The Wayback Machine - http://web.archive.org./web/20120716011608/http://wn.com:80/CIA
Sunday, 15 July 2012
Secrets of the CIA, part 1
Ex-CIA Agent: America creates its own enemies
CIA Prank
CIA Covert Action in Iran, Vietnam, Laos, the Congo, Cuba, and Guatemala: Documentary Film (1965)
Ex-CIA Officer: Worst-case Iran scenario is WW3!
'US military, CIA out of control in Afghanistan'
CIA - Cor de bagabonti
Former CIA Spy Speaks Out
Ex-CIA Head Defends Torture
Leaked CIA Memo: Bush knew US torture was 'war crime'
'Muslim Brotherhood tool of CIA'
CIA Torture Secrets: 'Nazi-like' Polish black site confession

Cia

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Ex-CIA Agent: America creates its own enemies/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 13 Nov 2011
  • Duration: 11:04
  • Updated: 07 Jul 2012
Author: RussiaToday
Americans are in the crosshairs of terrorists worldwide purely due to Washington's policy in the Muslim world, not because there is an Islamic enemy whose only aim is to kill Americans for their freedoms and lifestyle, insists a former CIA officer. Historian Michael Scheuer, an author of "Through our enemies' eyes", who worked for the agency for over 20 years till 2004 and at one time was the chief of the CIA's 'Bin Laden unit', says America's greatest enemy -- radical Islam -- never existed: neither when Bin Laden was alive, nor now. RT on Twitter twitter.com RT on Facebook www.facebook.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120716011608/http://wn.com/Ex-CIA Agent: America creates its own enemies/video details
CIA Prank/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 28 Jun 2012
  • Duration: 3:54
  • Updated: 09 Jul 2012
Author: edbassmaster
CIA visits Santa Monica, CA Main Channel: www.youtube.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com --- edbassmaster CIA "CIA prank" comedy funny "man on the streets" prank pranks joke jokes "hidden camera" "Santa Monica" "Santa Monica Promenade" "free video" "Maker Studios"
http://web.archive.org./web/20120716011608/http://wn.com/CIA Prank/video details
CIA Covert Action in Iran, Vietnam, Laos, the Congo, Cuba, and Guatemala: Documentary Film (1965)/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 05 Oct 2011
  • Duration: 51:47
  • Updated: 08 Jul 2012
Author: thefilmarchived
thefilmarchive.org DVD: www.amazon.com A covert operation (also as CoveOps or covert ops) is a military, intelligence or law enforcement operation that is carried clandestinely and, often, outside of official channels. Covert operations aim to fulfill their mission objectives without any parties knowing who sponsored or carried out the operation. It is normally sponsored by taxes from the government. Under United States law, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is the sole US Government agency legally allowed to carry out Covert Action. The CIA's authority to conduct Covert Action comes from the National Security Act of 1947. President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12333 titled in 1984. This order defined covert action as "special activities", both political and military, that the US Government could legally deny. The CIA was also designated as the sole authority under the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act and in Title 50 of the United States Code Section 413(e). The CIA must have a "Presidential Finding" issued by the President of the United States in order to conduct these activities under the Hughes-Ryan amendment to the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act. These findings are then monitored by the oversight committees in both the US Senate and the House of Representatives. As a result of this framework, the CIA "receives more oversight from the Congress than any other agency in the federal government." The Special Activities Division (SAD) is a division of <b>...</b>
http://web.archive.org./web/20120716011608/http://wn.com/CIA Covert Action in Iran, Vietnam, Laos, the Congo, Cuba, and Guatemala: Documentary Film (1965)/video details
Ex-CIA Officer: Worst-case Iran scenario is WW3!/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 19 Jan 2012
  • Duration: 4:32
  • Updated: 04 Jul 2012
Author: RussiaToday
Washington is fully prepared for an armed conflict with Iran -- says the US defence department. The Pentagon chief Leon Panetta says there's still room for dialogue but sufficient military forces are in the Persian Gulf in case Tehran decides to block a vital oil route there. This comes after Iran said it would close the Strait of Hormuz only if the country's security -- and the security of its nuclear facilities -- is threatened. Tehran is backed by Russia which says military action would bring disastrous results. Iran agreed to resume six-party talks over its atomic programme. But there are fears the country is already under attack, after the latest murder of one of its nuclear scientists, which Tehran blames on Israel. Former CIA officer Philip Giraldi says a military confrontation in the Gulf could lead to a new world war. RT on Twitter twitter.com RT on Facebook www.facebook.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120716011608/http://wn.com/Ex-CIA Officer: Worst-case Iran scenario is WW3!/video details
'US military, CIA out of control in Afghanistan'/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 08 May 2012
  • Duration: 4:34
  • Updated: 07 Jul 2012
Author: RussiaToday
Afghan president Hamid Karzai has warned that the recently signed strategic pact with the US is at risk of becoming "meaningless" if the people do not feel safe in the country. This comes after reports that four air strikes in recent days, carried out by international forces, left dozens of civilians dead. For more RT talks Ahmed Quraishi President of lobbying group PakNationalists Forum. RT on Twitter twitter.com RT on Facebook www.facebook.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120716011608/http://wn.com/'US military, CIA out of control in Afghanistan'/video details
Former CIA Spy Speaks Out/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 26 Feb 2009
  • Duration: 9:53
  • Updated: 08 Jul 2012
Author: CBS
CBS News' Kimberly Dozier speaks with Robert Baer, who recounts his unique experiences as a CIA operative and discusses the future state of diplomacy between the US and Iran.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120716011608/http://wn.com/Former CIA Spy Speaks Out/video details
Ex-CIA Head Defends Torture/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 01 May 2012
  • Duration: 19:50
  • Updated: 09 Jul 2012
Author: TheYoungTurks
Via 60 Minutes/CBS news: "Jose Rodriguez has no regrets about the CIA using "enhanced interrogation techniques" -- methods that some consider torture - on suspected al Qaeda members detained and questioned after 9/11. Lesley Stahl interviews the former head of the CIA's Clandestine Service about waterboarding and other methods he says were essential to getting information from suspected terrorists, and he denies claims that these harsh measures caused detainees to provide false or unreliable information that misled the CIA. In fact, Rodriguez says that high-level detainees Khalid Sheik Mohammed and Abu Zubaydah provided their best information only after harsh treatment, a claim that the CIA's own investigator general has challenged...".* The Young Turks host Cenk Uygur breaks it down. *Read/Watch more here: www.cbsnews.com Subscribe to The Young Turks: bit.ly Find out how to watch The Young Turks on Current by clicking here: www.current.com The Largest Online New Show in the World. Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Google+: www.gplus.to Pinterest: pinterest.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120716011608/http://wn.com/Ex-CIA Head Defends Torture/video details
Leaked CIA Memo: Bush knew US torture was 'war crime'/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 17 Apr 2012
  • Duration: 4:03
  • Updated: 04 Jul 2012
Author: RussiaToday
Water boarding and stress positions... just two of the torture techniques used by the US against terror suspects. Now, a secret memo has been leaked which brands them "war crimes", and shows the Bush administration was warned against their use. As RT's Marina Portnaya explains, many feel President Obama isn't doing enough to make up for America's past mistakes. RT on Twitter twitter.com RT on Facebook www.facebook.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120716011608/http://wn.com/Leaked CIA Memo: Bush knew US torture was 'war crime'/video details
'Muslim Brotherhood tool of CIA'/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 20 Apr 2012
  • Duration: 5:08
  • Updated: 07 Jul 2012
Author: RussiaToday
Hundreds of thousands of demonstrators have once again engulfed Cairo's Tahrir Square in protest against the ruling military council. The rally involves supporters from exact opposite ends of the political spectrum, with secular activists rubbing shoulders with Islamists. To discuss this latest display of civil unrest, joining me now is James Corbett, a political analyst with a special interest in the Arab uprisings. RT on Twitter: twitter.com RT on Facebook: www.facebook.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120716011608/http://wn.com/'Muslim Brotherhood tool of CIA'/video details
CIA Torture Secrets: 'Nazi-like' Polish black site confession/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 02 Apr 2012
  • Duration: 5:04
  • Updated: 05 Jul 2012
Author: RussiaToday
Last week saw a revival of the scandal surrounding an alleged CIA secret prison in Poland - something the country's officials have always strongly denied existed. The first charges have reportedly been brought against the country's former intelligence chief for allowing the site. For more on this RT's joined by former CIA officer Raymond McGovern. RT on Twitter twitter.com RT on Facebook www.facebook.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120716011608/http://wn.com/CIA Torture Secrets: 'Nazi-like' Polish black site confession/video details
The CIA's Heart Attack Gun/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 02 Mar 2012
  • Duration: 2:44
  • Updated: 14 Jun 2012
Author: FederalJacktube6
I re-uploaded this in the wake of Andrew Breitbart's death. Take from it what you will.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120716011608/http://wn.com/The CIA's Heart Attack Gun/video details
  • Secrets of the CIA, part 1...7:25
  • Ex-CIA Agent: America creates its own enemies...11:04
  • CIA Prank...3:54
  • CIA Covert Action in Iran, Vietnam, Laos, the Congo, Cuba, and Guatemala: Documentary Film (1965)...51:47
  • Ex-CIA Officer: Worst-case Iran scenario is WW3!...4:32
  • 'US military, CIA out of control in Afghanistan'...4:34
  • CIA - Cor de bagabonti...4:13
  • Former CIA Spy Speaks Out...9:53
  • Ex-CIA Head Defends Torture...19:50
  • Leaked CIA Memo: Bush knew US torture was 'war crime'...4:03
  • 'Muslim Brotherhood tool of CIA'...5:08
  • CIA Torture Secrets: 'Nazi-like' Polish black site confession...5:04
  • CIA's "Facebook" Program Dramatically Cut Agency's Costs...3:24
  • The CIA's Heart Attack Gun...2:44
Secrets of the CIA, part 1
7:25
Se­crets of the CIA, part 1
Se­crets of the CIA, part 1...
pub­lished: 20 May 2006
11:04
Ex-CIA Agent: Amer­i­ca cre­ates its own en­e­mies
Amer­i­cans are in the crosshairs of ter­ror­ists world­wide pure­ly due to Wash­ing­ton's pol...
pub­lished: 13 Nov 2011
3:54
CIA Prank
CIA vis­its Santa Mon­i­ca, CA Main Chan­nel: www.​youtube.​com Face­book: www.​facebook.​com Twitt...
pub­lished: 28 Jun 2012
51:47
CIA Covert Ac­tion in Iran, Viet­nam, Laos, the Congo, Cuba, and Guatemala: Doc­u­men­tary Film (1965)
thefilmarchive.​org DVD: www.​amazon.​com A covert op­er­a­tion (also as Cov­eOps or covert ops) ...
pub­lished: 05 Oct 2011
4:32
Ex-CIA Of­fi­cer: Worst-case Iran sce­nario is WW3!
Wash­ing­ton is fully pre­pared for an armed con­flict with Iran -- says the US de­fence de­part...
pub­lished: 19 Jan 2012
4:34
'US mil­i­tary, CIA out of con­trol in Afghanistan'
Afghan pres­i­dent Hamid Karzai has warned that the re­cent­ly signed strate­gic pact with the ...
pub­lished: 08 May 2012
4:13
CIA - Cor de bagabon­ti
www.​youtube.​com...
pub­lished: 10 Aug 2011
9:53
For­mer CIA Spy Speaks Out
CBS News' Kim­ber­ly Dozi­er speaks with Robert Baer, who re­counts his unique ex­pe­ri­ences...
pub­lished: 26 Feb 2009
au­thor: CBS
19:50
Ex-CIA Head De­fends Tor­ture
Via 60 Min­utes/CBS news: "Jose Ro­driguez has no re­grets about the CIA using "enh...
pub­lished: 01 May 2012
4:03
Leaked CIA Memo: Bush knew US tor­ture was 'war crime'
Water board­ing and stress po­si­tions... just two of the tor­ture tech­niques used by the US a...
pub­lished: 17 Apr 2012
5:08
'Mus­lim Broth­er­hood tool of CIA'
Hun­dreds of thou­sands of demon­stra­tors have once again en­gulfed Cairo's Tahrir Square ...
pub­lished: 20 Apr 2012
5:04
CIA Tor­ture Se­crets: 'Nazi-like' Pol­ish black site con­fes­sion
Last week saw a re­vival of the scan­dal sur­round­ing an al­leged CIA se­cret prison in Poland ...
pub­lished: 02 Apr 2012
3:24
CIA's "Face­book" Pro­gram Dra­mat­i­cal­ly Cut Agen­cy's Costs
from Onion News Net­work Sea­son 1 Episode 9...
pub­lished: 20 Mar 2011
au­thor: surikan­ta
2:44
The CIA's Heart At­tack Gun
I re-up­load­ed this in the wake of An­drew Bre­it­bart's death. Take from it what you will...
pub­lished: 02 Mar 2012
5:42
En­g­dahl: CIA plays ugly role, trains Syr­i­an rebels
Re­searcher and au­thor of Full Spec­trum Dom­i­nance, F. William En­g­dahl talks to RT from acro...
pub­lished: 14 Apr 2012
2:57
Party In The CIA (Par­o­dy of "Party In The USA" by Mile...
Music video by "Weird Al" Yankovic per­form­ing Party In The CIA (Par­o­dy of "...
pub­lished: 27 Jun 2011
11:02
'CIA feeds us bad info on Iran nukes' - IAEA ex-head
Read on on.​rt.​com UN nu­cle­ar watch­dog IAEA has been close­ly co­op­er­at­ing with the world'...
pub­lished: 27 Feb 2012
7:03
CIA sifts so­cial media sites
More and more peo­ple put their lives on so­cial media sites world­wide. Glob­al­ly Face­book an...
pub­lished: 29 Dec 2011
au­thor: RTAmer­i­ca
5:21
'CIA & West­ern media's total fi­as­co in Syria'
Calls for tougher eco­nom­ic sanc­tions against Syria are get­ting loud­er at the 'Friends ...
pub­lished: 24 Feb 2012
5:47
CIA Doc­u­ments Show 9/11 Bin Laden Warn­ings Ig­nored
"The 100-plus CIA doc­u­ments newly de­clas­si­fied and pub­lished Tues­day have ex­clu­sive i...
pub­lished: 22 Jun 2012
6:42
For­mer CIA An­a­lyst schools CNN host
www.​thelibertyunderground.​net...
pub­lished: 02 Apr 2011
3:05
Need a job? The CIA is hir­ing
The CIA is on a re­cruit­ing mis­sion and is ex­pand­ing the search be­yond the tra­di­tion­al Ivy ...
pub­lished: 17 May 2011
au­thor: CNN




  • President Barack Obama shakes hands with Admiral Mike Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in the Green Room of the White House following his statement detailing the mission against Osama bin Laden, May 1, 2011. CIA Director Leon Panetta and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton are pictured at left.
    Public Domain / Pete Souza
  • CIA Director David Petraeus listens at right as Director of National Intelligence James Clapper testifies on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, Jan. 31, 2012, before the Senate Intelligence Committee hearing to assess current and future national security threats.
    AP / Jacquelyn Martin
  • President Barack Obama listens as CIA Director David Petraeus makes a point during a national security meeting in the Situation Room of the White House, Sept. 10, 2011.
    White House / Pete Souza
  • Nicaraguan women at a concert in Managua.According to the CIA World Fact book, Nicaragua's life expectancy was 71.5 years in 2009,[120] a figure roughly equivalent to that of Vietnam and Palau.
    Creative Commons / Jorge Mejía peralta
  • FILE - CIA Director Leon Panetta testifies before the House Intelligence Committee on Capitol Hill in Washington, in this Feb. 10, 2011 file photo. Administration sources say President Barack Obama plans this week to name CIA Director Leon Panetta to replace Defense Secretary Robert Gates, and Gen. David Petraeus, now running the war in Afghanistan, would take the CIA chief's job. The changes are expected to be announced Thursday April 28, 2011 at the White House.
    AP / J. Scott Applewhite, File
  • President Barack Obama shakes hands after speaking to CIA employees at CIA headquarters in Langley, Va., Friday, May 20, 2011. Obama congratulated the country's intelligence workers for the years of effort that led to the discovery and killing of terrorist Osama bin Laden. He also thanked them for their daily work in protecting America, telling them he'd never felt prouder or more confident about them.
    AP / Carolyn Kaster
  • The Law Projects Center Information the CIA & US Department of State Ignored That Could Have Prevented The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks On the Twin Towers In NYC.
    WN / Miss Jill Louise Starr
  • The C-119 in flight would go on to see extensive service in Vietnam, beginning in 1953 with aircraft secretly loaned by the CIA to French forces for troop support.
    Creative Commons / Ndunruh
  • A boy dressed as a Cuban soldier and his mother attend the parade commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Bay of Pigs failed invasion along the Plaza de la Revolucion or Revolution Square in Havana, Cuba, Saturday April 16, 2011. Cuba kicked off a crucial Communist Party congress Saturday with the parade to mark 50 years since the defeat of CIA-backed exiles at the Bay of Pigs.
    AP / Franklin Reyes
  • RB-69A of the CIA in USAF markings. Least known of the P2V Neptune family. Five built, two converted for CIA covert operations, obtained with USAF help and operated by ROCAF/Taiwan's 34th Squadron.
    Creative Commons / Stahlkocher
  • Pakistani protesters burn an effigy of American CIA contractor Raymond Allen Davis and a U. S. flag during a rally in Peshawar, Pakistan, on Friday, March 18, 2011. Davis was being held on charges relating to the shooting deaths of two Pakistani men, but was released from prison Wednesday and left Pakistan after more than $2 million in
    AP / Mohammad Sajjad
  • Another cover up by the CIA - 3-2011
    WN / The Hollywood Reporter
  • Pakistani commandos stand guard at an entry gate of Diplomatic Enclave, where supporters of an religious group hold a rally against the release of an American CIA contractor Raymond Allen Davis, in Islamabad, Pakistan on Wednesday, March 16, 2011. Davis, who shot and killed two Pakistani men was released from prison Wednesday and left Pakistan after more than $2 million in
    AP / Anjum Naveed
  • Pakistani protesters burn tires during a demonstration against the release of Raymond Allen Davis, an American CIA contractor, Wednesday, March 16, 2011 in Lahore, Pakistan. Davis who shot and killed two Pakistani men was released from prison after the United States paid
    AP / K.M. Chaudary
  • Supporters of a religious group Jamaat-e-Islami hold a demonstration against the release of Raymond Allen Davis , an American CIA contractor, Wednesday, March 16, 2011 in Karachi, Pakistan. Davis who shot and killed two Pakistani men was released from prison after the United States paid
    AP / Fareed Khan
  • Supporters of Pakistani religious party Jamaat-u-Dawa chant slogans during a rally against U.S. CIA employee Raymond Allen Davis, who is implicated in the shooting deaths of two Pakistanis, in Lahore, Pakistan, Saturday, Feb. 26, 2011. Washington insists Davis is immune from prosecution because he is listed as a U.S. Embassy staff member. It says Davis shot two Pakistanis in self-defense when they tried to rob him in late January in the eastern city of Lahore.
    AP / Hamza Ahmed
  • U-2 testing aboard USS America (CV-66). Though the U.S. Air Force and Navy would eventually fly the U-2, it was originally a CIA operation, run through the Office of Scientific Intelligence.
    Creative Commons / Dual Freq
  • Supporters of Pakistani religious party Jamaat-i-Islami rally holding a placard reads
    AP / Fareed Khan
  • Supporters of Pakistani religious party Jamaat-e-Islami, rally against an American CIA employee Raymond Allen Davis accused of murdering two Pakistanis, in Lahore, Pakistan on Friday, Feb. 25, 2011. Davis refused to sign a charge sheet after claiming diplomatic immunity, official said.
    AP / K.M.Chaudary
  • Supporters of Pakistani religious party Jamaat-e-Islami chant anti American slogans during a rally against an American CIA employee Raymond Allen Davis accused of murdering two Pakistanis, in Lahore, Pakistan on Friday, Feb. 25, 2011. Davis refused to sign a charge sheet after claiming diplomatic immunity, official said.
    AP / K.M.Chaudary
  • The founder of WikiLeaks Julian Assange speaks to members of the media as he leaves a police station in Beccles, England, after complying with bail conditions, Friday, Dec. 24, 2010. The two Swedish women accusing Julian Assange of sex crimes are supporters of WikiLeaks, not pawns of the CIA, and they simply seek justice for a violation of their
    AP / Matt Dunham
  • The founder of WikiLeaks Julian Assange speaks to members of the media as he leaves a police station in Beccles, England, after complying with his bail conditions, Friday, Dec. 24, 2010. The two Swedish women accusing Julian Assange of sex crimes are supporters of WikiLeaks, not pawns of the CIA, and they simply seek justice for a violation of their
    AP / Matt Dunham
  • M901 ITV.Original amateur penetration estimates were 600 mm for B GM-71A/B and 700-800 mm for B GM-71C however according to now declassified CIA study
    Creative Commons
  • A Wiesel AWC of the German Army.Original amateur penetration estimates were 600 mm for B GM-71A/B and 700-800 mm for B GM-71C however according to now declassified CIA study
    Creative Commons
  • In this June 9, 2009 file courtroom sketch, Guantanamo detainee Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani, left, listens as his civilian lawyer Scott Fenstermaker, right, speaks at his arraignment in U.S. Federal Court in New York. Assistant U.S. Attorney David Raskin, seated in front, and Ghailani's military lawyer Marine Col. Jeffrey Colwell, back center, are shown listening. A federal judge blocked the government from calling its star witness against Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani on Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2010 because inv
    AP / Elizabeth Williams, File
  • A watch tower overlooks the area near the Polish intelligence school just outside of Stare Kiejkuty, Poland, on Friday, Dec. 16, 2005. The installation has become the focal point of allegations of secret CIA prisons in Poland. Earlier in the week Polish President Aleksander Kwasniewski again denied there had been any secret CIA prison in the country.
    AP / Czarek Sokolowski
  • Khalid Sheikh Mohammed shortly after his capture in Pakistan, 2003. Mohammed was allegedly held in a secret CIA prison in Romania prior to his transfer to Guantanamo.
    US DoD
  • President Barack Obama meets with administration officials on the Times Square attempted car bombing during a terrorism threat briefing in the Situation Room of the White House, May 4, 2010. Left to right, National Security Advisor Gen. James Jones, CIA Director Leon Panetta, Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano, Attorney General Eric Holder, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel.
    White House / Pete Souza
  • FILE - In this March 19, 1975, file photo the Hughes Glomar Explorer, a 618-foot-long ship, is tied up at the dock in nearby Long Beach harbor in Los Angeles, Calif. In August 1974 the ship fished a sunken Soviet nuclear-armed submarine out of the Pacific Ocean depths, took what it could of the wreck, and made off to Hawaii with its purloined prize. Over 30 years later the CIA is finally shedding light on Project Azorian, but minus the juicy details.
    AP / AP Photo, File
  • President Barack Obama delivers remarks during a memorial service at the CIA in Langley, Va., Feb. 5, 2010.
    White House / Pete Souza


