen that wonderful film." Shatner had invented his own idea about the beginning of Star Trek with his latest novel, Star Trek: Academy — Collision Course.[42]
Shatner's autobiography Up Till Now was released in 2008. He was assisted in writing it by David Fisher. Shatner has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (for Television work) at 6901 Hollywood Boulevard. He also has a star on the Canadian Walk of Fame. Shatner was the first Canadian actor to star in three successful television series on three different major networks (NBC, CBS, and ABC).
Shatner starred in the CBS sitcom $#*! My Dad Says, which is based on the Twitter feed Shit My Dad Says created by Justin Halpern. The series premiered in late 2010 and was canceled May 2011.[43] Shatner is also the host of the interview show Shatner's Raw Nerve on The Biography Channel, and the Discovery Channel television series Weird or What?[44] Also in 2011, Shatner appeared in the episode of Psych titled, "In For a Penny" on the USA Network as the estranged father of Junior Detective Juliet O'Hara (Maggie Lawson). He has signed on to continue the role into the 2012 season.
In 2011, Shatner starred in The Captains, a feature length documentary which he also wrote and directed. The film follows Shatner as he interviews the other actors who have portrayed starship captains within the Star Trek franchise. Shatner's interviewees included Patrick Stewart, Avery Brooks, Kate Mulgrew, Scott Bakula, and Chris Pine. In the film, Shatner also interviews Christopher Plummer, who is an old friend and colleague from Shatner's days with the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Ontario.[45]
In February 2012, Shatner performed in a new one-man show on Broadway, called Shatner's World: We Just Live in It. After a 3-week run at the Music Box Theater,[46] the show is currently touring throughout the United States.
In May 2012 Shatner was the guest presenter on the British satirical television quiz show Have I Got News For You.[47][48]
Music and spoken-word work[link]
Main article: William Shatner's musical career
Shatner began his musical career with the spoken-word 1968 album The Transformed Man, delivering exaggerated, interpretive recitations of "Mr. Tambourine Man" and "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds". He performed a reading of the Elton John song "Rocket Man" during the 1978 Science Fiction Film Awards that has been widely parodied. Ben Folds, who has worked with him several times, produced and co-wrote Shatner's well-received second studio album, Has Been, in 2004. His third studio album, Seeking Major Tom, was released October 11, 2011.
[edit] Space Shuttle Discovery
Shatner recorded a wake-up call that was played for the crew of STS-133 in the Space Shuttle Discovery on March 7, 2011, its final day docked to the International Space Station. Backed by the musical theme from Star Trek, it featured a voice-over based on his spoken introduction from the series' opening credits: "Space, the final frontier. These have been the voyages of the Space Shuttle Discovery. Her 30 year mission: To seek out new science. To build new outposts. To bring nations together on the final frontier. To boldly go, and do, what no spacecraft has done before."[49]
Personal life[link]
Shatner dislikes watching himself perform, and claims that he has "never watched Star Trek . . . not even any of the Star Trek movies"—except the dailies from Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, which he directed—or Boston Legal.[50]
Family[link]
Shatner has been married four times. His first marriage was to Gloria Rand, from 1956 to 1969. His second marriage lasted 21 years and was to Marcy Lafferty; the couple were married in 1973 and divorced in 1994.
His third marriage was to Nerine Kidd-Shatner, from 1997 until her death in 1999. On August 9, 1999, Shatner returned home around 10 pm to discover Nerine's body at the bottom of their back yard swimming pool. She was 40 years old. An autopsy detected alcohol and Valium in her blood, but the coroner ruled the cause of her death as an accidental drowning. The LAPD ruled out foul play and the case was closed. Speaking to the press shortly after his wife's death, a clearly shaken and emotional Shatner said that she "meant everything" to him and called her his "beautiful soulmate."[51] Shatner urged the public to support Friendly House, a non-profit organization that helps women re-establish themselves in the community after suffering from alcoholism and drug addiction.[52] He later told Larry King in an interview that ". . . my wife, whom I loved dearly and who loved me, was suffering with a disease that we don't like to talk about, alcoholism. And she met a tragic ending because of it."[51] In his 2008 book Up Till Now: The Autobiography, Shatner discusses how Leonard Nimoy helped take Nerine for treatment of her alcoholism. Shatner writes in an excerpt from his book:
Leonard Nimoy's personal experience of alcoholism now came to play a central role in my life and it helped us bond together in a way I never could have imagined in the early days of Star Trek. After Nerine [Kidd] and I had been to dinner with Leonard and Susan Nimoy one evening, Leonard called and said: "Bill, you know she's an alcoholic?" I said I did. I married Nerine in 1997, against the advice of many and my own good sense. But I thought she would give up alcohol for me. We had a celebration in Pasadena, and Leonard was my best man. I woke up about eight o'clock the next morning and Nerine was drunk. She was in rehab for 30 days three different times. Twice she almost drank herself to death. Leonard took Nerine to Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, but she did not want to quit.[53]
In 2000, a Reuters story reported that Shatner was planning to write and direct The Shiva Club, a dark comedy about the grieving process inspired by his wife's death.[54] Shatner's 2004 album Has Been included a spoken word piece titled "What Have You Done" that describes his anguish upon discovering his wife's body in the pool. "What Have You Done" was also sampled in the Concord Dawn and Chris Su Drum and Bass track "Scream to the Stars".
