East West (or East and West) may refer to

Conceptual use[link]

• East–West dichotomy, the contrast between Eastern and Western society or culture
• East–West Schism, the division of Chalcedonian Christianity into Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy

Books, journals and magazines[link]

• East, West, an anthology of short stories written by Salman Rushdie
• East and West (book), a 1998 book by Christopher Patten, the last British governor of Hong Kong
• Philosophy East and West, an international, interdisciplinary academic journal

Music[link]

• East-West, a 1966 album by the Paul Butterfield Blues Band
• East West (album), a 2003 album by the band East West
• East West (band), A Christian metal band
• East and West (album), a 1963 jazz album by Toshiko Akiyoshi and Charlie Mariano
• East West Records, an American record label, owned by Warner Music Group

TV, film and theatre[link]

• East/West (aka Est-Ouest), a 1999 film by Régis Wargnier
• East West Players, an Asian American theatre organization
• East West 101, an Australian television drama series
• Purab Aur Paschim (East and West), a 1970 Bollywood movie

Companies and institutions[link]

• East-West Airlines (India)
• East-West Airlines (Australia)
• East West Bank, a Chinese American bank in California
• East West Bank (Philippines), a medium-sized commercial bank in the Philippines
• East West Bus Company, a bus and coach operator in Melbourne, Australia
• East West University, a private university located in Dhaka, Bangladesh
• East–West University, a private university located in Chicago, Illinois, USA
• East and West Railroad of Alabama, a narrow gauge railroad in the US States of Alabama and Georgia
• East and West Riding Regiment, a regiment of the British Territorial Army
• East-West Travel (Istanbul, Turkey)

Other[link]

• East–West Shrine Game, an annual post-season college football all-star game

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2010)

Diana Krall
Diana Krall at a CD signing in Toronto, Ontario (Sept 2007)
Background information
Born	(1964-11-16) November 16, 1964 (age 47) Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
Genres	Jazz, traditional pop, bossa nova
Occupations	Singer Pianist Songwriter
Instruments	Vocals Piano
Years active	1990–present
Labels	Justin Time (1993) GRP (1995) Impulse (1995–2001) Verve (2002–present)
Associated acts	Elvis Costello
Website	DianaKrall.com
Notable instruments
Steinway[1] piano

Diana Jean Krall, OC, OBC (born November 16, 1964) is a Canadian jazz pianist and singer, known for her contralto vocals.^[2] She has sold more than 6 million albums in the US and over 15 million worldwide. On December 11, 2009, Billboard magazine named her the second Jazz artist of the 2000–09 decade, establishing her as one of the best-selling artists of her time. She is the only jazz singer to have eight albums debuting at the top of the Billboard Jazz Albums.^[3] To date, she has won three Grammy Awards and eight Juno Awards. She also has earned nine gold, three platinum, and seven multi-platinum albums.

Professional career[link]

In 1993, Krall released her first album, Stepping Out, which she recorded with John Clayton and Jeff Hamilton. It caught the attention of producer Tommy LiPuma, who produced her second album, Only Trust Your Heart (1995).^{[citation needed]}

Her third album, All for You: A Dedication to the Nat King Cole Trio (1996), was nominated for a Grammy and continued for 70 weeks in the Billboard jazz charts. Love Scenes (1997) quickly became a hit record with the trio of Krall, Russell Malone (guitar) and Christian McBride (bass).^{[citation needed]}

In August 2000, Krall was paired on a 20-city tour with Tony Bennett. They were paired again for a song on the TV series Spectacle: Elvis Costello with...^{[citation needed]}

Orchestral arrangements by Johnny Mandel provided the background on When I Look In Your Eyes (1999). The band mix was kept, following arrangements on The Look of Love (2001) created by Claus Ogerman; this record achieved platinum status and reached the top 10 of the Billboard 200. The title track from the album, a cover of the Casino Royale standard popularized in the late 1960s by Dusty Springfield and Sérgio Mendes, reached number 22 on the adult contemporary chart.^{[citation needed]}

In September 2001, Krall began a world tour. Her concert at the Paris Olympia was recorded and released as her first live record, Diana Krall - Live in Paris. The album included covers of Billy Joel's "Just The Way You Are" (a hit on U.S. smooth jazz radio) and Joni Mitchell's "A Case Of You."^{[citation needed]}

The 2001 movie The Score (U.S.A. and Germany) starring Robert De Niro and Marlon Brando, features a recording of Krall entitled: “I’ll Make It Up As I Go.” This song accompanies the film’s ending Credits (Chapter 12) and was composed by a fellow Canadian, David Foster.^[4]

After marrying Elvis Costello, she worked with him as a lyricist and started to compose her own songs, resulting in the album The Girl in the Other Room. The album, released in April 2004, quickly rose to the top five in the United Kingdom and made the Australian top 40 album charts.^{[citation needed]}

She also joined Ray Charles on his Genius Loves Company album in 2004 on the song, "You Don't Know Me".^{[citation needed]}

Live at The Paramount Theater in Charlottesville, Virginia - Photo by Rob Garland

In late May 2007, Krall was featured in a Lexus ad campaign.^[5] She also sang, "Dream a Little Dream of Me" with piano accompaniment by pianist Hank Jones.

