Livorno
—  Comune  —
Comune di Livorno
View of the Venice district of Livorno
Livorno Location of Livorno in Italy
Coordinates: 43°33′N 10°19′E / 43.55°N 10.317°E / 43.55; 10.317
Country	Italy
Region	Tuscany
Province	Livorno (LI)
Frazioni	Castellaccio, Gorgona, Limoncino, Quercianella, Valle Benedetta
Government
• Mayor	Alessandro Cosimi
Area
• Total	104.8 km2 (40.5 sq mi)
Elevation	3 m (10 ft)
Population (30 September 2010)
• Total	161,162
• Density	1,500/km2 (4,000/sq mi)
Demonym	Livornesi, also Labronici
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	57100
Dialing code	0586
Patron saint	Santa Giulia da Corsica
Saint day	May 22
Website	Official website

Livorno (Italian: [liˈvorno] ( listen)), traditionally Leghorn (/lɛɡˈhɔrn/, /ˈlɛɡ.hɔrn/, /ˈlɛɡɔrn/),^[1][2] is a port city on the Tyrrhenian Sea on the western coast of Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of approximately 161,000 residents in 2011.

History[link]

Fortifications of Livorno in the 17th century.

Livorno was defined as an "ideal town" during the Italian Renaissance. Today, it reveals its history through the structure of its neighbourhoods, crossed by canals and surrounded by fortified town walls, through the tangle of its streets, which embroider the town's Venice district, and through the Medici Port characteristically overlooked by towers and fortresses leading to the town centre. Designed by the architect Bernardo Buontalenti at the end of the 16th century, Livorno underwent a period of great town planning expansion at the end of the 17th century. Near the defensive pile of the Old Fortress, a new fortress, together with the town-walls and the system of navigable canals, was then built. After Pisa's silting up, distance from the sea and loss of dominance, Livorno took over as the main port in Tuscany.

In the late 1580s, Ferdinando I of Tuscany declared Livorno a porto Franco, which meant that the goods traded here were duty free. The Leggi Livornine were laws in force between 1590 and 1603. These laws helped the trading activities of the merchant, freedom of religion and amnesty for some penance. Thanks to these laws, Livorno became a cosmopolitan city and one of the most important ports of the entire Mediterranean area. Many foreigners moved to Livorno; Frenchmen, Dutch, English, Greeks and Jews were among those who relocated to live and trade. Much later, during the 18th century, some Moriscos (Muslim Spaniards forcibly converted to Catholicism) also moved to Livorno from Spain. On 19 March 1606, the Granduca di Toscana Ferdinando I de' Medici, in the Fortezza Vecchia Chapel of Saint Francis of Assisi elevated Livorno to the rank of city.

During the Napoleonic Wars, trade with Britain was prohibited and the economy of Livorno suffered greatly. Then, in 1868, after Livorno became part of the new Kingdom of Italy, it lost its status of a free port and the city's importance declined.

Livorno suffered a great deal of damage in the Second World War, including severe bomb damage to many historic sites, such as the cathedral and the synagogue, hence having an appearance of a relatively modern look by Italian standards. Livorno's loss of influence as a port has led to economic decline into the 21st century and it remains one of the poorest northern cities of Italy. Livorno is noted as a hotbed for Leftist politics in Italy today.^{[citation needed]}

Main sights[link]

Piazza Grande in the 19th century: at left, the Palazzo del Governatore, at right the Dogana

The Venice district retains much of its original town planning and architectural features such as the bridges, narrow lanes, the noblemen's houses and a dense network of canals which once linked the port to its storehouses. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Livorno, by then grown up and open to the world, had a lively appearance marked by neo-classical buildings, public parks housing important museums and cultural institutions, "Liberty" villas with sea views and the market.

The Museo Mascagnano houses memorabilia, documents and operas by the great composer Pietro Mascagni. Every year some of his operas are traditionally played during the lyric music season, which is organised by the Traditional Theatre of Livorno. Also the “Terrazza Mascagni”, a walkway divided from the sea by a handrail, is named in honor to Pietro Mascagni.

Up in the hills the Sanctuary of Montenero, which is dedicated to Our Lady of Graces, the patron saint of Tuscany, is a fixed destination for pilgrims. It is famous for the adjacent gallery, decorated with ex-voti mainly connected to stories of miraculous sea rescue.

The "Monumento dei quattro mori" ("Monument of the Four Moors"), dedicated to Grand Duke Ferdinando I de' Medici of Tuscany, is one of the most important monuments of Livorno. An important square, the Piazza della Repubblica, contains two important monuments of Italian politicians. The square is also a bridge, under which there lies a large canal.

