A syringe is a simple piston pump consisting of a plunger that fits tightly in a tube. The plunger can be pulled and pushed along inside a cylindrical tube (the barrel), allowing the syringe to take in and expel a liquid or gas through an orifice at the open end of the tube. The open end of the syringe may be fitted with a hypodermic needle, a nozzle, or tubing to help direct the flow into and out of the barrel. Syringes are often used to administer injections, insert intravenous drugs into the bloodstream, apply compounds such as glue or lubricant, and measure liquids.

The word "syringe" is derived from the Greek συριγξ syrinx = "tube" via back-formation of a new singular from its Greek-type plural "syringes" (συριγγες ''syringes'')

Medical syringes

:''See also Hypodermic needle.''

Hypodermic syringes are used with hypodermic needles to inject liquid or gases into body tissues, or to remove from the body. Injecting of air into a blood vessel is hazardous, as it may cause an air embolism; preventing embolisms by removing air from the syringe is one of the reasons for the familiar image of holding a hypodermic syringe upside down, tapping it, and expelling a small amount of liquid before an injection into the bloodstream.

The barrel of a syringe is made of plastic or glass, and usually has graduated marks indicating the volume of fluid in the syringe, and is nearly always transparent. Glass syringes may be sterilized in an autoclave. However, most modern medical syringes are plastic with a rubber piston, because this type seals much better between the piston and the barrel and because they are cheap enough to dispose of after being used only once, reducing the risk of spreading blood-borne diseases. Re-use of needles and syringes has caused spread of diseases, especially HIV and Hepatitis among intravenous drug users. Syringes are, however, commonly re-used by diabetics and this is safe, if the syringe is only used by one person.

Medical syringes are sometimes used without a needle for orally administering liquid medicines to young children or animals, or milk to small young animals, because the dose can be measured accurately, and it is easier to squirt the medicine into the subject's mouth instead of coaxing the subject to drink out of a measuring spoon.

===Tip designs=== this is an syringe or injection

Syringes come with a number of different designs for the area in which the blade locks to the syringe body. Perhaps the most well known of these is the Luer lock, which simply twists the two together.

Bodies featuring a small, plain connection are known as slip tips and are useful for then the syringe is being connected to something not featuring a screw lock mechanism.

Similar to this is the catheter tip, which is essentially a slip tip but longer and tapered, making it good for pushing into things where there the plastic taper can form a tight seal. These can also be used for rinsing out wounds or large abscesses in veterinary use.

There is also an eccentric tip, where the nozzle at the end of the syringe is not in the centre of the syringe but at the side. This causes the blade attached to the syringe to lie almost in line with the walls of the syringe itself and they are used when the blade needs to get very close to parallel with the skin (when injecting into a surface vein or artery for example).

===Standard U-100 insulin syringes=== Syringes for insulin users are designed for standard U-100 insulin. The dilution of insulin is such that 1 ml of insulin fluid has 100 standard "units" of insulin. Since insulin vials are typically 10 ml, each vial has 1000 units.

Insulin syringes are made specifically for self injections and have friendly features: shorter needles, as insulin injections are subcutaneous (under the skin) rather than intramuscular, finer gauge needles, for less pain, and markings in insulin units to simplify drawing a measured dose of insulin.

