Altogether, there are an estimated 85,000 extant political entities in the United States. Political units and divisions of the United States are a subset of the total United States territory.
Most states decentralize the administration of their sovereign powers, typically in three tiers but always employing at least two tiers and sometimes more than three tiers. The first tier of decentralization is always the statewide tier, constituted of agencies that operate under direct control of the principal organs of state government—such as bureaus of vital statistics, and departments of motor vehicles or public health. The second tier is usually the county (called a borough in Alaska and a parish in Louisiana), which is an administrative division of the state. It may also be more than that (e.g., a metropolitan municipality), but it is always an administrative division of the state. Connecticut is the exception to this second tier rule, having abolished county government in 1960. The third tier commonly found in many states, especially the Midwest, is the township, which is an administrative division of a county.
Counties exist to provide general local support of state government activities, such as collection of property tax revenues (counties almost never have their own power to tax), but without providing most of the services one associates with municipalities. The township provides further localized services to the public in areas that are not part of a municipality.
In some states, such as Michigan, state universities are constitutionally autonomous jurisdictions, possessed of a special status somewhat equivalent to that of metropolitan municipality. That is, as bodies corporate, they operate as though they were municipalities but their autonomy from most legislative and executive control makes them equally comparable to administrative divisions of the state, equal or superior to counties.
In some states, cities operate independently of townships. Some cities (and all cities in Virginia) operate outside of the jurisdiction of any county. Cities, which are sometimes called towns, differ from counties and townships in that they are not administrative divisions of the state. Instead, they are semi-autonomous municipal corporations that are recognized by the state. In essence, the city as municipal corporation is the modern form of the ancient city-state, a sovereign entity that exists today only in the forms of Monaco, San Marino, Singapore, and the Vatican City.
Divisions of the federal government include, first, the District of Columbia, which contains the United States Capitol Building - the seat of the Government of the United States. The United States Congress exercises exclusive jurisdiction over the District and all other lands controlled by the federal government.
Four states (Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky) call themselves "commonwealth", which goes back to their original founding charters and constitutions. In the federal context, the term "commonwealth" denotes an intermediate status between "territory" and "state"—both in the sense of "independent state" and "U.S. state"—but such does not apply to the four states that are commonwealths by their own state constitutions. At the Federal level, there is really no distinction, and the term is more of an archaism than one of any true importance.
Northern Marianas Islands is a territory which are commonwealths associated with the United States. They might some day advance to statehood, or they might become independent—as did the Philippines in 1946, after it was a commonwealth of the United States for many years. A territory — whether "organized" or "unorganized" has significantly fewer rights in the grand scheme of things than a commonwealth (let alone a state), but it ranks at least a notch above "possessions" such as Wake Island, which has no permanent population and thus does not require even a simple territorial government.
:The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.
The power of Congress over territorial divisions that are not part of one of the states is exclusive and universal. Once the territory becomes a state of the Union, the state must consent to any changes pertaining to the jurisdiction of that state. This has been violated only once, when a rump legislature formed the State of West Virginia, seceding from Virginia, which itself had seceded from the United States in the months preceding the American Civil War.
In contrast to similarly named Departments in other countries, the United States Department of the Interior is not responsible for local government or for civil administration except in the cases of Indian reservations, through the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and island dependencies, through the Office of Insular Affairs (OIA).
