September 11 is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 111 days remaining until the end of the year. It is usually the first day of the year in the Coptic calendar and Ethiopian calendar (in the period AD 1900 to AD 2099).

Events[link]

• 506 – The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
• 1185 – Isaac II Angelus kills Stephanus Hagiochristophorites and then appeals to the people, resulting in the revolt that deposes Andronicus I Comnenus and places Isaac on the throne of the Byzantine Empire.
• 1226 – The Roman Catholic practice of public adoration of the Blessed Sacrament outside of Mass spreads from monasteries to parishes.
• 1297 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots jointly-led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray defeat the English.
• 1390 – Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392): the Teutonic Knights begin a five-week siege of Vilnius.
• 1526 – The Ottoman army occupies Buda after the crushing Hungarian defeat in the Battle of Mohács.
• 1541 – Santiago, Chile, is destroyed by indigenous warriors, led by Michimalonko.
• 1565 – Ottoman forces retreat from Malta, End of the Great Siege of Malta.
• 1609 – Expulsion order announced against the Moriscos of Valencia; beginning of the expulsion of all Spain's Moriscos.
• 1609 – Henry Hudson discovers Manhattan Island and the indigenous people living there.
• 1649 – Siege of Drogheda ends: Oliver Cromwell's English Parliamentarian troops take the town and execute its garrison.
• 1683 – Battle of Vienna.
• 1697 – Battle of Zenta.
• 1708 – Charles XII of Sweden stops his march to conquer Moscow outside Smolensk, marking the turning point in the Great Northern War. The army is defeated nine months later in the Battle of Poltava, and the Swedish empire ceases to be a major power.
• 1709 – Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, Netherlands and Austria fight against France.
• 1714 – Siege of Barcelona: Barcelona, capital city of Catalonia, surrenders to Spanish and French Bourbon armies in the War of the Spanish Succession.
• 1758 – Battle of Saint Cast: France repels British invasion during the Seven Years' War.
• 1775 – Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec leaves Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• 1776 – British-American peace conference on Staten Island fails to stop nascent American Revolutionary War.
• 1777 – American Revolution: Battle of Brandywine – The British celebrate a major victory in Chester County, Pennsylvania.
• 1786 – The Beginning of the Annapolis Convention.
• 1789 – Alexander Hamilton is appointed the first United States Secretary of the Treasury.
• 1792 – The Hope Diamond is stolen along with other French crown jewels when six men break into the house used to store them.
• 1802 – France annexes the Kingdom of Piedmont.
• 1803 – Battle of Delhi, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, between British troops under General Lake, and Marathas of Scindia's army under General Louis Bourquin.
• 1813 – War of 1812: British troops arrive in Mount Vernon and prepare to march to and invade Washington D.C..
• 1814 – War of 1812: The climax of the Battle of Plattsburgh, a major United States victory in the war.
• 1829 – Surrender of the expedition led by Isidro Barradas at Tampico, sent by the Spanish crown in order to retake Mexico, This was the final consummation of Mexican independence.
• 1847 – Stephen Foster's well-known song, Oh! Susanna, is first performed at a saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
• 1857 – The Mountain Meadows Massacre: Mormon settlers and Paiutes massacre 120 pioneers at Mountain Meadows, Utah.
• 1897 – After months of pursuit, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of Kaffa, bringing an end to that ancient kingdom.
• 1903 – The first race at The Milwaukee Mile in West Allis, Wisconsin is held. It is the oldest major speedway in the world.
• 1914 – Australia invades New Britain, defeating a German contingent at the Battle of Bita Paka.
• 1916 – The Quebec Bridge's central span collapses, killing 11 men. The bridge initially collapsed in toto on August 29, 1907.
• 1919 – U.S. Marines invade Honduras.
• 1921 – Nahalal, the first moshav in Palestine, is settled as part of a Zionist plan to colonize Palestine and creating a Jewish state, later to be Israel.
• 1922 – The British Mandate of Palestine begins.
• 1922 – The Treaty of Kars is ratified in Yerevan, Armenia.
• 1922 – One of the Herald Sun of Melbourne, Australia's predecessor papers The Sun News-Pictorial is founded.
• 1931 – Salvatore Maranzano is murdered by Charles Luciano's hitmen.
• 1932 – Franciszek Żwirko and Stanisław Wigura, Polish Challenge 1932 winners, are killed when their RWD 6 airplane crashes during a storm.
• 1939 – World War II: Canada declares war on Germany, the country's first independent declaration of war
• 1940 – George Stibitz performs the first remote operation of a computer.
• 1941 – Ground is broken for the construction of The Pentagon.
• 1941 – Charles Lindbergh's Des Moines Speech accusing the British, Jews and the Roosevelt administration of pressing for war with Germany.
• 1943 – World War II: German troops occupy Corsica and Kosovo-Metohija.
• 1943 – World War II: Start of the liquidation of the Ghettos in Minsk and Lida by the Nazis.
• 1944 – World War II: The first Allied troops of the U.S. Army cross the western border of Germany.
• 1944 – World War II: RAF bombing raid on Darmstadt and the following firestorm kill 11,500.
• 1945 – World War II: Australian 9th Division forces liberate the Japanese-run Batu Lintang camp, a POW and civilian internment camp on the island of Borneo.
• 1954 – Hurricane Edna hits New England as a Category 3 hurricane, causing significant damage and 29 deaths.
• 1961 – Foundation of the World Wildlife Fund.
• 1961 – Hurricane Carla strikes the Texas coast as a Category 4 hurricane, the second strongest storm ever to hit the state.
• 1965 – Indo-Pakistani War: The Indian Army captures the town of Burki, just southeast of Lahore.
• 1968 – Air France Flight 1611 crashes off Nice, France, killing 89 passengers and 6 crew.
• 1970 – The Dawson's Field hijackers release 88 of their hostages. The remaining hostages, mostly Jews and Israeli citizens, are held until September 25.
• 1971 – The Egyptian Constitution becomes official.
• 1972 – The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit system has its opening day of passenger service.
• 1973 – A coup in Chile headed by General Augusto Pinochet topples the democratically elected president Salvador Allende. Pinochet remains in power for almost 17 years.
• 1974 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 212 crashes in Charlotte, North Carolina, killing 69 passengers and two crew.
• 1976 – A group of Croatian nationalists planted a bomb in a coin locker at Grand Central Terminal. After stating political demands, they revealed the location and provided the instructions for disarming the bomb. The disarming operation was not executed properly killing one NYPD bomb squad specialist.
• 1978 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel meet at Camp David and agree on the Camp David Accords a framework for peace between Israel and Egypt and a comprehensive peace in the Middle East.
• 1980 – Voters approve the present Constitution of Chile.
• 1982 – The international forces that were guaranteeing the safety of Palestinian refugees following Israel's 1982 Invasion of Lebanon leave Beirut. Five days later, several thousand refugees are massacred in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps.
• 1985 – Pete Rose breaks Ty Cobb's baseball record for most career hits with his 4,192nd hit
• 1988 – The St Jean Bosco massacre takes place in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
• 1989 – Hungary announces that the East German refugees who had been housed in temporary camps, were free to leave for West Germany.
• 1992 – Hurricane Iniki, one of the most damaging hurricanes in United States history, devastates the Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Oahu.
• 1997 – NASA's Mars Global Surveyor reaches Mars.
• 1997 – After a nationwide referendum, Scotland votes to establish a devolved parliament, within the United Kingdom.
• 1997 – 14 Estonian soldiers die in the Kurkse tragedy, drowning in the Baltic Sea
• 1998 – Opening ceremony for the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Malaysia is the first Asian country to host the games.
• 2000 – Melbourne hosts World Economic Forum where S11 protests also took place.
• 2001 – The September 11 attacks take place in the United States. Airplane hijackings result in the collapse of the World Trade Center in New York City, damage to The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and the crashing of a passenger airliner near Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
• 2004 – All passengers are killed when a helicopter crashes in the Aegean Sea. Passengers include Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria and 16 others (including journalists and bishops of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria).
• 2007 – Russia tests the largest conventional weapon ever, the Father of all bombs.