{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" align=center width="500" border="1" style="background:powderblue;" | |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#bcd2ee;"| U-100 Syringe Sizes and Markings |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cae1ff;"| 1cc (1 ml) Syringe |- ! style="width:250px; background:ivory;"| Holds maximum: ! style="background:ivory;"| 100 units |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Numbered in: ! style="background:ivory;"| 10 unit increments |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Smallest line measures 2 units: ! style="background:ivory;"|BDReliOnMonoject(all but 31 gauge needle) |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Smallest line measures 1 unit: ! style="background:ivory;"|Easy TouchPrecision Sure DoseUltiCareMonoject(31 gauge needle only) |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cae1ff;"| 1/2cc (0.5 ml) Syringe |- ! style="width:250px; background:ivory;"| Holds maximum: ! style="background:ivory;"| 50 units |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Numbered in: ! style="background:ivory;"| 10 unit increments |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Smallest line measures 1 unit: ! style="background:ivory;"| BDPrecision Sure DoseUlti-Care Easy TouchReliOnMonoject |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cae1ff;"| 3/10cc (0.3 ml) Syringe |- ! style="width:250px; background:ivory;"| Holds maximum: ! style="background:ivory;"| 30 units |- ! style="background:ivory;"|Numbered in: ! style="background:ivory;"| 5 unit increments |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Smallest line measures 1 unit: ! style="background:ivory;"| BD Micro FineBD Ultra Fine(standard length only)Monoject Easy TouchUltiCare |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cae1ff;"| Half-unit scale 3/10cc (0.3 ml) Syringe |- ! style="width:250px; background:ivory;"| Holds maximum: ! style="background:ivory;"| 30 units |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Numbered in: ! style="background:ivory;"| 5 unit increments |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Smallest line measures 1/2 unit: ! style="background:ivory;"| BD Ultra Fine II (short)ReliOn

|}

Multishot needle syringes

There are needle syringes designed to reload from a built-in tank (container) after each injection, so they can make several or many injections on a filling. These are not used much in human medicine because of the risk of cross-infection via the needle. An exception is the personal insulin autoinjector used by diabetic patients.

Venom extraction syringes

Venom extraction syringes are different from standard syringes, because they usually don't puncture the wound. The most common types have a plastic nozzle which is placed over the affected area, and then the syringe piston is pulled back, creating a vacuum that sucks out the venom.

Oral

An oral syringe is a measuring instrument used to accurately measure doses of liquid medicine which are expressed in millilitres (mL).

Oral syringes are available in various sizes, from 1-10 mL and larger. The sizes most commonly used are 1 mL, 2.5 mL and 5 mL.

Governmental control of syringes

In some jurisdictions, the sale or possession of hypodermic syringes may be controlled or prohibited without a prescription, due to its potential use with illegal intravenous drugs.

Non-medical uses

The syringe has many non medical applications.

Laboratory applications

Medical-grade disposable hypodermic syringes are often used in research laboratories for convenience and low cost. Another application is to use the needle tip to add liquids to very confined spaces, such as washing out some scientific apparatus. They are often used for measuring and transferring solvents and reagents where a high precision is not required. Alternatively, microliter syringes can be used to measure and dose chemicals very precisely by using a small diameter capillary as the syringe barrel.

The polyethylene construction of these disposable syringes usually makes them rather chemically resistant. There is, however, a risk of the contents of the syringes leaching plasticizers from the syringe material. Non-disposable glass syringes may be preferred where this is a problem. Glass syringes may also be preferred where a very high degree of precision is important (i.e. quantitative chemical analysis), because their engineering tolerances are lower and the plungers move more smoothly. In these applications, the transfer of pathogens is usually not an issue.

Used with a long needle or cannula, syringes are also useful for transferring fluids through rubber septa when atmospheric oxygen or moisture are being excluded. Examples include the transfer of air-sensitive or pyrophoric reagents such as phenylmagnesium bromide and ''n''-butyllithium respectively. Glass syringes are also used to inject small samples for gas chromatography (1 μl) and mass spectrometry (10 μl). Syringe drivers may be used with the syringe as well.

Cooking

Some culinary uses of syringes are injecting liquids (such as gravy) into other foods, or for the manufacture of candies, such as Fruit Gushers.

Syringes may also be used when cooking meat to enhance flavor and texture by injecting juices inside the meat, and in baking to inject filling inside a pastry.

Others

Syringes are used to refill ink cartridges with ink.

Sometimes a large hypodermic syringe is used without a needle for very small baby mammals to suckle from in artificial rearing.

Historically, large pumps that use reciprocating motion to pump water were referred to as syringes. Pumps of this type were used as early firefighting equipment.

There are fountain syringes where the liquid is in a bag or can and goes to the nozzle via a pipe. In earlier times, clyster syringes were used for that purpose.