Since 2001, Shatner has been married to Elizabeth Martin. In 2004, she co-wrote the song "Together" on Shatner's album Has Been.[55]
Relationships with other actors[link]
Shatner first appeared on screen with Leonard Nimoy in 1964, when both actors guest-starred in an episode of The Man from U.N.C.L.E., entitled: "The Project Strigas Affair". However, Shatner states in his autobiography that he does not recall meeting Nimoy at that time. As co-stars on Star Trek, they interacted socially both on and off the set. After Star Trek's cancellation in 1969, Shatner and Nimoy reunited in the production of Star Trek: The Animated Series, as well as The $20,000 Pyramid, where "Kirk vs. Spock" appeared on two different tables. Nimoy also guest-starred on T. J. Hooker for a few episodes. Shatner starred in the title role of the show.
The 1999 death of Shatner's third wife, Nerine, served to strengthen the friendship of Shatner and Nimoy, as Nimoy had mourned over the loss of his best friend's wife. Nimoy also appeared alongside Shatner at the TV Land Awards (hosted by John Ritter) and was one of the many people to serve as a celebrity "roaster" of Shatner. Nimoy summarized his four decade friendship with Shatner by remarking, "Bill's energy was good for my performance, 'cause Spock could be the cool individual, our chemistry was successful, right from the start." Nimoy has spoken about their mutual rivalry during the Star Trek years: "Very competitive, sibling rivalry up to here. After the show had been on the air a few weeks and they started getting so much mail for Spock, then the dictum came down from NBC: 'Give us more of that guy, they love that guy, you know?' Well, that can be . . . that can be a problem for the leading man who was hired as the star of the show; and suddenly, here's this guy with ears – 'What's this, you know?'" said Nimoy. Shatner has similarly described their Star Trek relationship, stating that they only became close friends while attending fan conventions together.[21] On an episode of the A&E Network series Biography, Nimoy remarked, "Bill Shatner hogging the stage? No. Not the Bill Shatner I know."
Shatner has been a friend of actress Heather Locklear since 1982, when Locklear began co-starring with him on T. J. Hooker as Officer Stacy Sheridan. Locklear was asked by Entertainment Tonight whether it was hard to work on two weekly TV shows at the same time. (During the four years Locklear was in Hooker, she was also appearing in a semi-regular role in a fellow Aaron Spelling production, Dynasty). She replied ". . . I'd get really nervous and want to be prepared . . ." for Shatner and for the experienced cast of Dynasty. After Hooker ended Shatner helped Locklear get other roles. Locklear supported a grieving Shatner in 1999 when he was mourning the death of his wife, Nerine. In 2005, Locklear appeared in two episodes of Shatner's Boston Legal as Kelly Nolan, an attractive, youthful woman being tried for killing her much older, wealthy husband. Shatner plays Denny Crane, a founding partner of a large law firm, and a legendary litigator. Crane is attracted to Nolan and tries to insert himself into her defense. He is about the same age as Nolan's deceased husband, so Crane courts death by pursuing her. Locklear was asked how she came to appear on Boston Legal. She explained "I love the show, it's my favorite show; and I sorta kind of said, 'Shouldn't I be William Shatner's illegitimate daughter, or his love interest?'"
