name	Hippocrates of Kos
other names	Greek:
birth date	ca. 460 BC
birth place	Kos, Greece
death date	ca. 370 BC
death place	Larissa, Greece
occupation	Physician
spouse	}}

Hippocrates of Cos or Hippokrates of Kos (; Hippokrátēs; c. 460 BC – c. 370 BC) was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Athens), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the father of Western medicine in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with (notably theurgy and philosophy), thus establishing medicine as a profession.

However, the achievements of the writers of the Corpus, the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine, and the actions of Hippocrates himself are often commingled; thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did. Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician, credited with coining the Hippocratic Oath, still relevant and in use today. He is also credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Corpus and other works.

Biography[link]

Historians agree that Hippocrates was born around the year 460 BC on the Greek island of Kos (Cos), and became a famous ambassador for medicine against the strong opposing infrastructure of Greece. For this opposition he endured a twenty-year prison sentence during which he wrote well known medical works such as ''The Complicated Body'', encompassing many of the things we know to be true today. Other biographical information, however, is likely to be untrue (''see Legends'').

Soranus of Ephesus, a 2nd-century Greek gynecologist, was Hippocrates' first biographer and is the source of most personal information about him. Information about Hippocrates can also be found in the writings of Aristotle, which date from the 4th century BC, in the ''Suda'' of the 10th century AD, and in the works of John Tzetzes, which date from the 12th century AD.

Soranus wrote that Hippocrates' father was Heraclides, a physician, and his mother was Praxitela, daughter of Tizane. The two sons of Hippocrates, Thessalus and Draco, and his son-in-law, Polybus, were his students. According to Galen, a later physician, Polybus was Hippocrates' true successor, while Thessalus and Draco each had a son named Hippocrates.

Soranus said that Hippocrates learned medicine from his father and grandfather, and studied other subjects with Democritus and Gorgias. Hippocrates was probably trained at the asklepieion of Kos, and took lessons from the Thracian physician Herodicus of Selymbria. The only contemporaneous mention of Hippocrates is in Plato's dialogue ''Protagoras'', where Plato describes Hippocrates as "Hippocrates of Kos, the Asclepiad." Hippocrates taught and practiced medicine throughout his life, traveling at least as far as Thessaly, Thrace, and the Sea of Marmara. Several different accounts of his death exist. He probably died in Larissa at the age of 83, 85 or 90, though some say he lived to be well over 100.

Hippocratic theory[link]

Hippocrates is credited with being the first person to believe that diseases were caused naturally not because of superstition and gods. Hippocrates was credited by the disciples of Pythagoras of allying philosophy and medicine. He separated the discipline of medicine from religion, believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet, and living habits. Indeed there is not a single mention of a mystical illness in the entirety of the Hippocratic Corpus. However, Hippocrates did work with many convictions that were based on what is now known to be incorrect anatomy and physiology, such as Humorism.

Ancient Greek schools of medicine were split (into the Knidian and Koan) on how to deal with disease. The Knidian school of medicine focused on diagnosis. Medicine at the time of Hippocrates knew almost nothing of human anatomy and physiology because of the Greek taboo forbidding the dissection of humans. The Knidian school consequently failed to distinguish when one disease caused many possible series of symptoms. The Hippocratic school or Koan school achieved greater success by applying general diagnoses and passive treatments. Its focus was on patient care and prognosis, not diagnosis. It could effectively treat diseases and allowed for a great development in clinical practice.

Hippocratic medicine and its philosophy are far removed from that of modern medicine. Now, the physician focuses on specific diagnosis and specialized treatment, both of which were espoused by the Knidian school. This shift in medical thought since Hippocrates' day has caused serious criticism over the past two millennia, with the passivity of Hippocratic treatment being the subject of particularly strong denunciations; for example, the French doctor M. S. Houdart called the Hippocratic treatment a "meditation upon death".

Humorism and crisis[link]

Another important concept in Hippocratic medicine was that of a ''crisis'', a point in the progression of disease at which either the illness would begin to triumph and the patient would succumb to death, or the opposite would occur and natural processes would make the patient recover. After a crisis, a relapse might follow, and then another deciding crisis. According to this doctrine, crises tend to occur on ''critical days'', which were supposed to be a fixed time after the contraction of a disease. If a crisis occurred on a day far from a ''critical day'', a relapse might be expected. Galen believed that this idea originated with Hippocrates, though it is possible that it predated him.