Births[link]

• 1182 – Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (d. 1204)
• 1522 – Ulisse Aldrovandi, Italian naturalist (d. 1605)
• 1524 – Pierre de Ronsard, French poet (d. 1585)
• 1525 – John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1598)
• 1611 – Turenne, 3rd Marshal General of France (d. 1675)
• 1681 – Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German jurist (d. 1741)
• 1700 – James Thomson, Scottish poet (d. 1748)
• 1711 – William Boyce, English composer (d. 1779)
• 1723 – Johann Bernhard Basedow, German educational reformer (d. 1790)
• 1764 – Valentino Fioravanti, Italian composer (d. 1837)
• 1771 – Mungo Park, Scottish explorer of Africa (d. 1806)
• 1786 – Friedrich Kuhlau, German composer (d. 1832)
• 1798 – Franz Ernst Neumann, German mineralogist and physicist (d. 1895)
• 1800 – Daniel S. Dickinson, American politician (d. 1866)
• 1816 – Carl Zeiss, German lens maker (d. 1888)
• 1825 – Eduard Hanslick, German music critic (d. 1904)
• 1836 – Fitz Hugh Ludlow, American author (d. 1870)
• 1838 – John Ireland, American archbishop (d. 1918)
• 1859 – Vjenceslav Novak, Croatian writer (d. 1905)
• 1860 – Marianne von Werefkin, Russian-Swiss painter (d. 1938)
• 1860 – James Allan, New Zealand rugby player (d. 1934)
• 1861 – Juhani Aho, Finnish author and journalist (d. 1921)
• 1862 – Dr H.H. Crippen, American murderer hanged in England (d. 1910)
• 1862 – O. Henry, American writer (d. 1910)
• 1862 – Viscount Byng of Vimy, British army officer (d. 1935)
• 1865 – Rainis, Latvian poet and playwright (d. 1929)
• 1877 – Felix Dzerzhinsky, Communist revolutionary (d. 1926)
• 1877 – James Hopwood Jeans, English scientist (d. 1946)
• 1884 – Sudhamoy Pramanick, Indian Independence activist (d. 1974)
• 1885 – D. H. Lawrence, English novelist (d. 1930)
• 1885 – Herbert Stothart, American song writer, composer (d. 1949)
• 1891 – William Thomas Walsh, American author (d. 1949)
• 1892 – Lucien Buysse, Belgian cyclist (d. 1980)
• 1892 – Pinto Colvig, American actor and cartoonist (d. 1967)
• 1893 – Douglas Hawkes, British racing driver (d. 1974)
• 1895 – Vinoba Bhave, Indian human rights advocate (d. 1982)
• 1895 – Nur Ali Elahi, Iranian philosopher, musician, spiritual teacher, and judge (d. 1974)
• 1898 – Field Marshal Sir Gerald Templer, British military administrator (d. 1979)
• 1899 – Jimmie Davis, American politician and musician (d. 2000)
• 1899 – Philipp Bouhler, German Nazi leader (d. 1945)
• 1900 – D. W. Brooks, American farmer and businessman (d. 1999)
• 1903 – Theodor Adorno, German philosopher and sociologist (d. 1969)
• 1904 – Karl Plutus, Estonian jurist and centenarian (d. 2010)
• 1907 – Lev Oborin, Russian pianist (d. 1974)
• 1908 – Alvar Lidell, British BBC announcer (d. 1981)
• 1911 – Bola de Nieve, Cuban pianist (d. 1971)
• 1913 – Paul "Bear" Bryant, American football coach (d. 1983)
• 1914 – Patriarch Pavle of Serbia, Serbian spiritual leader (d. 2009)
• 1917 – Ferdinand Marcos, 10th President of the Philippines (d. 1989)
• 1917 – Jessica Mitford, British writer (d. 1996)
• 1917 – Herbert Lom, Czech-born British film actor
• 1917 – Daniel Wildenstein, French art dealer and racehorse owner (d. 2001)
• 1917 – Donald Blakeslee, American aviator (d. 2008)
• 1921 – Edwin Richfield, British actor (d. 1990)
• 1923 – Alan Badel, British actor (d. 1982)
• 1923 – Betsy Drake, French born actress
• 1924 – Daniel Akaka, American politician
• 1924 – Tom Landry, American football coach (d. 2000)
• 1924 – Rudolf Vrba, Canadian professor (d. 2006)
• 1925 – Alan Bergman, American lyricist, song writer
• 1925 – Harry Somers, Canadian composer (d. 1999)
• 1926 – Eddie Miksis, American baseball player (d. 2005)
• 1927 – G. David Schine, American businessman (d. 1996)
• 1927 – Vernon Corea, Sri Lankan broadcaster (d. 2002)
• 1927 – Willie Christine King, American professor
• 1928 – Reubin O'Donovan Askew, American politician
• 1928 – Earl Holliman, American actor
• 1929 – Primož Kozak, Slovenian playwright (d. 1981)
• 1929 – Patrick Mayhew, Baron Mayhew, UK politician, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
• 1930 – Cathryn Damon, American actress (d. 1987)
• 1920 – Jean-Claude Forest, French writer and illustrator (d. 1998)
• 1930 – Renzo Montagnani, Italian actor (d. 1997)
• 1930 – Saleh Selim, Egyptian football player (d. 2002)
• 1931 – Hans-Ulrich Wehler, German historian
• 1931 – Bill Simpson, Scottish actor (d. 1986)
• 1932 – Peter Anderson, English footballer
• 1933 – William Luther Pierce, American author and activist (d. 2002)
• 1934 – Oliver Jones, Canadian jazz pianist
• 1934 – Norma Croker, Australian sprinter
• 1935 – Arvo Pärt, Estonian composer
• 1935 – Gherman Titov, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2000)
• 1936 – Ian Abercrombie, English actor
• 1937 – Iosif Kobzon, Soviet-Russian singer and businessman
• 1937 – Queen Paola of Belgium
• 1937 – Robert Crippen, American astronaut
• 1938 – David Higgins, British composer and conductor (d. 2006)
• 1939 – Charles Geschke, American inventor and businessman
• 1940 – Brian De Palma, American film director
• 1940 – Theodore Olson, American politician
• 1940 – Nong Duc Manh, Vietnamese politician
• 1940 – Robert Palmer, American businessman
• 1942 – Lola Falana, American singer
• 1942 – Gerome Ragni, American playwright
• 1943 – André Caillé, Canadian businessman
• 1943 – Mickey Hart, American drummer
• 1943 – Raymond Villeneuve, Canadian political activist
• 1943 – Khun Htun Oo, Burmese politician
• 1944 – Everaldo, Brazilian footballer
• 1944 – Freddy Thielemans, Belgian politician
• 1945 – Franz Beckenbauer, German footballer
• 1945 – Gianluigi Gelmetti, Italian conductor and composer
• 1945 – Leo Kottke, American guitarist
• 1945 – Felton Perry, American actor
• 1946 – Jim Shoulder, British footballer and coach
• 1946 – Dennis Tufano, American singer
• 1948 – John Martyn, English musician (d. 2009)
• 1949 – Bill Whittington, American race car driver
• 1950 – Bruce Doull, Australian rules footballer
• 1950 – Amy Madigan, American actress
• 1950 – Barry Sheene, British motorcyclist (d. 2003)
• 1951 – Richard D. Gill, British-Dutch mathematician
• 1951 – Hugo Porta, Argentine rugby player
• 1951 – Miroslav Dvořák, Czechoslovak ice hockey player (d. 2008)
• 1953 – Jani Allan, South African journalist and media personality
• 1953 – Renée Geyer, Australian jazz, soul and R&B singer
• 1953 – Tommy Shaw, American musician and singer
• 1956 – Tony Gilroy, American screenwriter and director
• 1957 – Brad Bird, American director and animator
• 1957 – Jeff Sluman, American golfer
• 1957 – Jon Moss, English drummer
• 1958 – Brad Lesley, American baseball player, actor, and television personality
• 1958 – Scott Patterson, American actor
• 1958 – Roxann Dawson, American actress
• 1958 – Phoef Sutton, American television writer and producer
• 1960 – Anne Ramsay, American actress
• 1961 – Virginia Madsen, American actress
• 1961 – Philip Ardagh, British writer
• 1962 – Elizabeth Daily, American actress
• 1962 – Victoria Poleva, Ukrainian composer
• 1962 – Filip Dewinter, Belgian politician
• 1962 – Kristy McNichol, American actress
• 1962 – Julio Salinas, Spanish footballer
• 1962 – Jenny Sanford, American heiress and businesswoman
• 1963 – Patrick McWilliams, Irish author
• 1963 – Colin Wells, English actor
• 1964 – Ellis Burks, American baseball player
• 1964 – Victor Wooten, American musician
• 1965 – Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria
• 1965 – Paul Heyman, American sports figure
• 1965 – Moby, American musician
• 1965 – David Roe, English snooker player
• 1966 – Princess Akishino of Japan
• 1967 – Maria Bartiromo, American news anchor
• 1967 – Harry Connick, Jr., American singer
• 1967 – Tony David, Australian darts player
• 1968 – Kay Hanley, American musician
• 1968 – Paul Mayeda Berges, American film writer and director
• 1969 – Stefano Cagol, Italian contemporary artist
• 1969 – Gidget Gein, American musician (d. 2008)
• 1969 – Eduardo Perez, American baseball player
• 1970 – Chris Garver, American tattoo artist
• 1970 – Taraji P. Henson, American actress and singer
• 1970 – William Joppy, American boxer
• 1970 – Taja Kramberger, Slovenian poet and sociologist
• 1970 – Ted Leo, American musician
• 1970 – Laura Wright, American actress
• 1971 – Richard Ashcroft, British singer
• 1971 – Markos Moulitsas, American writer
• 1971 – Johnny Vegas, English comedian
• 1971 – Shelton Quarles, American football player
• 1972 – Matthew Gilmore, Belgian cyclist
• 1974 – DeLisha Milton-Jones, American basketball player
• 1975 – Juan Cobián, Argentine footballer
• 1975 – Pierre Issa, South African footballer
• 1975 – Mark Klepaski, American musician
• 1976 – Elephant Man, Jamaican musician
• 1976 – Tomáš Enge, Czech racing driver
• 1976 – Flora Redoumi, Greek hurdler
• 1977 – Jon Buckland, British guitarist
• 1977 – Ludacris, American rapper
• 1977 – Matthew Stevens, Welsh snooker player
• 1977 – Tobias Zellner, German footballer
• 1978 – Ben Lee, Australian musician and singer
• 1978 – Ed Reed, American football player
• 1978 – Dejan Stanković, Serbian footballer
• 1979 – Éric Abidal, French footballer
• 1979 – Frank Francisco, American baseball player
• 1979 – Nathan Gale, American murderer (d. 2004)
• 1979 – Steve Hofstetter, American comedian and radio personality
• 1979 – David Pizarro, Chilean footballer
• 1979 – Ariana Richards, American actress
• 1980 – Mike Comrie, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1980 – Antônio Pizzonia, Brazilian race car driver
• 1980 – Dawit Kebede, Ethiopian journalist
• 1981 – Andrea Dossena, Italian footballer
• 1981 – Charles Kelley, American singer-songwriter
• 1981 – Luscious Lopez, American pornographic actress
• 1981 – Dylan Klebold, American shooter partially responsible for the Columbine High School massacre (d. 1999)
• 1982 – Shriya Saran, Indian actress
• 1983 – Ike Diogu, American basketball player
• 1983 – Jacoby Ellsbury, American baseball player
• 1984 – Benson Stanley, New Zealand rugby player
• 1984 – Aled de Malmanche, New Zealand rugby player
• 1985 – Robert Acquafresca, Italian footballer
• 1985 – Shaun Livingston, American basketball player
• 1985 – Zack Stortini, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1986 – Dwayne Jarrett, American football player
• 1986 – Chiliboy Ralepelle, South African rugby union footballer
• 1987 – Aroldis Chapman, Cuban baseball player
• 1987 – Tyler Hoechlin, American actor
• 1987 – Mai Oshima, Japanese singer (AKB48)
• 1989 – Asuka Kuramochi, Japanese singer (AKB48)
• 1988 – Lee Yong Dae, South Korean badminton player