For years, Shatner was accused of being difficult to work with by some of his Star Trek co-stars, most notably James Doohan and George Takei. In the 2004 Star Trek DVD sets, Shatner seemed to have made up with Takei, but their differences continue to resurface. In the 1990s, Shatner made numerous attempts to patch things up with Doohan, but was unsuccessful for some time; however, an Associated Press article published at the time of Doohan's final convention appearance in late August 2004 stated that Doohan had forgiven his fellow Canadian Shatner and they had mended their relationship.
Takei continues to speak negatively about Shatner. In a 2008 television interview, he stated "he has a big, shiny, demanding ego."[56] Shatner, in turn, recorded videos for YouTube, saying that Takei had some sort of "psychosis".[57]
Takei has repeatedly asserted (most recently on the December 26, 2009, episode of the NPR radio program Wait, Wait, Don't Tell Me) that he invited Shatner (along with other Star Trek cast members) to his 2008 wedding to Brad Altman, but Shatner never responded to the invitation. Shatner has repeatedly counter-asserted (most recently in the January 2010 issue of GQ) that he never received an invitation.[58][59]
In 1995, when Shatner interviewed his Star Trek costars for his memoir Star Trek Movie Memories, Nichelle Nichols (who played Uhura on the show) told him, "Now let me tell you why I hate you,"[60] explaining that, despite the few lines she had in the show, he would sometimes argue with the director that an Uhura dialog line was unnecessary.[61] She then "gave Shatner an earful about how she and the rest of the other four felt, which prompted Shatner to wake up and set about making things right with his former costars." He and Nichols patched up their differences sufficiently that she appeared on his August 20, 2006 Friars Club roast, telling the Comedy Central audience, "Bill Shatner would crap on the last piece of pizza just so no one else could enjoy it."[62]
Health problems[link]
Shatner suffers from tinnitus as a result of an accident on the set while shooting the Star Trek episode "Arena" and is involved in the American Tinnitus Association. His treatment for this condition involved wearing a small electronic device that generated a low-level, broadband sound (white noise) that "helped his brain put the tinnitus in the background".[63]
Charity work[link]
In 2006, Shatner sold his kidney stone for US$25,000 to GoldenPalace.com.[64] In an appearance on The View on May 16, 2006, Shatner said the $25,000 and an additional $20,000 raised from the cast and crew of Boston Legal paid for the building of a house by Habitat for Humanity.
In his spare time, Shatner enjoys breeding and showing American Saddlebreds[13] and Quarter Horses. Shatner has a 150 hectare (360 acre) farm near Versailles, Kentucky, named Belle Reve (from the French beau rève, "Beautiful Dream," -- Belle Reve was the name of Blanche Dubois and her sister Stella's family home in A Streetcar Named Desire), where he raises American Saddlebreds. His champion American Saddlebreds include Call Me Ringo, Revival, and Sultan's Great Day. The farm's activities help benefit the Central Kentucky Riding for Hope "Horses For Heroes" program.
Shatner also plays on the World Poker Tour in the Hollywood Home Games, where celebrities play for their favorite charities. Since 1990, he has been a leading force behind the Hollywood Charity Horse Show, which raises money for children's charities.
Nominations and awards[link]
In 2004, Shatner won his first Emmy Award for his role as "Denny Crane" on The Practice. In 2005, he won his first Golden Globe award and a second Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his work on Boston Legal. In 2009, Shatner won a Streamy Award in the category of Best Reality Web Series.
In May 2011, he was honoured with the Governor General of Canada's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement, recording a humorous short film William Shatner Sings O Canada for the occasion.[65][66] On June 2, 2011, Shatner received an honorary Doctor of Letters from McGill University, his alma mater.[67]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "More William Shatner than Captain Kirk". The Telegraph (London). June 28, 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/non_fictionreviews/3555336/More-William-Shatner-than-Captain-Kirk.html.