Hippocratic medicine was humble and passive. The therapeutic approach was based on "the healing power of nature" ("''vis medicatrix naturae''" in Latin). According to this doctrine, the body contains within itself the power to re-balance the four humours and heal itself (''physis''). Hippocratic therapy focused on simply easing this natural process. To this end, Hippocrates believed "rest and immobilization [were] of capital importance." In general, the Hippocratic medicine was very kind to the patient; treatment was gentle, and emphasized keeping the patient clean and sterile. For example, only clean water or wine were ever used on wounds, though "dry" treatment was preferable. Soothing balms were sometimes employed.

Hippocrates was reluctant to administer drugs and engage in specialized treatment that might prove to be wrongly chosen; generalized therapy followed a generalized diagnosis. However, potent drugs were used on certain occasions. This passive approach was very successful in treating relatively simple ailments such as broken bones which required traction to stretch the skeletal system and relieve pressure on the injured area. The Hippocratic bench and other devices were used to this end.

One of the strengths of Hippocratic medicine was its emphasis on prognosis. At Hippocrates' time, medicinal therapy was quite immature, and often the best thing that physicians could do was to evaluate an illness and predict its likely progression based upon data collected in detailed case histories.

Professionalism[link]

Hippocratic medicine was notable for its strict professionalism, discipline, and rigorous practice. The Hippocratic work ''On the Physician'' recommends that physicians always be well-kempt, honest, calm, understanding, and serious. The Hippocratic physician paid careful attention to all aspects of his practice: he followed detailed specifications for, "lighting, personnel, instruments, positioning of the patient, and techniques of bandaging and splinting" in the ancient operating room. He even kept his fingernails to a precise length.

The Hippocratic School gave importance to the clinical doctrines of observation and documentation. These doctrines dictate that physicians record their findings and their medicinal methods in a very clear and objective manner, so that these records may be passed down and employed by other physicians. Hippocrates made careful, regular note of many symptoms including complexion, pulse, fever, pains, movement, and excretions. He is said to have measured a patient's pulse when taking a case history to know if the patient lied. Hippocrates extended clinical observations into family history and environment. "To him medicine owes the art of clinical inspection and observation." For this reason, he may more properly be termed as the "Father of Medicine".

Direct contributions to medicine[link]

Hippocrates and his followers were first to describe many diseases and medical conditions. He is given credit for the first description of clubbing of the fingers, an important diagnostic sign in chronic suppurative lung disease, lung cancer and cyanotic heart disease. For this reason, clubbed fingers are sometimes referred to as "Hippocratic fingers". Hippocrates was also the first physician to describe Hippocratic face in ''Prognosis''. Shakespeare famously alludes to this description when writing of Falstaff's death in Act II, Scene iii. of ''Henry V''.

Hippocrates began to categorize illnesses as acute, chronic, endemic and epidemic, and use terms such as, "exacerbation, relapse, resolution, crisis, paroxysm, peak, and convalescence." Another of Hippocrates' major contributions may be found in his descriptions of the symptomatology, physical findings, surgical treatment and prognosis of thoracic empyema, i.e. suppuration of the lining of the chest cavity. His teachings remain relevant to present-day students of pulmonary medicine and surgery. Hippocrates was the first documented chest surgeon and his findings are still valid.

The Hippocratic school of medicine described well the ailments of the human rectum and the treatment thereof, despite the school's poor theory of medicine. Hemorrhoids, for instance, though believed to be caused by an excess of bile and phlegm, were treated by Hippocratic physicians in relatively advanced ways. Cautery and excision are described in the Hippocratic Corpus, in addition to the preferred methods: ligating the hemorrhoids and drying them with a hot iron. Other treatments such as applying various salves are suggested as well. Today, "treatment [for hemorrhoids] still includes burning, strangling, and excising." Also, some of the fundamental concepts of proctoscopy outlined in the Corpus are still in use. For example, the uses of the rectal speculum, a common medical device, are discussed in the Hippocratic Corpus. This constitutes the earliest recorded reference to endoscopy.