Quiet Nights, her latest album, was released on 31 March 2009.^{[citation needed]}

Krall also produced Barbra Streisand's album Love Is the Answer, released on 29 Sep 2009.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life[link]

Krall was born on November 16, 1964 in Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada. Her father played piano around the house and her mother sang in a community choir. She was playing piano herself at the age of four and playing jazz in a local restaurant at 15. She went to the Berklee College of Music in Boston on a scholarship before heading out to L.A. to play jazz. She returned to Canada to release her first album in 1993.^[6]

Krall lost her mother Adella to multiple myeloma in 2002, within months of also losing her mentors Ray Brown and Rosemary Clooney.^{[citation needed]} Diana's only sibling, Michelle, is a former member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).

Krall and British musician Elvis Costello were married on December 6, 2003 at Elton John's estate outside London.^[7] Their twin sons, Dexter Henry Lorcan and Frank Harlan James, were born December 6, 2006 in New York City.^[8]

Honours[link]

In 2000, she was awarded the Order of British Columbia.^[9] In 2003 she was given an honorary Ph.D. (Fine Arts) from the University of Victoria.^[10] In 2004, she was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame.^[11] In 2005, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.^[12]

In 2008, Nanaimo Harbourfront Plaza was renamed Diana Krall Plaza.^[13]

She is an honorary board member of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation.^[14]

Discography[link]

Diana Krall by a Steinway grand piano

Studio albums

• 1993: Stepping Out
• 1995: Only Trust Your Heart
• 1996: All for You: A Dedication to the Nat King Cole Trio
• 1997: Love Scenes
• 1999: When I Look in Your Eyes
• 2001: The Look of Love
• 2004: The Girl in the Other Room
• 2005: Christmas Songs
• 2006: From This Moment On
• 2009: Quiet Nights

Others albums

• 2002: Live in Paris
• 2007: The Very Best of Diana Krall
• 2008: In Concert (Doing All Right)

DVDs

• 2002: Live in Paris
• 2004: Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival
• 2009: Live in Rio

Filmography[link]

Awards[link]

Grammy Awards[link]

The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Diana Krall

• Diana Krall's official website
• "The State of Jazz Vocals Today" by Ted Gioia, Jazz.com
• Diana Krall at the Internet Movie Database

Anna Kendrick
Kendrick at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival
Born	(1985-08-09) August 9, 1985 (age 26) Portland, Maine, United States
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1998–present
Partner	Edgar Wright (2009–present)

Anna Kendrick (born August 9, 1985) is an American actress. She rose to fame after her performance as Natalie Keener in Up in the Air, for which she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. Her other work includes The Twilight Saga, Camp, Rocket Science, Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, 50/50, and the Broadway musical High Society.

Career[link]

Kendrick "caught the [acting] bug" at the age of 10, when she caught a bus from Portland, Maine, to New York City so that she could attend auditions.^[1] Kendrick's first acting role was as Dinah in the Broadway musical High Society in August 1998 when she was 12 years old, a performance for which she earned Theatre World Award, Drama Desk Award, and Tony Award nominations,^[2] making her the third-youngest Tony Award nominee.^[3]

Kendrick went on to appear in a number of other theater productions, including the musical A Little Night Music, before making her film debut in the 2003 musical comedy Camp,^[2] for which she was nominated in the Best Supporting Actress category at the 2004 Chlotrudis Awards and Best Debut Performance Independent Spirit Award for her portrayal of Fritzi Wagner.