*Alabama (AL) | *Alaska (AK) | *Arizona (AZ) | *Arkansas (AR) | *California (CA) | *Colorado (CO) | *Connecticut (CT) | *Delaware (DE) | *Florida (FL) | Georgia (U.S. state)>Georgia (GA) | *Hawaii (HI) | *Idaho (ID) | *Illinois (IL) | *Indiana (IN) | *Iowa (IA) | *Kansas (KS) | *Kentucky (KY) | *Louisiana (LA) | *Maine (ME) | *Maryland (MD) | *Massachusetts (MA) | *Michigan (MI) | *Minnesota (MN) | *Mississippi (MS) | *Missouri (MO) | *Montana (MT) | *Nebraska (NE) | *Nevada (NV) | *New Hampshire (NH) | *New Jersey (NJ) | *New Mexico (NM) | New York State>New York (NY) | *North Carolina (NC) | *North Dakota (ND) | *Ohio (OH) | *Oklahoma (OK) | *Oregon (OR) | *Pennsylvania (PA) | *Rhode Island (RI) | *South Carolina (SC) | *South Dakota (SD) | *Tennessee (TN) | *Texas (TX) | *Utah (UT) | *Vermont (VT) | *Virginia (VA) | Washington (U.S. state)>Washington (WA) | *West Virginia (WV) | *Wisconsin (WI) | *Wyoming (WY) |
The relationship between the state and national governments is complex, because of the country's federal system. Under United States law, states are considered sovereign entities, in which the power of the states is considered to come directly from the citizens of the states rather than from the federal government. The federal government of the United States was created when sovereign states delegated some of their sovereignty to one central government. The sovereignty they delegated, however, was not complete. The logical extension of this delegation is that the federal government enjoys limited sovereignty, and the states retain whatever sovereignty they never delegated to the federal government. Federal law overrides state law in the areas in which the federal government is empowered to act, but the powers of the federal government are subject to the limited sovereignty delegated by the Constitution of the United States. (The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that the powers not delegated to the federal government are retained by the states, but this arguably is mere truism.)
The United States Supreme Court in Texas v. White held that states do not have the right to secede, though it did allow some possibility of the divisibility "through revolution, or through consent of the States." Under the Constitution of the United States they are not allowed to conduct foreign policy.
The 50 states are divided into distinct sections:
The United States also holds several other territories, districts, and possessions, notably the federal district of the District of Columbia, and several overseas insular areas, the most significant of which are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. Islands gained by the United States in the war against Spain at the turn of the 20th century under the control of the federal government is considered part of the "United States" for purposes of law.; on the other hand, the United States Supreme Court declared in a series of opinions known as the Insular Cases that the Constitution extended ex proprio vigore to the territories. However, the Court in these cases also established the doctrine of territorial incorporation. Under the same, the Constitution only applied fully in incorporated territories such as Alaska and Hawaii, whereas it only applied partially in the new unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.
The only remaining exception is Palmyra Atoll, the United States's only incorporated territory; it is unorganized and uninhabited.
The United States Navy has held a base at a portion of Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, since 1898. The United States government possesses a lease to this land, which only mutual agreement or United States abandonment of the area can terminate. The present Cuban government of Raúl Castro disputes this arrangement, claiming Cuba was not truly sovereign at the time of the signing. The United States argues this point is moot because Cuba apparently ratified the lease post-revolution, and with full sovereignty, when it cashed one rent check in accordance with the disputed treaty.
The terms townships and towns are closely related (in many historical documents the terms are used interchangeably). However, the powers granted to towns or townships varies considerably from state to state. In New England, towns are a principal form of local government, providing many of the functions of counties in other states. In California, by contrast, the pertinent statutes of the Government Code clarify that "town" is simply another word for "city", especially a general law city as distinct from a charter city.
===Territories of the United States=== Regions that are neither part of any State, nor assigned to a Native Nation, have often been legally designated as territories by the U.S. government. Since territory now has legal definition under federal law, the term insular area is used as a generic reference. These can be incorporated territories (i.e., incorporated within all provisions of the U.S. Constitution) or unincorporated (areas in which the U.S. Constitution applies partially). From the organization of the Northwest Territory in 1789, all areas not admitted as States were under the direct control of Congress as organized incorporated territories, with some political autonomy at the local level. Since the admission of Hawaii to the Union in 1959, there have been no incorporated territories other than the uninhabited Palmyra Atoll (formerly part of the Hawaii Territory, it was excluded from the act of admission). Several overseas unincorporated territories are now independent countries, such as Cuba, the Philippines, Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of Palau.
Unlike within the States, sovereignty over insular areas rests not with the local people, but in Congress. In most areas, Congress has granted considerable self-rule through an Organic Act, which functions as a local constitution. The Northwest Ordinance grants territories the right to send a non-voting delegate to the U.S. Congress.
The United States government is part of several international disputes over the disposition of certain maritime and insular sovereignties some of which would be considered territories. See International territorial disputes of the United States.