Another important monument is an old red-brick fortress "Fortezza Nuova" which, in Medici times, defended the city from attack by pirates. Its three bastions are named “Capitana”, “Ampolletta” and “Canaviglia”. The original fortress was built before the Renaissance. A later one was constructed at the end of the 16th century. Leghorn is home to the Italian Naval Academy as well as several smaller colleges.

Fortezza Nuova

Culture[link]

Politically, Livorno is one of the most left-leaning cities of Italy. The Communist Party of Italy was founded in Livorno on 21 January 1921.

The leghorn variety of chicken was named after the city.The city also lent its name to a kind of fine plaited straw produced there and, by extension, to the leghorn hats made from the material. (Citations needed)

Economy[link]

Tuaca liqueur was produced in Livorno until 2010 when the famous distillery was closed and operations were brought to the United States by the new owners. Galliano is still made here and enjoyed by locals and touristas alike. The city also has a substantial petrochemical industry. The port is the focus of a substantial tourism industry in which thousands of cruise-ship passengers are transported by fleets of buses to inland destinations, notably to Florence. However, since the beginning of 20th century Livorno has been more famous for the Orlando Shipyard, where most famously in 1911 the armored cruiser "Georgios Averof", the flagship of the Greek Navy during its victorious battles against Turks in the Balkan Wars and World War I, was built.

Transport[link]

Airport[link]

The nearest airport is the main airport of Tuscany, Pisa's Galileo Galilei Airport, which is about twenty kilometers away.

Trains[link]

The city is served by Livorno Centrale station.

Sport[link]

Livorno has a football team in Serie B, A.S. Livorno Calcio. Even if football is the most known and practised sport in the city, many other champions came from others, like athletics (the 400 meters hurdles world champion in 1999 Fabrizio Mori) and fencing (Aldo Montano). Livorno has its own basketball and rugby team, too.

Dialect[link]

Livorno inhabitants speak a variant of the Italian Tuscan dialect, known as a vernacolo. The satirical comic-style magazine printed mainly in the Livornese dialect, called Il Vernacoliere, founded in 1982, is now nationally distributed.^[3]

The Greek community and the port of Livorno in the 19th century[link]

The first Greeks who settled in Livorno early in the 16th century were former mercenaries in the fleet of Cosimo de' Medici and their descendants. This community increased and became significant in the 18th and 19th centuries when Livorno became one of the principal hubs of the mediterranean trade.^[4] Most of the new Greek immigrants came from Western Greece, Chios, Epirus and Asia Minor. Thanks to the duty-free policy (port franc) and the facilities for long-term storage of levantine goods and grains, until the late 19th century Livorno enjoyed a strong strategic position with respect to Greek entrepreneurial interests in the Black Sea, the Mediterranean, and the North Atlantic. The hostile trade environment created by the Anglo-French confrontation in the Mediterranean (port embargoes, piracy, confiscation of cargoes etc.) turned to an advantage of the Greek merchants who were willing to take the risk. By 1820’s the Greek community of entrepreneurs gradually replaced the British, Dutch, French and other merchants who left the city. The grain market, banking and ship-broking were their main activities. Cargoes of wheat from Black Sea were first received to Livorno, re-shipped to England and ships came back to Livorno full of textiles and other industrial goods, to be shipped again to Alexandria and other destinations in Ottoman Empire. A large part of this trade was in the hands of Chiots. A 1839 report says that in Livorno were no more than ten major commercial houses, all of them foreign, Greek and Jewish.^[5]

The Greek community (nazione) had also a distinctive cultural and social identity based on their common religion, language and history. In 1775 they established the Confraternity of Holy Trinity (Confraternita della SS.Trinita) and the Chiesa della Santissima Trinita, the first non-catholic church in Tuscany.^[6] A Greek school was also established and scholarships for higher studies were awarded to young Greeks from Peloponnesus, Epirus, Chio or Smyrna. The community helped financially the Greek Revolution of 1821 and various Greek communities in the Ottoman Empire and in Italy. Benefactions were directed to non-Greeks, too. The Rodocanachi family financed the “School of Mutual Education” established in Livorno by the pedagogist Enrico Mayer and the community participated in the establishment of a school for poor catholic children. Distinguished members of the Greek community (e.g. members of the Papoudoff, Maurogordatos, Rodocanachi, Tossizza and other families) were granted titles of nobility by the local governing authorities.