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photo: NASA
An X1.4 class flare erupted from the center of the sun, peaking on July 12, 2012 at 12:52 PM EDT. It erupted from Active Region 1520 which rotated into view on July 6.
Al Jazeera
14 Jul 2012
A solar storm is racing toward Earth this weekend, but scientists say not to worry. The blast of charged solar particles was due to arrive on Saturday morning and last through Sunday as it slams into...



photo: AP / Drug Enforcement Administration
In this undated photo provided by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration, shows a 240-yard, a complete and fully operational tunnel that ran from a small business in Arizona to an ice plant on the Mexico side of the border, Thursday, July 12, 2012, in San Luis, Ariz.
New Straits/Business Times
13 Jul 2012
LOS ANGELES: US and Mexican authorities have unearthed a 240-yard-long drug smuggling tunnel under their joint border in the state of Arizona, the latest such find in the violence-scarred region, US...



photo: US Navy / MCS3 Jeff Atherton
File - The guided-missile destroyer USS Nitze transits the Strait of Hormuz with Military Sealift Command missile range instrumentation ship USNS Invincible and British Royal Navy ships HMS Ramsey, HMS Pembroke and RFA Lyme Bay, 19 May, 2012.
Al Jazeera
14 Jul 2012
Iran could prevent even "a single drop of oil" passing through the Strait of Hormuz if its security is threatened, country's naval commander has said, as tensions simmer over Tehran's...



photo: AP
People look at charred bodies following fuel tanker explosion in Okogbe near Port Harcourt Nigeria, Thursday, July 12, 2012.
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
13 Jul 2012
LAGOS, Nigeria -- A truck carrying fuel veered off the road into a ditch, caught fire and exploded in Nigeria's oil-rich delta Thursday, killing at least 95 people who had rushed to the scene to...



photo: AP / Evan Vucci
Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney pauses during a speech to the NAACP annual convention, Wednesday, July 11, 2012, in Houston, Texas.
WorldNews.com
15 Jul 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling When Republican presidential contender Mitt Romney used the idiom "Obamacare" at the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),...





photo: US Army / Spc. Michael J. MacLeod
File - An Iraqi scout team leader signals to his troops to move forward during partnered training with paratroopers of 2nd Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 1st Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division (Advise and Assist Brigade) during training for upcoming partnered missions at Camp Ramadi, Iraq, Nov. 18, 2009.
The Observer
15 Jul 2012
Emma Sky was civilian governor of Kirkuk and political advisor to General Odierno, commander of US forces in Iraq. Photograph: Linda Nylind for the Guardian A British academic who became a top adviser...



photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
File - Pari Tizzhoush, 85, sits on a bench on a sidewalk of Vali-e-Asr St. northern Tehran, Iran, Tuesday, May 8, 2012. A portrait of supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei hangs on a wall at left.
WorldNews.com
14 Jul 2012
Article by WN.com Guest Writer Kourosh Ziabari Less than a week ago, the European Union put into effect its comprehensive oil embargo against Iran upon which the member states had reached an agreement...



photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
A man surfing on his cellphone - mobile phone
Pakalert Press
12 Jul 2012
Share Ellen Nakashima Washington Post Local, state and federal law enforcement authorities made more than 1.3 million demands for cellphone subscriber information last year, in a sign of their growing...



  • The Washington Post CIA and U.S. military officials appealing their convictions before the Italian Supreme Court on charges of kidnapping a terrorist suspect in Milan must wait until September for a possible final verdict in the long-running case. The Supreme Court of Cassation in Rome on Saturday postponed until...
  • The Examiner Related topics CIASaudi ArabiaAl-QaedaSyria Advertisement Saudi Press officials are reporting the Saudi King Abdullah and Crown Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz each held separate meetings with U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Director David Petraeus in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, on July 9, 2012. The...
  • The Washington Post Clarus Rice, 88, who retired from the CIA as director of the Office of Central Reference, died June 22 at his home in Morrisville, N.C. He died of complications after intestinal surgery, said his daughter, Debbie Rice....
  • The Examiner Related topics RoswellCoast to Coast AMChase BrandonArea 51UFO & Aliens Advertisement Appearing on Coast to Coast AM on Thursday, July 12, ex-CIA agent Chase Brandon wants people to know that what he saw in that box labeled “Roswell” validated what he already believed happened back in 1947. “I...
  • Gulf News Arlington, Virginia: His disguise consists of a blue surgeon’s mask, sunglasses and a baseball cap that reads “Free Iran.” A small modulator distorts his voice. He uses a pseudonym, Reza Kahlili. He lives in fear, he says, because his years as a paid spy for the CIA inside Iran...
  • The Examiner Related topics CIAChase BrandonObamaWhite HouseStephen Bassett Advertisement Former CIA agent Chase Brandon claims that the famous Roswell, New Mexico ‘ufo’ of 1947 really was a craft not from Earth. Ironically, the CIA has played a major role in keeping extraterrestrial visits secret. This began...
  • France24 AFP - A former CIA agent convicted by an Italian court of participating in the covert 2003 abduction in Milan of an Egyptian cleric suspected of terror-related offenses had gone public to defend herself. In an interview published in the Washington Post, Sabrina de Sousa, 56, denied playing any role...
  • Newsvine "It was not a damn weather balloon -- it was what it...
  • Newsvine OK, so the Wonkville experiment has been up and running for a day, and let’s check out the hot tips … wait, Obama was a Pakistani spy in 1981...
  • more news on: Cia
    Central Intelligence Agency
    CIA.svg
    Official Seal of the CIA
    Agency overview
    Formed September 18, 1947 (1947-09-18) (64 years ago)
    Preceding agency Office of Strategic Services[1]
    Headquarters George Bush Center for Intelligence, CIA HQ Langley, VA
    Employees Classified[2]

    20,000 estimated[3]

    Annual budget Classified[4][5]
    Agency executives David H. Petraeus[6], Director
    Michael Morell[7], Deputy Director
    V. Sue Bromley[8], Associate Deputy Director
    Parent agency Independent
    Website
    www.cia.gov
    The entrance of the CIA New Headquarters Building (NHB) of the George Bush Center for Intelligence.

    The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States government. It is an executive agency and reports directly to the Director of National Intelligence, with responsibility for providing national security intelligence assessment to senior United States policymakers. Intelligence gathering is performed by non-military commissioned civilian intelligence agents, many of whom are trained to avoid tactical situations. The CIA also oversees and sometimes engages in tactical and covert activities at the request of the President of the United States.[9] Often, when such field operations are organized, the US military or other warfare tacticians carry these tactical operations out on behalf of the agency while the CIA oversees them.[10] Although intelligence-gathering is the agency's main agenda, tactical divisions were established in the agency to carry out emergency field operations that require immediate suppression or dismantling of a threat or weapon.[11] The CIA is often used for intelligence-gathering instead of the U.S military to avoid a declaration of war.

    The CIA succeeded the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), formed during World War II to coordinate espionage activities against the Axis Powers for the branches of the United States Armed Forces. The National Security Act of 1947 established the CIA, affording it "no police or law enforcement functions, either at home or abroad".[12][13] Through interagency cooperation, the CIA has Cooperative Security Locations at its disposal. These locations are called "lily pads" by the Air Force.[14][15]

    The primary function of the CIA is to collect information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and to advise public policymakers, but it does conduct emergency tactical operations and carries out covert operations,[16][17] and exerts foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Division.[18][19] The CIA and its responsibilities changed markedly in 2004. Before December 2004, the CIA was the main intelligence organization of the US government; it was responsible for coordinating the activities of the US Intelligence Community (IC) as a whole. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 created the office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), which took over management and leadership of the IC.

    Today, the CIA still has a number of functions in common with other countries' intelligence agencies[20][21][22][23] (see Relationships with foreign intelligence agencies). The CIA's headquarters is in Langley in McLean, unincorporated Fairfax County, Virginia,[24] a few miles west of Washington, D.C., along the Potomac River.

    Sometimes, the CIA is referred to euphemistically in government and military parlance as Other Government Agencies (OGA), particularly when its operations in a particular area are an open secret.[25][26] Other terms include The Company,[27][28][29][30] Langley and The Agency.

    Contents

    Organization[link]

    The CIA has an executive office and several agency-wide functions, and four major directorates:

    • The Directorate of Intelligence, responsible for all-source intelligence research and analysis
    • The National Clandestine Service, formerly the Directorate of Operations, which does clandestine intelligence collection and covert action
    • The Directorate of Support
    • The Directorate of Science and Technology

    Budget[link]

    The overall US intelligence budget has been considered classified until recently. There have been numerous attempts to obtain general information about the budget.[31] As a result, it was revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was US $550 million (inflation-adjusted US$ 4.2 billion in 2012),[32] and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US $26.6 billion (inflation-adjusted US$ 38.5 billion in 2012).[33] There have also been accidental disclosures; for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion.[34]

    In Legacy of Ashes-The History of the CIA, Tim Weiner claims that early funding was solicited by James Forrestal and Allen Dulles from private Wall Street and Washington DC sources. Next Forrestal convinced "an old chum", John W. Snyder, the US Secretary of the Treasury and one of Truman's closest allies, to allow the use of the $200 million Exchange Stabilization Fund by CIA fronts to influence European elections, beginning with Italy[35] After the Marshall Plan was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were made available to the CIA.[36]

    Executive Office[link]

    The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DCIA) reports directly to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI); in practice, he deals with the DNI, Congress (usually via the Office of Congressional Affairs), and the White House, while the Deputy Director is the internal executive. The CIA has varying amounts of Congressional oversight, although that is principally a guidance role.

    The Executive Office also facilitates the CIA's support of the US military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities. Two senior executives have responsibility, one CIA-wide and one for the National Clandestine Service. The Associate Director for Military Support, a senior military officer, manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands, who produce regional/operational intelligence and consume national intelligence; he is assisted by the Office of Military Affairs in providing support to all branches of the military.[37]

    In the National Clandestine Services, an Associate Deputy Director for Operations for Military Affairs[38] deals with specific clandestine human-source intelligence and covert action in support of military operations.

    The CIA also makes national-level intelligence available to tactical organizations, usually to their all-source intelligence group.[39]

    Executive staff[link]

    Staff offices with several general responsibilities report to the Executive Office. The staff also gather information and then report such information to the Executive Office.

    General publications[link]

    The CIA's Center for the Study of Intelligence maintains the Agency's historical materials and promotes the study of intelligence as a legitimate discipline.[40]

    In 2002, the CIA's School for Intelligence Analysis began publishing the unclassified Kent Center Occasional Papers, aiming to offer "an opportunity for intelligence professionals and interested colleagues—in an unofficial and unfettered vehicle—to debate and advance the theory and practice of intelligence analysis."[41]

    General Counsel and Inspector General[link]

    Two offices advise the Director on legality and proper operations. The Office of General Counsel advises the Director of the CIA on all legal matters relating to his role as CIA director and is the principal source of legal counsel for the CIA.

    The Office of Inspector General promotes efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability in the administration of Agency activities, and seeks to prevent and detect fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement. The Inspector General, whose activities are independent of those of any other component in the Agency, reports directly to the Director of the CIA.[42][43]

    Influencing public opinion[link]

    The Office of Public Affairs advises the Director of the CIA on all media, public policy, and employee communications issues relating to this person's role. This office, among other functions, works with the entertainment industry.[44]

    Directorate of Intelligence[link]

    The Directorate of Intelligence produces all-source intelligence analysis on key foreign issues.[45] It has four regional analytic groups, six groups for transnational issues, and two support units.[46]

    Regional groups[link]

    There is an Office dedicated to Iraq, and regional analytical Offices covering:

    Transnational groups[link]

    The Office of Terrorism Analysis[47] supports the National Counterterrorism Center in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. See CIA transnational anti-terrorism activities.[48]

    The Office of Transnational Issues[49] assesses perceived existing and emerging threats to US national security and provides the most senior policymakers, military planners, and law enforcement with analysis, warning, and crisis support.

    The CIA Crime and Narcotics Center[50] researches information on international crime for policymakers and the law enforcement community. As the CIA has no legal domestic police authority, it usually sends its analyses to the FBI and other law enforcement organizations, such as the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms.

    The Weapons Intelligence, Nonproliferation, and Arms Control Center[51] provides intelligence support related to national and non-national threats, as well as supporting threat reduction and arms control. It receives the output of national technical means of verification.

    The Counterintelligence Center Analysis Group[52] identifies, monitors, and analyzes the efforts of foreign intelligence entities, both national and non-national, against US government interests. It works with FBI personnel in the National Counterintelligence Executive of the Director of National Intelligence.

    The Information Operations Center Analysis Group.[53] deals with threats to US computer systems. This unit supports DNI activities.

    Support and general units[link]

    The Office of Collection Strategies and Analysis provides comprehensive intelligence collection expertise to the Directorate of Intelligence, to senior Agency and Intelligence Community officials, and to key national policymakers.

    The Office of Policy Support customizes Directorate of Intelligence analysis and presents it to a wide variety of policy, law enforcement, military, and foreign liaison recipients.

    National Clandestine Service[link]

    The National Clandestine Service (NCS; formerly the Directorate of Operations) is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The new name reflects its having absorbed some Department of Defense HUMINT assets. The NCS was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense and the CIA. The Department of Defense had organized the Defense HUMINT Service,[54] under the Defense Intelligence Agency which, with the Presidential decision, became part of the NCS.

    The precise present organization of the NCS is classified.[55]

    Directorate of Science and Technology[link]

    The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, and manage technical collection disciplines and equipment. Many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services.

    For example, the development of the U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft was done in cooperation with the United States Air Force. The U-2's original mission was clandestine imagery intelligence over denied areas such as the Soviet Union.[56] It was subsequently provided with signals intelligence and measurement and signature intelligence capabilities, and is now operated by the Air Force.

    Imagery intelligence collected by the U-2 and reconnaissance satellites was analyzed by a DS&T organization called the National Photointerpretation Center (NPIC), which had analysts from both the CIA and the military services. Subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).

    The CIA has always shown a strong interest in how to use advances in technology to enhance its effectiveness. This interest has historically had two primary goals:

    • harnessing techniques for its own use
    • countering any new intelligence technologies the Soviets might develop.[57]

    In 1999, the CIA created the venture capital firm In-Q-Tel to help fund and develop technologies of interest to the agency.[58] It has long been the IC practice to contract for major development, such as reconnaissance aircraft and satellites.

    Directorate of Support[link]

    The Directorate of Support has organizational and administrative functions to significant units including:

    • The Office of Security
    • The Office of Communications
    • The Office of Information Technology

    Training[link]

    The Office of Training begins with the Junior Officer Training program for new employees before going on to conducting courses in a wide range of specialized professional disciplines. So that the initial course might be taken by employees who had not received final security clearance and thus were not permitted unescorted access to the Headquarters building, a good deal of basic training has been given at office buildings in the urban areas of Arlington, Virginia.

    For a later stage of training of student operations officers, there is at least one classified training area at Camp Peary, near Williamsburg, Virginia. Students are selected, and their progress evaluated, in ways derived from the OSS, published as the book Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services[59]

    Relationship with other sources of intelligence[link]

    The CIA acts as the primary US HUMINT, HUMan INTelligence, and general analytic agency, under the Director of National Intelligence, who directs or coordinates the 16 member organizations of the United States intelligence community. In addition, it obtains information from other US government intelligence agencies, commercial information sources, and foreign intelligence services.

    Other US intelligence agencies[link]

    A number of intelligence organizations are fully or partially under the budgetary control of the United States Secretary of Defense or other cabinet officers such as the United States Attorney General.

    As do other analytic members of the US intelligence community, such as the Department of State's Bureau of Intelligence and Research and the analytic division of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the CIA's raw input includes imagery intelligence (IMINT) collected by the air and space systems of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), processed by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), signals intelligence (SIGINT) of the National Security Agency (NSA), and measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) from the DIA MASINT center.

    Open Source Intelligence[link]

    Until the 2004 reorganization of the intelligence community, one of the "services of common concern" that the CIA provided was Open Source Intelligence from the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS).[60] FBIS, which had absorbed the Joint Publication Research Service, a military organization that translated documents,[61] which moved into the National Open Source Enterprise under the Director of National Intelligence.

    The CIA still provides a variety of unclassified maps and reference documents both to the intelligence community and the public.[62]

    During the Reagan administration, Michael Sekora (assigned to the DIA), worked with agencies across the intelligence community, including the CIA, to develop and deploy a technology-based competitive strategy system called Project Socrates. Project Socrates was designed to utilize open source intelligence gathering almost exclusively. The technology-focused Socrates system supported such programs as the Strategic Defense Initiative in addition to private sector projects. [63]

    [64]

    As part of its mandate to gather intelligence, the CIA is looking increasingly online for information, and has become a major consumer of social media. "We're looking at YouTube, which carries some unique and honest-to-goodness intelligence," said Doug Naquin, director of the DNI Open Source Center (OSC) at CIA headquarters. "We're looking at chat rooms and things that didn't exist five years ago, and trying to stay ahead."[65]

    Outsourcing[link]

    Many of the duties and functions of Intelligence Community activities, not the CIA alone, are being outsourced and privatized. Mike McConnell, former Director of National Intelligence, was about to publicize an investigation report of outsourcing by US intelligence agencies, as required by Congress.[66] However, this report was then classified.[67][68] Hillhouse speculates that this report includes requirements for the CIA to report:[67][69]

    • different standards for government employees and contractors;
    • contractors providing similar services to government workers;
    • analysis of costs of contractors vs. employees;
    • an assessment of the appropriateness of outsourced activities;
    • an estimate of the number of contracts and contractors;
    • comparison of compensation for contractors and government employees,
    • attrition analysis of government employees;
    • descriptions of positions to be converted back to the employee model;
    • an evaluation of accountability mechanisms;
    • an evaluation of procedures for "conducting oversight of contractors to ensure identification and prosecution of criminal violations, financial waste, fraud, or other abuses committed by contractors or contract personnel"; and
    • an "identification of best practices of accountability mechanisms within service contracts."

    According to investigative journalist Tim Shorrock:

    ...what we have today with the intelligence business is something far more systemic: senior officials leaving their national security and counterterrorism jobs for positions where they are basically doing the same jobs they once held at the CIA, the NSA and other agencies — but for double or triple the salary, and for profit. It's a privatization of the highest order, in which our collective memory and experience in intelligence — our crown jewels of spying, so to speak — are owned by corporate America. Yet, there is essentially no government oversight of this private sector at the heart of our intelligence empire. And the lines between public and private have become so blurred as to be nonexistent.[70][71]

    Congress has required an outsourcing report by March 30, 2008.[69]

    The Director of National Intelligence has been granted the authority to increase the number of positions (FTEs) on elements in the Intelligence Community by up to 10% should there be a determination that activities performed by a contractor should be done by a US government employee."[69]

    Part of the contracting problem comes from Congressional restrictions on the number of employees in the IC. According to Hillhouse, this resulted in 70% of the de facto workforce of the CIA's National Clandestine Service being made up of contractors. "After years of contributing to the increasing reliance upon contractors, Congress is now providing a framework for the conversion of contractors into federal government employees—more or less."[69]

    As with most government agencies, building equipment often is contracted. The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), responsible for the development and operation of airborne and spaceborne sensors, long was a joint operation of the CIA and the United States Department of Defense. NRO had been significantly involved in the design of such sensors, but the NRO, then under DCI authority, contracted more of the design that had been their tradition, and to a contractor without extensive reconnaissance experience, Boeing. The next-generation satellite Future Imagery Architecture project "how does heaven look", which missed objectives after $4 billion in cost overruns, was the result of this contract.[72][73]

    Some of the cost problems associated with intelligence come from one agency, or even a group within an agency, not accepting the compartmented security practices for individual projects, requiring expensive duplication.[74]

    Foreign intelligence services[link]

    Many intelligence services cooperate. There may even be a deniable communications channel with ostensibly hostile nations.