Deaths[link]

• 1063 – King Béla I of Hungary
• 1161 – Queen Melisende of Jerusalem (b. 1105)
• 1185 – Stephanus Hagiochristophorites, Byzantine courtier
• 1279 – Robert Kilwardby, English archbishop (b. c. 1215)
• 1298 – Philip of Artois, French soldier (b. 1269)
• 1349 – Bonne of Luxembourg, Bohemian-born duchess and countess (b. 1315)
• 1599 – Beatrice Cenci, Italian noblewoman (b. 1577)
• 1677 – James Harrington, English political philosopher (b. 1611)
• 1680 – Roger Crab, English political writer (b. 1621)
• 1680 – Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan (b. 1596)
• 1721 – Rudolf Jakob Camerarius, German botanist and physician (b. 1665)
• 1733 – François Couperin, French composer (b. 1668)
• 1760 – Louis Godin, French astronomer (b. 1704)
• 1822 – Fortunat Alojzy Gonzaga Żółkowski, Polish actor (b. 1777)
• 1823 – David Ricardo, English economist (b. 1772)
• 1843 – Joseph Nicollet, French mathematician and explorer (b. 1786)
• 1851 – Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist (b. 1794)
• 1865 – Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière, French general (b. 1806)
• 1888 – Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, 7th President of Argentina (b. 1811)
• 1896 – Francis James Child, American professor (b. 1825)
• 1911 – Louis Henri Boussenard, French novelist (b. 1847)
• 1915 – William Sprague IV, American politician (b. 1830)
• 1915 – William Cornelius Van Horne, American businessman (b. 1843)
• 1917 – Georges Guynemer, French aviator (b. 1894)
• 1921 – Subramanya Bharathy, Tamil poet (b. 1882)
• 1926 – Matsunosuke Onoe, Japanese actor (b. 1875)
• 1932 – Stanislaw Wigura, Polish pilot (b. 1901)
• 1932 – Franciszek Zwirko, Polish pilot (b. 1895)
• 1935 – Charles Norris, American medical examiner (b. 1867)
• 1939 – Konstantin Korovin, Russian painter (b. 1861)
• 1941 – Christian Rakovsky, Bulgarian-born socialist revolutionary (b. 1873)
• 1947 – Alice Keppel, English socialite and mistress of King Edward VII (b. 1868)
• 1948 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan (b. 1876)
• 1949 – Henri Rabaud, French composer and conductor (b. 1873)
• 1950 – Jan Smuts, South African soldier and statesman (b. 1870)
• 1956 – Billy Bishop, Canadian fighter pilot (b. 1894)
• 1958 – Robert W. Service, Scottish-born Canadian poet (b. 1874)
• 1958 – Camillien Houde, Canadian politician (b. 1889)
• 1959 – Paul Douglas, American actor (b. 1907)
• 1965 – Ralph C. Smedley, American educator (b. 1878)
• 1966 – C. E. Woolman, American businessman (b. 1889)
• 1967 – Tadeusz Żyliński, Polish technician and textilist (b. 1904)
• 1968 – René Cogny, French general (b. 1904)
• 1971 – Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Soviet politician and leader (b. 1894)
• 1971 – Bella Darvi, Polish-born French actress (b. 1928)
• 1971 – Errikos Kontarinis, Greek actor (b. 1906)
• 1972 – Max Fleischer, American animator (b. 1883)
• 1973 – Salvador Allende, President of Chile (b. 1908)
• 1973 – Neem Karoli Baba, Indian guru
• 1974 – Víctor Olea Alegría, Chilean socialist
• 1978 – Mike Gazella, American baseball player (b. 1895)
• 1978 – Georgi Markov, Bulgarian dissident (b. 1929)
• 1978 – Janet Parker, British medical figure (b. c.1938)
• 1978 – Ronnie Peterson, Swedish racing driver (b. 1944)
• 1984 – Jerry Voorhis, American politician (b. 1901)
• 1985 – William Alwyn, English composer (b. 1905)
• 1985 – Eleanor Dark, Australian novelist (b. 1901)
• 1985 – Andrew C. Thornton II, American drug smuggler (b. 1945)
• 1986 – Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, Greek politician and academic, twice Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1902)
• 1986 – Noel Streatfeild, English children's writer (b. 1895)
• 1987 – Lorne Greene, Canadian actor and singer (b. 1915)
• 1987 – Peter Tosh, Jamaican musician (b. 1944)
• 1988 – John Sylvester White, American actor (b. 1919)
• 1990 – Myrna Mack, Guatemalan anthropologist (b. 1949)
• 1991 – Ernst Herbeck, German poet (b. 1920)
• 1993 – Erich Leinsdorf, Austrian conductor (b. 1912)
• 1993 – Antoine Izméry, Haitian political activist
• 1994 – Jessica Tandy, American actress (b. 1909)
• 1994 – Luciano Sgrizzi, Italian harpsichordist and composer (b. 1910)
• 1994 – William Obanhein, American police officer (b. 1924)
• 1995 – Anita Harding, British neurologist (b. 1952)
• 1997 – Camille Henry, Canadian hockey player (b. 1933)
• 1997 – Hannah Weiner American experimental poet (b. 1928)
• 1998 – Dane Clark, American actor (b. 1913)
• 1999 – Belkis Ayón, Cuban artist (b. 1967)
• 1999 – Bobby Limb, Australian entertainer (b. 1924)
• 1999 – Gonzalo Rodríguez, Uruguayan auto racing driver (b. 1972)
• 2001 – Alice Stewart Trillin, American author (b. 1938)
• 2001 – Casualties of the September 11 attacks:
  • David Angell, American television producer (b. 1946)
  • Mohamed Atta, Egyptian hijacker–pilot of American Airlines Flight 11 (b. 1968)
  • Garnet Bailey, Canadian hockey player (b. 1948)
  • Todd Beamer, American 9/11 figure (b. 1968)
  • Berry Berenson, American photographer, actress, and model (b. 1948)
  • Carolyn Beug, American filmmaker (b. 1953)
  • Bill Biggart, American photojournalist (b. 1947)
  • Mark Bingham, American businessman and 9/11 figure (b. 1970)
  • Ronald Paul Bucca, American fire marshal (b. 1954)
  • Charles Burlingame, American pilot (b. 1949)
  • Tom Burnett, American businessman (b. 1963)
  • William M. Feehan, American firefighter (b. 1929)
  • Wilson Flagg, American Rear admiral (b. 1938)
  • Peter J. Ganci, Jr., American firefighter (b. 1946)
  • Hani Hanjour, Saudi hijacker–pilot of American Airlines Flight 77 (b. 1972)
  • Ziad Jarrah, Lebanese hijacker–pilot of United Airlines Flight 93 (b. 1975)
  • Mychal Judge, American priest (b. 1933)
  • Daniel M. Lewin, American mathematician and entrepreneur (b. 1970)
  • Timothy Maude, American military officer (b. 1947)
  • Eamon McEneaney, American lacrosse player (b. 1954)
  • John P. O'Neill, American counterterrorism expert (b. 1952)
  • John Ogonowski, American commercial airplane pilot (b. 1951)
  • Barbara Olson, American political commentator (b. 1955)
  • Betty Ong, American flight attendant (b. 1956)
  • Rick Rescorla, American Army officer (b. 1939)
  • Marwan al-Shehhi, Emirati hijacker–pilot of United Airlines Flight 175 (b. 1978)
  • Madeline Amy Sweeney, American flight attendant (b. 1966)
• 2002 – Kim Hunter, American actress (b. 1922)
• 2002 – Johnny Unitas, American football player (b. 1933)
• 2003 – Anna Lindh, Swedish politician (b. 1957)
• 2003 – John Ritter, American actor (b. 1948)
• 2004 – Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria (b. 1949)
• 2004 – Fred Ebb, American lyricist (b. 1933)
• 2004 – David Mann, American painter (b. 1939)
• 2005 – Chris Schenkel, American sportscaster (b. 1923)
• 2006 – William Auld, Scottish poet, author, and translator (b. 1924)
• 2006 – Pat Corley, American actor (b. 1930)
• 2006 – Joachim Fest, German journalist and author (b. 1926)
• 2006 – Johannes Bob van Benthem, Dutch lawyer (b. 1921)
• 2007 – Ian Porterfield, Scottish footballer (b. 1946)
• 2007 – Gene Savoy, American author and cleric (b. 1927)
• 2007 – Jean Séguy, French sociologist (b. 1925)
• 2007 – Joe Zawinul, Austrian musician (b. 1932)
• 2009 – Gertrude Baines, American supercentenarian (b. 1894)
• 2009 – Pierre Cossette, Canadian television and theatre producer (b. 1923)
• 2009 – Larry Gelbart, American screen and television writer (b. 1928)
• 2009 – Yoshito Usui, Japanese manga artist (b. 1958)
• 2010 – Harold Gould, American actor (b. 1923)
• 2010 – Kevin McCarthy, American actor (b. 1914)
• 2011 – Andy Whitfield, Welsh actor (b. 1972)
• 2011 – Christian Bakkerud, Danish racing driver (b. 1984)
• 2011 – Ralph Gubbins, English footballer (b. 1932)
• 2011 – Anjali Gupta, Indian Air Force officer (b. 1975)