Loose snus is often applied using modified syringes. The nozzle is removed so the opening is the width of the chamber. The snus can be packed tightly into the chamber and plunged into the upper lip. Syringes, called portioners, are also manufactured for this particular purpose.

Historical timeline

The first piston syringes were used in Roman times. during the 1st century AD Celsus mentions the use of them to treat medical complications in his De Medicina. 9th century AD: The Iraqi/Egyptian surgeon Ammar ibn 'Ali al-Mawsili' created a syringe in the 9th century using a hypodermic needle, a hollow glass tube, and suction to remove cataracts from patients' eyes, a practice that remained in use up until at least the 13th century.

c. 1650: Blaise Pascal invented a syringe (not necessarily hypodermic) as an application of what is now called Pascal's law.

1760: Forms of intravenous injection and infusion began.

1844: Irish physician Francis Rynd invented the hollow needle and used it to make the first recorded subcutaneous injections, specifically a sedative to treat neuralgia.

1853: Charles Pravaz and Alexander Wood developed a medical hypodermic syringe with a needle fine enough to pierce the skin. Shortly thereafter, the first recorded fatality from a hypodermic-syringe induced overdose was Wood's wife from self administered morphine.

1946: Chance Brothers in Smethwick, Birmingham, England produce the first all-glass syringe with interchangeable barrel and plunger, thereby allowing mass-sterilisation of components without the need for matching them.

1956: New Zealand pharmacist and inventor Colin Murdoch granted New Zealand and Australian patents for a disposable plastic syringe.

1974: First US patent for a plastic disposable syringe received by African American inventor, Phil Brooks, U.S. patent #3,802,434 received on April 9, 1974.

1989: Carlos Arcusin invents a form of disposable syringe in Argentina.

See also

Autoinjector, a device to ease injection, e.g. by the patient or other untrained personnel.

Hypodermic needle

Jet injector, injects without a needle, by squirting the injection fluid so fast that it makes a hole in the skin.

Luer Taper, a standardized fitting system used for making leak-free connections between syringe tips and needles.

Trypanophobia, a fairly common extreme fear of hypodermic syringes

Syrette, similar to a syringe except that it has a closed flexible tube (like that used for toothpaste) instead of a rigid tube and piston.

Syringing the ear to remove excess ear wax.

Syrinx, the nymph from classical mythology after which syringes were supposedly named.

Hippy Sippy

Safety Syringe, with features to prevent accidental needlesticks and reuse

References

External links

Inventors of the hypodermic syringe

Hypodermic syringe patents

Medical syringe patents

Category:Medical equipment Category:Drug delivery devices Category:Drug paraphernalia

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name	Emilie Autumn
background	solo_singer
alias	Emilie Autumn Liddell
birth date	September 22, 1979 Los Angeles, California, US
instrument	Vocals, violin, harpsichord, piano, viola, viola de gamba,
genre	Classical, cabaret, electronic
occupation	Singer, musician, writer, poet, artist, model
years active	1997–
label	Traitor, Trisol Music Group, The End
associated acts	Ravensong, The Jane Brooks Project, Convent
website	emilieautumn.com
notable instruments	baroque violin "The Dove" electric violin "Elgar" modern Victorian violin "Merlin"| }}

Emilie Autumn Liddell (born in Los Angeles, California, on September 22, 1979), better known by her stage name Emilie Autumn, is an American singer-songwriter, poet, and violinist. Autumn draws influence for her music—the style of which she has alternatively labeled as "Victoriandustrial" and glam rock—from plays, novels, and history, particularly the Victorian era. Performing with her all-female backing band The Bloody Crumpets, Autumn incorporates elements of classical music, cabaret, electronica, and glam rock with theatrics, burlesque, and "flamboyant" outfits. Outspoken about bipolar disorder and her experience in a modern-day psychiatric ward, she has written an autobiographical novel, 2010's ''The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls''.