In 2007, she appeared in her next film, Rocket Science, in which she portrayed Ginny Ryerson, a fast-talking high school debater. Although she says she found the role intimidating and challenging after watching an actual national collegiate championship debate, her performance was praised by critics^[2] and she was nominated for a 2007 Independent Spirit Award in the category of Best Supporting Actress.^[4]

In late 2007, she auditioned for the role of Jessica Stanley in Twilight, a 2008 film adapted from the first book of the novel series by Stephenie Meyer.^[5] She had intended to do a mix-and-match audition with various actors, but was too ill and had to leave; she was, however, brought in for a later session where she was given the role.^[1] Screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg said that the characters Jessica Stanley and Lauren Mallory from the book were combined to create the role.^[6] Kendrick reprised her role as Jessica in the Twilight sequel, New Moon.^[7]

Kendrick's theater singing experience gave her the opportunity to star in her next project, 2009's The Marc Pease Experience, where she appears opposite Jason Schwartzman and Ben Stiller as a high school senior involved in musical theater.^[2][8]

She appeared in the 2009 films Elsewhere, in which she plays her first lead character, a girl whose best friend (played by Tania Raymonde) goes missing,^[2] and in director Jason Reitman's Up in the Air, based on Walter Kirn's 2001 novel of the same name, alongside George Clooney and Vera Farmiga.^[9] For her role in Up in the Air, the National Board of Review named her Best Supporting Actress^[10] and she has also picked up nominations from numerous critics awards and The Golden Globes^[11] and The Screen Actors Guild^[12] and the Academy Awards.

Kendrick at the San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2010

She reprised her role as Jessica Stanley in The Twilight Saga: Eclipse. Screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg devised a graduation speech for her character that was not part of the novel.^[13] She appeared in Edgar Wright's adaptation of the graphic novel Scott Pilgrim, titled Scott Pilgrim vs. the World.^[14] Kendrick played Stacey Pilgrim, the sister of the lead character.

In 2010, Kendrick appeared in LCD Soundsystem's music video "Pow Pow" as a "shape-shifter" who collects "the souls of wicked men".^[15] In October 2010, she attended the 2010 Top Glamour Awards in Mexico where she won for "Best International Actress".^{[citation needed]}

In 2011, she starred in the dramatic comedy 50/50, alongside Joseph Gordon Levitt, Bryce Dallas Howard, and Seth Rogen. She also reprised her role as Jessica Stanley in The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn.

In 2012, she plays the part of Rosie in the screen adaptation of the consummate baby guide, What To Expect When You're Expecting.

It has been reported that in 2012 she will star opposite John Francis Daley in Rapturepalooza,^[16] that she has been cast in The Archivist,^[17] to be directed by Robin Wright, and that she will voice a character in the stop-motion animated feature, ParaNorman.^[18] She also will star in Pitch Perfect, where she plays a rebellious and goth-like college student who discovers her voice in her school’s female a cappella group and in a political thriller called The Company You Keep starring Shia LaBeouf.

Personal life[link]

Kendrick was born in Portland, Maine, the daughter of Janice, an accountant, and William Kendrick, a history teacher.^[19] Kendrick and her older brother, actor Michael Cooke Kendrick, who appeared in the 2000 film Looking for an Echo, both attended Longfellow Elementary School, Lincoln Middle School and Deering High School in Portland.^[20]

As of 2009^[update], she is in a relationship with director Edgar Wright, whom she met during the production of Scott Pilgrim vs. the World.^[21][22]

Filmography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Anna Kendrick

• Anna Kendrick at the Internet Movie Database
• Anna Kendrick at the Internet Broadway Database

Cheri Huber (born c. 1944) is an independent Soto Zen teacher with more than thirty years of experience. She is the founder and guiding teacher of Zen Monastery Peace Center located in Murphys, California, which was constructed in 1993. The plot of land was purchased in 1987, with 320 acres (1.3 km²). She was raised in the San Francisco Bay area and likely studied Zen for some time under Jay DuPont. Writer Anna Kaplan says that Huber had once desired to live in a cabin in the woods in isolation of the world, but was encouraged by another teacher to teach Zen. The name of this teacher is not indicated. She founded her first Zen center in 1983 in Mountain View, California, which has since moved to Palo Alto under the name Palo Alto Zen Center.^[1][2][3] There have been some questions raised about her authority to teach Zen from some members of the Zen community. Author James Ishmael Ford writes of her, "Perhaps the most prominent of apparently self-declared teachers is the widely read author and meditation teacher Cheri Huber. Huber may have studied briefly with Jay DuPont...but it is not clear that she was authorized to teach by him or anyone else as a Zen teacher."^[4]

Bibliography[link]

• What You Practice Is What You Have : A Guide to Having the Life You Want. Keep It Simple. 2010. ISBN 0-9710309-7-9. http://www.livingcompassion.org/store/2105. 

• Making A Change For Good : A Guide To Compassionate Self-Discipline. Shambhala Publications. 2007. ISBN 1-59030-208-7. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71210331&referer=brief_results. 

• Transform Your Life: A Year of Awareness Practice. Keep It Simple Books. 2007. ISBN 0-9710309-5-2. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/132306229&referer=brief_results. 