    The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the US State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.

    The closest links of the US IC to other foreign intelligence agencies are to Anglophone countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. There is a special communications marking that signals that intelligence-related messages can be shared with these four countries.[75] An indication of the United States' close operational cooperation is the creation of a new message distribution label within the main US military communications network. Previously, the marking of NOFORN (i.e., No Foreign Nationals) required the originator to specify which, if any, non-US countries could receive the information. A new handling caveat, USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Eyes Only, used primarily on intelligence messages, gives an easier way to indicate that the material can be shared with Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and New Zealand.

    Organizational history[link]

    The Central Intelligence Agency was created by Congress with the passage of the National Security Act of 1947, signed into law by President Harry S. Truman. It is the descendant of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) of World War II, which was dissolved in October 1945 and its functions transferred to the State and War Departments. Eleven months earlier, in 1944, William J. Donovan, the OSS's creator, proposed to President Franklin D. Roosevelt to create a new organization directly supervised by the President: "which will procure intelligence both by overt and covert methods and will at the same time provide intelligence guidance, determine national intelligence objectives, and correlate the intelligence material collected by all government agencies."[76] Under his plan, a powerful, centralized civilian agency would have coordinated all the intelligence services. He also proposed that this agency have authority to conduct "subversive operations abroad," but "no police or law enforcement functions, either at home or abroad."[77][dead link]

    The lives of 102 fallen CIA officers are represented by 102 stars on the CIA Memorial Wall in the Original Headquarters building.

    CIA personnel have died on duty, some in accidents and some by deliberate hostile action. On the memorial wall at CIA headquarters, some of the stars have no name attached, because it would reveal the identity of a clandestine officer.[78] Both the OSS and its British counterparts, as do other agencies worldwide, struggle with finding the right organizational balance among clandestine intelligence collection, counterintelligence, and covert action.

    Immediate predecessors, 1946–47[link]

    The Office of Strategic Services, which was the first independent US intelligence agency, created for World War II, was broken up shortly after the end of the war, by President Harry S. Truman, on September 20, 1945 when he signed an Executive Order which made the breakup 'official' as of October 1, 1945. The rapid reorganizations that followed reflected the routine sort of bureaucratic competition for resources, but also trying to deal with the proper relationships of clandestine intelligence collection and covert action (i.e., paramilitary and psychological operations). In October 1945, the functions of the OSS were split between the Departments of State and War:

    New Unit Oversight OSS Functions Absorbed
    Strategic Services Unit (SSU) War Department Secret Intelligence (SI) (i.e., clandestine intelligence collection) and Counter-espionage (X-2)
    Interim Research and Intelligence Service (IRIS) State Department Research and Analysis Branch (i.e., intelligence analysis)
    Psychological Warfare Division (PWD) (not uniquely for former OSS) War Department, Army General Staff Staff officers from Operational Groups, Operation Jedburgh, Morale Operations (black propaganda)

    This division lasted only a few months. The first mention of the “Central Intelligence Agency” concept and term appeared on a US Army and Navy command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945.[79] Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),[76] President Truman established the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) in January 1946 which was the direct predecessor to the CIA.[80] The CIG was an interim authority established under Presidential authority. The assets of the SSU, which now constituted a streamlined "nucleus" of clandestine intelligence was transferred to the CIG in mid-1946 and reconstituted as the Office of Special Operations (OSO).

    Early CIA, 1947–1952[link]

    In September 1947, the National Security Act of 1947 established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency.[81] Rear Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter was appointed as the first Director of Central Intelligence, and one of the first secret operations under him was the successful support of the Christian Democrats in Italy.[82]

    The 16-foot (5 m) diameter CIA seal in the lobby of the Original Headquarters Building.

    The National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects, June 18, 1948 (NSC 10/2) further gave the CIA the authority to carry out covert operations "against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and conducted that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons."[83]

    In 1949, the Central Intelligence Agency Act (Public law 81-110) authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempting it from most of the usual limitations on the use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed." It also created the program "PL-110", to handle defectors and other "essential aliens" who fall outside normal immigration procedures, as well as giving those persons cover stories and economic support.[84]

    The structure stabilizes, 1952[link]

    Then-DCI Walter Bedell Smith, who enjoyed a special degree of Presidential trust, having been Dwight D. Eisenhower's primary Chief of Staff during World War II, insisted that the CIA – or at least only one department – had to direct the OPC and OSO. Those organizations, as well as some minor functions, formed the euphemistically named Directorate of Plans in 1952.

    Also in 1952, United States Army Special Forces were created, with some missions overlapping those of the Department of Plans. In general, the pattern emerged that the CIA could borrow resources from Special Forces, although it had its own special operators.

    Early Cold War, 1953–1966[link]

    Lockheed U-2 "Dragon Lady", the first generation of near-space reconnaissance aircraft
    Early CORONA/KH-4B imagery IMINT satellite
    The USAF's SR-71 Blackbird was developed from the CIA's A-12 OXCART.

    Allen Dulles, who had been a key OSS operations officer in Switzerland during World War II, took over from Smith, at a time where US policy was dominated by intense anticommunism. Various sources existed, the most visible being the investigations and abuses of Senator Joseph McCarthy, and the more quiet but systematic containment doctrine developed by George Kennan, the Berlin Blockade and the Korean War. Dulles enjoyed a high degree of flexibility, as his brother, John Foster Dulles, was simultaneously Secretary of State.

    Concern regarding the Soviet Union and the difficulty of getting information from its closed society, which few agents could penetrate, led to solutions based on advanced technology. Among the first success was with the Lockheed U-2 aircraft, which could take pictures and collect electronic signals from an altitude thought to be above Soviet air defenses' reach. After Gary Powers was shot down by an SA-2 surface to air missile in 1960, causing an international incident, the SR-71 was developed to take over this role.

    During this period, there were numerous covert actions against nationalization of oil supplies and socialism. The CIA overthrew a democratically elected government for the first time during the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, after Iran moved to take control of its petroleum reserves. Some of the largest operations were aimed at Cuba after the overthrow of the Batista dictatorship, including assassination attempts against Fidel Castro and the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion. There have been suggestions that the Soviet attempt to put missiles into Cuba came, indirectly, when they realized how badly they had been compromised by a US-UK defector in place, Oleg Penkovsky.[85]

    The CIA, working with the military, formed the joint National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) to operate reconnaissance aircraft such as the SR-71 and later satellites. "The fact of" the United States operating reconnaissance satellites, like "the fact of" the existence of NRO, was highly classified for many years.

    Indochina and the Vietnam War (1954–1975)[link]

    The OSS Patti mission arrived in Vietnam near the end of World War II, and had significant interaction with the leaders of many Vietnamese factions, including Ho Chi Minh.[86] While the Patti mission forwarded Ho's proposals for phased independence, with the French or even the United States as the transition partner, the US policy of containment opposed forming any government that was communist in nature.

    The first CIA mission to Indochina, under the code name Saigon Military Mission arrived in 1954, under Edward Lansdale. US-based analysts were simultaneously trying to project the evolution of political power, both if the scheduled referendum chose merger of the North and South, or if the South, the US client, stayed independent. Initially, the US focus in Southeast Asia was on Laos, not Vietnam.

    During the period of US combat involvement in the Vietnam War, there was considerable argument about progress among the Department of Defense under Robert McNamara, the CIA, and, to some extent, the intelligence staff of Military Assistance Command Vietnam.[87] In general, the military was consistently more optimistic than the CIA. Sam Adams, a junior CIA analyst with responsibilities for estimating the actual damage to the enemy, eventually resigned from the CIA, after expressing concern to Director of Central Intelligence Richard Helms with estimates that were changed for interagency and White House political reasons. Adams afterward wrote the book War of Numbers.

    Abuses of CIA authority, 1970s–1990s[link]

    Things came to a head in the mid-1970s, around the time of Watergate. A dominant feature of political life during that period were the attempts of Congress to assert oversight of the US Presidency and the executive branch of the US Government. Revelations about past CIA activities, such as assassinations and attempted assassinations of foreign leaders (most notably Fidel Castro and Rafael Trujillo) and illegal domestic spying on US citizens, provided the opportunities to execute Congressional oversight of US intelligence operations.[88]

    Hastening the CIA's fall from grace were the burglary of the Watergate headquarters of the Democratic Party by ex-CIA agents, and President Richard Nixon's subsequent attempt to use the CIA to impede the FBI's investigation of the burglary. In the famous "smoking gun" recording that led to President Nixon's resignation, Nixon ordered his chief of staff, H. R. Haldeman, to tell the CIA that further investigation of Watergate would "open the whole can of worms" about the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba.[89] In this way Nixon and Haldemann ensured that the CIA's #1 and #2 ranking officials, Richard Helms and Vernon Walters, communicated to FBI Director L. Patrick Gray that the FBI should not follow the money trail from the burglars to the Committee to Re-elect the President, as it would uncover CIA informants in Mexico. The FBI initially agreed to this due to a long standing agreement between the FBI and CIA not to uncover each other's sources of information. Though within a couple of weeks the FBI demanded this request in writing, and when no such formal request came, the FBI resumed its investigation into the money trail. Nonetheless, when the smoking gun tapes were made public, damage to the public's perception of CIA's top officials, and thus to the CIA as a whole, could not be avoided.[90]

    In 1973, then-DCI James R. Schlesinger commissioned reports – known as the "Family Jewels" – on illegal activities by the Agency. In December 1974, Investigative journalist Seymour Hersh broke the news of the "Family Jewels" in a front-page article in The New York Times, claiming that the CIA had assassinated foreign leaders, and had illegally conducted surveillance on some 7,000 US citizens involved in the antiwar movement (Operation CHAOS).[88] The CIA had also experimented on people, who unknowingly took LSD (among other things).[88]

    Congress responded to the disturbing charges in 1975, investigating the CIA in the Senate via the Church Committee, chaired by Senator Frank Church (D-Idaho), and in the House of Representatives via the Pike Committee, chaired by Congressman Otis Pike (D-NY).[88] In addition, President Gerald Ford created the Rockefeller Commission,[88] and issued an executive order prohibiting the assassination of foreign leaders.

    During the investigation, Schlesinger's successor as DCI, William Colby, testified before Congress on 32 occasions in 1975, including about the "Family Jewels".[91] Colby later stated that he believed that providing Congress with this information was the correct thing to do, and ultimately in the CIA's own interests.[92] As the CIA fell out of favor with the public, Ford assured Americans that his administration was not involved: "There are no people presently employed in the White House who have a relationship with the CIA of which I am personally unaware."[88]

    Repercussions from the Iran-Contra affair arms smuggling scandal included the creation of the Intelligence Authorization Act in 1991. It defined covert operations as secret missions in geopolitical areas where the US is neither openly nor apparently engaged. This also required an authorizing chain of command, including an official, presidential finding report and the informing of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees, which, in emergencies, requires only "timely notification".

    2004, DNI takes over CIA top-level functions[link]

    The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 created the office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), who took over some of the government and intelligence community (IC)-wide functions that had previously been the CIA's. The DNI manages the United States Intelligence Community and in so doing it manages the intelligence cycle. Among the functions that moved to the DNI were the preparation of estimates reflecting the consolidated opinion of the 16 IC agencies, and preparation of briefings for the president. On July 30, 2008, President Bush issued Executive Order 13470[93] amending Executive Order 12333 to strengthen the role of the DNI.[94]

    Previously, the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) oversaw the Intelligence Community, serving as the president's principal intelligence advisor, additionally serving as head of the CIA. The DCI's title now is "Director of the Central Intelligence Agency" (DCIA), serving as head of the CIA.

    Currently, the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence. Prior to the establishment of the DNI, the CIA reported to the President, with informational briefings to congressional committees. The National Security Advisor is a permanent member of the National Security Council, responsible for briefing the President with pertinent information collected by all US intelligence agencies, including the National Security Agency, the Drug Enforcement Administration, etc. All 16 Intelligence Community agencies are under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence.

    Mission-related issues and controversies[link]

    The history of CIA deals with several things, certainly including covert action, but also clandestine and overt intelligence collection, intelligence analysis and reporting, and logistical and technical support of its activities. Prior to the December 2004 reorganization of the intelligence community (IC), it also was responsible for coordinations of IC-wide intelligence estimates.

    These articles are organized in two different ways: By geographical region (for state actors or non-state actors limited to a country or region) and by transnational topic (for non-state actors).

    CIA operations by region, country and date are discussed in detail in the following articles:

    CIA analyses of issues such as the effect of emerging infectious diseases, and the detection of Weapons of mass destruction, are inherently transnational, and are discussed in the following articles. CIA operations and, where appropriate, authorizations for covert operations (for example, NSDD 138 authorizing direct action against opponents) by transnational topic are discussed in the following Wikipedia articles:

    In addition, a view of covert US activity specifically oriented towards regime change actions is given in the following Wikipedia article:

    Major sources for this section include the Council on Foreign Relations of the United States series, the National Security Archive and George Washington University, the Freedom of Information Act Reading Room at the CIA, US Congressional hearings, Blum's book[95] and Weiner's book[96] Note that the CIA has responded to the claims made in Weiner's book,[97] and that Jeffrey Richelson of the National Security Archive has also been critical of it.[98]

    Areas of controversy about inappropriate, often illegal actions include experiments, without consent, on human beings to explore chemical means of eliciting information or disabling people. Another area involved torture and clandestine imprisonment. There have been attempted assassinations under CIA orders and support for assassinations of foreign leaders by citizens of the leader's country, and, in a somewhat different legal category that may fall under the customary laws of war, assassinations of militant leaders.

    Security and counterintelligence failures[link]

    While the names change periodically, there are two basic security functions to protect the CIA and its operations. There is an Office of Security in the Directorate for Support, which is responsible for physical security of the CIA buildings, secure storage of information, and personnel security clearances. These are directed inwardly to the agency itself.

    In what is now the National Clandestine Service, there is a counter-intelligence function, called the Counterintelligence Staff under its most controversial chief, James Jesus Angleton. This function has roles including looking for staff members that are providing information to foreign intelligence services (FIS) as moles. Another role is to check proposals for recruiting foreign HUMINT assets, to see if these people have any known ties to FIS and thus may be attempts to penetrate CIA to learn its personnel and practices, or as a provocateur, or other form of double agent.

    This agency component may also launch offensive counterespionage, where it attempts to interfere with FIS operations. CIA officers in the field often have assignments in offensive counterespionage as well as clandestine intelligence collection.

    Security failures[link]

    The "Family Jewels" and other documents reveal that the Office of Security violated the prohibition of CIA involvement in domestic law enforcement, sometimes with the intention of assisting police organizations local to CIA buildings.

    On December 30, 2009, a suicide attack occurred in the Forward Operating Base Chapman attack, a major CIA base in the province of Khost, Afghanistan. Seven CIA officers, including the chief of the base, were killed and six others seriously wounded in the attack. The CIA is consequently conducting an investigation into how the suicide bomber managed to avoid the base's security measures.[99]

    Counterintelligence failures[link]

    Perhaps the most disruptive period involving counterintelligence was James Jesus Angleton's search for a mole,[100] based on the statements of a Soviet defector, Anatoliy Golitsyn. A second defector, Yuri Nosenko, challenged Golitsyn's claims, with the two calling one another Soviet double agents.[101] Many CIA officers fell under career-ending suspicion; the details of the relative truths and untruths from Nosenko and Golitsyn may never be released, or, in fact, may not be fully understood. The accusations also crossed the Atlantic to the British intelligence services, who also were damaged by molehunts.[102]

    On February 24, 1994, the agency was rocked by the arrest of 31-year veteran case officer Aldrich Ames on charges of spying for the Soviet Union since 1985.[103]

    Other defectors have included Edward Lee Howard, David Henry Barnett, both field operations officers, and William Kampiles, a low-level worker in the CIA 24-hour Operations Center. Kampiles sold the Soviets the detailed operational manual for the KH-11 reconnaissance satellite.[104]

    Failures in intelligence analysis[link]

    The agency has also been criticized by some for ineffectiveness as an intelligence gathering agency. Former DCI Richard Helms commented, after the end of the Cold War, "The only remaining superpower doesn't have enough interest in what's going on in the world to organize and run an espionage service."[105] The CIA has come under particular criticism for failing to predict the collapse of the Soviet Union.

    See the information technology section of the intelligence analysis management for discussion of possible failures to provide adequate automation support to analysts, and A-Space for a IC-wide program to collect some of them. Cognitive traps for intelligence analysis also goes into areas where CIA has examined why analysis can fail.

    Agency veterans, such as John McLaughlin, who was deputy director and acting director of central intelligence from October 2000 to September 2004 have lamented CIA's inability to produce the kind of long-range strategic intelligence that it once did in order to guide policymakers. McLaughlin notes that CIA is drowned by demands from the White House and Pentagon for instant information, and said, "intelligence analysts end up being the Wikipedia of Washington."[106] In the intelligence analysis article, orienting oneself to the consumers deals with some of ways in which intelligence can become more responsive to the needs of policymakers.

    For the media, the failures are most newsworthy. A number of declassified National Intelligence Estimates do predict the behavior of various countries, but not in a manner attractive to news, or, most significantly, not public at the time of the event. In its operational role, some successes for the CIA include the U-2 and SR-71 programs, and anti-Soviet operations in Afghanistan in the mid-1980s.

    Among the first analytic failures, before the CIA had its own collection capabilities, it assured President Harry S Truman on October 13, 1950 that the Chinese would not send troops to Korea. Six days later, over one million Chinese troops arrived.[107] See an analysis of the failure; also see surrounding text for the two Koreas and China, and the time period before the Korean War. Earlier, the intelligence community failed to detect the North Korean invasion, in part because resources were not allocated to SIGINT coverage of the Korean peninsula.

    The history of US intelligence, with respect to French Indochina and then the two Vietnams, is long and complex. The Pentagon Papers often contain pessimistic CIA analyses that conflicted with White House positions. It does appear that some estimates were changed to reflect Pentagon and White House views.[87] See CIA activities in Asia and the Pacific for detailed discussions of intelligence and covert operations from 1945 (i.e., before the CIA) onwards.

    Another criticism is the failure to predict India's nuclear tests in 1974. A review of the various analyses of India's nuclear program did predict some aspects of the test, such as a 1965 report saying, correctly, that if India did develop a bomb, it would be explained as "for peaceful purposes".

    A major criticism is failure to forestall the September 11 attacks. The 9/11 Commission Report identifies failures in the IC as a whole. One problem, for example, was the FBI failing to "connect the dots" by sharing information among its decentralized field offices. The report, however, criticizes both CIA analysis, and impeding their investigation.

    The executive summary of a report which was released by the office of CIA Inspector General John Helgerson on August 21, 2007 concluded that former DCI George Tenet failed to adequately prepare the agency to deal with the danger posed by Al-Qaeda prior to the attacks of September 11, 2001. The report had been completed in June 2005 and was partially released to the public in an agreement with Congress, over the objections of current DCI General Michael Hayden. Hayden said its publication would "consume time and attention revisiting ground that is already well plowed.”[108] Tenet disagreed with the report's conclusions, citing his planning efforts vis-a-vis al-Qaeda, particularly from 1999.[109]

    Criticism/Controversy[link]

    The CIA has been called into question on several occasions for some of the tactics it employs to carry out its missions. At times these tactics have included torture, funding and training of groups and organizations that would later participate in killing of civilians and other non-combatants and would try or succeed in overthrowing democratically elected governments, human experimentation, and targeted killings and assassinations.

    In understanding the CIA's role in human rights, there are challenging problems of ethics. John Stockwell, a CIA officer who left the Agency and became a public critic, said of the CIA field officers: "They don't meet the death squads on the streets where they're actually chopping up people or laying them down on the street and running trucks over their heads. The CIA people in San Salvador meet the police chiefs, and the people who run the death squads, and they do liaise with them, they meet them beside the swimming pool of the villas. And it's a sophisticated, civilized kind of relationship. And they talk about their children, who are going to school at UCLA or Harvard and other schools, and they don't talk about the horrors of what's being done. They pretend like it isn't true".[110]

    The CIA has been criticized for ineffectiveness in its basic mission of intelligence gathering. A variant of this criticism is that allegations of misconduct are symptomatic of lack of attention to basic mission in the sense that controversial actions, such as assassination attempts and human rights violations, tend to be carried out in operations that have little to do with intelligence gathering. The CIA has been charged with having more than 90% of its employees living and working within the United States, rather than in foreign countries, which is in violation of its charter. The CIA has also been accused of a lack of financial and whistleblower controls which has led to waste and fraud.[111]

    External investigations and document releases[link]

    At various times since the creation of the CIA, the US Government has produced comprehensive reports on CIA actions that marked historical watersheds in how CIA went about trying to fulfill its vague charter purposes from 1947. These reports were the result of internal/presidential studies, external investigations by Congressional committees or other arms of the US Government, or even the simple releases and declassification of large quantities of documents by the CIA.