;Incorporated
;Unincorporated
Along with Palmyra Atoll, the following uninhabited territories form the United States Minor Outlying Islands: :*Baker Island :*Howland Island :*Jarvis Island :*Johnston Atoll :*Kingman Reef :*Midway Islands (administered as the Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge; small number of contractors present) :*Navassa Island :*Wake Island (small number of contractors present) A number of U.S. government sources also list Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank as insular areas, included within the United States Minor Outlying Islands. These claims are not internationally recognized.
From July 18, 1947 until October 1, 1994, the United States administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, but more recently entered into a new political relationship with all four political units (one of which is the Northern Mariana Islands listed above, the others being the three freely-associated states noted below).
United States Category:Article Feedback Pilot
bs:Političke podjele Sjedinjenih Američkih Država ca:Organització territorial dels Estats Units cs:Politický systém Spojených států amerických de:Verwaltungseinheit in den Vereinigten Staaten es:Organización territorial de los Estados Unidos eu:Ameriketako Estatu Batuen banaketa administratiboa ko:미국의 행정 구역 it:Suddivisioni degli Stati Uniti jv:Pamérangan pulitik Amérika Sarékat sw:Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani hu:Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok közigazgatási egységei ms:Pembahagian politik Amerika Syarikat pt:Subdivisões dos Estados Unidos scn:Divisioni pulìtichi dî Stati Uniti simple:Political divisions of the United States sk:Politické rozdelenie Spojených štátov amerických fi:Yhdysvaltain hallinnolliset alueet uk:Адміністративний поділ Сполучених Штатів Америки vi:Phân cấp hành chính Hoa Kỳ zh:美國行政區劃This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Name | Poli Genova |
---|---|
Background | solo_singer |
Born | 10 February 1987 (age 24) |
Origin | Sofia, Bulgaria |
Genre | Pop |
Years active | 1991–present |
Past members | }} |
Poli Genova (born February 10, 1987 in Sofia, Bulgaria) is a singer that represented her nation in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Germany. Genova performed her entry "Na inat" (Out of Spite) in the second semifinal.
Poli graduated from The National Music School "Ljubomir Pipkov", focusing on clarinet. Now she is in her third year of study to become a film director. Even so, she continues her singing carrier and is involved in several projects. Genova is part of the Unicef Charity Project "The Magnificent Six", stands as a vocalist for "Azis' Show" and "Dani Milev Band" in the first edition of the reality show "Dancing with the Stars: Bulgaria".
In 2005 and 2006 she took part in the National Selection of Eurovision Song Contest as a member of the trio "Melody".
In 2011 she represented Bulgaria alone, with her song "Na inat", but didn't qualify to the finals. Her debut album is also being prepared at the moment.
She will appear as a judge on the upcoming season of X factor.
Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:Bulgarian Eurovision Song Contest entrants Category:Bulgarian female singers Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2011
bg:Поли Генова de:Poli Genowa es:Poli Genova fr:Poli Genova it:Poli Genova hu:Poli Genova nl:Poli Genova ja:ポリ・ゲノヴァ pl:Poli Genova ru:Генова, Поли sv:Poli Genova tr:Poli Genova uk:Полі ГеноваThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Name | Pernell Whitaker |
---|---|
nationality | American |
realname | Pernell Whitaker |
nickname | Sweet Pea |
height | |
weight | LightweightWelterweight |
birth date | January 02, 1964 |
birth place | Norfolk, Virginia, USA |
home | Norfolk, Virginia, USA |
style | Southpaw |
total | 46 |
wins | 40 |
ko | 17 |
losses | 4 |
draws | 1 |
no contests | 1 }} |
Whitaker is also the former WBA World Light Middleweight champion, WBC World Welterweight champion, the IBF World Light Welterweight Champion, the WBC World Lightweight Champion, the WBA World Lightweight Champion, the IBF World Lightweight Champion and the NABF Lightweight Champion.
After his retirement, Whitaker returned into the world of boxing as a trainer. Among his boxers there are Zab Judah, Dorin Spivey, Joel Julio and Calvin Brock. In 2002, Ring Magazine ranked him at number 10 in their list of 'The 100 greatest fighters of the last 80 years.' On December 7, 2006, Whitaker was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame, in his first year of eligibility.