Growing up in Malibu, California, she began learning the violin at the age of four and left regular school five years later with the goal of becoming a world-class violinist; she practiced eight or nine hours a day and read a wide range of literature. Progressing to writing her own music, she studied under various teachers and went to Indiana University, which she left over issues regarding the relationship between classical music and the appearance of the performer. Through her own independent label Traitor Records, Autumn debuted with her classical album ''On a Day: Music for Violin & Continuo'', followed by the release in 2003 of her supernaturally themed album ''Enchant''.

She appeared in singer Courtney Love's backing band on her 2004 ''America's Sweetheart'' tour and returned to the Europe. She released the 2006 album ''Opheliac'' with the German label Trisol Music Group. In 2007, she released ''Laced/Unlaced''; the re-release of ''On a Day...'' appeared as ''Laced'' with songs on the electric violin as ''Unlaced''. She later left Trisol to join New York-based The End Records in 2009 and release ''Opheliac '' in the United States, where previously it had only been available as an import. Currently she is working on an album titled ''Fight Like A Girl''.

Life and career

1979–2000: Beginnings

Emilie Autumn was born in Los Angeles, California, on September 22, 1979. Autumn grew up in Malibu, California, and according to her, "being surrounded by nature and sea had a lot to do with [her] development as a 'free spirit.'" Her mother worked as a seamstress and is a descendant from the Liddell family. A German circus performer, her father immigrated to America at the age of nine and ran away from home at age fourteen; Autumn claims that he suffered abuse from his father and a "difficult and cruel upbringing". He did not share a close relationship with his daughter. She also has a sister. While not musicians, her family enjoyed various genres of music.

At four years old, she started learning the violin, and later commented: "I remember asking for a violin, but I don't remember knowing what one was. I might have thought it was a kind of pony for all I know, but I don't remember being disappointed." Four years later, Autumn made her musical debut as a solo violinist performing with an orchestra, and won a competition. At the age of nine or ten, she left regular school with the goal of becoming a world-class violinist. On her time at the school, she remarked, "I hated it anyway, what with the status as 'weird,' 'antisocial,' and the physical threats, there seemed to be no reason to go anymore, so I just didn't." She practiced eight or nine hours a day, had lessons, read a wide range of literature, participated in orchestra practice, and was home-schooled. Growing up, she owned a large CD collection of "violin concertos, symphonies, chamber music, opera, and a little jazz" She began writing her own music and poetry at age thirteen or fourteen, though she never planned to sing any of her songs. She studied under various teachers and attended Indiana University in Bloomington, but left after two years there, because she disagreed with the prevailing views on individuality and classical music. She believed that neither the audience nor the original composer would be insulted by the clothing and appearance of the performer.

While convinced that she would only play violin, eighteen-year-old Autumn decided to sing on one of her songs as a way of demonstrating to a major music producer, who wanted to sign her on a label, how it should sound. She became unhappy with the changes done to her songs, and decided to break away from the label and create her own independent record label, Traitor Records. Through it, she debuted with her classical album ''On a Day: Music for Violin & Continuo'', which she recorded in 1997 when she was seventeen years old; its title refers to the fact that the album took only a day to record. It consists of her performing works for the baroque violin accompanied by friends on the cello, harpsichord, and lute. She considered it "more of a demo despite its length", and released it as "a saleable album" after fans who enjoyed her "rock performances starting asking for a classical album so that they could hear more of the violin." She also debuted with her poetry book ''Across The Sky & Other Poems'' in 2000, later re-released in 2005 as ''Your Sugar Sits Untouched'' with a music-accompanied audiobook.