    Several investigations (e.g., the Church Committee, Rockefeller Commission, Pike Committee, etc.), as well as released declassified documents, reveal that the CIA, at times, operated outside its charter. In some cases, such as during Watergate, this may have been due to inappropriate requests by White House staff. In other cases, there was a violation of Congressional intent, such as the Iran-Contra affair. In many cases, these reports provide the only official discussion of these actions available to the public.

    Influencing public opinion and law enforcement[link]

    This is an area with many shades of gray. The CIA has much popular agreement in a set few instances wherein it has acted inappropriately, such as in providing technical support to White House operatives conducting both political and security investigations, with no reputed legal authority to do so. In many cases, ambiguity existing between law enforcement and intelligence agencies may expose a clandestine operation. This is a problem not unique to intelligence but also seen among different law enforcement organizations, where one wants to prosecute and another to continue investigations, perhaps reaching higher levels in a conspiracy.[112]

    Al-Qaeda and the War on Terror[link]

    The CIA had long been dealing with terrorism originating from abroad, and in 1986 had set up a Counterterrorist Center to deal specifically with the problem. At first confronted with secular terrorism, the Agency found Islamist terrorism looming increasingly large on its scope.

    The network that became known as al-Qaeda (The Base) grew out of Arab volunteers who fought the Soviets and their puppet regimes in Afghanistan in the 1980s. In 1984 Abdullah Azzam and Osama bin Laden set up an organization known as the Office of Services in Peshawar, Pakistan, to coordinate and finance the "Afghan Arabs", as the volunteers became known.

    The CIA also channeled US aid to Afghan resistance fighters via Pakistan in a covert operation known as Operation Cyclone. It denied dealing with non-Afghan fighters, or having direct contact with bin Laden.[113] However, various authorities relate that the Agency brought both Afghans and Arabs to the United States for military training.[114][115] Azzam and Bin Laden set up recruitment offices in the US, under the name "Al-Khifah", the hub of which was the Farouq Mosque in Brooklyn's Atlantic Avenue. This was "a place of pivotal importance for Operation Cyclone".[116]

    Among notable figures at the Brooklyn center was the Egyptian "double agent" Ali Mohamed, who worked for the CIA, the Green Berets, Egyptian Islamic Jihad and al-Qaeda at various times in the 1980s and 1990s. FBI special agent Jack Cloonan called him "bin Laden's first trainer".[117] Another was "Blind Sheikh" Abdel Rahman, a leading recruiter of mujaheddin, who obtained US entry visas with the help of the CIA in 1987 and 1990.

    Around 1988, Bin Laden set up al-Qaeda from the more extreme elements of the Services Office. But it was not a large organization. When Jamal al-Fadl (who had been recruited through the Brooklyn center in the mid 1980s) joined in 1989, he was described as Qaeda's "third member".[118]

    In January 1996 the CIA created an experimental "virtual station", the Bin Laden Issue Station, under the Counterterrorist Center, to track Bin Laden's developing activities. Al-Fadl, who defected to the CIA in spring 1996, began to provide the Station with a new image of the Qaeda leader: he was not only a terrorist financier, but a terrorist organizer too. FBI special agent Dan Coleman (who together with his partner Jack Cloonan had been "seconded" to the Bin Laden Station) called him Qaeda's "Rosetta Stone".[119]

    In 1999 CIA chief George Tenet launched a grand "Plan" to deal with al-Qaeda. The Counterterrorist Center, its new chief Cofer Black and the center's Bin Laden unit were the Plan's developers and executors. Once it was prepared Tenet assigned CIA intelligence chief Charles E. Allen to set up a "Qaeda cell" to oversee its tactical execution.[120] In 2000 the CIA and USAF jointly ran a series of flights over Afghanistan with a small remote-controlled reconnaissance drone, the Predator; they obtained probable photos of Bin Laden. Cofer Black and others became advocates of arming the Predator with missiles to try to assassinate Bin Laden and other al-Qaeda leaders. After the Cabinet-level Principals Committee meeting on terrorism of September 4, 2001, the CIA resumed reconnaissance flights, the drones now being weapons-capable.

    The CIA set up a Strategic Assessments Branch in 2001 to remedy the deficit of "big-picture" analysis of al-Qaeda, and apparently to develop targeting strategies. The branch was formally set up in July 2001, but it struggled to find personnel. The branch's head took up his job on September 10, 2001.[121][122][123]

    After 9/11, the CIA came under criticism for not having done enough to prevent the attacks. Tenet rejected the criticism, citing the Agency's planning efforts especially over the preceding two years. He also considered that the CIA's efforts had put the Agency in a position to respond rapidly and effectively to the attacks, both in the "Afghan sanctuary" and in "ninety-two countries around the world".[124] The new strategy was called the "Worldwide Attack Matrix".

    Anwar al-Aulaki, a Yemeni-American U.S. citizen and al-Qaeda member, was killed on September 30, 2011 by an air attack carried out by the Joint Special Operations Command. After several days of surveillance of Mr. Aulaki by the Central Intelligence Agency, armed drones took off from a new, secret American base in the Arabian Peninsula, crossed into northern Yemen and unleashed a barrage of Hellfire missiles at al-Aulaki's vehicle. Samir Khan, a Pakistani-American al-Qaeda member and editor of the jihadist Inspire magazine, also reportedly died in the attack. The combined CIA/JSOC drone strike was the first in Yemen since 2002 — there have been others by the military’s Special Operations forces — and was part of an effort by the spy agency to duplicate in Yemen the covert war which has been running in Afghanistan and Pakistan.[125][126]

    Operation Neptune's Spear[link]

    On May 1, 2011, President Barack Obama announced that Osama bin Laden was killed earlier that day by "a small team of Americans" acting under his direct orders in Abbottabad, Pakistan, during a CIA operation.[127][128] The raid was executed from a CIA forward base in Afghanistan by elements of the U.S. Navy's Naval Special Warfare Development Group and CIA paramilitary operatives.[129]

    It resulted in the acquisition of extensive intelligence on the future attack plans of al-Qaeda.[130][131][132] The operation was a result of years of intelligence work that included the CIA's capture and interrogation Khalid Sheik Mohammad (KSM) leading to the identity of a courier of Bin Laden's,[133][134][135] the tracking of the courier to the compound by Special Activities Division paramilitary operatives and the establishing of a CIA safe house to provide critical tactical intelligence for the operation.[136][137][138]

    Palestine Liberation Organization[link]

    Between the 1970s and 1980s, the CIA forged a relationship with individual members of the Palestine Liberation Organization. The CIA secretly brought Hanan Ashrawi, Hanna Seniora, Saeb Erakat, and Sari Nusseibeh to the United States for intensive briefings on integrating their politics with the United States. [139]

    Israeli intelligence did not know part of the PLO was being funded and trained by the CIA at the same time that the Agency was pretending to work with Israel against the PLO. According to agents involved in the operation: "One of the PLO leaders argued that unless his fighters....were allowed to commit some actions against Israel, they would not be taken seriously. The CIA encouraged attacks on non-civilian targets in Israel." John Loftus argues the CIA was doing "everything possible to destroy the Mossad's counter-terrorist network." Loftus says, by the 1980s, oil company policy was CIA policy. Oil companies could bribe the PLO, but they could not bribe the Mossad. [140]

    2003 War in Iraq[link]

    Whether or not the intelligence available, or presented by the Bush Administration justified the 2003 invasion of Iraq or allowed proper planning, especially for the occupation, is quite controversial. However, there were more than one CIA employee that asserted the sense that Bush administration officials placed undue pressure on CIA analysts to reach certain conclusions that would support their stated policy positions with regard to Iraq.[141]

    CIA Special Activities Division paramilitary teams were the first teams in Iraq arriving in July 2002. Once on the ground they prepared the battle space for the subsequent arrival of US military forces. SAD teams then combined with US Army Special Forces (on a team called the Northern Iraq Liaison Element or NILE).[142] This team organized the Kurdish Peshmerga for the subsequent US-led invasion. They combined to defeat Ansar al-Islam, an ally of Al-Qaeda. If this battle had not been as successful as it was, there would have been a considerable hostile force behind the US/Kurdish force in the subsequent assault on Saddam's Army. The US side was carried out by Paramilitary Operations Officers from SAD/SOG and the Army's 10th Special Forces Group.[142][143][144]

    SAD teams also conducted high risk special reconnaissance missions behind Iraqi lines to identify senior leadership targets. These missions led to the initial strikes against Saddam Hussein and his key generals. Although the initial strike against Hussein was unsuccessful in killing the dictator, it was successful in effectively ending his ability to command and control his forces. Other strikes against key generals were successful and significantly degraded the command's ability to react to and maneuver against the US-led invasion force.[142][145]

    NATO member Turkey refused to allow its territory to be used by the US Army's 4th Infantry Division for the invasion. As a result, the SAD, US Army Special Forces joint teams and the Kurdish Peshmerga were the entire northern force against Saddam's Army during the invasion. Their efforts kept the 1st and 5th Corps of the Iraqi Army in place to defend against the Kurds rather than their moving to contest the coalition force coming from the south. This combined US Special Operations and Kurdish force soundly defeated Saddam's Army, a major military success, similar to the victory over the Taliban in Afghanistan.[142] Four members of the SAD/SOG team received CIA's rare Intelligence Star for their "heroic actions."[146]

    Drug trafficking[link]

    Two offices of CIA Directorate of Intelligence have analytical responsibilities in this area. The Office of Transnational Issues[49] applies unique functional expertise to assess existing and emerging threats to US national security and provides the most senior US policymakers, military planners, and law enforcement with analysis, warning, and crisis support.

    CIA Crime and Narcotics Center[50] researches information on international narcotics trafficking and organized crime for policymakers and the law enforcement community. Since CIA has no domestic police authority, it sends its analytic information to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and other law enforcement organizations, such as the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the United States Department of the Treasury (OFAC).

    Another part of CIA, the National Clandestine Service, collects human intelligence (HUMINT) in these areas.

    Research by Dr. Alfred W. McCoy, Gary Webb, and others has pointed to CIA involvement in narcotics trafficking across the globe, although the CIA officially denies such allegations.[147][148] During the Cold War, when numerous soldiers participated in transport of Southeast Asian heroin to the United States by the airline Air America, the CIA's role in such traffic was reportedly rationalized as "recapture" of related profits to prevent possible enemy control of such assets. Gary Webb and other researchers have reported about similar operations during Reagan's Contra War against the democratically elected government of Nicaragua, US involvement in Afghanistan during the Cold War, and current CIA involvement with Pakistan's ISI intelligence agency, which allegedly has links to the refining of Afghan heroin in Pakistan.

    Lying to Congress[link]

    Former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi has stated that the CIA repeatedly misled the Congress since 2001 about waterboarding and other torture, though Pelosi admitted to being told about the programs.[149][150] Six members of Congress have claimed that Director of CIA Leon Panetta admitted that over a period of several years since 2001 the CIA deceived Congress, including affirmatively lying to Congress. Some congressmen believe that these "lies" to Congress are similar to CIA lies to Congress from earlier periods.[151]

    Covert programs hidden from Congress[link]

    On July 10, 2009, House Intelligence subcommittee Chairwoman Representative Jan Schakowsky (D, IL) announced the termination of an unnamed CIA covert program described as "very serious" in nature which had been kept secret from Congress for eight years.[152]

    "It's not as if this was an oversight and over the years it just got buried. There was a decision under several directors of the CIA and administration not to tell the Congress."

    Jan Schakowsky, Chairwoman, U.S. House of Representatives Intelligence Subcommittee

    CIA Director Panetta had ordered an internal investigation to determine why Congress had not been informed about the covert program. Chairman of the House Intelligence Committee Representative Silvestre Reyes announced that he is considering an investigation into alleged CIA violations of the National Security Act, which requires with limited exception that Congress be informed of covert activities. Investigations and Oversight Subcommittee Chairwoman Schakowsky indicated that she would forward a request for congressional investigation to HPSCI Chairman Silvestre Reyes.

    "Director Panetta did brief us two weeks ago—I believe it was on the 24th of June—... and, as had been reported, did tell us that he was told that the vice president had ordered that the program not be briefed to the Congress."

    Dianne Feinstein, Chairwoman of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence

    As mandated by Title 50 of the United States Code Chapter 15, Subchapter III, when it becomes necessary to limit access to covert operations findings that could affect vital interests of the US, as soon as possible the President must report at a minimum to the Gang of Eight (the leaders of each of the two parties from both the Senate and House of Representatives, and the chairs and ranking members of both the Senate Committee and House Committee for intelligence).[153] The House is expected to support the 2010 Intelligence Authorization Bill including a provision that would require the President to inform more than 40 members of Congress about covert operations. The Obama administration threatened to veto the final version of a bill that included such a provision.[154][155] On July 16, 2008 the fiscal 2009 Intelligence Authorization Bill was approved by House majority containing stipulations that 75% of money sought for covert actions would be held until all members of the House Intelligence panel were briefed on sensitive covert actions. Under the George W. Bush administration, senior advisers to the President issued a statement indicating that if a bill containing this provision reached the President, they would recommend that he veto the bill.[156]

    The program was rumored vis-a-vis leaks made by anonymous government officials on July 23, to be an assassinations program,[157][158] but this remains unconfirmed. "The whole committee was stunned....I think this is as serious as it gets," stated Anna Eshoo, Chairman, Subcommittee on Intelligence Community Management, U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI).

    Allegations by Director Panetta indicate that details of a secret counterterrorism program were withheld from Congress under orders from former US Vice President Dick Cheney. This prompted Senator Feinstein and Senator Patrick Leahy, chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee to insist that no one should go outside the law.[159] "The agency hasn't discussed publicly the nature of the effort, which remains classified," said agency spokesman Paul Gimigliano.[160]

    The Wall Street Journal reported, citing former intelligence officials familiar with the matter, that the program was an attempt to carry out a 2001 presidential authorization to capture or kill al Qaeda operatives.[161]

    Intelligence Committee investigation[link]

    On July 17, 2009, the House Intelligence Committee said it was launching a formal investigation into the secret program.[162] Representative Silvestre Reyes announced the probe will look into "whether there was any past decision or direction to withhold information from the committee".

    "Is giving your kid a test in school an inhibition on his free learning?" Holt said. "Sure, there are some people who are happy to let intelligence agencies go about their business unexamined. But I think most people when they think about it will say that you will get better intelligence if the intelligence agencies don't operate in an unexamined fashion."

    Rush Holt, Chairman, House Select Intelligence Oversight Panel, Committee on Appropriations[163]

    Congresswoman Jan Schakowsky (D, IL), Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, who called for the investigation, stated that the investigation was intended to address CIA failures to inform Congress fully or accurately about four issues: C.I.A. involvement in the downing of a missionary plane mistaken for a narcotics flight in Peru in 2001, and two "matters that remain classified", as well as the rumored-assassinations question. In addition, the inquiry is likely to look at the Bush administration's program of eavesdropping without warrants and its detention and interrogation program.[164] U.S. Intelligence Chief Dennis Blair testified before the House Intelligence Committee on February 3, 2010 that the U.S. intelligence community is prepared to kill U.S. citizens if they threaten other Americans or the United States.[165] The American Civil Liberties Union has said this policy is "particularly troubling" because U.S. citizens "retain their constitutional right to due process even when abroad." The ACLU also "expressed serious concern about the lack of public information about the policy and the potential for abuse of unchecked executive power."[166]

    Disbandment[link]

    Threats to disband the agency date back to the Kennedy administration,[167] resurfaced during the 1975 Congressional testimony of DCI William Colby,[168] and arose again following the Ames scandal in 1994.[169] As recently as 2004, senators have repeated the need to end the agency (although this was for purposes of reorganization, rather than of eliminating or diminishing the agency).[170]

    See also[link]

    References[link]

    1. ^ History of the CIA, CIA official Web site
    2. ^ "CIA Frequently Asked Questions". cia.gov. 2006-07-28. https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/faqs/index.html#employeenumbers. Retrieved 2008-07-04. 
    3. ^ Crile, George (2003). Charlie Wilson's War. Grove Press. ISBN 0-87113-854-9. 
    4. ^ Kopel, Dave (1997-07-28). "CIA Budget: An Unnecessary Secret". http://www.cato.org/dailys/7-28-97.html. Retrieved 2007-04-15. 
    5. ^ "Cloak Over the CIA Budget". 1999-11-29. http://www.fas.org/sgp/news/1999/11/wp112999.html. Retrieved 2008-07-04. 
    6. ^ "Defense.gov". Defense.gov. http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=64540. Retrieved 2012-02-12. 
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    12. ^ Kinzer, Stephen (2008). All the Shah's men. ISBN 0-471-26517-9. 
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    14. ^ "Presence, not Performance". United States Airforce Magazine Online. http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20061107055655/http://www.afa.org/magazine/Aug2006/0806presence.asp. Retrieved 25 April 2011. 
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    20. ^ "CDS Oil and Gas". http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=22758485. Retrieved 2011-04-19. 
    21. ^ "Guillermo Francisco Peroni". http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=28489655&privcapId=22758485&previousCapId=22758485&previousTitle=CDS%20Oil%20&%20Gas%20Group%20Plc. Retrieved 2011-04-19. 
    22. ^ "World Travel Guide: Paraguay: Health". http://www.worldtravelguide.net/paraguay/health. Retrieved 2011-04-19. 
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    35. ^ p. 27 in Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes
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    Further reading[link]

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    Rob Liefeld

    Rob Liefeld
    Born (1967-10-03) October 3, 1967 (age 44)
    Nationality American
    Area(s) Writer, Penciller, Inker, Editor, Publisher
    Notable works Youngblood
    X-Force

    Official website

    Robert "Rob" Liefeld (born October 3, 1967) is an American comic book creator. A prominent artist in the 1990s, he has since become a controversial figure in the medium.

    In the early 1990s, the self-taught artist became prominent due to his work on Marvel Comics' The New Mutants and later X-Force. In 1992, he and several other popular Marvel illustrators left the company to found Image Comics, which started a wave of comic books owned by their creators rather than by publishers. The first book published by Image Comics was Rob Liefeld's Youngblood #1.

    Contents

    Early life[link]

    Rob Liefeld was born October 3, 1967.[1] He grew up in Anaheim, California,[2] and has a sister, seven years his senior.[3] As a teenager, he attended comic book conventions at the nearby Disneyland Hotel, where he met creators such as George Pérez, John Romita Jr., Jim Shooter, Bob Layton, Mike Zeck and Marv Wolfman.[2]

    Career[link]

    Early career[link]

    In 1986, Liefeld illustrated a pin-up page included in Boris the Bear #6.

    In 1988, at the age of 20, he completed his first significant published work for DC Comics' in Warlord #131 and Secret Origins #28. This was quickly followed by the Hawk and Dove limited series by Barbara and Karl Kesel,[4] who also provided inks. Liefeld's layouts were oriented sideways in story pages taking place in a chaos dimension, so that a reader would have to turn the comic book at a right angle to read them. Because this was done without editorial input, editor Mike Carlin cut and pasted the panels into the proper order, and Kesel lightboxed them onto DC comics paper to ink them. The letters column of Hawk and Dove #5 mentions that Liefeld "showed something new to an editor who thought he’d seen everything." In his defense, Liefeld offered that that was how the dimension had been drawn the only other time it had been featured in the book, although Karl Kesel claims this is untrue.[5]

    In 1989, Liefeld moved to Marvel where he became the penciller for The New Mutants, starting with issue #86. He is generally credited for turning this lowest-selling title of the X-franchise into a financial success.[6]

    With The New Mutants (vol. 1) #98, Liefeld assumed full creative control over the series, penciling, inking, and plotting, with Fabian Nicieza writing dialog. The New Mutants series was retitled X-Force (vol. 1), whose 1991 debut issue sold four million copies, setting an industry-wide record later broken by Jim Lee's X-Men (vol. 2) #1. The sales numbers were propelled by 1990s direct market sales strategies; variant editions were issued to encourage sales of multiple copies to single collectors. Lee's X-Men was published with five variant covers, and X-Force relied on multiple variant trading cards polybagged with the comic itself. In the early 1990s, Liefeld appeared in Spike Lee-directed commercials for Levi's 501 button fly jeans, in which Lee interviewed him about his career and his status as the creator of X-Force.[7]

    Leaving Marvel Comics, co-founding Image Comics[link]

    Liefeld's relationship with Marvel began to break down in 1991 when he announced plans in a black-and-white advertisement in the Comics Buyer's Guide to publish an original title with competitor Malibu Comics. The exact title is unknown, but according to journalist Michael Dean, it was something to the effect of The X-Cutioners, a title whose similarity to Marvel's X-Men family of titles evoked the ire of Marvel editor Bob Harras, who threatened to fire Liefeld if he used that title.[8]

    Liefeld and Marat Mychaels share a laugh as they sketch at the Big Apple Convention in Manhattan, October 2, 2010.