- ^ "William Shatner Biography (1931–)". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/59/William-Shatner.html. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ "Multicultural Canada". Multiculturalcanada.ca. November 2, 1951. http://multiculturalcanada.ca/cdm_item/mcc_cjr/23489/100/14. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ "Schattner Genealogy Page". Home.comcast.net. http://home.comcast.net/~pschattner/Schattner.html. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ Dickter, Adam (May 28, 2008). "Captain of Industry". The Jewish Week (New York). http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/captain_industry. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
- ^ Up Till Now: The Autobiography, With David Fisher, 2008, ISBN 0-283-07058-7; page 7
- ^ "Beam me up, Moses: William Shatner album tells Exodus story in spoken word, song | j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California". Jewishsf.com. April 18, 2008. http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/35072/format/html/displaystory.html. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ "William Shatner: Horses Make Miracles". Hillel.org. http://www.hillel.org/about/news/2007/may/shatner_2007May15.htm. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ Greenaway, Kathryn (October 3, 2009). "Reunion honours 75th anniversary of Montreal Children's Theatre". The Gazette. http://www2.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/popculture/story.html?id=059c2a20-f038-454c-98d0-bf6fcafb7d12. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
- ^ "Shatner, William". The Canadian Encyclopedia. http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009289. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ "McGill gives Shatner honorary degree". Canada.com. June 3, 2011. http://www.canada.com/entertainment/McGill+gives+Shatner+honorary+degree/4887171/story.html. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Raab, Scott (May 2012). "William Shatner: The ESQ+A". Esquire 157 (5). http://www.esquire.com/features/man-at-his-best/q-and-a/william-shatner-interview-0512-2. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jordan, Pat (September 3, 2010). "The Many Iterations of William Shatner". The New York Times Magazine. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/05/magazine/05Shatner-t.html?_r=4&pagewanted=all. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
- ^ Shatner, William; David Fisher (2008). Up Till Now. Macmillan. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-312-37265-1.
- ^ "Two Stage Actors, Signed by CBS-TV; Kasznar and Shatner to Play in 'Nero Wolfe' Pilot Film"; The New York Times, March 14, 1959
- ^ William Shatner at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ "Shattered TV Taboos: How Bea Arthur and Others Broke Barriers". TVGuide.com. April 27, 2009. http://www.tvguide.com/news/shattered-tv-taboos-1005496.aspx. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "After 40 Years, Star Trek 'Won't Die'". Space.com. September 7, 2006. http://www.space.com/entertainment/060907_star_trek.html. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Christian Höhne Sparborth (September 5, 2001). "Nichols Talks First Inter-Racial Kiss". TrekToday. http://www.trektoday.com/news/050901_05.shtml. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "TV Star Divorced After Absences". Toledo Blade. Associated Press: p. 4. March 6, 1969. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=m4EyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rAEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5840,2054549. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Shatner, William (May 11, 2008). "In bed with Captain Kirk ... William Shatner tells of his 40-year Star Trek". Daily Mail (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-565380/In-bed-Captain-Kirk--William-Shatner-tells-40-year-Star-Trek.html. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
- ^ Dick Clark, William Shatner (.SWF). William Shatner blows $20K for a contestant (Video). YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-UyxR9g7xi4&NR. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
- ^ Hale, Barrie (April 26, 1975). "Believing in Captain Kirk". Calgary Herald: p. 10. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LnBkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nX0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2771,3366878. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
- ^ "John K Interview". TVparty. http://www.tvparty.com/johnk.html. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ Hern, Lee (April 11, 1975). "'Star Trek' fans still enthusiastic". King Features Syndicate. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Dh5UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=04wDAAAAIBAJ&dq=shatner%20trek%20convention&pg=6027%2C5877570. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^ a b Jenkins, Henry (1992). Textual poachers: television fans & participatory culture. Psychology Press. pp. 9–13. ISBN 0-415-90572-9. http://books.google.com/?id=71U9-cOx_ZwC&lpg=PP1&dq=trekkie%20trekker&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=jindra&f=false.
- ^ Lowry, Cynthia (April 8, 1968). "Star Trek Fans Save Enterprise". Tri-City Herald. Associated Press (Pasco, Texas): p. 8. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=72QhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JIcFAAAAIBAJ&pg=666,1709818. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
- ^ Martin, Sue (September 7, 1986). "Star Trek: Five-Year Mission Turns Into 20". San Francisco Chronicle: p. 49.
- ^ "Transcript". Startrek.com. http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/community/chat/archive/transcript/1086.html. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ Elber, Lynn (January 19, 2012). "Goodbye to William Shatner – again". News & Record. Associated Press. http://www.news-record.com/content/2012/01/19/article/goodbye_to_william_shatner_again. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ Berr, Jonathan. "William Shatner Lives Long and Prospers – but Did He Really Make $600 Million?". DailyFinance. http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/media/william-shatner-lives-long-and-prospers-but-not-600-million/19464449/. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
- ^ Rose, Charlie (June 17, 2010). "Charlie Rose Talks to William Shatner". Bloomberg Businessweek. http://www.businessweek.com/investor/content/jun2010/pi20100617_663458.htm. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
- ^ Jordan Timm. "The Ode: Core Digital (19942010)". Canadian Business Online. http://www.canadianbusiness.com/after_hours/opinions/article.jsp?content=20100426_10017_10017. Retrieved October 16, 2010.