Hippocratic Corpus[link]

The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin: ''Corpus Hippocraticum'') is a collection of around seventy early medical works from Alexandrian Greece. It is written in Ionic Greek. The question of whether Hippocrates himself was the author of the corpus has not been conclusively answered, but the volumes were probably produced by his students and followers. Because of the variety of subjects, writing styles and apparent date of construction, scholars believe Hippocratic Corpus could not have been written by one person (Ermerins numbers the authors at nineteen). The corpus was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity, and its teaching generally followed his principles; thus it came to be known by his name. It might be the remains of a library of Kos, or a collection compiled in the 3rd century BC in Alexandria.

The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes and philosophical essays on various subjects in medicine, in no particular order. These works were written for different audiences, both specialists and laymen, and were sometimes written from opposing view points; significant contradictions can be found between works in the Corpus. Notable among the treatises of the Corpus are ''The Hippocratic Oath''; ''The Book of Prognostics''; ''On Regimen in Acute Diseases''; ''Aphorisms''; ''On Airs, Waters and Places''; ''Instruments of Reduction''; ''On The Sacred Disease''; etc.

Hippocratic Oath[link]

The Hippocratic Oath, a seminal document on the ethics of medical practice, was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity although new information shows it may have been written after his death. This is probably the most famous document of the Hippocratic Corpus. Recently the authenticity of the document's author has come under scrutiny. While the Oath is rarely used in its original form today, it serves as a foundation for other, similar oaths and laws that define good medical practice and morals. Such derivatives are regularly taken today by medical graduates about to enter medical practice.

Legacy[link]

Hippocrates is widely considered to be the "Father of Medicine". His contributions revolutionized the practice of medicine; but after his death the advancement stalled. So revered was Hippocrates that his teachings were largely taken as too great to be improved upon and no significant advancements of his methods were made for a long time. The centuries after Hippocrates' death were marked as much by retrograde movement as by further advancement. For instance, "after the Hippocratic period, the practice of taking clinical case-histories died out," according to Fielding Garrison.

After Hippocrates, the next significant physician was Galen, a Greek who lived from AD. 129 to AD. 200. Galen perpetuated Hippocratic medicine, moving both forward and backward. In the Middle Ages, Arabs adopted Hippocratic methods. After the European Renaissance, Hippocratic methods were revived in Europe and even further expanded in the 19th century. Notable among those who employed Hippocrates' rigorous clinical techniques were Sydenham, Heberden, Charcot and Osler. Henri Huchard, a French physician, said that these revivals make up "the whole history of internal medicine."

The most severe form of hair loss and baldness is called the Hippocratic form.

Image[link]

According to Aristotle's testimony, Hippocrates was known as "The Great Hippocrates". Concerning his disposition, Hippocrates was first portrayed as a "kind, dignified, old country doctor'" and later as "stern and forbidding". He is certainly considered wise, of very great intellect and especially as very practical. Francis Adams describes him as "strictly the physician of experience and common sense."

His image as the wise, old doctor is reinforced by busts of him, which wear large beards on a wrinkled face. Many physicians of the time wore their hair in the style of Jove and Asklepius. Accordingly, the busts of Hippocrates that we have could be only altered versions of portraits of these deities. Hippocrates and the beliefs that he embodied are considered medical ideals. Fielding Garrison, an authority on medical history, stated, "He is, above all, the exemplar of that flexible, critical, well-poised attitude of mind, ever on the lookout for sources of error, which is the very essence of the scientific spirit." "His figure... stands for all time as that of the ideal physician," according to ''A Short History of Medicine'', inspiring the medical profession since his death.

Legends[link]

Most stories of Hippocrates' life are inconsistent with historical evidence and similar to stories told of other figures (such as Avicenna and Socrates), suggesting a legendary origin. Even during his life, Hippocrates' renown was great, and stories of miraculous cures arose. For example, Hippocrates was supposed to have aided in the healing of Athenians during the Plague of Athens by lighting great fires as "disinfectants" and engaging in other treatments. There is a story of Hippocrates curing Perdiccas, a Macedonian king, of "love sickness". Neither of these accounts is corroborated by any historians and it seems unlikely that they ever occurred.