2001–04: ''Enchant'' and collaborations

As part of a recording project, Autumn traveled to Chicago, Illinois, in 2001, and decided to stay because she enjoyed the public transportation system and music scene there. She released the 2001 extended play (EP) ''Chambermaid'' while finishing ''Enchant''—she alternatively labeled the musical style on ''Chambermaid'' as "fantasy rock" and cabaret—and wrote the 2001 charity single "By the Sword" after the events of September 11, 2001. According to her, the song is about strength, not violence; the act of swearing by the sword represents "an unbreakable promise to right a wrong, to stay true." On February 26, 2003, newsletters published by Autumn and her interview with Musical Discovery point to the release date as February 26, 2003, with a free download of the complete album offered in January 2003.|group="note"}} she released her concept album ''Enchant'', which spanned multiple musical styles: "new age, pop and trip-hop chamber music". The theme of ''Enchant'' revolved around the supernatural realm and its effect on the modern-day world. Autumn labeled it as "fantasy rock", which dealt with "dreams and stories and ghosts and faeries who'll bite your head off if you dare to touch them". The faery-themed "Enchant Puzzle" appeared on the artwork of the album; her reward for the person who would solve it consisted of faery-related items. At the same time of ''Enchant''s release, Autumn had several side projects: Convent, a musical group for which she recorded all four voices; Ravensong, "a classical baroque ensemble" that she formed with friends in California; and The Jane Brooks Project, which she dedicated to the real-life, 16th-century Jane Brooks—a woman executed for witchcraft., no albums from any of her side-projects have been released. In 2003, Autumn had plans to release Ravensong's album live as "a radio broadcasted concert," so that the listeners would have "something to enjoy while we finish the studio recording." The album from The Jane Brooks Project, tentatively titled ''The Jane Brooks Songbook Volume I'' and later ''The Jane Brooks Project: Volume I'', was slated for release "early next year," according to a 2003 interview; near the end of July 2004, Autumn commented that the album "is very near complete and we are mixing at present." The only song released by Convent, "Find Me a Man", appeared on Autumn's 2007 compilation album ''A Bit o' This & That''. Much of Autumn's violin work did not get released on the album; she commented: "This had to do entirely with new producers taking over the project after our little vacation in France, and carefully discarding all of our sessions." She performed live with Love and The Chelsea on ''Late Show with David Letterman'' on March 17, 2004, and at Bowery Ballroom the next day. In September 2004, her father died from lung cancer, even though he had quit smoking twenty years earlier. Near the end of 2004, she was filmed for an appearance on an episode of HGTV's ''Crafters Coast to Coast'', showing viewers how to create faery wings and sushi-styled soap—both products she sold in her online "web design and couture fashion house", WillowTech House. On December 23, 2004, she appeared on the Chicago-based television station WGN as part of the string quartet backing up Billy Corgan and Dennis DeYoung's duet of "We Three Kings".

2005–09: ''Opheliac'', ''Laced/Unlaced'', and ''A Bit O' This & That''

thumb|lright|The title of ''Opheliac'' is a reference to Shakespeare's character Ophelia (above) from the play ''Hamlet'', whom Autumn felt a connection to, and the archetype of the "self-destructive" woman. Autumn began work on her concept album ''Opheliac'' in August 2004, and recorded it at Mad Villain Studios in Chicago. In August 2005, she created the costumes for Corgan's music video for the track "Walking Shade"; she also contributed violin and vocals for the track "DIA" from his 2005 album ''The Future Embrace''. In late 2005, Autumn also recorded vocals and violin for "The Gates of Eternity" from Attrition's 2008 album ''All Mine Enemys Whispers: The Story of Mary Ann Cotton'', a concept album focusing on the Victorian serial killer Mary Ann Cotton. Autumn later protested the release of the song, claiming that it was unfinished, "altered without her permission," and had been intended only as a possible collaboration with Martin Bowes.

In January 2006, she performed a song from the album, "Misery Loves Company", on WGN, before the album's release by the German label Trisol Music Group in September. She released the limited-edition, preview EP ''Opheliac'' through her own label, Traitor Records, in spring 2006; while the ''Opheliac'' EPs were being shipped, Autumn claimed that her offices had been robbed, causing the delay in the album release and the shipping of the EPs. According to her, ''Opheliac'' "was the documentation of a completely life-changing and life-ending experience". At one time, Autumn did have plans to film a music video for her song "Liar", which included "bloody bathtubs". Her song "Opheliac" later appeared on the 2007 albums ''13th Street: The Sound of Mystery, Vol. 3'', published by ZYX Music, and ''Fuck the Mainstream, Vol. 1'', published by Alfa Matrix on June 19. On October 9, 2006, she appeared on the Adult Swim cartoon ''Metalocalypse'' as a guest artist and on the subsequent 2007 album ''The Dethalbum''. November 2006 saw the release of the EP ''Liar/Dead Is the New Alive'', which featured remixes of songs from ''Opheliac'' and new material.