- ^ In an Entertainment Weekly article, Goulart described his role on the "TekWar" books as that of "adviser", though Shatner also credits him with doing rewrites and generally playing a more active role. "I'm Typing as Fast as I Can". Entertainment Weekly. January 15, 1993. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20216787,00.html/. Retrieved March 7, 2012. [dead link]
- ^ "William Shatner Emmy Award Winner". Emmys.com. http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/william-shatner. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
- ^ Paul Camuso (July 6, 2007). "Shatnervision". Iron Sink Media, Inc. http://www.shatnervision.com. Retrieved July 6, 2007.
- ^ Paul Camuso (February 20, 2009). "The Shatner Project". Iron Sink LLC. http://www.youtube.com/williamshatner. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
- ^ 6 mei 2009. "William Shatner — The Gavones". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xh5ZPuJT52E&fmt=18. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ "William Shatner Answers Rumors, Says He Is Not In New Star Trek Movie". TrekWeb.com. October 19, 2007. http://trekweb.com/articles/2007/10/19/William-Shatner-Says-He-is-Not.shtml.
- ^ "Shatner: How come I'm not in new 'Star Trek'? (from archive)". Associated Press. October 26, 2007. http://www.thephora.net/forum/showthread.php?t=31041.
- ^ "Comic-Con Transcript: "It was logical!"". Official site. July 27, 2007. http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/article/2303393.html. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
- ^ GustavoLeao (January 3, 2008). "William Shatner on His Vision of Young Kirk and Young Spock". TrekWeb.com. http://trekweb.com/articles/2008/01/03/William-Shatner-on-His-Vision-of-Young-Kirk-and-Young-Spock-in-Collision-Course.shtml. Retrieved January 6, 2008.
- ^ "CBS Announces 2010–2011 Primetime Schedule" (Press release). CBS Television Network. May 19, 2010. http://www.cbspressexpress.com/div.php/cbs_entertainment/release?id=25083.
- ^ "Is William Shatner Weird or What?". Montreal Gazette. August 30, 2010.
- ^ "William Shatner Directing THE CAPTAINS, a Documentary About Himself". Collider.com. http://collider.com/william-shatner-documentary-the-captains-gonzo-ballet-ben-folds/32224/.
- ^ Gans, Andrew. "William Shatner's Solo Show Will Play Broadway's Music Box Theatre" playbill.com, January 11, 2012
- ^ http://www.contactmusic.com/news/william-shatner-hosts-satirical-tv-news-show_1332606
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/clips/p00t69pk/have_i_got_news_for_you_william_shatner_sings_a_clue_to_a_story_from_the_weeks_news/
- ^ 'Star Trek' moment for Earth-bound shuttle Discovery. space-travel.com, March 7, 2011, accessed March 9, 2011
- ^ Adams, Stephen (February 8, 2008). "William Shatner 'never watched Star Trek'". The Telegraph. http://www.google.com/search?q=william%20shatner%20never%20watched%20star%20trek. Retrieved August 9, 2011.
- ^ a b AAP (January 24, 2008). "William Shatner: Captain Quirk". Bulletin.ninemsn.com.au. http://bulletin.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=149333. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ "Science Fiction News of the Week". Science Fiction Weekly. Science Fiction Weekly. Archived from the original on 2009-03-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20090325130127/http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue124/news.html. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
- ^ The Daily Mail May 11, 2008 (scroll two-thirds down the webpage for the article on Nerine)
- ^ Reuters (July 4, 2000). "Shatner takes inspiration from tragedy". The Seattle Times: p. E2.