Another legend is that Hippocrates rejected a formal request to visit the court of Artaxerxes, the King of Persia. Though ancient sources accept this as fact, some modern scholars doubt it. Another tale states that Democritus, supposed to be mad because he laughed at everything, was sent to Hippocrates to be cured. Hippocrates diagnosed him as merely having a happy disposition. Democritus has since been called "the laughing philosopher".

Not all stories of Hippocrates portrayed him in a positive manner. In one legend, Hippocrates is said to have fled after setting fire to a healing temple in Greece. Soranus of Ephesus, the source of this story, names the temple as the one of Knidos. However, centuries later, the Byzantine Greek grammarian John Tzetzes wrote that Hippocrates burned down his own temple, the Temple of Cos, and speculated that he did it to maintain a monopoly of medical knowledge. This claim directly conflicts with the traditional account of Hippocrates' personality. Other legends tell of his resurrection of Augustus's nephew; this feat was supposedly created by the erection of a statue of Hippocrates and the establishment of a professorship in his honor in Rome.

Genealogy[link]

Hippocrates' legendary genealogy traces his paternal heritage directly to Asklepius and his maternal ancestry to Heracles. According to Tzetzes's ''Chiliades'', the ahnentafel of Hippocrates II is:

1. Hippocrates II. "The Father of Medicine" 2. Heraclides 4. Hippocrates I. 8. Gnosidicus 16. Nebrus 32. Sostratus III. 64. Theodorus II. 128. Sostratus, II. 256. Thedorus 512. Cleomyttades 1024. Crisamis 2048. Dardanus 4096. Sostratus 8192. Hippolochus 16384. Podalirius 32768. Asklepius

Namesakes[link]

Some clinical symptoms and signs have been named after Hippocrates as he is believed to be the first person to describe those. Hippocratic face is the change produced in the countenance by death, or long sickness, excessive evacuations, excessive hunger, and the like. Clubbing, a deformity of the fingers and fingernails, is also known as Hippocratic fingers. Hippocratic succussion is the internal splashing noise of hydropneumothorax or pyopneumothorax. Hippocratic bench (a device which uses tension to aid in setting bones) and Hippocratic cap-shaped bandage are two devices named after Hippocrates. Hippocratic Corpus and Hippocratic Oath are also his namesakes. The drink hypocras is also believed to be invented by Hippocrates. Risus sardonicus, a sustained spasming of the face muscles may also be termed the Hippocratic Smile.

In the modern age, a lunar crater has been named Hippocrates. The Hippocratic Museum, a museum on the Greek island of Kos is dedicated to him. In the Harry Potter book series, the main healer on Arthur Weasley's ward was named Hippocrates Smethwyck. The Hippocrates Project is a program of the New York University Medical Center to enhance education through use of technology. Project Hippocrates (an acronym of "HIgh PerfOrmance Computing for Robot-AssisTEd Surgery") is an effort of the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science and Shadyside Medical Center, "to develop advanced planning, simulation, and execution technologies for the next generation of computer-assisted surgical robots." Both the Canadian Hippocratic Registry and American Hippocratic Registry are organizations of physicians who uphold the principles of the original Hippocratic Oath as inviolable through changing social times.

See also[link]

Hippocrates Prize for Poetry and Medicine

Notes[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

.

Craik, Elizabeth M. (ed., trans., comm.), ''The Hippocratic Treatise'' On glands (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009) (Studies in ancient medicine, 36).

. . .

Pliny the Elder, ''Natural History: Book XXIX.'', translated by John Bostock. See original text in Perseus program.

External links[link]

First printed editions of the Hippocratic Collection at the Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de Médecine of Paris (BIUM) studies and digitized texts by the BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris) see its digital library Medic@.

Wesley D. Smith. Hippocrates. Free full-text article from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Last accessed 24 April 2012.

Category:460 BC births Category:370 BC deaths Category:Ancient Greek physicians Category:Ancient Greek science writers Category:Classical humanists Category:Ancient Koans Category:5th-century BC Greek people Category:4th-century BC Greek people Category:Ancient Greeks in Thessaly Category:Ionic Greek writers

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The following is a list of significant men and women known for being the father, mother, or considered the founders mostly in Western socities in a field, listed by category. In most non-science fields, the title of being the "father" is debatable.