    Liefeld and several other popular young artists including Jim Lee, Todd McFarlane, Erik Larsen, Whilce Portacio, Jim Valentino and Marc Silvestri left Marvel in 1992 to form Image Comics. Each co-founder formed his own studio under the Image banner, such as Liefeld's Extreme Studios. Liefeld's superhero team series Youngblood, which is loosely based on a 1991 Teen Titans series Liefeld had proposed to DC Comics, was the first comic Image published.[9] He appeared on an episode of The Dennis Miller Show to promote the book.[10] His other titles included Bloodstrike #1, which was released in April 1993.[11]

    In an interview in Hero Illustrated #4 (October 1993), Liefeld conceded disappointment with the first four issues of Youngblood, calling the first issue a "disaster". Liefeld explained that production problems, as well as sub-par scripting by his friend and collaborator Hank Kanalz, whose employment Liefeld later terminated, resulted in work that was lower in quality than that which Liefeld produced when Fabian Nicieza scripted his plots on X-Force, and that reprints of those four issues would be re-scripted.[12]

    In 1996, Liefeld's and Lee's studios signed with Marvel to re-envision several of the company's core series, an event called "Heroes Reborn." Liefeld was contracted to write twelve issues of The Avengers, co-written with Jeph Loeb, and was to pencil twelve issues of Captain America. However, he failed to meet the publishing schedule and his overall output met with a less-than enthusiastic response, failing to reach the sales targets required in his agreement with Marvel, although Loeb noted in Wizard Magazine #72 that their run on Captain America had three times the sales of issues prior to their run. Marvel terminated the agreement after six issues, and Marvel re-assigned the two series to Lee's studio.[13]

    Departure from Image[link]

    In June 1996, Marc Silvestri temporarily left Image with his Top Cow imprint, allegedly because of disputes with the other partners over Liefeld's status in the company. Among the many accusations against Liefeld, which came to light in subsequently filed legal complaints, was the charge that Liefeld routinely used his check-writing powers to cover personal debts from Image funds. Other dissatisfaction with Liefeld ranged from his alleged habit of copying art from other partners' comics to his plans to move titles that had been established at Image to the non-Image Maximum Press. Image Comics Executive Director Larry Marder is quoted as saying "He [Rob] was making an increasing number of business decisions that were counterproductive to being a business partner".[14]

    In addition to allegedly siphoning funds, he was said to have used Image staff to do promotional and production work for Maximum. In early September, Liefeld issued a press release stating he was resigning his position at Image and leaving the group. Nearly simultaneously, the Image partners issued a press release stating that they had fired Liefeld. The other partners had already voted once to remove Liefeld from the group, a move he protested on the grounds that he was given too short a notice period.[15] His resignation came only minutes before the second meeting that would have forced him out.[14]

    The comics press variously reported several underlying issues: the effect of Liefeld's erratically published and critically derided lines on the company's reputation, his supposed misuse of his position as Image CEO to unfairly benefit his own publishing efforts (including Maximum Press, which was not a part of Image) and attempts to recruit artists employed by his Image partners, a violation of their informal agreements.[14][16] As further financial reversals followed, Liefeld moved all of his publishing ventures into a new company, Awesome Comics. This new enterprise, announced in April 1997 as a partnership between Liefeld and Malibu Comics founding partner Scott Mitchell Rosenberg, concentrated its efforts on newer properties.

    Awesome Comics[link]

    At Awesome, Liefeld and Loeb attempted to resurrect their unused Captain America plots for a new character, Agent America. This character was nearly identical in appearance and background to Captain America. Under legal pressure from Marvel, Liefeld scrapped Agent America and acquired the rights to Jack Kirby and Joe Simon's Fighting American, updating the design. Liefeld was allowed to publish the book, but legally this new character could not throw his shield, one of Captain America's trademarks.

    Meanwhile, Liefeld hired acclaimed comic book writer Alan Moore to revive many of his creations, which had declined in popularity. Moore wrote a few issues of Youngblood and Glory, but his most lauded work for Liefeld was on Supreme.

    Awesome's initial releases, including entirely new properties like Kaboom! created by Jeff Matsuda, were generally received more favorably by critics than the Extreme and Maximum lines had been. However, Awesome soon collapsed under the burdens of disputes among its partners, and an abrupt departure of its primary investor.

    2000s work[link]

    In the 2000s, Liefeld returned to his former characters in the X-Men franchise, providing pencils for the occasional cover and/or interior of Cable and X-Force until the early 2000s, when both were cancelled.

    In 2004, he reunited with Fabian Nicieza for an X-Force limited series and illustrated the early covers for Nicieza's Cable and Deadpool. In that same year, Liefeld formed Arcade Comics and once again announced plans to revive Youngblood. These involved reprinting older material[17] and providing the art for two new series[18] Youngblood: Bloodsport with Mark Millar[19] and Youngblood: Genesis with Brandon Thomas.[20] Although the former only published one issue, Liefeld expressed hopes to finish the series.[21]

    Liefeld returned to the Heroes Reborn Universe with writer Jeph Loeb with the Onslaught Reborn, a five-issue limited series that premiered in November 2006.[22] This led to Liefeld having a pitch accepted for a plan to bring Killraven back, with writer Robert Kirkman.[23]

    In July 2007, it was announced that Rob Liefeld and Youngblood would be returning to Image Comics after years of self-publication.[24] This new partnership marks the first time in a decade that Liefeld and Image would collaborate on a project. The new Youngblood series is written by Joe Casey[25] with art by Derec Donovan and Val Staples, with covers by Liefeld, and started in January 2008.[26] He took over writing and art duties with issue #9.[27] To commemorate the event, and the 15th anniversary of Image Comics, the 2007 San Diego Comic-Con was headlined by the Image Founders panel, where all seven of the original Image Comics founders appeared on stage simultaneously for the first time in history.[citation needed]

    2010 saw Liefeld return to the Deadpool character, first by penciling issue #1 of the Prelude to Deadpool Corps series, the issue focusing on Lady Deadpool. Liefeld became the regular artist on Deadpool Corps, providing the interior art for the first nine issues.[28][29]

    In March 2011, Liefeld was announced as the artist on The Infinite, a mini-series written by Robert Kirkman.[30][31] In January 2012, this project was canceled by Liefeld due to creative differences over the art direction.[32]

    In June 2011, he was announced as the artist on a new Hawk and Dove series, with writer Sterling Gates, as part of The New 52, DC Comics' relaunch of their entire superhero line, returning Liefeld to the characters that helped establish him in the industry.[33] With Hawk and Dove canceled as of issue #8, Liefeld has been contacted by DC to do a mini-reboot of three other titles: Grifter, Deathstroke and The Savage Hawkman. He will be plotting all of them and drawing Deathstroke exclusively.[34]

    Criticism[link]

    Mark Millar speaking with Liefeld at the Big Apple Convention in Manhattan, October 2, 2010.

    Liefeld's name has become something of a lightning rod in the industry. In an interview, Brian Michael Bendis described the polarization of opinion on Liefeld: "There is a great dichotomy...There's either some great and generous story about [Liefeld] or you will hear some unbelievable thing like, 'How is he not in jail if he did that?' There is no middle ground."[35]

    In interviews, Liefeld has compared himself to other popular artists who experience meteoric success and acclaim early in their careers but near-pariah status afterwards, notably Britney Spears, who "became vapid pop music, and perhaps I was nothing more than a vapid comic book artist." He seems to credit his success tapping into the zeitgeist: "I'll be the first to tell you that we [the Image collective] were never the best artists. We were never the best at anything, but just like a song or a band or whatever, we caught on and we toured rigorously."[35]

    He is not without supporters in the industry. The A.V. Club says of Liefeld's critics, "Rob Liefeld is the punching bag of choice for many discerning comics fans. But he’s also the man who defined what the 1990s looked like in superhero books, so he’s crying all the way to the bank. For every detractor who thinks he’s the worst thing to happen to comic books since Fredric Wertham, there are a dozen ravenous fanboys ready to snatch up whatever he does next."[36] Writer Jeph Loeb, with whom Liefeld collaborated, and writer Mark Millar are reported to be admirers of his work.[35] Millar in particular wrote the foreword to the 2008 Youngblood collection published by Image Comics, in which he defended that series as an entry in the celebrity superhero subgenre that predated The Authority and X-Statix. Millar also compared critics of Liefeld's layouts and figure work to those who would have criticized Jack Kirby for exhibiting a cartoony style rather than photorealism, and asserted that his own children are avid fans of Liefeld's work in general, and Youngblood in particular.[37]

    Production and business problems[link]

    Liefeld has become known for producing late books, primarily his creator-owned ones,[dead link][12][38] though somewhat less so when doing work-for-hire.[5] Some issues of his series Youngblood shipped as much as nine months late. Liefeld has attributed this to the greater incentive a freelancer feels when doing work-for-hire assignments for a company, as opposed to working on one's self-owned work.[35]

    It was alleged that Liefeld was too preoccupied by aspirations of Hollywood production deals, spending time in meetings with Steven Spielberg and Tom Cruise, to effectively publish comic books or participate in the business side of the Image venture, a criticism that Liefeld admits is at least partly true.[39] He reportedly fell asleep at numerous Image board meetings.[14][35]

    After the San Diego Comicon panel in 2007, Liefeld was interviewed by Wizard magazine about his feud with the Image partners. He claimed the feud was in the past, saying: "The divorce was ugly, but to me it didn't linger....I realized you just need to let it go."[40]

    Stan Lee interviewed Rob Liefeld in the documentary series The Comic Book Greats.

    Art style and credit[link]

    Liefeld has been criticized for drawing figures with exaggerated muscular anatomy,[12] long legs and tiny feet, along with an improbable profusion of weapons, accessories, and pouches, that have been subject to parody.[36] On the one hand, these stylistic devices were seen as the impetus for his initial success, when such affectations were unusual in comics, and helped lend such characters to successfully merchandised products.[6] On the other hand, the approach later became considered a cliché and led to a widespread hostility towards the style.[41] Liefeld agrees for the most part with this estimation of his early work, saying, "In the mid-90's we Mortal Kombat'ed everything. I'm as guilty as anyone..."[42] His art has also been criticized in more general terms for poor anatomy, as well as poor design and continuity in elements such clothing, props, and proper proportions between characters and their environments,[43] with writer Peter David responding to Liefeld's 1996 work on the "Heroes Reborn" Captain America by proclaiming Liefeld the "Ed Wood of comics".[44]

    At the beginning of Liefeld's run on the New Mutants the heavily muscled, heavily armed cyborg character Cable was created for the team, and became a popular antihero, although there is dispute over Cable's origin, with Liefeld, Bob Harras, and Louise Simonson all claiming credit for some or all of the character concept.[12][42][45][46] For a time, Marvel credited only Liefeld and Simonson as Cable's creators within the Cable & Deadpool series. He also was credited as the sole creator of Youngblood, when documentation suggests that Liefeld's longtime friend and collaborator Hank Kanalz co-developed that team with him.[47]

    In addition to this, Liefeld is also alleged to have made a habit of swiping, or copying, art from other artists.[12][48] Liefeld responded to this accusation by stating that in these instances, which he said were limited to ten, he was offering tribute to the artists of the original pieces in question, rather than plagiarizing, and compared this to the work of filmmaker Brian De Palma, who explicitly used the techniques of Alfred Hitchcock, who influenced De Palma. Writer and Comics Buyer's Guide columnist Peter David responded to this rationale by pointing out that DePalma himself was criticized harshly by film critics for employing Hitchcock's techniques, and that Liefeld, who has identified himself as a "stickler" for credit, did not credit artists whose work he copied, instances of which exceeded the ten upon which Liefeld insisted. David also pointed out that some of these artists, such as John Byrne and George Pérez, did not react to this practice on Liefeld's part as a "tribute," and expressed displeasure at the degree to which Liefeld relied on their work.[47]

    Selected bibliography[link]

    Interior artwork[link]

    Writing[link]

    • Heroes Reborn: Avengers 1-7
    • Heroes Reborn: Captain America 1-6
    • New Mutants 100
    • Marvel Comics Presents 52, 53, 99
    • Prophet/Cable #1-2
    • Wolverine Vol. 2 154-157
    • X-Force Vol. 1 1-12
    • X-Force: Shatterstar 1-4
    • Uncanny X-Men 245

    References[link]

    1. ^ Spurgeon, Tom. "Happy 44th Birthday, Rob Liefeld!". The Comics Reporter. October 3, 2011
    2. ^ a b Liefeld, Rob. "Anaheim Comic Con". Rob Liefeld Creations. May 2, 2010. Note: Although the source does not explicitly give the year, 2011 is given because Liefeld mentions that Wizard World's first convention in Anaheim took place the previous year, which was in 2010.
    3. ^ "Exclusive Hilarious Interview With Rob Liefeld Creator Of Deadpool". YouTube. January 10, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
    4. ^ Manning, Matthew K.; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1980s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. "Written by Barbara and Karl Kesel and drawn by future superstar Rob Liefeld, this five-issue miniseries reestablished the famous pair for a new generation." 
    5. ^ a b Cronin, Brian (February 2, 2006). "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #36!". Comics Should Be Good. Comic Book Resources. http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2006/02/02/comic-book-urban-legends-revealed-36/. Retrieved July 14, 2006. 
    6. ^ a b Dean, Michael. (2000). "The Image Story, part 2". The Comics Journal. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
    7. ^ "Levis 501 Button Fly Jeans Rob Liefeid Commercial ", YouTube, accessed December 16, 2010.
    8. ^ Dean, Michael. "Story: A Four-Part Series", (Part 1 of 4) The Comics Journal, October 25, 2000
    9. ^ "Liefeld Talks Titans". Newsarama. April 28, 2005. Archived from the original on June 18, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060618085202/http://www.newsarama.com/DC/liefeld/LiefeldTitans2.htm. Retrieved July 14, 2006. 
    10. ^ "Rob Liefeld On Dennis Miller ", YouTube, accessed December 16, 2010.
    11. ^ Bloodstrike #1; Image Comics; April 1993
    12. ^ a b c d e David, Peter. "Giving Credit Where Credit is Due, Part 1" peterdavid.net; August 20, 2010; Reprinted from Comics Buyer's Guide #1033 (September 3, 1993)
    13. ^ McLauchlin, J. "Lee Extends 'Reborn' Run," Wizard Magazine no.72 p.18, August 1997. Excerpt: "Marvel...[asked artist Jim Lee to]... take over the two former Liefeld-helmed books after six months; Marvel cited low sales as the reason for ending Liefeld's contract early."
    14. ^ a b c d Dean, Michael. "The Image Story, part 3", The Comics Journal, 2000 Retrieved April 20, 2007.
    15. ^ "Chapter Three: Image Litigation, Cont.", The Comics Journal #192 (December 1996), pp. 17-19.
    16. ^ "News Watch: Image, Liefeld Settle Lawsuit, if not their Differences," The Comics Journal #195 (April 1997), p. 12.
    17. ^ "Maximum Rob – Liefeld Talks 'Old' & New Projects". Newsarama.com. July 11, 2005. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090201091250/http://classic.newsarama.com/Arcade/liefeld/maxrob.html. 
    18. ^ "Youngblood-A-Trois I: Rob Liefeld". Newsarama.com. July 2, 2003. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20060525001159/http://www.newsarama.com/pages/Other_Publishers/Younglodd_Liefeld.htm. 
    19. ^ "Youngblood-A-Trois II: Mark Millar". Newsarama.com. July 3, 2003. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090201090022/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?threadid=4389. 
    20. ^ "Youngblood-A-Trois III: Brandon Thomas". Newsarama.com. July 4, 2003. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090201090047/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?threadid=4400. 
    21. ^ Furey, Emmett. "Rob Liefeld Talks 'Youngblood: Bloodsport'". ComicBookResources.com June 19, 2008
    22. ^ Taylor, Robert (October 25, 2006). "Reflections: Talking With Jeph Loeb". ComicBookResources.com. http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=8426. 
    23. ^ Wizard World Chicago 2007, Marvel.com
    24. ^ "Rob Liefeld Talks Youngblood's Return to Image". Newsarama.com. August 1, 2007. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090201161211/http://classic.newsarama.com/ImageComics/youngblood/Liefeld.html. 
    25. ^ Furey, Emmett (December 6, 2007). "New Blood: Joe Casey talks Youngblood". ComicBookResources.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090201093021/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=12105. 
    26. ^ "Liefeld/Image Reunite For Youngblood HC/New Series". Newsarama.com. July 7, 2007. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071027112612/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=120437. 
    27. ^ Wigler, Josh. "Rob Liefeld Talks Youngblood". Comic Book Resources. July 1, 2009
    28. ^ "Rob Liefeld To Draw Deadpool Corps Comic For Marvel". Bleeding Cool. January 18, 2009
    29. ^ Joel, Bryan. "Prelude to Deadpool Corps #1 Review". IGN. March 3, 2010
    30. ^ Truitt, Brian. "'The Infinite' teams Image's past and present". USA Today. March 7, 2011
    31. ^ Ching, Albert. "Robert Kirkman and Rob Liefeld Team Up THE INFINITE". Newsarama. March 7, 2011
    32. ^ Johnston, Rich. [1] Bleeding Cool News, January 21, 2012
    33. ^ Hyde, David. "The Next Generation of Justice". The Source. June 8, 2011
    34. ^ Johnston, Rich. [2] Bleeding Cool News, March 23, 2012
    35. ^ a b c d e Brian Michael Bendis. "Brian Michael Bendis Presents...An Interview with Rob Liefeld", Wizard Magazine, 2006, Retrieved April 20, 2007.[dead link]
    36. ^ a b "Reinventing the pencil: 21 artists who changed mainstream comics (for better or worse)". Onion AV Club. July 20, 2009. http://www.avclub.com/articles/reinventing-the-pencil-21-artists-who-changed-main,30528/. Retrieved 2009-11-25. 
    37. ^ Millar, Mark. Youngblood collected edition, Image Comics, 2008, Page 3
    38. ^ McLelland, Ryan. "Valiant Days, Valiant Nights - A Look Back at the Rise and Fall of Valiant". Newsarama. September 24, 2003[dead link]
    39. ^ Dean, Michael. (2000). "The Image Story, part 4", The Comics Journal, Retrieved April 20, 2007.
    40. ^ Morse, Ben. (2007). "In Step With: Rob Liefeld", Wizard Magazine, November, 2007, Page 108
    41. ^ Keith Phipps and Oliver Sava (September 2, 2011). "The New DC 52, Week 1 (Flashpoint #5 and Justice League)". The A.V. Club. http://www.avclub.com/articles/the-new-dc-52-week-1-flashpoint-5-and-justice-leag,61267/. 
    42. ^ a b Saunders, Steven G. "Interview with Rob Liefeld". Comics Bulletin. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
    43. ^ David, Peter (w). "Mystery Sandman Theater: Captain America" Comics Buyer's Guide 1193 (September 27, 1996), Krause Publications
    44. ^ David, Peter. "The Ed Wood of Comics". peterdavid.net. February 13, 2012. Reprinted from Comics Buyer’s Guide #1195 (October 11, 1996)
    45. ^ Wizard magazine, issue #10.
    46. ^ Johnston, Rich. "Laying Cable". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved April 21, 2007.
    47. ^ a b David, Peter. "Giving Credit Where Credit is Due, Part 2". peterdavid.net. August 23, 2010. Reprinted from Comics Buyer's Guide #1040 (October 22, 1993)
    48. ^ Hauman, Glenn. "Rob Liefeld’s 40 worst drawings? You missed a few…", ComicMix, December 3, 2007

    External links[link]

    Further reading[link]

    • Wizard Magazine #10, interview about Executioners and Berserkers (June 1992)

    http://wn.com/Rob_Liefeld

    Related pages:

    http://es.wn.com/Rob Liefeld




    This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Liefeld

    This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


    Myocardial infarction
    Classification and external resources

    Diagram of a myocardial infarction (2) of the tip of the anterior wall of the heart (an apical infarct) after occlusion (1) of a branch of the left coronary artery (LCA), right coronary artery = RCA
    ICD-10 I21-I22
    ICD-9 410
    DiseasesDB 8664
    MedlinePlus 000195
    eMedicine med/1567 emerg/327 ped/2520
    MeSH D009203

    Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cells to die. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, which is an unstable collection of lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids) and white blood cells (especially macrophages) in the wall of an artery. The resulting ischemia (restriction in blood supply) and ensuing oxygen shortage, if left untreated for a sufficient period of time, can cause damage or death (infarction) of heart muscle tissue (myocardium).

    Classical symptoms of acute myocardial infarction include sudden chest pain (typically radiating to the left arm or left side of the neck), shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, sweating, and anxiety (often described as a sense of impending doom).[1] Women may experience fewer typical symptoms than men, most commonly shortness of breath, weakness, a feeling of indigestion, and fatigue.[2] A sizeable proportion of myocardial infarctions (22–64%)[3] are "silent", that is without chest pain or other symptoms.