She released her instrumental album, ''Laced/Unlaced'' in March 2007; it consisted of two discs: ''Laced'', the re-release of ''On a Day...'', and ''Unlaced'', new songs for the electric violin. She decided to re-release ''On a Day'' as ''Laced'' because she "felt that it made a nice contrast to the metal shredding fiddle album, "Unlaced," and [...] loved that it was the perfect representation of "then" versus "now." She also performed live at the German musical events Wave Gotik Treffen and M'era Luna Festival in 2007. She later released ''A Bit O' This & That'': a compilation album of her covers, including songs from The Beatles and The Smiths, classical pieces, and her own songs. In 2008, she released the EP ''4 o'Clock'', which contained remixes of songs from ''Opheliac'', new songs, and a reading from her autobiographical novel ''The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls''. She also released another EP, ''Girls Just Wanna Have Fun &Bohemian; Rhapsody'', the same year. A year later, Autumn broke away from Trisol Music Group to join The End Records and re-release ''Opheliac'' in the United States on October 27, 2009; previously, it was only available there as an import. The re-release included extras such as pictures, bonus tracks, an excerpt from ''The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls'', and a video.

In addition to releasing her own material, Autumn collaborated with other musicians. She contributed backing vocals and violin to the track "Dry" by Die Warzau and made an appearance in the band's music video for "Born Again". She played violin on the song "UR A WMN NOW" from OTEP's 2009 album, ''Smash the Control Machine''. Additionally, two of her tracks appeared in film soundtracks: "Organ Grinder" from ''4 o'Clock'' on the European edition of ''Saw III'' and a remixed version of "Dead Is The New Alive" from ''Opheliac'' on the international version of ''Saw IV''.

2010–present: ''Fight Like a Girl''

In June 2010, Autumn released the acronym of her upcoming album, ''F.L.A.G.'', on Twitter, before revealing the full title as ''Fight Like a Girl''. She explained the concept behind ''Fight Like A Girl'' as self-defense without honor or rules. Planned to be "a bit more violent... bloodier [and]...a little more metal," ''Fight Like a Girl'' acts as a continuation of ''Opheliac'' and has the inmates fighting back against their abusers. On August 30, 2010, she announced that she would be undergoing jaw surgery and recovered from it.

Influences and musical style

Her music encompasses a wide range of styles. Autumn's vocal range registers from contralto to dramatic soprano, and her vocal work has been compared to Tori Amos, Kate Bush, and The Creatures. She has released two instrumental albums (''On a Day...'' and ''Laced/Unlaced''), and three which feature her vocals: ''Enchant'', ''Opheliac'', and ''A Bit o' This & That''. The 2003 album ''Enchant'' drew on "new age chamber music, trip-hop baroque, and experimental space pop". Autumn layers her voice frequently, and incorporates electronics and electronic effects into her work on ''Enchant''; she also combines strings and piano for some songs, while others feature mainly the piano or violin. The 2006 release ''Opheliac'' featured "cabaret, electronic, symphonic, new age, and good ol' rock & roll (and heavy on the theatrical bombast)."

A classically trained musician, Autumn draws influence from plays, novels, and history, particularly the Victorian era. She enjoys the works of Shakespeare, Elizabeth Barrett Browning and her husband Robert, and Edgar Allan Poe. She incorporates sounds resembling Victorian machinery such as locomotives, which she noted was "sort of a steampunk thing". While a young Autumn cited Itzhak Perlman as an influence because of the happiness she believed he felt when he played, her main musical influence and inspiration is the English violinist Nigel Kennedy. Her favorite singer is Morrissey from The Smiths. She takes inspiration for her songs from her life experiences and mixes in "layers and layers of references, connections, other stories and metaphors". Autumn describes her music and style as "Psychotic Vaudeville Burlesque." She alternatively labels her music and style as "Victoriandustrial'", a term she coined, and glam rock because of her use of glitter onstage. According to Autumn, her music "wasn't meant to be cutesy" and is labeled as industrial mainly because of her use of drums and yelling.