Holidays and observances[link]

• Christian Feast Days:
  • Deiniol
  • John Gabriel Perboyre
  • Our Lady of Coromoto
  • Paphnutius of Thebes (Roman Catholic Church)
  • Protus and Hyacinth
  • September 11 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Death Anniversary of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a former holiday. (Pakistan)
• Earliest date on which Enkutatash can fall, while September 12 is the latest, celebrated on the first day of Mäskäräm. (Ethiopia)
• Emergency Number Day, proclaimed by President Reagan on August 26 in 1987. (United States communities, particularly the local emergency services)
• National Day of Catalonia (Catalonia)
• Nayrouz (Coptic Orthodox Church)
• Patriot Day (United States)
• Teacher's Day (Argentina)

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: September 11

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada

The Falling Man is a photograph taken by Associated Press photographer Richard Drew, of a man falling from the North Tower of the World Trade Center at 9:41:15 a.m. during the September 11 attacks in New York City. The subject of the image—whose identity remains uncertain but is speculated to be that of Jonathan Briley, who worked in a top-floor restaurant—was one of the people trapped on the upper floors of the skyscraper who apparently either fell as they searched for safety or jumped to escape the fire and smoke. At least 200 people fell or jumped to their deaths that day;^[1] there was no time to recover or identify those who were forced out of the buildings prior to the collapse of the towers. Officially, all deaths in the attacks except those of the hijackers were ruled to be homicides due to blunt trauma^[2] (as opposed to suicides), and the New York City medical examiner's office stated that it does not classify the people who fell to their deaths on September 11 as "jumpers": "A 'jumper' is somebody who goes to the office in the morning knowing that they will commit suicide... These people were forced out by the smoke and flames or blown out."^[1]

The photograph, shown on the right gives the impression that the man is falling straight down. However, this is one in a series of photographs of his fall, and viewed with the others it is evident that he is tumbling through the air.^[3]

The photographer has noted that, in at least two cases, newspaper stories commenting on the image have attracted a barrage of criticism from readers who found the image "disturbing."^[4] Regarding the social and cultural significance of The Falling Man, theologian Mark D. Thompson of Moore Theological College says that "perhaps the most powerful image of despair at the beginning of the twenty-first century is not found in art, or literature, or even popular music. It is found in a single photograph."^[5]

Publication history[link]

The photograph initially appeared in newspapers around the world, including on page 7 of The New York Times on September 12, 2001. It appeared only once in the Times because of criticism and anger against its use. ^[6] Six years later, it appeared on page 1 of the New York Times Book Review on May 27, 2007.^[7]

"The Falling Man" is also the title of an article about the photograph by Tom Junod that appeared in the September 2003 issue of Esquire magazine and was later made into a documentary film. The article and film reveal who "The Falling Man" actually may have been: Jonathan Briley. Briley worked on the 106th floor of the north tower of the World Trade Center. It was there, in the restaurant, that he either fell accidentally while searching for fresh air and safety or decided to jump. He was an asthmatic and would have known he was in danger when smoke began to pour into the restaurant.^[8]

Identification[link]

The identity of the subject of The Falling Man has never been confirmed. The fact that so many people were trapped in the tower has made identifying the man in the 12 photos difficult. It is thought that at least 200 people fell to their deaths, though the actual number is not certain.^[1]

The faller was initially suggested by The Globe and Mail reporter Peter Cheney to be Norberto Hernandez, but upon closer examination of the entire photo sequence it was felt by his family that it was clearly not Hernandez. Three other families claimed him to be a relative, but careful analysis of the photo confirmed the claims to be incorrect.

Finally, The Falling Man was identified by chef Michael Lomonaco as Jonathan Briley, a 43-year-old employee of the Windows on the World restaurant. Briley was a sound engineer who lived in Mount Vernon, New York and worked in the North Tower restaurant.^[9] The victim was initially identified by his brother, Timothy.^[8] Lomonaco claims that he was able to identify Briley by his clothes and body-type. In one of the pictures, The Falling Man's clothes were blown away, revealing an orange undershirt similar to the shirt that Briley wore to work almost every day. His older sister, Gwendolyn, asserted he was wearing that shirt on the day of the attack. She told reporters of The Sunday Mirror, "When I first looked at the picture...and I saw it was a man - tall, slim - I said, 'If I didn't know any better, that could be Jonathan.'" A charity has been set up for Briley's family, and many news programs have aired his story as being the one of The Falling Man. Another of Briley's brothers, Alex, was an original member of the 1970s disco group Village People.

Documentary film[link]

9/11: The Falling Man is a 2006 documentary film about the picture and the story behind it.^[10] It was made by American filmmaker Henry Singer and filmed by Richard Numeroff, a New York-based director of photography. The film is loosely based on Junod's Esquire story. It also drew its material from photographer Lyle Owerko's pictures of falling people. It debuted on March 16, 2006, on the British television network Channel 4. It later made its North American premiere on Canada's CBC Newsworld on September 6, 2006, and has been broadcast in over 30 countries. The U.S. premiere was September 10, 2007, on the Discovery Times Channel.

Use in literature[link]

The picture plays an important part in the book Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer. The last 15 pages of his text comprise a flip-book collection of images of a similar man shot by photographer Lyle Owerko falling upwards toward the top of the World Trade Center. Although he is not the first to make the claim, Foer demonstrates how the falling man is used as a symbol for grieving families much like the "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier."

Falling Man, a novel by Don DeLillo, is about the events of 9/11. The Falling Man in the novel is a performance artist recreating the events of the photograph.^[11] DeLillo says he was unfamiliar with the title of the picture when he named his book. The artist straps himself into a harness and jumps from an elevated structure in a high visibility area (such as a highway overpass), hanging in the pose of the falling man.

The Falling Man is also referenced in the poem "Out of the Blue" by Simon Armitage. The poem is written from the falling man's point of view as he falls.

Notes[link]

References[link]

• 9/11: The Falling Man (March 16, 2006). Channel 4.

Further reading[link]

• Friend, David (2007). "Thursday, September 13". Watching The World Change: The Stories Behind the Images of 9/11. I.B.Tauris. pp. 106–163. ISBN 1-84511-545-7. 
• Ingledew, John (2005). Photography. Laurence King Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 1-85669-432-1. 
• Tallack, Douglas (2005). New York Sights: Visualizing Old and New New York. Berg Publishers. pp. 174–181. ISBN 1-84520-170-1. 

External links[link]

• NPR interview with Esquire magazine writer Tom Junod, August 21, 2003

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012)

Paul Simon
Paul Simon performing March 8, 2007
Background information
Birth name	Paul Frederic Simon
Born	(1941-10-13) October 13, 1941 (age 70) Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
Genres	Folk rock, folk-pop, soft rock, world fusion
Occupations	Musician, singer-songwriter, producer
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, bass, piano, percussion, lute, alto saxophone, piccolo
Years active	1957–present
Labels	Columbia, Warner Bros., Hear Music
Associated acts	Simon & Garfunkel
Website	www.paulsimon.com
Notable instruments
Martin OM42PS (Paul Simon) and PS2 Yamaha PS Signature Models

Paul Frederic Simon (born October 13, 1941) is a grammy award winning American singer-songwriter, poet and guitarist.