    Among the diagnostic tests available to detect heart muscle damage are an electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac MRI and various blood tests. The most often used blood markers are the creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) fraction and the troponin levels. Immediate treatment for suspected acute myocardial infarction includes oxygen, aspirin, and sublingual nitroglycerin.[4]

    Most cases of myocardial infarction with ST elevation on ECG (STEMI) are treated with reperfusion therapy, such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or thrombolysis.[5] Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) may be managed with medication, although PCI may be required if the patient's risk warrants it.[6] People who have multiple blockages of their coronary arteries, particularly if they also have diabetes mellitus, may benefit from bypass surgery (CABG),[7][8]. The European Society of Cardiology guidelines in 2011 proposed treating the blockage causing the myocardial infarction by PCI and performing CABG later when the patient is more stable.[7] Rarely CABG may be preferred in the acute phase of myocardial infarction, for example when PCI has failed or is contraindicated.[7]

    Ischemic heart disease (which includes myocardial infarction, angina pectoris and heart failure when preceded by myocardial infarction) was the leading cause of death for both men and women worldwide in 2004.[9] Important risk factors are previous cardiovascular disease, older age, tobacco smoking, high blood levels of certain lipids (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides) and low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure, lack of physical activity and obesity, chronic kidney disease, excessive alcohol consumption, the abuse of illicit drugs (such as cocaine and amphetamines), and chronic high stress levels.[10][11][12]

    Contents

    Classification[link]

    There are two basic types of acute myocardial infarction based on pathology:

    • Transmural: associated with atherosclerosis involving a major coronary artery. It can be subclassified into anterior, posterior, inferior, lateral or septal. Transmural infarcts extend through the whole thickness of the heart muscle and are usually a result of complete occlusion of the area's blood supply.[13]
    • Subendocardial: involving a small area in the subendocardial wall of the left ventricle, ventricular septum, or papillary muscles. The subendocardial area is particularly susceptible to ischemia.[13]

    In the clinical context, a myocardial infarction can be further subclassified into a ST elevation MI (STEMI) versus a non-ST elevation MI (non-STEMI) based on ECG changes.[14]

    The phrase heart attack is sometimes used incorrectly to describe sudden cardiac death, which may or may not be the result of acute myocardial infarction. A heart attack is different from, but can be the cause of cardiac arrest, which is the stopping of the heartbeat, and cardiac arrhythmia, an abnormal heartbeat. It is also distinct from heart failure, in which the pumping action of the heart is impaired; however severe myocardial infarction may lead to heart failure.[7]

    A 2007 consensus document classifies myocardial infarction into five main types:[15]

    • Type 1 – Spontaneous myocardial infarction related to ischaemia due to a primary coronary event such as plaque erosion and/or rupture, fissuring, or dissection
    • Type 2 – Myocardial infarction secondary to ischaemia due to either increased oxygen demand or decreased supply, e.g. coronary artery spasm, coronary embolism, anaemia, arrhythmias, hypertension, or hypotension
    • Type 3 – Sudden unexpected cardiac death, including cardiac arrest, often with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia, accompanied by new ST elevation, or new LBBB, or evidence of fresh thrombus in a coronary artery by angiography and/or at autopsy, but death occurring before blood samples could be obtained, or at a time before the appearance of cardiac biomarkers in the blood
    • Type 4 – Associated with coronary angioplasty or stents:
      • Type 4a – Myocardial infarction associated with PCI
      • Type 4b – Myocardial infarction associated with stent thrombosis as documented by angiography or at autopsy
    • Type 5 – Myocardial infarction associated with CABG

    Signs and symptoms[link]

    Rough diagram of pain zones in myocardial infarction; dark red: most typical area, light red: other possible areas; view of the chest
    Back view

    The onset of symptoms in myocardial infarction (MI) is usually gradual, over several minutes, and rarely instantaneous.[16] Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute myocardial infarction and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle is termed angina pectoris. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and epigastrium,[7][17] where it may mimic heartburn. Levine's sign, in which the patient localizes the chest pain by clenching their fist over the sternum, has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain, although a prospective observational study showed that it had a poor positive predictive value.[18]

    Shortness of breath (dyspnea) occurs when the damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle, causing left ventricular failure and consequent pulmonary edema. Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating),[1] weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations. These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system[19] which occurs in response to pain and the hemodynamic abnormalities that result from cardiac dysfunction. Loss of consciousness (due to inadequate cerebral perfusion and cardiogenic shock) and sudden death (frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation) can occur in myocardial infarctions.[7]

    Women and older patients report atypical symptoms more frequently than their male and younger counterparts.[20] Women also report more numerous symptoms compared with men (2.6 on average vs 1.8 symptoms in men).[20] The most common symptoms of MI in women include dyspnea (shortness of breath), weakness, and fatigue. Fatigue, sleep disturbances, and dyspnea have been reported as frequently occurring symptoms that may manifest as long as one month before the actual clinically manifested ischemic event. In women, chest pain may be less predictive of coronary ischemia than in men.[21]

    At least one-fourth of all myocardial infarctions are silent, without chest pain or other symptoms, [22][3] with silent myocardial infarcations being more common in younger people. These cases can be discovered later on electrocardiograms, using blood enzyme tests or at autopsy without a prior history of related complaints. Estimates of the prevalence of silent myocardial infarctions vary between 22 and 64% [3]. A silent course is more common in the elderly[3], in patients with diabetes mellitus[23] and after heart transplantation, probably because the donor heart is not fully innervated by the nervous system of the recipient.[24] In people with diabetes, differences in pain threshold, autonomic neuropathy, and psychological factors have been cited as possible explanations for the lack of symptoms.[23]

    Any group of symptoms compatible with a sudden interruption of the blood flow to the heart are called an acute coronary syndrome.[25]

    The differential diagnosis includes other catastrophic causes of chest pain, such as pulmonary embolism, aortic dissection, pericardial effusion causing cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, and esophageal rupture. Other non-catastrophic differentials include gastroesophageal reflux and Tietze's syndrome.[26]

    Causes[link]

    Heart attack rates are higher in association with intense exertion, be it psychological stress or physical exertion, especially if the exertion is more intense than the individual usually performs.[27] The period of intense exercise and subsequent recovery is associated with about a 6-fold higher myocardial infarction rate (compared with other more relaxed time frames) for people who are physically very fit.[27] For those in poor physical condition, the rate differential is over 35-fold higher.[27] One observed mechanism for this phenomenon is the increased arterial pulse pressure stretching and relaxation of arteries with each heart beat, which, as has been observed with intravascular ultrasound, increases mechanical "shear stress" on atheromas and the likelihood of plaque rupture.[27]

    Acute severe infection, such as pneumonia, can trigger myocardial infarction. A more controversial link is that between Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis.[28] While this intracellular organism has been demonstrated in atherosclerotic plaques, evidence is inconclusive as to whether it can be considered a causative factor.[28] Treatment with antibiotics in patients with proven atherosclerosis has not demonstrated a decreased risk of heart attacks or other coronary vascular diseases.[29]

    There is an association of an increased incidence of a heart attack in the morning hours, more specifically around 9 a.m.[30][31][32] Some investigators have noticed that the ability of platelets to aggregate varies according to a circadian rhythm, although they have not proven causation.[33]

    Risk factors[link]

    Myocardial infarction results from atherosclerosis.[7] Risk factors for myocardial infarction include:


    Inflammation is known to be an important step in the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation.[42] C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive but non-specific marker for inflammation. Elevated CRP blood levels, especially measured with high-sensitivity assays, can predict the risk of MI, as well as stroke and development of diabetes.[42] Moreover, some drugs for MI might also reduce CRP levels.[42] The use of high-sensitivity CRP assays as a means of screening the general population is advised against, but it may be used optionally at the physician's discretion in patients who already present with other risk factors or known coronary artery disease.[43] Whether CRP plays a direct role in atherosclerosis remains uncertain.[42] Inflammation in periodontal disease may be linked to coronary heart disease, and, since periodontitis is very common, this could have great consequences for public health.[44] Serological studies measuring antibody levels against typical periodontitis-causing bacteria found that such antibodies were more present in subjects with coronary heart disease.[45] Periodontitis tends to increase blood levels of CRP, fibrinogen and cytokines;[46] thus, periodontitis may mediate its effect on MI risk via other risk factors.[47] Preclinical research suggests that periodontal bacteria can promote aggregation of platelets and promote the formation of foam cells.[48][49] A role for specific periodontal bacteria has been suggested but remains to be established.[50] There is some evidence that influenza may trigger an acute myocardial infarction.[51]

    Baldness, hair greying, a diagonal earlobe crease (Frank's sign[52]) and possibly other skin features have been suggested as independent risk factors for MI.[53] Their role remains controversial; a common denominator of these signs and the risk of MI is supposed, possibly genetic.[54]

    Calcium deposition is another part of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Calcium deposits in the coronary arteries can be detected with CT scans. Several studies have shown that coronary calcium can provide predictive information beyond that of classical risk factors.[55][56][57]

    Many of these risk factors are modifiable, so many heart attacks can be prevented by maintaining a healthier lifestyle. Physical activity, for example, is associated with a lower risk profile.[58] Non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history of an early heart attack, which is thought of as reflecting a genetic predisposition.[27] To understand epidemiological study results, it is important to note that many factors associated with MI mediate their risk via other factors. For example, the effect of education is partially based on its effect on income and marital status.[38]

    The European Society of Cardiology and the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation have developed an interactive tool for prediction and managing the risk of heart attack and stroke in Europe. HeartScore is aimed at supporting clinicians in optimising individual cardiovascular risk reduction. The Heartscore Programme is available in 12 languages and offers web-based or PC version.[59]

    Pathophysiology[link]

    A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, causing catastrophic thrombus formation, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream.
    Drawing of the heart showing anterior left ventricle wall infarction

    Acute myocardial infarction refers to two subtypes of acute coronary syndrome, namely non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction and ST-elevated myocardial infarction, which are most frequently (but not always) a manifestation of coronary artery disease.[14] The most common triggering event is the disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque in an epicardial coronary artery, which leads to a clotting cascade, sometimes resulting in total occlusion of the artery.[60][61] Atherosclerosis is the gradual buildup of cholesterol and fibrous tissue in plaques in the wall of arteries (in this case, the coronary arteries), typically over decades.[62] Blood stream column irregularities visible on angiography reflect artery lumen narrowing as a result of decades of advancing atherosclerosis.[63] Plaques can become unstable, rupture, and additionally promote a thrombus (blood clot) that occludes the artery; this can occur in minutes. When a severe enough plaque rupture occurs in the coronary vasculature, it leads to myocardial infarction (necrosis of downstream myocardium).[60][61]

    If impaired blood flow to the heart lasts long enough, it triggers a process called the ischemic cascade; the heart cells in the territory of the occluded coronary artery die (chiefly through necrosis) and do not grow back. A collagen scar forms in its place. Recent studies indicate that another form of cell death called apoptosis also plays a role in the process of tissue damage subsequent to myocardial infarction.[64] As a result, the patient's heart will be permanently damaged. This myocardial scarring also puts the patient at risk for potentially life threatening arrhythmias, and may result in the formation of a ventricular aneurysm that can rupture with catastrophic consequences.

    Injured heart tissue conducts electrical impulses more slowly than normal heart tissue. The difference in conduction velocity between injured and uninjured tissue can trigger re-entry or a feedback loop that is believed to be the cause of many lethal arrhythmias. The most serious of these arrhythmias is ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib/VF), an extremely fast and chaotic heart rhythm that is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death. Another life-threatening arrhythmia is ventricular tachycardia (V-Tach/VT), which may or may not cause sudden cardiac death. However, ventricular tachycardia usually results in rapid heart rates that prevent the heart from pumping blood effectively. Cardiac output and blood pressure may fall to dangerous levels, which can lead to further coronary ischemia and extension of the infarct.

    The cardiac defibrillator is a device that was specifically designed to terminate these potentially fatal arrhythmias. The device works by delivering an electrical shock to the patient in order to depolarize a critical mass of the heart muscle, in effect "rebooting" the heart. This therapy is time dependent, and the odds of successful defibrillation decline rapidly after the onset of cardiopulmonary arrest.

    Diagnosis[link]

    The diagnosis of myocardial infarction can be made after assessing patient's complaints and physical status. ECG changes, coronary angiogram and levels of cardiac markers help to confirm the diagnosis. ECG gives valuable clues to identify the site of myocardial damage while coronary angiogram allows visualization of narrowing or obstructions in the heart vessels.[65] At autopsy, a pathologist can diagnose a myocardial infarction based on anatomopathological findings.

    A chest radiograph and routine blood tests may indicate complications or precipitating causes and are often performed upon arrival to an emergency department. New regional wall motion abnormalities on an echocardiogram are also suggestive of a myocardial infarction. Echo may be performed in equivocal cases by the on-call cardiologist.[66] In stable patients whose symptoms have resolved by the time of evaluation, Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi (i.e. a "MIBI scan") or thallium-201 chloride can be used in nuclear medicine to visualize areas of reduced blood flow in conjunction with physiologic or pharmacologic stress.[66][67] Thallium may also be used to determine viability of tissue, distinguishing whether non-functional myocardium is actually dead or merely in a state of hibernation or of being stunned.[68]

    WHO criteria[69] formulated in 1979 have classically been used to diagnose MI; a patient is diagnosed with myocardial infarction if two (probable) or three (definite) of the following criteria are satisfied:

    1. Clinical history of ischaemic type chest pain lasting for more than 20 minutes
    2. Changes in serial ECG tracings
    3. Rise and fall of serum cardiac biomarkers such as creatine kinase-MB fraction and troponin

    The WHO criteria were refined in 2000 to give more prominence to cardiac biomarkers.[70] According to the new guidelines, a cardiac troponin rise accompanied by either typical symptoms, pathological Q waves, ST elevation or depression, or coronary intervention is diagnostic of MI.

    Prevention[link]

    The risk of a recurrent myocardial infarction decreases with strict blood pressure management and lifestyle changes, chiefly smoking cessation, regular exercise, a sensible diet for those with heart disease, and limitation of alcohol intake. People are usually commenced on several long-term medications post-MI, with the aim of preventing secondary cardiovascular events such as further myocardial infarctions, congestive heart failure or cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Unless contraindicated, such medications may include:[71][72]

    • Antiplatelet drug therapy such as aspirin and/or clopidogrel should be continued to reduce the risk of plaque rupture and recurrent myocardial infarction. Aspirin is first-line, owing to its low cost and comparable efficacy, with clopidogrel reserved for patients intolerant of aspirin. The combination of clopidogrel and aspirin may further reduce risk of cardiovascular events, however the risk of hemorrhage is increased.[73]
    • Beta blocker therapy such as metoprolol or carvedilol should be commenced.[74] These have been particularly beneficial in high-risk patients such as those with left ventricular dysfunction and/or continuing cardiac ischaemia.[75] β-Blockers decrease mortality and morbidity. They also improve symptoms of cardiac ischemia in NSTEMI.
    • ACE inhibitor therapy should be commenced 24–48 hours post-MI in hemodynamically stable patients, particularly in patients with a history of MI, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, anterior location of infarct (as assessed by ECG), and/or evidence of left ventricular dysfunction. ACE inhibitors reduce mortality, the development of heart failure, and decrease ventricular remodelling post-MI.[76]
    • Statin therapy has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity post-MI.[77][78] The effects of statins may be more than their LDL lowering effects. The general consensus is that statins have plaque stabilization and multiple other ("pleiotropic") effects that may prevent myocardial infarction in addition to their effects on blood lipids.[79]
    • The aldosterone antagonist agent eplerenone has been shown to further reduce risk of cardiovascular death post-MI in patients with heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, when used in conjunction with standard therapies above.[80] Spironolactone is another option that is sometimes preferable to eplerenone due to cost.
    • Evidence supports the consumption of polyunsaturated fats instead of saturated fats as a measure of decreasing coronary heart disease.[81] Omega-3 fatty acids, commonly found in fish, have been shown to reduce mortality post-MI.[82] While the mechanism by which these fatty acids decrease mortality is unknown, it has been postulated that the survival benefit is due to electrical stabilization and the prevention of ventricular fibrillation.[83] However, further studies in a high-risk subset have not shown a clear-cut decrease in potentially fatal arrhythmias due to omega-3 fatty acids.[84][85]

    Blood donation may reduce the risk of heart disease for men,[86] but the link has not been firmly established.

    A Cochrane review found that giving heparin to people with heart conditions like unstable angina and some forms of heart attacks reduces the risk of having another heart attack. However, heparin also increases the chance of suffering from minor bleeding.[87]

    Management[link]

    An MI requires immediate medical attention. Treatment attempts to salvage as much myocardium as possible and to prevent further complications, hence the phrase "time is muscle".[88] Oxygen, aspirin, and nitroglycerin may be administered. Morphine was classically used if nitroglycerin was not effective; however, it may increase mortality in the setting of NSTEMI.[89] A 2009 and 2010 review of high flow oxygen in myocardial infarction found increased mortality and infarct size, calling into question the recommendation about its routine use.[90][91] Other analgesics such as nitrous oxide are of unknown benefit.[6] Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or fibrinolysis are recommended in those with an STEMI.

    Prognosis[link]

    The prognosis post myocardial infarction varies greatly, depending on a person's health, the extent of the heart damage and the treatment given. For the period 2005–2008 in the United States, the median mortality at 30 days was 16.6% with a range from 10.9% to 24.9% depending on the hospital.[92] Using variables available in the emergency room, people with a higher risk of adverse outcome can be identified. One study found that 0.4% of patients with a low-risk profile died after 90 days, whereas in high-risk people it was 21.1%.[93]

    Some of the more reproduced risk-stratifying factors include: age, hemodynamic parameters (such as heart failure, cardiac arrest on admission, systolic blood pressure, or Killip class of two or greater), ST-segment deviation, diabetes, serum creatinine, peripheral vascular disease and elevation of cardiac markers.[93][94][95] Assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction may increase the predictive power.[96] The prognostic importance of Q-waves is debated.[97] Prognosis is significantly worsened if a mechanical complication such as papillary muscle or myocardial free wall rupture occurs.[98] Morbidity and mortality from myocardial infarction has improved over the years due to better treatment.[99]

    Complications[link]

    Complications may occur immediately following the heart attack (in the acute phase), or may need time to develop (a chronic problem). Acute complications may include heart failure if the damaged heart is no longer able to adequately pump blood around the body; aneurysm or rupture of the myocardium; mitral regurgitation, in particular if the infarction causes dysfunction of the papillary muscle; and arrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and heart block. Longer-term complications include heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and the increased risk of a second myocardial infarction.

    Epidemiology[link]

    Myocardial infarction is a common presentation of ischemic heart disease/coronary artery disease. The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease;[9] with it being the leading cause of death in high or middle income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower income countries.[9] Worldwide more than 3 million people have STEMIs and 4 million have NSTEMIs a year.[100]

    Rates of death from ischemic heart disease have slowed or declined in most high income countries, although cardiovascular disease still accounted for 1 in 3 of all deaths in the USA in 2008.[101] In contrast, ischemic heart disease is becoming a more common cause of death in the developing world. For example in India, ischemic heart disease had become the leading cause of death by 2004 accounting for 1.46 million deaths (14% of total deaths) and deaths due to ischemic heart disease were expected to double during 1985–2015.[102] Globally it is predicted that disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost to ischemic heart disease will account for 5.5% of total DALYs in 2030, making it the second most important cause of disability (after unipolar depressive disorder), as well as the leading cause of death by this date.[9]

    Legal implications[link]

    At common law, in general a myocardial infarction is a disease, but may sometimes be an injury. This has implications for no-fault insurance schemes such as workers' compensation. In general, a heart attack is not covered;[103] however, it may be a work-related injury if it results, for example, from unusual emotional stress or unusual exertion.[104] In addition, in some jurisdictions, heart attacks suffered by persons in particular occupations such as police officers may be classified as line-of-duty injuries by statute or policy. In some countries or states, a person having suffered from a myocardial infarction may be prevented from participating in activity that puts other people's lives at risk, for example driving a car or flying an airplane.[105]

    Research[link]

    Patients who receive stem cell treatment by coronary artery injections of stem cells derived from their own bone marrow after a myocardial infarction (MI) show improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume not seen with placebo. The larger the initial infarct size, the greater the effect of the infusion. Clinical trials of progenitor cell infusion as a treatment approach to ST elevation MI are proceeding.[106]

    There are currently 3 biomaterial and tissue engineering approaches for the treatment of MI, but these are in an even earlier stage of medical research, so many questions and issues must be addressed before they can be applied to patients. The first involves polymeric left ventricular restraints in the prevention of heart failure. The second utilizes in vitro engineered cardiac tissue, which is subsequently implanted in vivo. The final approach entails injecting cells and/or a scaffold into the myocardium to create in situ engineered cardiac tissue.[107]

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    External links[link]

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    Related pages:

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    Osama bin Laden
    أسامة بن لادن
    Born Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden
    (1957-03-10)March 10, 1957
    Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    Died May 2, 2011(2011-05-02) (aged 54)
    Abbottabad, Pakistan 34°10′9″N 73°14′33″E / 34.16917°N 73.2425°E / 34.16917; 73.2425
    Resting place Arabian Sea
    Nationality Saudi Arabian (1957–1994)
    None (Stateless) (1994–2011)[1]
    Years active 1979–2011
    Successor Ayman Al-Zawahiri[2]
    Religion Sunni Islam (Qutbism)[3][4]
    Children
    Military career
    Allegiance Al-Qaeda
    Years of service 1988–2011
    Battles/wars

    Soviet war in Afghanistan
    War on Terror:

    Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (play /ˈsɑːmə bɪn mˈhɑːmɨd bɪn əˈwɑːd bɪn ˈlɑːdən/; Arabic: أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن‎, ʾUsāmah bin Muḥammad bin ʿAwaḍ bin Lādin; March 10, 1957 – May 2, 2011a), was the founder of Al-Qaeda, the jihadist organization responsible for the September 11 attacks on the United States and numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian and military targets.[5][6][7] He was a member of the wealthy Saudi bin Laden family, and an ethnic Yemeni Kindite.[8]