Church[link]

Games[link]

Subject	Father/Mother	Reason
Miniature wargaming	H.G. Wells
	Nolan Bushnell	Creator of ''Pong'' and founder of Atari and Chuck E. Cheese's
	Shigeru Miyamoto	Creator of many successful Nintendo franchises
Role-playing game	Gary Gygax	Creator of ''Dungeons & Dragons''
Stealth game	Hideo Kojima
Video game	Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr.	Inventor of the First video game
Wargaming	Charles S. Roberts

Humanities[link]

Military[link]

Subject	Father/Mother	Reason
Aerial warfare	Oswald Boelcke	The first to formalize rules of air fighting, which he presented as the Dicta Boelcke, also credited as being the first pilot to shoot down an aircraft.
Atomic bomb	Robert OppenheimerLeó SzilárdEnrico Fermi
Blitzkrieg	Heinz Guderian
	Edward Teller
Atomic submarine and "nuclear navy"	Hyman G. Rickover
Fourth Generation Warfare	William S. Lind
	Jean-Baptiste Colbert	Built on the fleet of France inherited from Cardinal Richelieu.
Naval Special Warfare	Phil H. Bucklew	US Naval Officer and First Commanding Officer of Navy SEAL Team One
Naval tactical studies	Paul Hoste	Jesuit Professor of Mathematics at the Royal College of the Marine in Toulon; wrote ''L'Art des Armées Navales'' (1697)
Luftwaffe and Luftstreitkräfte	Oswald Boelcke
The Soviet Union's Hydrogen Bomb	Andrei Sakharov
	William C. Lee	First commander of the parachute school at Fort Benning, Georgia.
	Kazimierz Pułaski	Brigadier-general and commander of the cavalry of the Continental Army (1770s).
United States Navy	Nations[link] Natural and social sciences[link] Sports[link] Subject Father/Mother ! Reason [[American football">John Barry (naval officer) Nations[link] Natural and social sciences[link] Sports[link] Subject Father/Mother ! Reason [[American football Walter Camp American motocross Edison Dye Introduced motorcross to American riders. American road racing Cameron Argetsinger Godfather, created the New York Cosmos soccer team and imported a number of well known international footballers to the team in an attempt to bring interest to soccer in the US. Angling Izaak Walton Author of ''The Compleat Angler''. Alexander Watson Hutton Argentine professional golf José Jurado Argentine winter sports Otto Meiling Association football Ebenezer Cobb Morley Baseball Basketball James Naismith Scot Breithaupt Charles William Miller Jim Downing Built a racecar a season before it became the basis of a new lightweight prototype class in . Coined the rodeo term "stampede" and was world's first rodeo producer, rodeo stock contractor, and rodeo champion in 1902. Wally Parks Don Garlits Considered to be one of the innovators of drag racing safety. Eddie Hill Regarded as the forefather of drag racing. Kunimitsu Takahashi East Coast skateboarding Vinny Raffa (godfather) Florida skateboarding Bruce Walker (godfather) Ebenezer Cobb Morley Freestyle BMX Bob Haro Freestyle Motocross Mike Metzger Godfather. Funny Car Dick Landy Ice Hockey James Creighton (ice hockey) Captained of one of the two teams that participated in the first indoor hockey game on March 3, 1875 in Montreal. Frank Choi Hosted one of the first events specifially for import cars in the mid-1990s to keep drivers out of street racing that progressed into a professional category. rowspan="2" James Richardson Spensley William Garbutt Laying the foundations of skilled coaching in Italian football. rowspan="2" Credited for introducing baseball in Japan. Hiroshi Hiraoka Credited for establishing the first baseball team. Jogging Jim Fixx Founding father. Kart racing Art Ingels Developed the world's first kart (1956). Lacrosse William George Beers Codified the sport. Mixed martial arts Bruce Lee Called so by Dana White, president of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. For his experimentation into other styles and invention of Jeet Kune Do. Eugen Sandow Called so by Arnold Schwarzenegger during a press statement on his passing in 2004. Inventor of the modern exercise machines. James Figg James J. Corbett Modern figure skating Jackson Haines "Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating," according to Roy Blakey Dettmar Cramer Earl W. Bascom Bascom's many equipment innovations pioneered the sport starting in 1916. Italo Santelli Modern surfing Duke Kahanamoku Earl W. Bascom Bascom designed and made the first one-hand rigging in 1924. A. G. Guillemard William Webb Ellis "Who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time first took the ball in his arms and ran with it thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game". Scuba diving Jacques Cousteau Developed the aqua-lung jointly with Émile Gagnan; popularized scuba diving as a research diver, writer, and film and television producer and personality. Skip