Simon's international fame and success began as part of the duo Simon & Garfunkel, launched in 1964 with musical partner Art Garfunkel. Simon wrote most of the pair's songs, including three that reached No. 1 on the U.S. singles charts: "The Sound of Silence", "Mrs. Robinson", and "Bridge Over Troubled Water".^[1] The duo split up in 1970 at the height of their popularity, and Simon began a successful solo career, recording three highly acclaimed albums over the next five years.^[2] In 1986, he released Graceland, an album inspired by South African township music. Simon also wrote and starred in the film One-Trick Pony in 1980 and co-wrote the Broadway musical The Capeman in 1998.^[3]

Simon has earned 12 Grammys for his solo and collaborative work, including the Lifetime Achievement Award.^[4] In 2001, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame^[5] and in 2006 was selected as one of the "100 People Who Shaped the World" by Time magazine.^[6] Among many other honors, Simon was the first recipient of the Library of Congress' Gershwin Prize for Popular Song in 2007.^[7] In 1986 Simon was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Music degree from Berklee College of Music where he currently serves on the Board of Trustees.^{[8] [9]}

Biography[link]

Early years[link]

Simon was born in Newark, New Jersey. His father, Louis (1916–1995), was a college professor, upright bass player, and dance bandleader who performed under the name "Lee Sims". His mother, Belle (1910–2007), was an elementary school teacher. In 1941, his family moved to Kew Gardens Hills, Queens, in New York City. Donald Fagen has described Simon's childhood as that of "a certain kind of New York Jew, almost a stereotype, really, to whom music and baseball are very important. I think it has to do with the parents. The parents are either immigrants or first-generation Americans who felt like outsiders, and assimilation was the key thought — they gravitated to black music and baseball looking for an alternative culture."^[10] Simon, upon hearing Fagen's description, said it "isn't far from the truth."^[10] Simon says about his childhood, "I was a ballplayer. I'd go on my bike, and I'd hustle kids in stickball." He adds that his father was a Yankee fan:

I used to listen to games with my father. He was a nice guy. Fun. Funny. Smart. He didn't play with me as much as I played with my kids. He was at work until late at night. . . Sometimes [until] two in the morning."^[10]

Simon's musical career began at Forest Hills High School after meeting Art Garfunkel when they were both 11. They performed in a production of Alice in Wonderland for their sixth grade graduation, and began singing together when they were 13,^[11] occasionally performing at school dances. Their idols were the Everly Brothers, whom they imitated in their use of close two-part harmony. Simon also developed an interest in jazz, folk and blues, especially in musical legends Woody Guthrie and Lead Belly.

Simon's first song written for himself and Garfunkel, when he was 12 or 13, was called "The Girl for Me," and according to Simon became the "neighborhood hit." His father wrote out the words and chords on paper by hand for the boys to use. That paper became the first officially copyrighted Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel song, and is now in the Library of Congress. In 1957, still in their mid-teens, they recorded the song "Hey, Schoolgirl" under the name Tom and Jerry, given to them by their label Big Records. The single reached No. 49 on the pop charts.

After graduating from high school, Simon majored in English at Queens College, while Garfunkel studied mathematics at Columbia University in Manhattan.^[10] Simon was a brother in the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity, earned a degree in English literature, and briefly attended Brooklyn Law School after graduation, but his real passion was rock and roll.

Early career[link]

Between 1957 and 1964, Simon wrote, recorded, and released more than 30 songs, occasionally reuniting with Garfunkel as Tom & Jerry for some singles, including "Our Song" and "That's My Story". Most of the songs Simon recorded during that time were performed alone or with musicians other than Garfunkel. They were released on several minor record labels, such as Amy, Big, Hunt, King, Tribute, and Madison. He used several pseudonyms for these recordings, including Jerry Landis, Paul Kane and True Taylor. Simon enjoyed some moderate success in recording a few singles as part of a group called Tico and the Triumphs, including a song called "Motorcycle" which reached No. 97 on the Billboard charts in 1962. Tico and the Triumphs released four 45s. Marty Cooper, known as Tico, sang lead on several of these releases. A childhood friend, Bobby Susser, children's songwriter, record producer, and performer, co-produced the Tico 45s with Simon. That year, Simon reached No. 99 on the pop charts as Jerry Landis with the hit "The Lone Teen Ranger." Both chart singles were released on Amy Records.

Simon & Garfunkel[link]

In early 1964, Simon and Garfunkel got an audition with Columbia Records, whose executive Clive Davis was impressed enough to sign the duo to a contract to produce an album. Columbia decided that the two would be called simply "Simon & Garfunkel", a replacement for the group's previous name "Tom and Jerry". Simon said in 2003 that this renaming as "Simon & Garfunkel" was the first time that artists' ethnic names had been used in pop music.^[12] Simon and Garfunkel's first LP, Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M., was released on October 19, 1964; it consisted of 12 songs in the folk vein, five written by Simon. The album initially flopped.

So Simon moved to England to pursue a solo career by touring folk clubs and coffee houses. At the first club he played, the Railway Inn Folk Club in Brentwood, Essex, he met Kathy Chitty who became his girlfriend and inspiration for "Kathy's Song", "America" and others. He performed at Les Cousins in London and toured provincial folk clubs where he was exposed to a wide range of musical influences. In 1965, he recorded his solo LP The Paul Simon Songbook in England.

During his time in the UK, Simon co-wrote several songs with Bruce Woodley of the Australian pop group The Seekers including "I Wish You Could Be Here," "Cloudy", and "Red Rubber Ball"; Woodley's co-author credit was omitted from "Cloudy" on the Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme album. The American group The Cyrkle recorded a cover of "Red Rubber Ball", which reached No. 2 in the US. Simon also contributed to The Seekers catalogue with "Someday One Day," which was released in March 1966, charting at around the same time as Simon and Garfunkel's Homeward Bound.

Back on the American East Coast, radio stations began receiving requests for one of the Wednesday Morning tracks, Simon's "The Sounds of Silence". Their producer, Tom Wilson, overdubbed the track with electric guitar, bass, and drums, releasing it as a single that eventually went to No. 1 on the U.S. pop charts.^{[citation needed]}

The song's success drew Simon back to the United States to reunite with Garfunkel. Together they recorded four more influential albums: Sounds of Silence; Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme; Bookends; and the hugely successful Bridge over Troubled Water. Simon and Garfunkel also contributed extensively to the soundtrack of the Mike Nichols film The Graduate (1967), starring Dustin Hoffman and Anne Bancroft. While writing "Mrs. Robinson", Simon originally toyed with the title "Mrs. Roosevelt". When Garfunkel reported this indecision over the song's name to the director, Nichols replied, "Don't be ridiculous! We're making a movie here! It's Mrs. Robinson!"^[13] Simon and Garfunkel returned to England in the fall of 1968 and did a church concert appearance at Kraft Hall, which was broadcast on the BBC, and which also featured Paul's brother Ed sitting in on a performance of the instrumental "Anji".^[14]

Simon pursued solo projects after Bridge over Troubled Water, reuniting occasionally with Garfunkel for various projects, such as their 1975 Top Ten single "My Little Town". Simon had written it for Garfunkel, whose solo output Simon judged as lacking "bite". The song was included on their respective solo albums: Paul Simon's Still Crazy After All These Years; and Garfunkel's Breakaway. Contrary to popular belief, the song is not autobiographical of Simon's early life in New York City.^[15] In 1981, they got together again for the famous concert in Central Park, followed by a world tour and an aborted reunion album, to have been entitled Think Too Much, which was eventually released (without Garfunkel) as Hearts and Bones. Together, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.^[16]

In 2003, Simon and Garfunkel reunited once again when they received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. This reunion led to a U.S. tour — the acclaimed "Old Friends" concert series — followed by a 2004 international encore, which culminated in a free concert at the Colosseum in Rome that drew 600,000 people.^[17] In 2005, the pair sang "Bridge Over Troubled Water" with Aaron Neville in a benefit for Hurricane Katrina victims.^{[citation needed]}

The pair reunited six years later in New Orleans at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival.^[18]

1971–76[link]

After Simon and Garfunkel split in 1970, Simon began to write and record solo material. His eponymous album Paul Simon was released in January 1972, preceded by his first experiment with world music, the Jamaican-inspired "Mother and Child Reunion", considered one of the first examples of reggae attempted by a white musician. The single was a hit, reaching both the American and British Top 5. The album received universal acclaim, with critics praising the variety of styles and the confessional lyrics, reaching No. 4 in the US and No. 1 in the UK and Japan. It later spawned another Top 30 hit with "Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard".

Simon's next project was the pop-folk masterpiece, There Goes Rhymin' Simon, released in May 1973. It contained some of his most popular and polished recordings – the lead single, "Kodachrome", was a No. 2 hit in America, and the follow-up, the gospel-flavored "Loves Me Like a Rock" was even bigger, topping the Cashbox charts. Other songs, like the weary "American Tune" or the melancholic "Something So Right" – a tribute to Simon's first wife, Peggy – became standards in the musician's catalogue. The critical and commercial reception for this second album were even stronger than for his debut. At the time, it was remarked how the songs were very fresh and unworried on the surface while they were exploring socially and politically conscious themes on a deeper level.^{[citation needed]} The album reached No. 1 on the Cashbox album charts. As a souvenir for the tour that came next, in 1974 it was released as a live album, Live Rhymin', which was moderately successful and displayed some changes in Simon's music style, adopting world and religious music.