    Bin Laden was on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) lists of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives and Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings.[9][10][11] From 2001 to 2011, bin Laden was a major target of the War on Terror, with a US$25 million bounty by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[12] On May 2, 2011, bin Laden was shot and killed inside a private residential compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, by U.S. Navy SEALs and CIA operatives in a covert operation ordered by United States President Barack Obama.[13][14]

    Contents

    Early life and education[link]

    Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,[15] a son of Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, a billionaire construction magnate with close ties to the Saudi royal family,[16] and Mohammed bin Laden's tenth wife, Hamida al-Attas (then called Alia Ghanem).[17] In a 1998 interview, bin Laden gave his birth date as March 10, 1957.[18]

    Mohammed bin Laden divorced Hamida soon after Osama bin Laden was born. Mohammed recommended Hamida to Mohammed al-Attas, an associate. Al-Attas married Hamida in the late 1950s or early 1960s, and they are still together.[19] The couple had four children, and bin Laden lived in the new household with three half-brothers and one half-sister.[17] The bin Laden family made $5 billion in the construction industry, of which Osama later inherited around $25–30 million.[20]

    Bin Laden was raised as a devout Wahhabi Muslim.[21] From 1968 to 1976, he attended the élite secular Al-Thager Model School.[17][22] He studied economics and business administration[23] at King Abdulaziz University. Some reports suggest he earned a degree in civil engineering in 1979,[24] or a degree in public administration in 1981.[25] One source described him as "hard working",[26] another said he left university during his third year without completing a college degree.[27] At university, bin Laden's main interest was religion, where he was involved in both "interpreting the Quran and jihad" and charitable work.[28] Other interests included writing poetry;[29] reading, with the works of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and Charles de Gaulle said to be among his favorites; black stallions; and association football, in which he enjoyed playing at centre forward and followed English club Arsenal F.C.[30]

    Personal life[link]

    In 1974, at the age of 17, bin Laden married Najwa Ghanem at Latakia, Syria;[31] they were divorced before September 11, 2001. Bin Laden's other known wives were Khadijah Sharif (married 1983, divorced 1990s), Khairiah Sabar (married 1985), Siham Sabar (married 1987), and Amal al-Sadah (married 2000). Some sources also list a sixth wife, name unknown, whose marriage to bin Laden was annulled soon after the ceremony.[32] Bin Laden fathered between 20 and 26 children with his wives.[33][34] Many of bin Laden's children fled to Iran following the September 11 attacks and as of 2010 Iranian authorities reportedly continue to control their movement.[35]

    Bin Laden's father Mohammed died in 1967 in an airplane crash in Saudi Arabia when his American pilot misjudged a landing.[36] Bin Laden's eldest half-brother, Salem bin Laden, the subsequent head of the bin Laden family, was killed in 1988 near San Antonio, Texas, in the United States, when he accidentally flew a plane into power lines.[37]

    The FBI described bin Laden as an adult as tall and thin, between 6 ft 4 in and 6 ft 6 in (193–198 cm) in height and weighing about 165 pounds (75 kg). Bin Laden had an olive complexion and was left-handed, usually walking with a cane. He wore a plain white turban and he had stopped wearing the traditional Saudi male headdress.[38] Bin Laden was described as soft-spoken and mild-mannered in demeanor.[39]

    Name[link]

    There is no universally accepted standard for transliterating Arabic words and Arabic names into English;[40] bin Laden's name is most frequently rendered "Osama bin Laden". The FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), as well as other U.S. governmental agencies, have used either "Usama bin Laden" or "Usama bin Ladin". Less common renderings include "Ussamah bin Ladin" and, in the French-language media, "Oussama ben Laden". Other spellings include "Binladen" or, as used by his family in the West, "Binladin". The decapitalization of bin is based on the convention of leaving short prepositions and articles uncapitalized in surnames; however, bin means "son of" and is not, strictly speaking, a preposition or article. The spellings with o and e come from a Persian-influenced pronunciation also used in Afghanistan, where bin Laden spent many years.

    Osama bin Laden's full name, Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, means "Osama, son of Mohammed, son of Awad, son of Laden". "Mohammed" refers to bin Laden's father Mohammed bin Laden; "Awad" refers to his grandfather, Awad bin Aboud bin Laden, a Kindite Hadhrami tribesman; "Laden" refers not to bin Laden's great-grandfather, who was named Aboud, but to a more distant ancestor.

    The Arabic linguistic convention would be to refer to him as "Osama" or "Osama bin Laden", not "bin Laden" alone, as "bin Laden" is a patronymic, not a surname in the Western manner. According to bin Laden's son Omar bin Laden, the family's hereditary surname is "al-Qahtani" (Arabic: القحطاني‎, āl-Qaḥṭānī), but bin Laden's father Mohammed bin Laden never officially registered the name.[41]

    Osama bin Laden had also assumed the kunyah "Abū ʿAbdāllāh" ("father of Abdallah"). His admirers have referred to him by several nicknames, including the "Prince" or "Emir" (الأمير, al-Amīr), the "Sheik" (الشيخ, aš-Šayḫ), the "Jihadist Sheik" or "Sheik al-Mujahid" (شيخ المجاهد, al-Muǧāhid Šayḫ), "Hajj" (حج, Ḥaǧǧ), and the "Director".[42] The word ʾusāmah (أسامة) means "lion",[43] earning him the nicknames "Lion" and "Lion Sheik".[44]

    Beliefs and ideology[link]

    According to former CIA analyst Michael Scheuer, who led the CIA's hunt for Osama bin Laden, the al-Qaeda leader was motivated by a belief that U.S. foreign policy has oppressed, killed, or otherwise harmed Muslims in the Middle East,[45] condensed in the phrase "They hate us for what we do, not who we are."

    Bin Laden also said only the restoration of Sharia law would "set things right" in the Muslim world, and that alternatives such as "pan-Arabism, socialism, communism, democracy" must be opposed.[46] This belief, in conjunction with violent jihad, has sometimes been called Qutbism after being promoted by Sayyid Qutb.[47] Bin Laden believed that Afghanistan, under the rule of Mullah Omar's Taliban, was "the only Islamic country" in the Muslim world.[48] Bin Laden consistently dwelt on the need for violent jihad to right what he believed were injustices against Muslims perpetrated by the United States and sometimes by other non-Muslim states,[49] the need to eliminate the state of Israel, and the necessity of forcing the United States to withdraw from the Middle East. He also called on Americans to "reject the immoral acts of fornication, homosexuality, intoxicants, gambling, and usury", in an October 2002 letter.[50]

    Bin Laden's ideology included the idea that civilians, including women and children, are legitimate targets of jihad.[51][52] Bin Laden was anti-Semitic, and delivered warnings against alleged Jewish conspiracies: "These Jews are masters of usury and leaders in treachery. They will leave you nothing, either in this world or the next."[53] Shia Muslims have been listed along with "heretics, [...] America, and Israel" as the four principal "enemies of Islam" at ideology classes of bin Laden's al-Qaeda organization.[54]

    Bin Laden opposed music on religious grounds,[55] and his attitude towards technology was mixed. He was interested in "earth-moving machinery and genetic engineering of plants" on the one hand, but rejected "chilled water" on the other.[56]

    His viewpoints and methods of achieving them had led to him being designated as a terrorist by scholars,[57][58] journalists from The New York Times,[59][60] the BBC,[61] and Qatari news station Al Jazeera,[62] analysts such as Peter Bergen,[63] Michael Scheuer,[64] Marc Sageman,[65] and Bruce Hoffman[66][67] and he was indicted on terrorism charges by law enforcement agencies in Madrid, New York City, and Tripoli.[68]

    Bin Laden's overall strategy against much larger enemies such as the Soviet Union and United States was to lure them into a long war of attrition in Muslim countries, attracting large numbers of jihadists who would never surrender. He believed this would lead to economic collapse of the enemy nation.[69] Al-Qaeda manuals clearly outline this strategy. In a 2004 tape broadcast by al-Jazeera, bin Laden spoke of "bleeding America to the point of bankruptcy".[70]

    Militant activity[link]

    Mujahideen in Afghanistan[link]

    After leaving college in 1979, bin Laden went to Pakistan, joined Abdullah Azzam and used money and machinery from his own construction company to help the mujahideen resistance in the Soviet war in Afghanistan.[71][72] He later told a journalist: "I felt outraged that an injustice had been committed against the people of Afghanistan."[73] Under Operation Cyclone from 1979 to 1989, the United States provided financial aid and weapons to the mujahideen[74] through Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). Bin Laden met and built relations with Hamid Gul, who was a three-star general in the Pakistani army and head of the ISI agency. Although the United States provided the money and weapons, the training of militant groups was entirely done by the Pakistani Armed Forces and the ISI.

    By 1984, bin Laden and Azzam established Maktab al-Khidamat, which funneled money, arms and fighters from around the Arab world into Afghanistan. Through al-Khadamat, bin Laden's inherited family fortune[75] paid for air tickets and accommodation, paid for paperwork with Pakistani authorities and provided other such services for the jihadi fighters. Bin Laden established camps inside Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan and trained volunteers from across the Muslim world to fight against the Soviet puppet regime; the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. It was during this time that he became idolised by many Arabs.[76]

    Formation and structuring of Al-Qaeda[link]

    By 1988, bin Laden had split from Maktab al-Khidamat. While Azzam acted as support for Afghan fighters, bin Laden wanted a more military role. One of the main points leading to the split and the creation of al-Qaeda was Azzam's insistence that Arab fighters be integrated among the Afghan fighting groups instead of forming a separate fighting force.[77] Notes of a meeting of bin Laden and others on August 20, 1988, indicate al-Qaeda was a formal group by that time: "Basically an organized Islamic faction, its goal is to lift the word of God, to make his religion victorious." A list of requirements for membership itemized the following: listening ability, good manners, obedience, and making a pledge (bayat) to follow one's superiors.[78]

    According to Wright, the group's real name was not used in public pronouncements because "its existence was still a closely held secret".[79] His research suggests that al-Qaeda was formed at an August 11, 1988, meeting between "several senior leaders" of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Abdullah Azzam, and bin Laden, where it was agreed to join bin Laden's money with the expertise of the Islamic Jihad organization and take up the jihadist cause elsewhere after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan.[80] Following the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan in February 1989, Osama bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia in 1990 as a hero of jihad, who along with his Arab legion "had brought down the mighty superpower" of the Soviet Union.[81] However, he was angry at the outbreak of internecine tribal fighting among the Afghans.[82]

    The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait under Saddam Hussein on August 2, 1990, put the Saudi kingdom and the House of Saud at risk, with Iraqi forces on the Saudi border and Saddam's appeal to pan-Arabism potentially inciting internal dissent. Bin Laden met with King Fahd, and Saudi Defense Minister Sultan, telling them not to depend on non-Muslim assistance from the United States and others, offering to help defend Saudi Arabia with his Arab legion. Bin Laden's offer was rebuffed, and the Saudi monarchy invited the deployment of U.S. forces in Saudi territory.[83] Bin Laden publicly denounced Saudi dependence on the U.S. military, arguing the two holiest shrines of Islam, Mecca and Medina, the cities in which the Prophet Mohamed received and recited God's message, should only be defended by Muslims. Bin Laden's criticism of the Saudi monarchy led them to attempt to silence him. The U.S. 82nd Airborne Division landed in north-eastern Saudi city of Dhahran and was deployed in the desert barely 400 miles from Medina.[82]

    Meanwhile, on November 8, 1990, the FBI raided the New Jersey home of El Sayyid Nosair, an associate of al-Qaeda operative Ali Mohamed, discovering copious evidence of terrorist plots, including plans to blow up New York City skyscrapers. This marked the earliest discovery of al-Qaeda terrorist plans outside of Muslim countries.[84] Nosair was eventually convicted in connection to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and later admitted guilt for the murder of Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York City on November 5, 1990.

    Bin Laden continued to speak publicly against the Saudi government, for which the Saudis banished him. He went to live in exile in Sudan, in 1992, in a deal brokered by Ali Mohamed.[85]

    Sudan and return to Afghanistan[link]

    In Sudan, bin Laden established a new base for mujahideen operations in Khartoum. He bought a house on Al-Mashtal Street in the affluent Al-Riyadh quarter and a retreat at Soba on the Blue Nile.[86][87] During his time in Sudan, he heavily invested in the infrastructure, in agriculture and businesses. He built roads using the same bulldozers he had employed to construct mountain tracks in Afghanistan. Many of his labourers were the same fighters who had been his comrades in the war against the Soviet Union. He was generous to the poor and popular with the people.[88][89] He continued to criticize King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, and in response, in 1994, Fahd stripped bin Laden of his Saudi citizenship and persuaded his family to cut off his $7 million a year stipend.[90][1] By now bin Laden was being linked with Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ), which made up the core of al-Qaeda. In 1995 the EIJ attempted to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. The attempt failed, and the EIJ was expelled from Sudan.

    The U.S. State Department accused Sudan of being a 'sponsor of international terrorism' and bin Laden himself of operating 'terrorist training camps in the Sudanese desert. Sudan therefore began efforts to expel bin Laden. The 9/11 Commission Report states:

    In late 1995, when Bin Laden was still in Sudan, the State Department and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) learned that Sudanese officials were discussing with the Saudi government the possibility of expelling Bin Laden. CIA paramilitary officer Billy Waugh tracked down Bin Ladin in the Sudan and prepared an operation to apprehend him, but was denied authorization.[91] U.S. Ambassador Timothy Carney encouraged the Sudanese to pursue this course. The Saudis, however, did not want Bin Laden, giving as their reason their revocation of his citizenship. Sudan's minister of defense, Fatih Erwa, has claimed that Sudan offered to hand Bin Laden over to the United States. The Commission has found no credible evidence that this was so. Ambassador Carney had instructions only to push the Sudanese to expel Bin Laden. Ambassador Carney had no legal basis to ask for more from the Sudanese since, at the time, there was no indictment outstanding against bin Laden in any country.[92]

    The 9/11 Commission Report further states:

    In February 1996, Sudanese officials began approaching officials from the United States and other governments, asking what actions of theirs might ease foreign pressure. In secret meetings with Saudi officials, Sudan offered to expel Bin Laden to Saudi Arabia and asked the Saudis to pardon him. U.S. officials became aware of these secret discussions, certainly by March. Saudi officials apparently wanted Bin Laden expelled from Sudan. They had already revoked his citizenship, however, and would not tolerate his presence in their country. Also Bin Laden may have no longer felt safe in Sudan, where he had already escaped at least one assassination attempt that he believed to have been the work of the Egyptian or Saudi regimes, and paid for by the CIA.

    In May 1996, due to increasing pressure on Sudan, from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the United States, bin Laden was permitted to leave for a country of his choice. He chose to return to Jalalabad, Afghanistan aboard a chartered flight, and there forged a close relationship with Mullah Mohammed Omar.[93][94] Despite his ambitions and organizational skills, when bin Laden left Sudan, he and his organization were significantly weakened.[95]

    In August, 1996, bin Laden declared war against the United States. Despite the assurance of President George H.W. Bush to King Fahd in 1990, that all U.S. forces based in Saudi Arabia would be withdrawn once the Iraqi threat had been dealt with, by 1996 the Americans were still there, citing the continued existence of Saddam's regime (which Bush had chosen not to destroy). Bin Laden's view was that "the 'evils' of the Middle East arose from America's attempt to take over the region and from its support for Israel. Saudi Arabia had been turned into 'an American colony".[96] The fatwā was first published in Al Quds Al Arabi, a London-based newspaper. It was entitled "Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places."[97] Saudi Arabia is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest places in Islam. The reference to 'occupation' in the fatwā referred to US forces based in Saudi Arabia for the purpose of controlling air space in Iraq, known as Operation Southern Watch.

    In Afghanistan, bin Laden and al-Qaeda raised money from "donors from the days of the Soviet jihad", and from the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) to establish more training camps for Mujahideen fighters.[98] Bin Laden effectively took over Ariana Afghan Airlines, which ferried Islamic militants, arms, cash and opium through the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan as well as provided false identifications to members of bin Laden's terrorist network.[99] Viktor Bout helped to run the airline, maintaining planes and loading cargo. Michael Scheuer, head of the CIA's bin Laden unit, concluded that Ariana was being used as a "terrorist taxi service".[100]

    Early attacks and aid for attacks[link]

    Pakistani journalist Hamid Mir interviewing Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan in 1997

    It is believed that the first bombing attack involving bin Laden was the December 29, 1992, bombing of the Gold Mihor Hotel in Aden in which two people were killed.[101]

    It was after this bombing that al-Qaeda was reported to have developed its justification for the killing of innocent people. According to a fatwa issued by Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, the killing of someone standing near the enemy is justified because any innocent bystander will find their proper reward in death, going to Jannah (Paradise) if they were good Muslims and to Jahannam (hell) if they were bad or non-believers.[102] The fatwa was issued to al-Qaeda members but not the general public.

    In the 1990s bin Laden's al-Qaeda assisted jihadis financially and sometimes militarily in Algeria, Egypt and Afghanistan. In 1992 or 1993 bin Laden sent an emissary, Qari el-Said, with $40,000 to Algeria to aid the Islamists and urge war rather than negotiation with the government. Their advice was heeded but the war that followed killed 150,000–200,000 Algerians and ended with Islamist surrender to the government.

    Bin Laden funded the Luxor massacre of November 17, 1997,[103][104][105] which killed 62 civilians, but outraged the Egyptian public. In mid-1997, the Northern Alliance threatened to overrun Jalalabad, causing bin Laden to abandon his Nazim Jihad compound and move his operations to Tarnak Farms in the south.[106]

    Another successful attack was carried out in the city of Mazar-e-Sharif in Afghanistan. Bin Laden helped cement his alliance with the Taliban by sending several hundreds of Afghan Arab fighters along to help the Taliban kill between five and six thousand Hazaras overrunning the city.[107]

    In February 1998, Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri co-signed a fatwa in the name of the World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders which declared the killing of North Americans and their allies an "individual duty for every Muslim" to "liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque (in Jerusalem) and the holy mosque (in Mecca) from their grip".[108][109] At the public announcement of the fatwa bin Laden announced that North Americans are "very easy targets". He told the attending journalists, "You will see the results of this in a very short time."[110]

    Bin Laden and Al-Zawahiri organized an al-Qaeda congress on June 24, 1998.[111]

    The 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings were a series of attacks that occurred on August 7, 1998, in which hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous truck bomb explosions at the United States embassies in the major East African cities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya. The attacks were linked to local members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, brought Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri to the attention of the United States public for the first time, and resulted in the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation placing bin Laden on its Ten Most Wanted list.

    In December 1998, the Director of Central Intelligence Counterterrorist Center reported to President Bill Clinton that al-Qaeda was preparing for attacks in the United States of America, including the training of personnel to hijack aircraft.[112]

    At the end of 2000, Richard Clarke revealed that Islamic militants headed by bin Laden had planned a triple attack on January 3, 2000 which would have included bombings in Jordan of the Radisson SAS Hotel in Amman and tourists at Mount Nebo and a site on the Jordan River, the sinking of the destroyer USS The Sullivans in Yemen, as well as an attack on a target within the United States. The plan was foiled by the arrest of the Jordanian terrorist cell, the sinking of the explosive-filled skiff intended to target the destroyer, and the arrest of Ahmed Ressam.[113]

    Yugoslav Wars[link]

    A former U.S. State Department official in October 2001 described Bosnia and Herzegovina as a safe haven for terrorists, after it was asserted that militant elements of the former Sarajevo government were protecting extremists, some with ties to Osama bin Laden.[114] In 1997, Rzeczpospolita, one of the largest Polish daily newspapers, reported that intelligence services of the Nordic-Polish SFOR Brigade suspected that a center for training terrorists from Islamic countries was located in the Bocina Donja village near Maglaj in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1992, hundreds of volunteers joined an "all-mujahedeen unit" called El Moujahed in an abandoned hillside factory, a compound with a hospital and prayer hall.

    According to Middle East intelligence reports, bin Laden financed small convoys of recruits from the Arab world through his businesses in Sudan. Among them was Karim Said Atmani who was identified by authorities as the document forger for a group of Algerians accused of plotting the bombings in the United States of America.[115] He is a former roommate of Ahmed Ressam, the man arrested at the Canadian-U.S. border in mid-December 1999 with a car full of nitroglycerin and bomb-making materials.[116][117] He was convicted of colluding with Osama bin Laden by a French court.[118]

    A Bosnian government search of passport and residency records, conducted at the urging of the United States, revealed other former mujahideen who were linked to the same Algerian group or to other groups of suspected terrorists, and had lived in the area 60 miles (97 km) north of Sarajevo, the capital, in the past few years. Khalil al-Deek, was arrested in Jordan in late December 1999 on suspicion of involvement in a plot to blow up tourist sites; a second man with Bosnian citizenship, Hamid Aich, lived in Canada at the same time as Atmani and worked for a charity associated with Osama bin Laden. In its June 26, 1997, report on the bombing of the Al Khobar building in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, The New York Times noted that those arrested confessed to serving with Bosnian Muslims forces. Further, the captured men also admitted to ties with Osama bin Laden.[119][120][121]

    In 1999 it was revealed that bin Laden and his Tunisian assistant Mehrez Aodouni were granted citizenship and Bosnian passports in 1993 by the government in Sarajevo. This information was denied by the Bosnian government following the September 11 attacks, but it was later found that Aodouni was arrested in Turkey and that at that time he possessed the Bosnian passport. Following this revelation, a new explanation was given that bin Laden "did not personally collect his Bosnian passport" and that officials at the Bosnian embassy in Vienna, which issued the passport, could not have known who bin Laden was at the time.[119][120][121] The Bosnian daily Oslobođenje published in 2001 that three men, believed to be linked to bin Laden, were arrested in Sarajevo in July 2001. The three, one of whom was identified as Imad El Misri, were Egyptian nationals. The paper said that two of the suspects were holding Bosnian passports.[119]

    In 1998 it was reported that bin Laden was operating his al-Qaeda network out of Albania. The Charleston Gazette quoted Fatos Klosi, the head of the Albanian intelligence service, as saying a network run by Saudi exile Osama bin Laden sent units to fight in the Serbian province of Kosovo. Confirmation of these activities came from Claude Kader, a French national who said he was a member of bin Laden's Albanian network.