Engblom (godfather) Tony Hawk (godfather) Snowboarding Jake Burton Carpenter Stock car racing Bill France, Sr. Foundation of the sanctioning body for stock car racing Mike Goodwin Organized the first supercross race. Frank Chirkinian Personally responsible for much of the production conventions of modern golf broadcasting. Technology[link] Fields[link] Subject Father/Mother Reason Aerodynamics (modern) Sir George Cayley Founding father of modern Aerodynamics. The first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, Lift (force) [[Architecture Imhotep Built the first pyramid Astronautics Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Robert H. GoddardHermann Oberth Aviation Book: ''Prodromo alla Arte Maestra'' (1670). First to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel. Thomas Tompion Clinical trials James Lind Conducted the first Scientific control [[Computing Charles Babbage Inventor of the Analytical Engine which was never constructed in his lifetime. Cybernetics Norbert Wiener Genetics Gregor Mendel Founder of the Genetics William F. Moran Founder of the American Bladesmith Society Ferdinand Freudenstein Applied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms. Bob Loveless Founder of the Knifemakers' Guild Photography Inventions[link] Subject Father/Mother Reason Air conditioning Willis Carrier Dennis Ritchie Chronograph Compact Disc Compiler Grace Hopper Konrad Zuse Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer. Alan Turing Was a secret code breaker during WWII and invented the Turing machine (1936). John von Neumann Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running. Invented the digital computer in the 1930s Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. Computer Program Ada Lovelace Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never complete within either her or his lifetime. Ekranoplan Rostislav Alexeev Helicopter Igor Sikorsky Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based. Internet Vint CerfBob Kahn Instant noodle Momofuku Ando Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them. Japanese television Kenjiro Takayanagi Jet engine Frank Whittle Karaoke Daisuke Inoue Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up. Laser Charles Hard Townes Lightning prediction system Alexander Stepanovich Popov The first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov. Marine chronometer John Harrison Microprocessor Marcian Hoff Masatoshi Shima Mobile phone He is the main brainchild of hand-held phone and with the help of Motorola team he developed the first handset in 1973 weighing in at two kilos. Vinod Dham The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386, and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU. Dham was general manager of the P5 group. Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium". Chuck Peddle Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET Programmable logic controller Dick Morley Radio Alexander Stepanovich Popov Lee De Forest Guglielmo Marconi Jagdish Chandra Bose Nikola Tesla Radio (Radio broadcasting) Reginald Fessenden David Sarnoff Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915. Radio (FM radio) Edwin H. Armstrong Obtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939) Radiotelephony Reginald Fessenden Search Engine Alan Emtage Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines SGML Charles Goldfarb Telephone Alexander Graham Bell See Invention of the telephone Television Philo T. Farnsworth Vladimir Zworykin John Logie Baird Co-Inventors of the Electronic Television. Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system. Tokamak Lev Artsimovich Fazlur Khan Invented the tube structural system and first employed it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower. World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee Visual Basic Alan Cooper XML Jon Bosak Towns, cities and regions[link] Subject Father/Mother ! Reason British Columbia Fur trader and manager for the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island and first Governor of the Colony of British Columbia. Lan Kwai Fong Allan Zeman Noted for turning a small square of streets in Transport[link] Subject Father/Mother ! Reason [[Henry Ford">Central, Hong Kong Transport[link] Subject Father/Mother ! Reason [[Henry Ford Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses. American Interstate Highway System Dwight D. Eisenhower Gene Berg Hot rod Ed Winfield RJ DeVera Influential for popularising the import car scene in the mid-1990s. Kustom Kulture Monster truck Mountain bike Gary Fisher Rotary engine Felix Wankel Cyrus Avery Tailfin Harley Earl Traffic safety William Phelps Eno Frank W. Cyr See also [link] List of inventors Father of medicare Founders of statistics References [link] Father or mother of something Father or mother of something, List of people known as ar:آباء العلوم fa:فهرست افراد دارای لقب پدر یا مادر در یک زمینه This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community. 