- ^ "Together". AllMusic. http://www.allmusic.com/song/together-t7265302. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
- ^ ET Tonight Interview Fall 2008
- ^ PopEater Staff. "William Shatner Can't Let Go of His George Takei Grudge". PopEater. AOL News. http://www.popeater.com/2008/11/11/william-shatner-cant-let-go-of-his-george-takei-grudge/. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
- ^ "Shatner upset Takei didn't invite him to wedding". USA Today. Associated Press. October 22, 2008. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-10-22-shatner-takei_N.htm. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
- ^ Peter David. "Shat Slinging" peterdavid.net; October 23, 2008
- ^ "William Shatner's Memories". Forums.startreknewvoyages.com. http://forums.startreknewvoyages.com/index.php?topic=3290.0. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ "MLK convinced Nichelle Nichols to stay on Star Trek". Forums.randi.org. http://forums.randi.org/archive/index.php/t-198082.html. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ "Nichelle Nichols on Shatner – The Comedy Central Roast of William Shatner – Video Clip". Comedy Central. August 20, 2006. http://www.comedycentral.com/videos/index.jhtml?videoId=73186&title=nichelle-nichols-on-shatner. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Thomas, Nick (June 25, 2007). "Easing the torment of tinnitus". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/living/2003760030_tinnitus25.html. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ GoldenPalace.com (January 18, 2006). "William Shatner Passes Kidney Stone To GoldenPalace.com!". GoldenPalace.com. http://www.goldenpalaceevents.com/auctions/shatnerstone01.php. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
- ^ Canadian Press (March 3, 2010). "Shatner gets Governor General's lifetime achievement award". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/article/948176--shatner-gets-governor-general-s-lifetime-achievement-award?bn=1. Retrieved March 3, 2010
- ^ "William Shatner Sings O Canada" (Requires Adobe Flash). NFB.ca. National Film Board of Canada. http://www.nfb.ca/film/william_shatner_sings_o_canada/. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
- ^ Canadian Press (May 6, 2011). "William Shatner to receive honorary degree from McGill University". Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/quebec/william-shatner-to-receive-honorary-degree-from-mcgill-university/article2011649/. Retrieved May 6, 2011
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: William Shatner |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: William Shatner |
- Official website
- Works by William Shatner on Open Library at the Internet Archive
- William Shatner at the Internet Movie Database
- William Shatner at TV Tropes
- William Shatner's verified Twitter account
- Works by or about William Shatner in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- William Shatner collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- William Shatner talks about 'Star Trek: The Tour' in Long Beach
- William Shatner at the LA Art Show
- William Shatner has made around 40 short interview films on Videojug "Ask the Expert – William Shatner"
- Shatner at Amazon Reviews
- William Shatner Interview at Slashdot
- Shatner at Fame Tracker
- The Times (London), January 26, 2008. "Man of Enterprise. As a new series of Boston Legal begins, our critic salutes the many facets of its veteran star William Shatner" by Sophie Davies
- Shatner turns down real offer to go into space "I do want to go up but I need guarantees I'll definitely come back.", accessed 2010-07-21
- William Shatner Issues Urgent Plea in Animals' Behalf
- William Shatner for animal rights
- William Shatner interview at Archive of American Television January 22, 2009 and September 15, 1999
- William Shatner In Conversation (video) with The Big Bang Theory creator and show runner Bill Prady at 2010 Banff World TV Festival
- William Shatner at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Shatner, William |
| Alternative names | Shatner, William Alan |
| Short description | Actor |
| Date of birth | March 22, 1931 |
| Place of birth | Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/William_Shatner
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Шетнер, Уильям
http://es.wn.com/William Shatner
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shatner
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
2:31
Inexplicable Earthquake Swarm in Canada; "Sounds like dynamite exploding." - April 16, 2012
Sheilaaliens
Inexplicable Earthquake Swarm in Canada; "Sounds like dynamite exploding." - April 16, 2012
sheilaaliens.net "A New Brunswick town has been experiencing small earthquakes over the past month and residents are getting worried." source: www.globalnews.ca Canada's EQ Center: www.earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca And an interesting article by CanadianBusiness from today entitled "Manmade earthquakes trigger government drill-down into possible fracking link": "VANCOUVER - A booming gas extraction process that has environmentalists all shaken up is being probed by two different studies to determine if it's also causing the depths of Canada to rattle and roll. The research into whether hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, can trigger earthquakes is being conducted just as a pair of independent papers were released internationally this week suggesting they do. The studies out of mid-continent US and Britain found that shallow, man-made tremors may be linked to the blasting of water, sand and chemicals deep underground to break open rock to obtain crude oil and natural gas. Experts and critics alike are waiting for conclusive results from home soil before suggesting industry practices should be altered. "These are tiny earthquakes and they're the variety that occur thousands of times a day around the world," said John Cassidy, a federal government seismologist in Victoria, BC, of the international findings. He said mounting interest and unusual vibrations in British Columbia have prompted closer study at home. "The idea is to be able to provide well-grounded science advice <b>...</b>
3:01
Ozz from Rock95 on the Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland (POV)!