Highly anticipated, Still Crazy After All These Years was his next album. Released in October 1975 and produced by Simon and Phil Ramone, it marked another departure. The mood of the album was darker, as he wrote and recorded it in the wake of his divorce. Preceded by the feel-good duet with Phoebe Snow, "Gone at Last" (a Top 25 hit) and the Simon & Garfunkel reunion track "My Little Town" (a No. 9 on Billboard), the album managed to be his only No. 1 on the Billboard charts to date. The 18th Grammy Awards named it the Album of the Year and Simon's performance the year's Best Male Pop Vocal. With Simon in the forefront of popular music, the third single from the album, "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover" reached the top spot of the Billboard charts, his only single to reach No. 1 on this list. Also, on May 3, 1976, Simon put together a benefit show at Madison Square Garden to raise money for the New York Public Library. Phoebe Snow, Jimmy Cliff and the Brecker Brothers also performed. The concert produced over $30,000 for the Library.

1977–85[link]

After three back-to-back successful studio albums, Simon became less productive during the second half of the 1970s. He dabbled in various projects, including writing music for the film Shampoo and acting (he was cast as Tony Lacey in Woody Allen's film Annie Hall). He achieved another hit in this decade, with the lead single of his 1977 compilation, Greatest Hits, Etc., "Slip Slidin' Away", reaching No. 5 in the United States.

In 1980 he released One-Trick Pony, his debut album with Warner Bros. Records and his first in almost five years. It was paired with the motion picture of the same name, which Simon wrote and starred in. Although it produced his last Top 10 hit with the upbeat "Late in the Evening" (also a No. 1 hit on the Radio & Records American charts), the album did not sell well, in a music market dominated by disco music. Simon recorded Hearts and Bones, a polished and confessional album that was eventually viewed as one of his best works, but that marked a lull in his commercial popularity; both the album and the lead single, "Allergies", missed the American Top 40. Hearts and Bones included "The Late Great Johnny Ace", a song partly about Johnny Ace, an American R&B singer, and partly about slain Beatle John Lennon. A successful US solo tour featured Simon and his guitar, with a recording of the rhythm track and horns for "Late In The Evening."^{[citation needed]} In January 1985, Simon lent his talent to USA for Africa and performed on the relief fundraising single "We Are the World".

1986–92[link]

Graceland (1986) album cover.

As he commented years later, after the disappointing commercial performance of Hearts and Bones, Simon felt he had lost his inspiration to a point of no return, and that his commercial fortunes were unlikely to change. While driving his car in late 1984 in this state of frustration, Simon listened to a cassette of the Boyoyo Boys' instrumental "Gumboots: Accordion Jive Volume II". Interested by the unusual sound, he wrote lyrics to the number which he sang over a re-recording of the song. It was the first composition of a new musical project that became the celebrated album Graceland, an eclectic mixture of musical styles including pop, a cappella, isicathamiya, rock, and mbaqanga. Simon felt that he had nothing to lose. He travelled to South Africa in an attempt to embrace the culture and find the most comfortable environment for recording the album. Sessions in Johannesburg took place in February 1985. Overdubbing and additional recording was done in April, 1986, in New York. The sessions featured many South African musicians and groups, particularly Ladysmith Black Mambazo. Simon also collaborated with several artists of his own culture, singing a memorable duet with Linda Ronstadt in "Under African Skies", and playing with Los Lobos in "All Around the World or The Myth of the Fingerprints". Warner Bros. Records had serious doubts about releasing an album of this eclecticism to the mainstream, but when it did in August 1986, Graceland was praised by critics and the public and became Simon's most successful solo album. Slowly climbing the worldwide charts, it reached #1 in many countries, including the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and peaked at #3 in the US. It was the second-best-selling album of 1987 in the US, selling five million copies and eventually reaching 5x Platinum certification. Another seven million copies were sold internationally to become his best-selling album. Much of the success of the album was due to the lead single, the upbeat "You Can Call Me Al", whose lyrics describe a man experiencing an identity crisis. The track featured many memorable elements – a catchy synthesizer riff, an easy whistle solo, and an unusual bass run in which the second half was a reversed recording of the first half. "You Can Call Me Al" was accompanied with a humorous video featuring actor Chevy Chase, which introduced Simon to a new audience through MTV. In the end, the track reached UK Top 5 and the US Top 25. Further singles, including the title track, "The Boy in the Bubble" and "Diamonds on the Soles of Her Shoes", were not commercial hits but became radio standards and were highly praised.

At age 45, Simon found himself back at the forefront of popular music. He received the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1987 and also Grammy Award for Record of the Year for the title track one year later. He also embarked on the very successful Graceland Tour, which was documented on music video. Simon found himself embracing new sounds, a fact that some critics viewed negatively – however, Simon reportedly felt it as a very natural artistic experiment, considering that "world music" was already present on much of his early work, including such Simon & Garfunkel hits as "El Condor Pasa" and his early solo recording "Mother and Child Reunion", which was recorded in Kingston, Jamaica. One way or another, Warner Bros. Records (who by this time now controlled and reissued all his previous Columbia albums) re-established Simon as one of their most successful artists. In an attempt to capitalize on his renewed success, WB Records released the album Negotiations and Love Songs in November 1988, a mixture of popular hits and personal favorites that covered Simon's entire career and became an enduring seller in his catalog.

After Graceland, Simon decided to extend his roots with the Brazilian music-flavored The Rhythm of the Saints. Sessions for the album began in December 1989, and took place in Rio de Janeiro and New York, featuring guitarist J. J. Cale and many Brazilian and African musicians. The tone of the album was more introspective and relatively low-key compared to the mostly upbeat numbers of Graceland. Released on October 1990, the album received excellent critical reviews and achieved very respectable sales, peaking at #4 in the US and No. 1 in the UK. The lead single, "The Obvious Child", featuring the Grupo Cultural Olodum, was a Top 20 hit in the UK and appeared near the bottom of the Billboard Hot 100. Although not as successful as Graceland, The Rhythm of the Saints was received as a competent successor and consistent complement on Simon's attempts to explore (and popularize) world music, and also received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year. Here are also more songs about past loves; his ex-wife Carrie Fisher says in her autobiography Wishful Drinking that the song "She Moves On" is about her. It's one of several she claims, followed by the line, "If you can get Paul Simon to write a song about you, do it. Because he is so brilliant at it." ^[19]

The importance of both albums allowed Simon to stage another New York concert, and on August 15, 1991, almost a decade after his concert with Garfunkel, Simon staged another concert in Central Park with both African and South American bands. The success of the concert surpassed all expectations, and reportedly over 750,000 people attended, becoming one of the largest concert audiences in history. He later remembered the concert as the "most memorable moment in my career". The success of the show led to both a live album and an Emmy-winning TV special. In the middle, Simon embarked on the successful Born at the Right Time Tour and promoted the album with further singles, including "Proof" – accompanied with a humorous video featuring, again, Chevy Chase. On March 4, 1992 he appeared on his own MTV Unplugged, offering renditions of many of his most famous compositions. Broadcast in June, the show was a success, though it did not receive an album release.

1993–98[link]

After Unplugged, Simon's place in the forefront of popular music dropped notably. A Simon & Garfunkel reunion took place in 1993, and in another attempt to capitalize on the occasion, Columbia released Paul Simon 1964/1993 in September, a three-disc compilation that received a reduced version on the two-disc album The Paul Simon Anthology one month later. In 1995 he only made news for appearing at The Oprah Winfrey Show, where he performed the song "Ten Years", which he composed specially for the tenth anniversary of the show. Also that year, he was featured on the Annie Lennox version of his 1973 song "Something So Right", which appeared briefly on the UK Top 50 once it was released as a single in November.

Since the early stages of the nineties, Simon was fully involved on The Capeman, a musical that finally opened on January 29, 1998. Simon worked enthusiastically on the project for many years and described it as "a New York Puerto Rican story based on events that happened in 1959—events that I remembered." ^[20] The musical tells the story of real-life Puerto Rican youth Salvador Agron, who wore a cape while committing two murders in 1959 New York, and who went on to become a writer in prison. Featuring Marc Anthony as the young Agron and Ruben Blades as the older Agron, the play received terrible reviews and very poor box office receipts from the very beginning, and ended up closing on March 28 after just 68 performances, becoming a failure from which Simon reportedly lost 11 million dollars. Simon recorded an album of songs from the show, which was released in November 1997. It was received with very mixed reviews, though many critics praised the combination of doo-wop, rockabilly and Caribbean music that the album reflected. In commercial terms, Songs from The Capeman was a failure—it found Simon missing the Top 40 of the Billboard charts for the first time in his career. The cast album was never released on CD but eventually became available online.