9:05 Zak at the Hippocrates Health Institute week 3 day 3 (part 1 of 7) #26 SecretsOfLongevity Zak at the Hippocrates Health Institute week 3 day 3 (part 1 of 7) #26 (CLICK This Downward Pointing Arrow For More Info) →→ Dr. Brian Clement gave a great lecture today on the role of Klamath Lake Algae (aka E3live or Aphanizomenon Flos-Aqua) plays in the Hippocrates Institute's program. You purchase it here: tinyurl.com It has a powerful effect on repairing the DNA. Much of the information he talked about can relate to the article I have written that talks about the role genetics plays in longevity. You can read that here: www.secrets-of-longevity-in-humans.com You can read many other articles on longevity and anti-aging techniques at my main site here: www.secrets-of-longevity-in-humans.com 1:43 Hippocrates Green Power Twin Gear Juicer-healthy cold pressed juice vitality4life Hippocrates Green Power Twin Gear Juicer-healthy cold pressed juice www.my-greenpower-juicer.com Give your body optimum goodness; the Hippocrates juicer will unlock the key elements from the fibre in fruit and vegetables without destroying vital nutrients and living enzymes. The unique juice extracting methods which achieve Living Juice are available with the twin gear Hippocrates juicer. The Green Power Hippocrates juicer is a revolutionary achievement in juicing. Independent laboratory tests confirm that the Hippocrates twin gear cold press method extracts substantially higher nutritional content than other leading juicers. Only the Green Power juicer features magnetic twin gears with far infrared technology. 7:37 Brian Clement at Hippocrates 1 808kat808 Brian Clement at Hippocrates 1 Oct 31 2009 (so mind the costume) Brian gives a motivational talk on a lifestyle for optimal health. 9:03 Zak at the Hippocrates Health Intsitute week 1 day 4 (part 1 of 2) #6 SecretsOfLongevity Zak at the Hippocrates Health Intsitute week 1 day 4 (part 1 of 2) #6 (CLICK This Downward Pointing Arrow For More Info) →→ Dr. Brian Clement, the director of the Hippocrates health Institute, gave a lecture today and I caught a part of it on video. Brian is one of the worlds leading speakers on longevity, complementary medicine, HOLISTIC anti-aging and raw living foods. You can read many other articles on longevity and anti-aging techniques at my main site here: www.secrets-of-longevity-in-humans.com 7:39 Zak at the Hippocrates Health Institute week 2 day 2 #12 SecretsOfLongevity Zak at the Hippocrates Health Institute week 2 day 2 #12 (CLICK This Downward Pointing Arrow For More Info) →→ Cold showers (aka Ishnaan therapy or cold hydrotherapy) are a fantastic health practice, especially when you alternate between hot and cold suddenly. It builds the immune system, improves circulation, detoxifies and beautifies the skin, builds nerve force (good for athletes), cleanses mucus from the nerve endings (feels like pins and needles) AND it feels fantastic because it resets your autonomic nervous system to "relaxed but alert"! Please read my article in the link below for ALL of the tips and especially the contraindications for using cold water therapy: www.secrets-of-longevity-in-humans.com At the Hippocrates Institute they have two pools side by side. One is the cold plunge which is the equivalent to a cold shower except that you completely submerge yourself (ideally your head and face too for beautiful skin). Then they have a jacuzzi which is hot and you can use to alternate. It's much easier (and more beneficial) to alternate between the two pools then just staying in the cold pool for 5 minutes or so. Check out the video to the left for the full instructions and comments :) You can read many other articles on longevity and anti-aging techniques at my main site here: www.secrets-of-longevity-in-humans.com 4:38 Allegaeon - Atrophy of Hippocrates Roughsauce Allegaeon - Atrophy of Hippocrates Artist: Allegaeon Album: Fragments of Form and Function Song: Atrophy of Hippocrates Genre: Technical Death Metal Country of Origin: United States show more add to playlist clear Video Suggestions Youtube Vimeo Dailymotion Yahoo Blip The World News (WN) Network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. The following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn.com, as well as e-mail newsletters. 1. Personal Information Collection and Use We do not collect personally identifiable information about you, except when you provide it to us. 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