The Greek community declined in late 19th century as from 1/1/1868 the privileges of the Livorno port ceased.^[7]

International relations[link]

Twin towns — Sister cities[link]

Livorno is twinned with:

Notable people[link]

• Luca Agamennoni
• Andrea Aghini
• Romano Albani
• Massimiliano Allegri
• Mario Ancona (1860–1931), Jewish opera baritone
• Rabbi Chaim Joseph David Azulai (1724–1807), prolific Rabbinic scholar

• Baldo Baldi
• Andrea Baldini (born 1985), fencer, World Champion
• David Balleri
• Enzo Bartolini
• Piero Barontini (1919–2003), painter^[8]
• Rabbi Elijah Benamozegh (1822–1900), rabbi and scholar of Kabbalah
• Malachi ben Jacob
• Bino Bini
• Giotto Bizzarrini

• Ranieri de' Calzabigi
• Giuseppe Cambini
• Leonetto Cappiello (1875–1942), painter
• Giorgio Caproni (1912–1990), poet
• David Castelli (1836–1901), Jewish Biblical scholar
• Mario Checcacci
• Pierluigi Chicca
• Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (born 1920), former President of the Republic of Italy
• Piero Ciampi (1934–1980), musician
• Costanzo Ciano
• Gian Galeazzo Ciano (1903–1944), Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Benito Mussolini's son-in-law
• Arduíno Colassanti
• Antonio Corazzi
• Vittorio Matteo Corcos (1859–1933), painter
• Rabbi Moses Cordovero

• Giovanni de Gamerra
• Serafino De Tivoli
• Manlio Di Rosa
• Dino Diluca

• Federigo Enriques
• Paolo Enriques (1878–1932), zoologist (genetics)

• Giovanni Fattori (1825–1908), painter
• Bruno Filippi
• Voltolino Fontani (1920–1976), painter
• Alberto Fremura (born 1936), artist
• Angelo Froglia (1955–1997), painter and creator of the scandal of the heads of Modigliani

• Vivi Gioi
• Filippo Gragnani (1768–1820), virtuoso guitarist and composer
• Oreste Grossi
• Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi (1804–1873), writer and politician

• Devrim Hakan (17th century), cantidal
• Marzio Innocenti

• Aurelio Lampredi
• Dario Lari
• Francis Levett, English merchant, the Levant Company
• Alessandro Lucarelli (born 1977), football player
• Cristiano Lucarelli (born 1975), football player, topscorer of Serie A in 2004-05

• Mario Magnozzi
• Giovanni Marradi
• Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945), opera composer
• Davide Matteini
• Matteo Mazzantini (born 1976), rugby player
• Luca Mazzoni
• Umberto Melnati
• Guido Menasci
• Amedeo Modigliani (1884–1920), Jewish painter and sculptor
• Aldo Montano (born 1978), fencer, Olympic gold medalist
• Moses Haim Montefiore (1784–1885), Jewish financier and philanthropist in Britain
• Rabbi Sabato Morais (1823–1897), rabbi in Philadelphia, USA, and founder of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York City
• Fabrizio Mori
• Alfredo Muller (1869–1940), artist

• Aldo Nadi
• Nedo Nadi (1894–1940), won 5 gold medals in fencing at the 1920 Olympics

• Giorgio Pellini
• Armando Picchi (1935–1971), football player and manager
• Enrico Pollastrini
• Oreste Puliti

• Ottorino Quaglierini
• Giulia Quintavalle

• Dario Resta (1884–1924), racecar driver, Indy 500 winner
• Rolando Rigoli

• Giovanni Schmidt
• Dante Secchi
• Hezekiah da Silva
• Mauro Simonetti

• Athos Tanzini
• Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti
• Ilaria Tocchini
• Angiolo Tommasi (1858–1923), artist

• Dino Urbani
• Rabbi Samuel Uziel (17th century), rabbi and Talmudist
• Paolo Virzì (born 1964), film screenwriter and director

Points of interest[link]

• Museo di Storia Naturale del Mediterraneo
• Orto Botanico del Mediterraneo
• Cisternone of Livorno
• Old English Cemetery, Livorno

Gallery[link]

• 

  Fosso Reale

• 

  View of Livorno

• 

  Old Fortress

• 

  New Fortress

• 

  Duomo of Livorno

• 

  Castle of Baron Sidney Sonnino

• 

  Monumento dei Quattro Mori

• 

  Piazza della Repubblica

• 

  Temple of the Dutch German Congregation

See also[link]

• Port of Livorno
• Jewish community of Livorno

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Livorno

• Municipal website (Italian)
• Port of Livorno website
• Photographic map of Livorno city (English)
• Ferdinando I De Medici, Document Inviting Jewish Merchants to Settle in Livorno and Pisa, in Italian, Manuscript on Vellum, Florence, Italy, 10 June 1593 (fac-simile)
• Livorno Video Tour