For her live performances, which she calls dinner theatre because of her practice of throwing tea and tea-time snacks offstage, Autumn makes use of burlesque—"a show that was mainly using humour and sexuality to make a mockery of things that were going on socially and politically"—to counterbalance the morbid topics such as abuse and self-mutilation. She incorporates handmade costumes, fire tricks, theatrics, and a female backing band, The Bloody Crumpets: Veronica Varlow, Captain Maggot, The Blessed Contessa, Aprella, and formerly Little Lucina and the model Ulorin Vex. Her wish for the live shows is to be an "anti-repression statement" and empowerment.

Public image

Autumn has bipolar disorder, which caused her to experience drastic mood swings, insomnia, and auditory hallucinations, and takes medication for it. Some of her songs—"Manic Depression", "Swallow", and "Misery Loves Company" from ''Opheliac''—deal with living with the disorder. While she would "prefer to not have it [...] and probably be a lot happier," she believes that it gives her a different perspective on life and plans to "use it for all it’s worth so that [she is] not a victim of it." Autumn experienced abuse, which began when she was six years old, and is a survivor of rape. She keeps a ritual of drawing a heart on her cheek as a symbol of protection and reminder of her fame.

Autumn identifies as asexual. She went vegetarian at age eleven after being unable to rationalize why she should eat farm animals but not her pet; in her late-teens, she turned vegan. She believes that there is a link between the treatment of women and animals in society. She cares for two pet rats, Sir Edward and Basil, and a cat named Fish/Fishy, and endorses companies such as Manic Panic and Samson Tech.

Hospitalization and autobiographical novel

Returning from Courtney Love's 2004 tour, Autumn resumed working on her own career and became pregnant, although she had been on birth control. Terrified of pregnancy and childbirth and unwilling to pass on her bipolar disorder, she decided to have an abortion. Later, she attempted suicide, which caused her to be admitted to a psychiatric ward at a Los Angeles hospital and kept on suicide watch. On her experience there, she commented: "No one tried to break me out or contact me, and I wasn’t allowed to call anyone. Now, I watch ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'', and realise it’s actually a pretty accurate portrayal of a modern-day asylum."

After being released, she had her cell block number tattooed on her right arm as a way of remembering what happened to her and penned her autobiographical novel, ''The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls'', which was published in 2010. Because of the book's nature as an autobiography, its release was delayed because some did not want it published. Based on her diary written in red crayon while institutionalized, the book incorporated talking rats and the diary of a fictional Victorian inmate named "Emily". Autumn explained that "one of the main messages is" that many of the patients were not insane and that the subject of mental illness remains misunderstood.

Discography

Albums

''On a Day...'' (1997, re-released in ''Laced/Unlaced'' in 2007)

''Enchant'' (2003, re-released 2007)

''Your Sugar Sits Untouched'' (2005, CD and poetry book)

''Opheliac'' (2006, re-released 2009)

''Laced/Unlaced'' (2007)

''A Bit o' This & That'' (2007)

''Fight Like A Girl (TBA)

EPs and singles

''Chambermaid'' (2001)

''By the Sword'' (2001)

''Opheliac EP'' (2006, preview EP)

''Liar/Dead Is the New Alive'' (2006)

''4 o'Clock'' (2008)

''Girls Just Wanna Have Fun & Bohemian Rhapsody'' (2008)

Guest contributions

Backing vocals and violin on the album ''America's Sweetheart'' (2003) by Courtney Love

Backing vocals and violin on the album ''The Future Embrace'' (2005) by Billy Corgan

Violin on the album ''The Dethalbum'' (2007) by Dethklok

Song "Organ Grinder" on the European edition of the ''Saw III'' soundtrack

Remix version of "Dead Is The New Alive" on the international version of the ''Saw IV'' soundtrack