    By 1998 four members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) were arrested in Albania and extradited to Egypt.[122]

    During his trial at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia former Serbian President Slobodan Milošević presented FBI documents that verified bin Laden's al-Qaeda had a presence in the Balkans and aided the Kosovo Liberation Army, which was identified by the U.S. State Department as a terrorist organization shortly before the 1998 embassy bombings in Tanzania and Kenya. Milošević had argued that the United States aided the terrorists which culminated in its backing of the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War.[123]

    September 11, 2001 attacks[link]

    "God knows it did not cross our minds to attack the Towers, but after the situation became unbearable—and we witnessed the injustice and tyranny of the American-Israeli alliance against our people in Palestine and Lebanon—I thought about it. And the events that affected me directly were that of 1982 and the events that followed—when America allowed the Israelis to invade Lebanon, helped by the U.S. Sixth Fleet. As I watched the destroyed towers in Lebanon, it occurred to me punish the unjust the same way: to destroy towers in America so it could taste some of what we are tasting and to stop killing our children and women."

    Osama bin Laden, 2004[124]

    United Airlines Flight 175 crashes into the south tower

    After his denial,[125][126][Full citation needed] Osama bin Laden finally claimed responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States in 2004.[127][128][129] The attacks involved the hijacking of four commercial passenger aircraft,[130] the subsequent destruction of those planes and the World Trade Center in New York City, New York, severe damage to The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia,[131] and the deaths of 2,973 people[132] and the nineteen hijackers.[133] In response to the attacks, the United States launched a War on Terror to depose the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and capture al-Qaeda operatives, and several countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation to preclude future attacks. The CIA's Special Activities Division was given the lead in tracking down and killing or capturing bin Laden.[134]

    The Federal Bureau of Investigation has stated that classified[135] evidence linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the September 11 attacks is clear and irrefutable.[136] The UK Government reached a similar conclusion regarding al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden's culpability for the September 11 attacks, although the government report notes that the evidence presented is not necessarily sufficient for a prosecutable case.[137]

    Bin Laden initially denied involvement in the attacks. On September 16, 2001, bin Laden read a statement later broadcast by Qatar's Al Jazeera satellite channel denying responsibility for the attack.[138]

    In a videotape recovered by U.S. forces in November 2001 in Jalalabad, bin Laden was seen discussing the attack with Khaled al-Harbi in a way that indicates foreknowledge.[139] The tape was broadcast on various news networks on December 13, 2001. The merits of this translation have been disputed. Arabist Dr. Abdel El M. Husseini stated: "This translation is very problematic. At the most important places where it is held to prove the guilt of bin Laden, it is not identical with the Arabic."[140]

    2001 video of bin Laden

    In the 2004 Osama bin Laden video, bin Laden abandoned his denials without retracting past statements. In it he stated he had personally directed the nineteen hijackers.[128][141] In the 18-minute tape, played on Al-Jazeera, four days before the American presidential election, bin Laden accused U.S. President George W. Bush of negligence on the hijacking of the planes on September 11.[128]

    According to the tapes, bin Laden claimed he was inspired to destroy the World Trade Center after watching the destruction of towers in Lebanon by Israel during the 1982 Lebanon War.[142]

    Through two other tapes aired by Al Jazeera in 2006, Osama bin Laden announced, "I am the one in charge of the nineteen brothers. [...] I was responsible for entrusting the nineteen brothers [...] with the raids" (May 23, 2006).[143] In the tapes he was seen with Ramzi bin al-Shibh, as well as two of the 9/11 hijackers, Hamza al-Ghamdi and Wail al-Shehri, as they made preparations for the attacks (videotape broadcast September 7, 2006).[144]

    Identified motivations of the September 11 attacks include the support of Israel by the United States, presence of the U.S. military in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the U.S. enforcement of sanctions against Iraq.

    Criminal charges[link]

    Osama Bin Laden
    FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives
    Charges
    • Murder of U.S. Nationals Outside the United States
    • Conspiracy to Murder U.S. Nationals Outside the United States
    • Attack on a Federal Facility Resulting in Death
    Reward $25 million
    Alias
    • Osama Bin Muhammad Bin Ladin
    • Shaykh Osama Bin Ladin
    • the Prince
    • the Emir
    • Abu Abdallah
    • Mujahid Shaykh
    • Hajj
    • the Director
    Description
    Born 1957
    Saudi Arabia
    Died May 2, 2011(2011-05-02) (aged 54)
    Abbottabad, Pakistan
    Cause of death Ballistic trauma
    Gender Male
    Height 6'4" to 6'6"
    Weight Approximately 160 pounds
    Occupation Unknown
    Criminal Status
    Added June 7, 1999
    Number 456
    Killed During Attempt to Capture

    On March 16, 1998, Libya issued the first official Interpol arrest warrant against bin Laden and three other people. They were charged for killing Silvan Becker, agent of Germany's domestic intelligence service, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, in the Terrorism Department, and his wife Vera in Libya on March 10, 1994.[68][145] Bin Laden was still wanted by the Libyan government at the time of his death.[146][147] Osama bin Laden was first indicted by the United States on June 8, 1998, when a grand jury indicted Osama bin Laden on charges of killing five Americans and two Indians in the November 14, 1995, truck bombing of a U.S.-operated Saudi National Guard training center in Riyadh.[148] Bin Laden was charged with "conspiracy to attack defense utilities of the United States" and prosecutors further charged that bin Laden is the head of the terrorist organization called al-Qaeda, and that he was a major financial backer of Islamic fighters worldwide.[148] Bin Laden denied involvement but praised the attack. On November 4, 1998, Osama bin Laden was indicted by a Federal Grand Jury in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, on charges of Murder of U.S. Nationals Outside the United States, Conspiracy to Murder U.S. Nationals Outside the United States, and Attacks on a Federal Facility Resulting in Death[149] for his alleged role in the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. The evidence against bin Laden included courtroom testimony by former al-Qaeda members and satellite phone records, from a phone purchased for him by al-Qaeda procurement agent Ziyad Khaleel in the United States.[150][151] However the Taliban ruled not to extradict Bin Laden on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence published in the indictments and that non-Muslim courts lacked standing to try Muslims[152]

    Bin Laden became the 456th person listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, when he was added to the list on June 7, 1999, following his indictment along with others for capital crimes in the 1998 embassy attacks. Attempts at assassination and requests for the extradition of bin Laden from the Taliban of Afghanistan were met with failure prior to the bombing of Afghanistan in October 2001.[153] In 1999, U.S. President Bill Clinton convinced the United Nations to impose sanctions against Afghanistan in an attempt to force the Taliban to extradite him.[154]

    Years later, on October 10, 2001, bin Laden appeared as well on the initial list of the top 22 FBI Most Wanted Terrorists, which was released to the public by the President of the United States George W. Bush, in direct response to the September 11 attacks, but which was again based on the indictment for the 1998 embassy attack. Bin Laden was among a group of thirteen fugitive terrorists wanted on that latter list for questioning about the 1998 embassy bombings. Bin Laden remains the only fugitive ever to be listed on both FBI fugitive lists.

    Despite the multiple indictments listed above and multiple requests, the Taliban refused to extradite Osama bin Laden. They did however offer to try him before an Islamic court if evidence of Osama bin Laden's involvement in the September 11 attacks was provided. It was not until eight days after the bombing of Afghanistan began in October 2001 that the Taliban finally did offer to turn over Osama bin Laden to a third-party country for trial in return for the United States ending the bombing. This offer was rejected by President Bush stating that this was no longer negotiable, with Bush responding "there's no need to discuss innocence or guilt. We know he's guilty."[155] In June 2006 FBI's chief of investigative publicity, Rex Tomb, saw no hard evidence connecting bin Laden to 9/11.[156][157]

    On June 15, 2011, federal prosecutors of the United States of America officially dropped all criminal charges against Osama bin Laden following his death in May.[158]

    Pursuit by the United States[link]

    U.S. propaganda leaflet used in Afghanistan, with bin Laden second from the left

    Clinton administration[link]

    Capturing Osama bin Laden had been an objective of the United States government since the presidency of Bill Clinton.[159] Shortly after the September 11 attacks it was revealed that President Clinton had signed a directive authorizing the CIA (and specifically their elite Special Activities Division) to apprehend bin Laden and bring him to the United States to stand trial after the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Africa; if taking bin Laden alive was deemed impossible, then deadly force was authorized.[160] On August 20, 1998, 66 cruise missiles launched by United States Navy ships in the Arabian Sea struck bin Laden's training camps near Khost in Afghanistan, narrowly missing him by a few hours.[161] In 1999 the CIA, together with Pakistani military intelligence, had prepared a team of approximately 60 Pakistani commandos to infiltrate Afghanistan to capture or kill bin Laden, but the plan was aborted by the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état;[161] in 2000, foreign operatives working on behalf of the CIA had fired a rocket-propelled grenade at a convoy of vehicles in which bin Laden was traveling through the mountains of Afghanistan, hitting one of the vehicles but not the one in which bin Laden was in.[160]

    In 2000, prior to the September 11 attacks, Paul Bremer characterized the Clinton administration as "correctly focused on bin Laden", while Robert Oakley criticized their "obsession with Osama".[113]

    Bush administration[link]

    Immediately after the September 11 attacks, U.S. government officials named bin Laden and the al-Qaeda organization as the prime suspects and offered a reward of $25 million for information leading to his capture or death.[42][162] On July 13, 2007, this figure was doubled to $50 million.[163] The Airline Pilots Association and the Air Transport Association offered an additional $2 million reward.[164]

    According to The Washington Post, the U.S. government concluded that Osama bin Laden was present during the Battle of Tora Bora, Afghanistan in late 2001, and according to civilian and military officials with first-hand knowledge, failure by the United States to commit enough U.S. ground troops to hunt him led to his escape and was the gravest failure by the United States in the war against al-Qaeda. Intelligence officials have assembled what they believe to be decisive evidence, from contemporary and subsequent interrogations and intercepted communications, that bin Laden began the Battle of Tora Bora inside the cave complex along Afghanistan's mountainous eastern border.[165]

    The Washington Post also reported that the CIA unit composed of their special operations paramilitary forces dedicated to capturing bin Laden was shut down in late 2005.[166] Bush had previously defended this scaling back of the effort several times, saying, "I don't know where bin Laden is. I have no idea and really don't care. It's not that important. It's not our priority."[167]

    U.S. and Afghanistan forces raided the mountain caves in Tora Bora between August 14–16, 2007. The military was drawn to the area after receiving intelligence of a pre-Ramadan meeting held by al-Qaeda members. After killing dozens of al-Qaeda and Taliban members, they did not find either Osama bin Laden or Ayman al-Zawahiri.[168]

    Obama administration[link]

    On October 7, 2008, in the second presidential debate, on foreign policy, then-presidential candidate Barack Obama pledged, "We will kill bin Laden. We will crush al-Qaeda. That has to be our biggest national security priority."[169] Upon being elected, then President-elect Obama expressed his plans to "renew U.S. commitment to finding al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, according to his national security advisers" in an effort to ratchet up the hunt for the terrorist.[169] President Obama rejected the Bush administration's policy on bin Laden that "conflated all terror threats from al-Qaeda to Hamas to Hezbollah," replacing it with "with a covert, laserlike focus on al-Qaeda and its spawn."[170][171]

    U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said in December 2009 that officials had had no reliable information on bin Laden's whereabouts for years. One week later, General Stanley McChrystal, the top U.S. commander in Afghanistan said in December 2009 that al-Qaeda will not be defeated unless its leader, Osama bin Laden, is captured or killed. Testifying to the U.S. Congress, he said bin Laden had become an "iconic figure, whose survival emboldens al-Qaeda as a franchising organization across the world", and that Obama's deployment of 30,000 extra troops to Afghanistan meant that success would be possible. "I don't think that we can finally defeat al-Qaeda until he's captured or killed", McChrystal said of bin Laden. "Killing or capturing bin Laden would not spell the end of al-Qaeda, but the movement could not be eradicated while he remained at large."[172]

    In April 2011, President Obama ordered a covert operation to kill or capture bin Laden. On May 2, 2011, the White House announced that U.S. Navy SEALs had carried it out, killing him in his Abbottabad, Pakistan compound.[173]

    Activities and whereabouts after the September 11 attacks[link]

    While referring to Osama bin Laden in a CNN film clip on September 17, 2001, then President George W. Bush stated, "I want justice. There is an old poster out west, as I recall, that said, 'Wanted dead or alive'.[174] Subsequently, bin Laden retreated further from public contact to avoid capture. Numerous speculative press reports were issued about his whereabouts or even death; some placed bin Laden in different locations during overlapping time periods. None were ever definitively proven. After military offensives in Afghanistan failed to uncover his whereabouts, Pakistan was regularly identified as his suspected hiding place. Some of the conflicting reports regarding bin Laden's continued whereabouts and mistaken claims about his death follow:

    • In December 11, 2005, a letter from Atiyah Abd al-Rahman to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi indicated that bin Laden and the al-Qaeda leadership were based in the Waziristan region of Pakistan at the time. In the letter, translated by the United States military's Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, "Atiyah" instructs Zarqawi to "send messengers from your end to Waziristan so that they meet with the brothers of the leadership [...] I am now on a visit to them and I am writing you this letter as I am with them..." Al-Rahman also indicates that bin Laden and al-Qaeda are "weak" and "have many of their own problems." The letter has been deemed authentic by military and counterterrorism officials, according to The Washington Post.[175][176]
    • Al-Qaeda continued to release time-sensitive and professionally verified videos demonstrating bin Laden's continued survival as recently as August 2007.[177]
    • In 2009, a research team led by Thomas W. Gillespie and John A. Agnew of UCLA used satellite-aided geographical analysis to pinpoint three compounds in Parachinar as bin Laden's likely hideouts.[178]
    • In March 2009, the New York Daily News reported that the hunt for bin Laden had centered in the Chitral District of Pakistan, including the Kalam Valley. Author, Rohan Gunaratna, stated that captured al-Qaeda leaders had confirmed that bin Laden was hiding in Chitral.[179]
    • In the first week of December 2009, a Taliban detainee in Pakistan said he had information that bin Laden was in Afghanistan in 2009. The detainee reported that in January or February (2009) he met a trusted contact who had seen bin Laden in Afghanistan about 15 to 20 days earlier. However, on December 6, 2009, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates stated that the United States had had no reliable information on the whereabouts of bin Laden in years.[180] Pakistan's Prime Minister Gillani rejected claims that Osama bin Laden was hiding in Pakistan.[181]
    • On December 9, 2009, BBC News reported that U.S. Army General Stanley A. McChrystal, who served as Commander of the U.S. forces in Afghanistan from June 15, 2009, until June 23, 2010, emphasized the continued importance of the capture or killing of bin Laden, thus indicating that the U.S. high command believed that bin Laden was still alive.[182]
    • On February 2, 2010, Afghan president, Hamid Karzai arrived in Saudi Arabia for an official visit. The agenda included discussion of a possible Saudi role in Karzai's plan to reintegrate Taliban militants. During the visit an anonymous official of the Saudi Foreign Ministry declared that the kingdom had no intention of getting involved in peacemaking in Afghanistan unless the Taliban severed ties with extremists and expelled Osama bin Laden.[183]
    • On June 7, 2010, the Kuwaiti newspaper, Al Siyassa reported that bin Laden was hiding out in the mountainous town of Savzevar, in north eastern Iran.[184] The Australian News,online edition published the claim on June 9.[185] On June 9, The Australian News, online edition repeated the claim.
    • On October 18, 2010, an unnamed NATO official suggested that bin Laden was "alive and well and living comfortably" in Pakistan, protected by elements of the country's intelligence services. A senior Pakistani official denied the allegations and said the accusations were designed to put pressure on the Pakistani government ahead of talks aimed at strengthening ties between Pakistan and the United States.[186]
    • On April 16, 2011, a leaked Al Jazeera report claimed that bin Laden had been captured by U.S. forces in Afghanistan.[187]

    On March 29, 2012 Pakistani newspaper Dawn acquired a report produced by Pakistani security officials, based on interrogation of his three surviving wives, that detailed his movements while living underground in Pakistan.[188]

    In a letter Bin Laden wrote in 2010 he chastised followers who had reinterpreted al-tatarrus — an Islamic doctrine meant to excuse the unintended killing of non-combatants in unusual circumstances — to justify routine massacres of Muslim civilians which had turned Muslims against the jihadi movement. Of the groups affiliated with al-Qaida, Bin Laden condemned Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan for an attack on members of a hostile tribe, declaring that “the operation is not justified, as there were casualties of noncombatants.” Bin Laden wrote that the tatarrus doctrine “needs to be revisited based on the modern-day context and clear boundaries established.” He asked a subordinate to draw up a jihadist code of conduct that would constrain military operations in order to avoid civilian casualties. In Yemen, Bin Laden urged his allies to seek a “truce” that would bring the country “stability” or would at least “show the people that we are careful in keeping … the Muslims safe on the basis of peace.” In Somalia, he called attention to the extreme poverty caused by constant warfare, and he advised al-Shabab to pursue economic development. He instructed his followers around the world to focus on education and persuasion rather than “entering into confrontations” with Islamic political parties.[189]

    Whereabouts just prior to his death[link]

    In April 2011, various intelligence outlets were able to pinpoint bin Laden's suspected location near Abbottabad, Pakistan. It was originally believed that bin Laden was hiding near the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas, but he was found 100 miles (160 km) away in a three-story mansion in Abbottabad at 34°10′9.51″N 73°14′32.78″E / 34.1693083°N 73.2424389°E / 34.1693083; 73.2424389.[190][191][192] Bin Laden's mansion was located 0.8 miles (1.3 km) southwest of the Pakistan Military Academy, the country's "West Point".[193][194][195][196] Google Earth maps show that the compound was not present in 2001, but was present on images taken in 2005.[original research?]

    Death[link]

    Website of the Federal Bureau of Investigation listing bin Laden as deceased on the Most Wanted List on May 3, 2011

    Osama bin Laden was killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011, shortly after 1 am local time[197][198] by a United States special forces military unit. The operation, code-named Operation Neptune Spear, was ordered by United States President Barack Obama and carried out in a U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operation by a team of United States Navy SEALs from the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (also known as DEVGRU or informally by its former name, SEAL Team Six) of the Joint Special Operations Command, with support from CIA operatives on the ground.[199][200] The raid on bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan was launched from Afghanistan.[201] After the raid, U.S. forces took bin Laden's body to Afghanistan for identification, then buried it at sea within 24 hours after his death.[202]

    Critics accused Pakistan's military and security establishment of protecting bin Laden.[203] For example, Mosharraf Zaidi, a leading Pakistani columnist, stated, "It seems deeply improbable that bin Laden could have been where he was killed without the knowledge of some parts of the Pakistani state."[204] Pakistan's president Asif Ali Zardari denied that his country's security forces sheltered bin Laden,[205][206] and called any supposed support for bin Laden by the Pakistani government "baseless speculation".

    It was speculated that the issue might further strain U.S. ties with Pakistan.[207][208] Bin Laden was killed in what some suggest was his residence for five years.[209][210] It was an expensive compound located less than a mile from Pakistan Military Academy,[211][212][213] probably built for him[214] and less than 100 kilometers' drive from the capital.

    The Pakistani government's foreign office issued a statement that "categorically denies" any reports by the media that the country's leadership, "civil as well as military, had any prior knowledge of the U.S. operation against Osama bin Laden".[215][216]

    Pakistan's United States envoy, ambassador Husain Haqqani, promises a "full inquiry" into how Pakistani intelligence services failed to find bin Laden in a fortified compound, just a few hours drive from Islamabad, and stated that "obviously bin Laden did have a support system; the issue is, was that support system within the government and the state of Pakistan or within the society of Pakistan?"[217]

    See also[link]


    References[link]

    Footnotes[link]

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    3. ^ Osama Bin Laden (2007) Suzanne J. Murdico
    4. ^ Armstrong, Karen (July 11, 2005). "The label of Catholic terror was never used about the IRA". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2005/jul/11/northernireland.july7. 
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    49. ^ Messages to the World, (2005), pp. xix–xx, editor Bruce Lawrence.
    50. ^ October 6, 2002. Appeared in Al-Qala'a website and then The Observer November 24, 2002.
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    52. ^ Messages, (2005), p. 119, October 21, 2001, interview with Taysir Alluni of Al Jazeera.
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    Additional notes[link]

    1. ^ The date according to Pakistan Standard Time (UTC+05:00).

    Bibliography[link]

    Further reading[link]

    External links[link]

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