OzzRock95
Ozz from Rock95 on the Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland (POV)!
Ozz from the Rock95 Morning Crew on the Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland! Ozz (who is very afraid of heights) on the Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland! It's 1672 m long, 93 m tall and with a top speed of 148 km/h per hour!! He never intended to ride the Leviathan all he was told was that he had to escort two radio winners! But his co-hosts had made other plans and he was forced by two hired professional thrill seekers!
10:00
Lindsay LipDub [OFFICIAL] - The World's LARGEST and Canada's FIRST City LipDub
LindsayLipDub
Lindsay LipDub [OFFICIAL] - The World's LARGEST and Canada's FIRST City LipDub
THE WORLD'S LARGEST and CANADA'S FIRST CITY LIP DUB! Lindsay LipDub - May 31, 2012 - Presented by Stratta Creative With over 9300 people in attendance, Lindsay LipDub made history as the world's largest and Canada's first city LipDub...and it was all captured in one, continuous shot! A LipDub is a lip-synching music video filmed in one, continuous shot. Start to finish: no cuts; no edits. Lindsay LipDub sparked unprecedented community spirit and national celebrity attention (www.LindsayLipDub.ca stimulated creativity, and brought people of all ages and interests together to participate in a truly unique experience. Lindsay LipDub was completed, start-to-finish, in two hours with the help of over 150 volunteers. The main street was closed spanning seven city blocks and was filled with more than 9300 participants from local schools, groups, teams, clubs, businesses, and more. Filmed on the RED Scarlet-X. This project was conceived and produced by a small group in our twenties who wanted to do something good in our community. 1-in-7 people from our community came to participate in the event (if this were done in Toronto, that would require over 350000 participants to reach the same ratio). We used this LipDub as a way to bring our community together, and together any community can find a way to achieve the incredible... Find a way to achieve the incredible. Visit our website and like us on Facebook: www.LindsayLipDub.ca http Watch our behind-the-scenes documentary <b>...</b>
5:29
WILLIAM SHATNER SINGS O CANADA
nfb
WILLIAM SHATNER SINGS O CANADA
William Shatner's got something to tweet about. Canada's Governor General is giving him a Lifetime Achievement Award. The most famous space cadet in showbiz takes helm of our heritage and treats us to a memorable rendition of Canada's national anthem.
25:04
Inside Story - Canada's Katrina moment?
AlJazeeraEnglish
Inside Story - Canada's Katrina moment?
Canada's aboriginal leaders will meet with PM Stephen Harper for the first time on Tuesday, but will they deal with the real issues at hand or will it just be a historic photo-op? Discussants are:Cindy Blackstock, Rex Lee Jim and Jacqueline Pata.
1:54
Canada's Wonderland: Leviathan Test Run POV (HD)
sm2ube
Canada's Wonderland: Leviathan Test Run POV (HD)
Leviathan completed its first test run on March 15, 2012; are you ready? VAUGHAN, ON, Aug. 18, 2011 /CNW/ - In 2012, Canada's Wonderland will unveil one of the biggest and tallest roller coasters in the world: Leviathan. When the Park opens in May 2012, Leviathan will dominate the Park's landscape, taking riders to breathtaking heights and speeds never experienced before at Wonderland. The excitement begins on Leviathan's first lift hill as riders climb to a record breaking height of 306 feet (93.3M) followed by an exhilarating 80 degree drop. Reaching a top speed of 148 kilometers per hour, riders will experience extreme coaster thrills on 5486 feet (1672M) of track that includes a series of giant camelback hills reaching heights up to 180 feet (54.9M), and an astonishing overbanked hammerhead turn at 115 degrees that will cross above the Park's front gate at 147 feet (44.8M) high. "Leviathan will be our 16th coaster and now positions Canada's Wonderland as one of the top three coaster destinations in the world." said Raffi Kaprelyan, Vice President and General Manager, Canada's Wonderland. "We will go higher, longer, and faster than ever before when we launch Leviathan in 2012. With the addition of this new coaster and our diverse collection of rides, shows and attractions, we continue to show why Canada's Wonderland is the destination of choice for those seeking world class thrills and family entertainment". Leviathan is designed and manufactured by Bolliger <b>...</b>
show more
add to playlist
clear