Piermario Morosini

Morosini playing for Livorno
Personal information
Date of birth	(1986-07-05)5 July 1986
Place of birth	Bergamo, Italy
Date of death	14 April 2012(2012-04-14) (aged 25)
Place of death	Pescara, Italy
Height	1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)[1]
Playing position	Midfielder
Youth career
	Atalanta
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
2005–2007	Udinese	5	(0)
2006–2007	→ Bologna (loan)	16	(0)
2007–2009	Vicenza	66	(1)
2009–2012	Udinese	0	(0)
2009–2010	→ Reggina (loan)	17	(0)
2010	→ Padova (loan)	14	(0)
2011	→ Vicenza (loan)	15	(0)
2012	→ Livorno (loan)	8	(0)
Total		141	(1)
National team
2001–2003	Italy U-17	16	(1)
2003–2004	Italy U-18	7	(0)
2004–2005	Italy U-19	12	(0)
2005–2007	Italy U-20	3	(0)
2006–2009	Italy U-21	18	(0)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals).

Piermario Morosini (5 July 1986 – 14 April 2012) was an Italian footballer who last played as a midfielder for Livorno, on loan from Udinese.

On 14 April 2012, during a match between Pescara and Livorno, Morosini suffered a fatal cardiac arrest episode on the pitch.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Piermario Morosini was born on 5 July 1986, in Bergamo, Italy. His mother Camilla died in 2001, when he was fifteen years old. His father, Aldo, died in 2003, followed shortly after by a disabled brother, leaving him alone with a disabled elder sister.^[2]

Shortly after his parents' death, Morosini remarked that "these are the things that change your life, but at the same time make you so angry and help you achieve what was also a dream of my parents."

Senior career[link]

Morosini scored twice during his career from 2001 until 2012, which were for Italy U-17 and for Vicenza.

Club career[link]

Morosini started his career at hometown club Atalanta, and was sold to Udinese in a co-ownership deal during 2005.

On 23 October 2005 he debuts in Serie A in the match Udinese-Inter, collecting in total 5 appearances in this league. In this season 2005-06 he debuts also in Coppa UEFA in the match Levski Sofia-Udinese.

Udinese got full ownership from Atalanta in 2006, and loaned him to Bologna in order to gain experience. From 2007 to 2009 half of the registration rights was farmed to Serie B club Vicenza Calcio.

On 31 August 2009, Morosini signed for newly-relegated side Reggina on loan.

On 1 February 2010, he was loaned to Calcio Padova. In June 2010, the club decided not to buy him outright.^[3]

In January 2011 he was transferred on loan to Vicenza and played 15 times for this club.

On 31 January 2012 he went on loan to Livorno playing 8 matches.^[4][5]

International career[link]

Morosini made his international debut for the U-17 team in September 2001, at only 15 years old. In September 2006, he made his U-21 debut and was called-up for the 2009 European Championships as back-up.

Death[link]

On 14 April 2012, while representing Livorno, Morosini suffered cardiac arrest and fell to the ground in the 31st minute of the Serie B match against Pescara.^[6] He stumbled on the ground, trying to get up, before losing consciousness and receiving medical attention on the field.^[7] A defibrillator was used on Morosini, who was conscious when he was taken on the stretcher.^[8] The News agency ANSA reported that a city police car was blocking the stadium's exit for the ambulance for nearly a minute, but a heart specialist said that the delay made no difference.^[9] After Morosini was taken to the hospital, the match was abandoned with Livorno leading 2–0, and some players reportedly "left the field in tears".^[10][11]

Morosini was rushed to the Santo Spirito hospital, but reports later indicated he died before reaching the hospital.^[12][13] Italian media reports were alerted of Morosini's death after an "explosion of shouts and tears" by his teammates who had gone to the hospital.^[14] All of the Italian football league matches for the weekend were suspended.^[15] Livorno then decided they would retire the number 25, the number he wore whilst a Livorno player.^[16]

Morosini died less than a month after Fabrice Muamba suffered a cardiac arrest in an English FA Cup match, after which awareness of heart risk had been raised in Italian football.^[13] Morosini's sister who is disabled was left with no family and will now be financially supported by the Udinese captain, Antonio Di Natale.^[17]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Profile at Transfermarkt
• Profile at official website of A.S. Livorno Calcio
• Forza Italian Football site

v t e Italy squad – 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship 1 Consigli 2 Motta 3 Andreolli 4 Criscito 5 Morosini 6 Marzoratti 7 Abate 8 Marchisio 9 Acquafresca 10 Giovinco 11 De Ceglie 12 Sirigu 13 Ranocchia 14 Pisano 15 Bocchetti 16 Candreva 17 Poli 18 Cerci 19 Paloschi 20 Balotelli 21 Cigarini 22 Seculin 23 Dessena Coach: Casiraghi

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