Violin on the track "UR A WMN NOW" on OTEP's fourth album, ''Smash the Control Machine'' (2009)

Vocals and violin on the song "Dry" by Die Warzau

Vocals and violin on the song "The Gates of Eternity" by Attrition (band)

Bibliography

''Across The Sky & Other Poems'' (2000)

''Your Sugar Sits Untouched'' (2005)

''The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls'' (2010)

Notes

References

External links

Official website

Emilie Autumn at The End Records' website

Interview with Emilie Autumn

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name	Marc Andrew Koska
birth date	14 March 1961
birth place	Bournemouth, England
occupation	Inventor
children	}}

Marc Andrew Koska OBE was born in Bournemouth on 14 March 1961. He is best known for inventing the non-reusable K1 auto-disable syringe, thus preventing the medical transmission of blood-borne diseases.

Biography

He attended Stowe School in Buckingham, and then traveled for several years with a short period working in the City of London. He skied, sailed and worked his way around Europe, US and the Caribbean. In the Caribbean he worked as a model maker of scenes of crime to be used in courts.

As of 2001, Koska lives in East Sussex, England with his wife Anna Koska and their three children.

K1 Syringe

In 1984 Koska read a newspaper article predicting the transmission of HIV through the reuse of needles and syringes. Koska was fascinated by the problem and vowed to do something about it. He studied how drug addicts used syringes in the UK, went to Geneva to learn about Public Health Policy, visited several syringe factories, studied plastic injection moulding, and read everything available on the transmission of viruses like HIV.

After a year of intense study, he concluded that syringe manufacture was the key to the problem. Koska designed a syringe (K1) that could be made on existing equipment with a small modification. It was made from the same materials and could be used in the same way as a normal syringe so that healthcare professionals would not have to retrain. K1 syringes cannot be used again so the next patient will also have a sterile and safe injection.

Koska recognized that new syringes were only one part of the solution. One must also teach the public about the dangers of reusing needles. In 2005 Koska founded The SafePoint Trust, a registered charity dedicated to educating children about this issue.

On 23 July 2009, Marc gave a lecture on his life-saving invention to TEDOxford: Talks Marc Koska: 1.3m reasons to re-invent the syringe

2008 India Campaign

In November 2008, Marc and a SafePoint Trust team led a major media and public-awareness campaign throughout India in an attempt to do something about the prevalence of unsafe injections and the resultant illness and death that they cause in that country. They traveled throughout India giving their ''One Injection, One Syringe'' message to the media at press conferences for over a week. In addition, a specially made PSA entitled Sachin (in both English and Hindi) was repeatedly shown on television channels, radio stations and cinemas across the country. Watch the Sachin PSA in English; Sachin PSA in Hindi. As a result, SafePoint's message achieved widespread coverage throughout India.

Marc then met with Anbumani Ramadoss, India’s State Minister for Health, who decided to outlaw the use of ordinary syringes, making auto-disable syringes mandatory - initially in Central Government Hospitals with regional State-controlled facilities to follow and, later, in private hospitals as part of a second phase – throughout the whole of India.

Making the Point is a SafePoint-produced video report on the campaign, culminating in Dr Ramadoss's landmark decision.

Marc's SafePoint team is currently planning to target Africa next.

Recognition

Marc Koska has been recognized for his personal achievements as well as for those of his commercial company, Star Syringe, in the fields of business, innovation, sustainability, product design, health, contribution to society and social responsibility. Full list of awards won.

References

External links

Winners of The Queen's Awards for Enterprise: International Trade 2006 that lists Star Syringe Ltd

''My fight to stop deadly jabs'' by Sue Ellis, BBC News - 16 Feb 2005

''From Harm to Hope'', Immunization Improves Injection Practices in the Countries of the Mekong - UNICEF

Marc Koska's official website

Category:People from Bournemouth Category:Old Stoics Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire Category:English businesspeople Category:1961 births Category:Living people