Common name | Hephthalites |
---|---|
Native name | Hephthalites |
Continent | Asia |
Region | Central Asia |
Status | Nomadic confederation |
Capital | Hua, Sakkala |
Year start | 420 |
Year end | 567 |
P1 | Xiongnu |
S1 | Uyghur Khaganate |
Image map caption | The Hephthalites or White Huns (green), c. 500. |
Title leader | White Huns Khans |
Leader1 | Toramana |
Year leader1 | 515-528 |
Leader2 | Mihirakula |
Year leader2 | 528-542 |
Religion | later embraced Buddhism, Hinduism |
According to B.A. Litvinsky, the names of the Hephtalite rulers used in the Shahnameh are Iranian. According to Xavier Tremblay, one of the Hephthalite rulers was named Khingila, which has the same root as the Sogdian word xnγr and the Wakhi word xiŋgār, meaning "sword". The name Mihirakula is thought to be derived from Mithra-kula which is Iranian for "Relier upon Mithra", and Toramāna is also considered to have an Iranian origin. Accordingly, in Sanskrit, "Mihirakula" would mean from the "Kul (family or race) of Mihir (Mithra or Sun)". Janos Harmatta gives the translation "Mithra's Begotten" and also supports the Iranian theory.
There are several theories regarding the origins of the White Huns, with the "Turkic" and "Indo-European Iranic" theories being the most prominent.
For many years, scholars suggested that they were of Turkic stock, Richard Frye is cautiously accepting of Enoki's hypothesis, while at the same time stressing that the Hephthalites "were probably a mixed horde". More recently Xavier Tremblay's detailed examination of surviving Hephthalite personal names has indicated that Enoki's hypothesis that they were East Iranian may well be correct, but the matter remains unresolved in academic circles. They apparently had no direct connection with the European Huns, but may have been causally related with their movement. It is noteworthy that the tribes in question deliberately called themselves Huns in order to frighten their enemies.
Some White Huns may have been a prominent tribe or clan of the Chionites. According to Richard Nelson Frye:
Scholars believe that the name Hun is used to denote very different nomadic confederations. Ancient Chinese chroniclers, as well as Procopius, wrote various theories about the origins of the people:
They were first mentioned by the Chinese, who described them as living in Dzungaria around AD 125. Chinese chronicles state that they were originally a tribe of the Yuezhi, living to the north of the Great Wall, and subject to the Rouran (Jwen-Jwen), as were some Turkic peoples at the time. Their original name was Hoa or Hoa-tun; subsequently they named themselves Ye-tha-i-li-to (厌带夷栗陁, or more briefly Ye-tha 嚈噠), after their royal family, which descended from one of the five Yuezhi families which also included the Kushan.
They displaced the Scythians and conquered Sogdiana and Khorasan before AD 425. After that, they crossed the Syr Darya (Jaxartes) River and invaded Persia. In Persia, they were initially held off by Bahram Gur but around AD 483–85, they succeeded in making Persia a tributary state. After a series of wars in the period AD 503-513, they were driven out of Persia and completely defeated in AD 557 by Khosrau I. Their polity thereafter came under the Göktürks.
The Hephtalites also invaded the regions of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan, continuing deep into Northern India and succeeded in extending their domain to include the Western India. They threatened the Gupta empire but were eventually driven out of India in 528 by a Hindu coalition.. Balkh had some 100 Buddhist monasteries and 3000 monks. "Outside the town was a large Buddhist monastery, later known as Naubahar" Termez had 10 sangharamas (monasteries) and perhaps 1000 monks.
The Hephthalites with their capital at Bamiyan continued the pressure on ancient India's northwest frontier and broke east by the end of the fifth century, hastening the disintegration of the Gupta Empire. They made their capital at the city of Sakala, modern Sialkot in Pakistan, under their Emperor Mihirakula.
After the sixth century, little is recorded in ancient India about the Hephthalites, and what happened to them is unclear. Some historians surmise that the remaining Hephthalites were assimilated into the population of northwest India and Pakistan.
Hephthalites are among the ancestors of modern-day Pashtuns. According to the academic Yu. V. Gankovsky,
Some Hephthalite tribes also participated in the formation of Johals, as well as Turkmens and Uzbeks.
Eric Flint's Belisarius series makes frequent reference to Ye Tai warriors.
Category:History of Iran Category:Huns Category:567 disestablishments Category:States and territories established in 420 Category:Eurasian nomads Category:Hephthalites Category:Iranian peoples Category:History of Pakistan
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Name | Shin Seung Hoon신승훈申昇勳 |
---|---|
Background | solo_singer |
Alias | Emperor of Ballads |
Born | March 21, 1966 |
Instrument | Acoustic Guitar, Piano |
Genre | Pop |
Occupation | Musician, Songwriter, Singer |
Years active | 1990-present |
Label | Dorosi Record (KR)Avex Group (JP) |
Title | Korean name |
---|---|
Color | khaki |
Hangul | 신승훈 |
Hanja | |
Rr | Sin Seung-hun |
Mr | Sin Sŭnghun |
Tablewidth | 245 |
The newest single is "For Our Dreams," which he composed and performed. It was released in January 2009 and was used by Korean Air to commemorate its 40th Anniversary. Both Korean and English versions have been released.
Category:Grand Prize Golden Disk Award recipients Category:2010s singers Category:2000s singers Category:1990s singers Category:Korean-language singers Category:South Korean pop singers Category:South Korean folk rock singers Category:South Korean male singers Category:South Korean singer-songwriters Category:South Korean guitarists Category:People from Daejeon Category:1968 births Category:Living people
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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