On March 12, 1988, he challenged José Luis Ramírez for the WBC Lightweight Championship in Levallois, France. He suffered his first pro defeat when the judges awarded a split decision to Ramirez. The decision was highly controversial, with most feeling that Whitaker had won the fight with something to spare. In his 1999 edition of the 'World Encyclopedia of Boxing', Harry Mullan stated that the decision in this bout was "generally considered to be a disgrace."
Now a champion, Whitaker proceeded to dominate boxing's middle divisions over the first half of the 1990s. In 1990, he defended his lightweight title against future champion Freddie Pendleton and super featherweight champion Azumah Nelson of Ghana. On August 11, 1990, he knocked out Juan Nazario in one round to add the WBA title and become the first undisputed lightweight champion since Roberto Durán. His highlight of 1991 was beating Jorge Páez.
On March 6, 1993, he decisioned James (Buddy) McGirt to become the linear and WBC welterweight champion.
Whitaker continued on to dominate for the next few years, defending his welterweight belt in a rematch against McGirt on October 1, 1994.
For good measure, in his next fight on March 4, 1995, Whitaker added Julio César Vásquez's WBA junior middleweight title to his collection but remained at welterweight to successfully defend his WBC belt against Scotland's Gary Jacobs on August 26, 1995.
His last fight came on April 27, 2001, against journeyman Carlos Bojorquez. The former undisputed lightweight champion jumped into the ring at 155 pounds. Whitaker broke his clavicle in round four and was forced to retire; at the time of the stoppage Whitaker was trailing in all the judges' scorecards by 28-29. Following this fight, Whitaker officially announced his retirement. He finished his professional career with an official record of 40-4-1 (17 knockouts).
In 2002, The Ring ranked Whitaker as the 10th greatest fighter of the last 80 years.
On December 7, 2006, Whitaker was inducted in the International Boxing Hall of Fame along with contemporaries Roberto Durán and Ricardo López. They were all elected in their first year of eligibility.
His first fighter, Dorin Spivey, had several matches scheduled for 2006. Recently he's been training heralded young prospect Joel Julio.
Pernell Whitaker is also the trainer for heavyweight Calvin Brock who, as recently as November 2006, fought for the IBF and IBO titles against Wladimir Klitschko, where Brock was knocked out in the 7th round.
In 2010, he was selected to the Hampton Roads Sports Hall of Fame, honoring those who have contributed to sports in southeastern Virginia. He is scheduled to be inducted into that Hall of Fame in October 2010.
Recently, Whitaker also became the new head trainer of former undisputed welterweight champion Zab Judah, who defeated Kaizer Mabuza in March 2011 to win the vacant IBF welterweight title.
{{s-ttl| title = WBC Lightweight Champion | years = August 20, 1989 – 1992Vacated Title }} {{s-ttl| title = The Ring Magazine Lightweight Champion | years = August 11, 1990 – January 14, 1992Vacated Title }}
Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:African American boxers Category:American boxers Category:Olympic boxers of the United States Category:Boxers at the 1984 Summer Olympics Category:World Boxing Association Champions Category:World Boxing Council Champions Category:International Boxing Federation Champions Category:Southpaw boxers Category:Boxers at the 1983 Pan American Games Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States Category:International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Category:Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers Category:People from Norfolk, Virginia Category:Olympic medalists in boxing
de:Pernell Whitaker es:Pernell Whitaker fr:Pernell Whitaker it:Pernell Whitaker ja:パーネル・ウィテカー no:Pernell Whitaker pl:Pernell Whitaker ru:Уитакер, Пернелл fi:Pernell Whitaker sv:Pernell WhitakerThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
background | solo_singer |
---|---|
name | Teresa Bright |
instrument | Ukulele, Vocals |
birth date | | |
death date | | |
origin | Honolulu, Hawaii, USA |
genre | Hawaiian Music |
occupation | Musician |
years active | | |
label | | |
associated acts | | |
website | | }} |
Teresa Bright is a Hawaiian singer whose music is also popular in Japan.
Category:University of Hawaii alumni Category:People from Honolulu, Hawaii Category:Musicians from Hawaii Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:Spanish female singers Category:Spanish singer-songwriters
ca:Anni B Sweet de:Anni B Sweet es:Anni B Sweet fr:Anni B Sweet pl:Anni B SweetThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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