1999–2007[link]

After the disaster of The Capeman, Simon's career was again in an unexpected crisis. However, entering the new millennium he maintained a respectable reputation, offering critically acclaimed new material and receiving commercial attention. In 1999, Simon embarked on a North American tour with Bob Dylan where each alternated as headline act with a "middle" section where they performed together, starting on the first of June and ending September 18. The collaboration was generally well-received, with just one critic, Seth Rogovoy, from the Berkshire Eagle, questioning the collaboration.^[21]

In an attempt to return successfully to the music market, Simon wrote and recorded a new album very quickly, with You're the One arriving in October 2000. The album consisted mostly of folk-pop writing combined with foreign musical sounds, particularly grooves from North Africa. While not reaching the commercial heights of previous albums, it managed at least to reach both the British and American Top 20. It received favorable reviews and received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year. He toured extensively for the album, and one performance in Paris was released to home video.

On September 21, 2001, Simon sang "Bridge Over Troubled Water" on "America: A Tribute to Heroes", a multinetwork broadcast to benefit the September 11 Telethon Fund. In 2002, he wrote and recorded "Father and Daughter", the theme song for the animated children's movie The Wild Thornberrys Movie, The track was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song. In 2003, he participated on another Simon & Garfunkel reunion. One year later, Simon's studio albums were re-released both individually and together in a limited-edition nine-CD boxed set, Paul Simon: The Studio Recordings 1972–2000.

At the time, Simon was already working on a new album with Brian Eno called Surprise, which was released in May 2006. Most of the album was inspired by the September 11 terrorist attacks, the Iraq invasion and the war that followed. In personal terms, Simon was also inspired by the fact of being over 60 years old, an age that he turned in 2001 and that he humorously referred already on his single "Old" from the You're the One. Simon showed special care about the musical venture he traveled since 1986's Graceland. As he put it, "Once you go away for a bit, you wonder who people think you are. If they don't know what you're up to, they just go by your history. I'm so often described as this person that went to other cultures, which is true, but I never thought of it that way. I suspect people are thinking, 'What culture did you go to?' But this record is straight-ahead American." Surprise was a commercial hit, reaching #14 in the Billboard 200 and #4 in the UK. Most critics also praised the album, and many of them called it a real "comeback" for the artist. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic paid attention to the attempts of Simon in embracing his classic folk sound with Eno's electronic textures, and wrote that "Simon doesn't achieve his comeback by reconnecting with the sound and spirit of his classic work; he has achieved it by being as restless and ambitious as he was at his popular and creative peak, which makes Surprise all the more remarkable." The album was supported with the successful Surprise Tour.

On March 1, 2007, Simon made headlines again when he was announced as the first recipient of the recently-created Gershwin Prize for Popular Song. The Prize, created by the Library of Congress, was awarded to Simon during a Concert Gala featuring his music at the Warner Theatre in Washington, D.C., on the evening of May 23. The event was nationally broadcast on PBS on the evening of June 27, 2007.^[22] Performers at the concert included Shawn Colvin, Philip Glass, Alison Krauss, Jerry Douglas, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Lyle Lovett, James Taylor, and Stevie Wonder as well as Simon's former collaborator Art Garfunkel.^[23] On June 26, Warner Bros. released the definitive Paul Simon greatest-hits collection. The Essential Paul Simon consisted of two discs that reviewed 36 songs from his ten studio albums, and was also released on a special edition featuring a DVD of music videos and memorable live performances. The album was a commercial hit, reaching #12 in the UK.

2008–12[link]

Simon performing live in Germany, in 2008.

Paul Simon resides in New Canaan, Connecticut.^[24] He is one of a small number of performers who are named as the copyright owner on their recordings (most records have the recording company as the named owner of the recording). This noteworthy development was spearheaded by the Bee Gees after their successful $200 million lawsuit against RSO Records, which remains to this day the largest successful lawsuit against a record company by an artist or group.

All of Simon's solo recordings, even the ones originally issued by Columbia Records, are currently distributed by Sony Records' Legacy Recordings unit. His records were issued by Warner Music until mid-2010.^[25]

In February 2009, Simon performed back-to-back shows in his native New York City at the Beacon Theatre, which had recently been renovated. Simon was reunited with Art Garfunkel at the first show as well as with the cast of The Capeman; also playing in the band was Graceland bassist Bakithi Kumalo.

In May 2009, Simon toured with Art Garfunkel in Australia, New Zealand and Japan.

In October 2009, Simon appeared alongside Art Garfunkel at the 25th Anniversary of The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The pair performed four of their most popular songs, "The Sound of Silence", "The Boxer", "Cecilia", and "Bridge Over Troubled Water".

Simon paying tribute to musician Chuck Berry and Leonard Cohen who were the recipients of the first annual PEN Awards for songwriting excellence, at the JFK Presidential Library, on February 26, 2012.

In mid-2010, Simon moved his catalogue of solo work from Warner Bros. Records to Sony/Columbia Records ^[25] where Simon and Garfunkel's catalogue is. Simon's back catalogue of solo recordings would be marketed by Sony Music's Legacy Recordings unit.

Simon's latest album entitled So Beautiful or So What,^[26] was released on the Concord Music Group label on April 12, 2011.^[27] The album received high marks from the artist, "It's the best work I've done in 20 years."^[25] It was reported that Paul Simon attempted to have Bob Dylan guest on the album.^[25]

On November 10, 2010, Simon released a new song called "Getting Ready for Christmas Day". It premiered on National Public Radio,^[28] and was included on the album So Beautiful Or So What. The song samples a 1941 sermon by the Rev. J.M. Gates, also entitled "Getting Ready for Christmas Day".^[29] Simon performed the song live on The Colbert Report on December 16, 2010.^[30] The first video featured J.M. Gates' giving the sermon and his church in 2010 with its display board showing many of Simon's lyrics; the second video illustrates the song with cartoon images.

In the premiere show of the final season of The Oprah Winfrey Show on September 10, 2010, Simon surprised Oprah and the audience with a song dedicated to Oprah and her show lasting 25 years (an update of a song he did for her show's 10th anniversary).^[31]

Rounding off his 2011 World Tour, which included United States, England, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany, Simon appeared at Ramat Gan Stadium in Israel in July 2011, making his first concert appearance in Israel since 1983.^[32] On September 11, 2011, Paul Simon performed "The Sound of Silence" at the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, site of the World Trade Center, on the 10th Anniversary of the September 11th attacks. ^[33]

On February 26, 2012, Simon paid tribute to fellow musicians Chuck Berry and Leonard Cohen who were the recipients of the first annual PEN Awards for songwriting excellence at the JFK Presidential Library in Boston, Massachusetts.^[34] In 1986 Simon was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Music degree from Berklee College of Music where he currently serves on the Board of Trustees.^{[35] [36]}

Songwriting[link]

In an indepth interview with American Songwriter, Simon discusses the craft of songwriting with music Journalist, Tom Moon. In the interview, Simon explains the basic themes in his songwriting: love, family, social commentary etc. as well as the overarching messages of religion, spirituality, and God in his lyrics. Simon goes on in the interview to explain the process of how he goes about writing songs, "The music always precedes the words. The words often come from the sound of the music and eventually evolve into coherent thoughts. Or incoherent thoughts. Rhythm plays a crucial part in the lyric-making as well. It’s like a puzzle to find the right words to express what the music is saying."^[37]

Projects[link]

Music for Broadway[link]

In the late 1990s, Simon wrote and produced a Broadway musical called The Capeman, which lost $11 million during its 1998 run. In April 2008, the Brooklyn Academy of Music celebrated Paul Simon's works, and dedicated a week to Songs From the Capeman with a good portion of the show's songs performed by a cast of singers and the Spanish Harlem Orchestra. Simon himself appeared during the BAM shows, performing "Trailways Bus" and "Late In the Evening". In August 2010, The Capeman was staged for three nights in the Delacorte Theatre in New York's Central Park. The production was directed by Diane Paulus and produced in conjunction with The Public Theatre.^[38]

Film and television[link]

Simon has also dabbled in acting. He played music producer Tony Lacey in the 1977 Woody Allen film Annie Hall, and wrote and starred in 1980's One Trick Pony as Jonah Levin, a journeyman rock and roller. Simon also wrote all the songs in the film. Paul Simon also appeared on The Muppet Show (the only episode to use only the songs of one songwriter, Simon). In 1990, he played the character of—appropriately enough—Simple Simon on the Disney channel TV movie, Mother Goose Rock 'n' Rhyme.

Simon has also appeared on Saturday Night Live (SNL) either as host or musical guest for a total of 13 times. On one appearance in the late 1980s, he worked with his political namesake, Illinois Senator Paul Simon.^[39] Simon's most recent SNL appearance was on the February 18, 2012 episode hosted by Maya Rudolph.

In one SNL skit from 1986 (when he was promoting Graceland), Simon plays himself, waiting in line with a friend to get into a movie. He amazes his friend by remembering intricate details about prior meetings with passers-by, but draws a complete blank when approached by Art Garfunkel, despite the latter's numerous memory prompts.

Simon also appeared alongside George Harrison as musical guest on the Thanksgiving Day episode of SNL (November 20, 1976). The two performed "Here Comes the Sun" and "Homeward Bound"" together, while Simon performed "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover" solo earlier in the show. On that episode, Simon opened the show performing "Still Crazy After All These Years" in a turkey outfit, since Thanksgiving was the following week. About halfway through the song, Simon tells the band to stop playing because of his embarrassment. After giving a frustrating speech to the audience, he leaves the stage, backed by applause. Lorne Michaels positively greets him backstage, but Simon is still upset, yelling at him because of the humiliating turkey outfit. This is one of SNL's most played sketches.

On September 29, 2001, Simon made a special appearance on the first SNL to air after the September 11, 2001 attacks. On that show, he performed "The Boxer" to the audience and the NYC firefighters and police officers. He is also friends with former SNL star Chevy Chase, who appeared in his video for "You Can Call Me Al" lip synching the song while Simon looks disgruntled and mimes backing vocals and the playing of various instruments beside him. He is a close friend of SNL producer Lorne Michaels, who produced the 1977 TV show The Paul Simon Special, as well as the Simon and Garfunkel concert in Central Park four years later. Simon and Lorne Michaels were the subjects of a 2006 episode of the Sundance channel documentary series, Iconoclasts.

He has been the subject of two films by Jeremy Marre, the first on Graceland, the second on The Capeman.

On November 18, 2008, Simon was a guest on The Colbert Report promoting his book Lyrics 1964–2008. He did an interview with Stephen Colbert and then performed "American Tune".

Simon performed a Stevie Wonder song at the White House in 2009, at an event honoring Wonder's musical career and contributions.

In May 2009, The Library of Congress: Paul Simon and Friends Live Concert was released on DVD, via Shout! Factory. The PBS concert was recorded in 2007.

In April 2011 Simon was confirmed to appear at the Glastonbury music festival in England.

Awards and honors[link]

Simon won 12 Grammy Awards (one of them a Lifetime Achievement Award) and five Grammy nominations, the most recent for his album You're the One in 2001. In 1998 he received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award for the Simon & Garfunkel album Bridge over Troubled Water. He received an Oscar nomination for the song "Father and Daughter" in 2002. He is also a two-time inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; as a solo artist in 2001, and in 1990 as half of Simon & Garfunkel.

In 2001, Simon was honored as MusiCares Person Of The Year. The following year, he was one of the five recipients of the annual Kennedy Center Honors, the nation's highest tribute to performing and cultural artists.

In 2005, Simon was saluted as a BMI Icon at the 53rd Annual BMI Pop Awards. Simon's songwriting catalog has earned 39 BMI Awards including multiple citations for "Bridge Over Troubled Water," "Mrs. Robinson," "Scarborough Fair" and "The Sound of Silence". As of 2005, he has amassed nearly 75 million broadcast airplays, according to BMI surveys.^[40]

In 2006, Simon was selected by Time Magazine as one of the "100 People Who Shaped the World."

In 2007, Simon received the first annual Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song in 2007. Stevie Wonder and Paul McCartney were to follow in 2009 and 2010. Named in honor of George and Ira Gershwin, this newly created award recognizes the profound and positive effect of popular music on the world’s culture. Upon being notified of receiving this honor, Simon said, “I am grateful to be the recipient of the Gershwin Prize and doubly honored to be the first. I look forward to spending an evening in the company of artists I admire at the award ceremony in May. I can think of a few who have expressed my words and music far better than I. I’m excited at the prospect of that happening again. It’s a songwriter’s dream come true." Among the performers who paid tribute to Simon were Stevie Wonder, Alison Krauss, Jerry Douglas, Lyle Lovett, James Taylor, Dianne Reeves, Marc Anthony, Yolanda Adams, and Ladysmith Black Mambazo. The event was professionally filmed and broadcast and is now available as Paul Simon and Friends.

In 2010, Simon received an honorary degree from Brandeis University, where he performed "The Boxer" at the main commencement ceremony.

In October 2011, Simon was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Science. At the induction ceremony, he performed "American Tune".

Personal life[link]

When Simon moved to England in 1964 he met Kathleen Mary "Kathy" Chitty (born 1947) on 12 April 1964 at the very first English folk club he played, the Railway Inn Folk Club in Brentwood, Essex, where Chitty was working part-time selling tickets. She was 17, he was 22 and they fell in love. Later that year they visited the US together, touring around mainly by bus.^[41] Kathy returned to England on her own with Simon returning to her some weeks later. When Simon returned to the US with the growing success of "The Sound of Silence" Kathy (who was quite shy^[42]) wanted no part of the success and fame that awaited Simon and they split up.^[43] She is mentioned by name in at least two of his songs: "Kathy's Song" and "America," and is referred to in "Homeward Bound" and "The Late Great Johnny Ace." There is a photo of Simon and Kathy on the cover of The Paul Simon Song Book.

Simon has been married three times, first to Peggy Harper in late autumn 1969. They had a son, Harper Simon, in 1972 and divorced in 1975. The song "Train in the Distance," from Simon's 1983 album, is about this relationship.^[44] Simon's 1972 song "Run That Body Down," from his debut solo album, casually mentions both himself and his then-wife ("Peg") by name.

His second marriage, from 1983 to 1984, was to actress and author Carrie Fisher to whom he proposed after a New York Yankees game.^[44] The song "Hearts and Bones" was written about this relationship. The song "Graceland" is also thought to be about seeking solace from the end of this relationship by taking a road trip.^[45] A year after divorcing, Simon and Fisher resumed their relationship for several years.

He married folk singer Edie Brickell on May 30, 1992. They have three children together, Adrian, Lulu, and Gabriel.^[46]

Philanthropy[link]

Simon is a proponent of music education for children. In 1970, after recording his "Bridge Over Troubled Water," at the invitation of the NYU School of the Arts, Simon held auditions for a young songwriter's workshop. Advertised in the Village Voice, the auditions brought hundreds of hopefuls to perform for Simon. Among the six teenage songwriters Simon selected for tutelage were Melissa Manchester, Tommy Mandel and rock/beat poet Joe Linus, with Maggie and Terre Roche (the Roche Sisters), who later sang back-up for Simon, joining the workshop in progress through an impromptu appearance.

Simon invited the six teens to experience recording at Columbia studios with engineer Roy Halee at the board. During these sessions, Bob Dylan was downstairs recording the album Self-Portrait, which included a version of Simon's "The Boxer". Violinist Isaac Stern also visited the group with a CBS film crew, speaking to the young musicians about lyrics and music after Joe Linus performed his song "Circus Lion" for Stern.

Manchester later paid homage to Simon, on her recorded song, "Ode to Paul." Other younger musicians Simon has mentored include Nick Laird-Clowes, who later co-founded the band The Dream Academy. Laird-Clowes has credited Simon with helping to shape the band's biggest hit, "Life In A Northern Town".^[47]

In 2003, Simon signed on as an official supporter of Little Kids Rock, a nonprofit organization that provides free musical instruments and free lessons to children in public schools throughout the US. He sits on the organization's board of directors as an honorary member.

Simon is also a major benefactor and one of the co-founders, with Dr. Irwin Redlener, of the Children's Health Project and The Children's Health Fund^[48][49] which started by creating specially equipped "buses" to take medical care to children in medically underserved areas, urban and rural. Their first bus was in the impoverished South Bronx of New York City, but they now operate in 12 states, including on the Gulf Coast. It has expanded greatly, partnering with major hospitals, local public schools and medical schools and advocating policy for children's health and medical care.

In May 2012, Paul Simon performed at a benefit dinner for the Turkana Basin Institute in New York City, raising more than $2 million for Richard Leakey's research institute in Africa.^[50]

Controversy[link]

In 1971, as a jury-member of the Rio de Janeiro song contest, Simon gave no points to the 15-year-old Marianne Rosenberg, an ethnic Sinti (Gypsy) and child of an Auschwitz survivor (which Simon may not have known), because she represented Germany.^[51]

Guitars[link]

• Martin Paul Simon Signature PS2
• Martin Paul Simon Signature OM42
• Martin D-28 Acoustic
• Martin D-42 6/12 String Acoustics
• Ovation Custom Legend^[52]
• Yamaha Paul Simon Signature Model Acoustic
• Yamaha FG700S
• Yamaha FG730S
• Yamaha FX300C
• Yamaha F30BL
• Yamaha F40BL
• Yamaha GCX31C
• Taylor PS10
• Taylor 114
• Taylor 210
• Taylor 214
• Takamine TC132SC Classical
• Fender Stratocaster
• Fender Jaguar
• Fender Acoustic Guitars

Gear[link]

• Dunlop Paul Simon Picks Accessories
• Dunlop String Accessories
• Fender String Accessories

Discography[link]

Number-one albums

• 1972 – Paul Simon (UK, Japan, Norway)
• 1973 – There Goes Rhymin' Simon (US Cashbox)
• 1975 – Still Crazy After All These Years (US)
• 1986 – Graceland (UK, Australia, Canada, Switzerland)
• 1990 – The Rhythm of the Saints (UK)

Work on Broadway[link]

• Rock 'N Roll! The First 5,000 Years (1982) – revue – featured songwriter for Mrs. Robinson
• Asinamali! (1987) – play – co-producer
• Mike Nichols and Elaine May: Together Again on Broadway (1992) – concert – performer
• The Capeman (1998) – composer, co-lyricist and music arranger – Tony Nomination for Best Original Score
• The Graduate (2002) – play – featured songwriter

See also[link]

• List of songs written by Paul Simon
• Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits. Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7677-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=PgGqNrqfrsoC&pg=PT12&dq=billboard#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 

References[link]