• The Depression Book: Depression as an Opportunity for Spiritual Growth. Keep It Simple Books. 2004. ISBN 0-9636255-6-X. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43321262&referer=brief_results. 

• The Zen Monastery Cookbook: Stories and Recipes from a Zen Kitchen. Keep It Simple Books. 2003. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53474361&referer=brief_results. 

• When You're Falling, Dive: Acceptance, Freedom and Possibility. Keep It Simple Books. 2003. ISBN 0-9614754-7-1. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52355111&referer=brief_results. 

• Suffering Is Optional: Three Keys to Freedom and Joy. Keep It Simple Books. 2002. ISBN 0-9636255-8-6. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45555299&referer=brief_results. 

• There Is Nothing Wrong with You: Going Beyond Self-Hate. Keep It Simple Books. 2001. ISBN 0-9710309-0-1. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48114041&referer=brief_results. 

• There Is Nothing Wrong With You for Teens. Keep It Simple Books. 2001. ISBN 0-9636255-9-4. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48477194&referer=brief_results. 

• Sweet Zen: Dharma Talks from Cheri Huber. Present Perfect Books. 2000. ISBN 0-9630784-4-5. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45893868&referer=brief_results. 

• How to Get from Where You Are to Where You Want to Be. Hay House. 2000. ISBN 1-56170-715-5. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44016648&referer=brief_results. 

• Buddha Facing the Wall: Interviews with American Zen Monks. Keep It Simple Books. 1999. ISBN 0-9630784-3-7. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45087479&referer=brief_results. 

• Sex and Money: Are Dirty, Aren't They?. Keep It Simple Books. 1999. ISBN 0-9636255-7-8. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44002624&referer=brief_results. 

• The Key: And the Name of the Key Is Willingness. Keep It Simple Books. 1999. ISBN 0-9636255-4-3. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44989805&referer=brief_results. 

• Good Life: A Zen Precepts Retreat with Cheri Huber. Keep It Simple Books. 1997. ISBN 0-9630784-2-9. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40134295&referer=brief_results. 

• Be the Person You Want to Find: Relationship and Self-Discovery. Keep It Simple Books. 1997. ISBN 0-9636255-2-7. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38143086&referer=brief_results. 

• Being Present in the Darkness. Penguin Group. 1996. ISBN 0-399-52223-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ApMOAAAACAAJ&dq=%22cheri+huber%22+present+darkness. 

• Trying to Be Human: Zen Talks from Cheri Huber. Keep It Simple Books. 1995. ISBN 0-9630784-1-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=B2MFAAAACAAJ&dq=%22cheri+huber%22+trying+human. 

• Nothing Happens Next: Responses to Questions About Meditation. Keep It Simple Books. 1995. ISBN 0-9636255-3-5. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42521345&referer=brief_results. 

• The Fear Book: Facing Fear Once and for All. Keep It Simple Books. 1995. ISBN 0-9636255-1-9. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40071101&referer=brief_results. 

• That Which You Are Seeking Is Causing You to Seek. Keep It Simple Books. 1990. ISBN 0-9614754-6-3. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40313571&referer=brief_results. 

• How You Do Anything Is How You Do Everything: A Workbook. Keep It Simple Books. 1988. ISBN 0-9636255-5-1. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41074162&referer=brief_results. 

As co-author[link]

• Guyol, Melinda (1994). Time-out for Parents: A Compassionate Approach to Parenting. CompassionWorks. ISBN 0-9614754-4-7. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32158978&tab=editions. 

Audio[link]

• Unconditional Self-Acceptance (The Do It Yourself Course). Sounds True. 2005. ISBN 1-59179-237-1. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57728769&referer=brief_results. 

• Being Present in the Darkness. B&B Audio. 1996. ISBN 1-882071-79-4. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36518670&referer=brief_results. 

DVD[link]

• The Secret Is There Are No Secrets: An Introduction To Zen Meditation With Cheri Huber. Openings. 2004. OCLC 83259812. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/83259812&referer=brief_results. 

See also[link]

• Buddhism in the United States

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Brady, Mark (2003). The Wisdom of Listening. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-355-9. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52520501&referer=one_hit. 

• Ford, James Ishmael (2006). Zen Master Who?: A Guide to the People and Stories of Zen. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-509-8. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70174891&referer=brief_results. 

• Kaplan, Anna (2006-12-16). "Murphys retreat lets seekers get away from it all". Recordnet. http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061216/A_LIFE/612160304. Retrieved 2008-02-12. 

• Miller, David Ian (2006-11-20). "Finding My Religion". SF Gate. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2006/11/20/findrelig.DTL. Retrieved 2008-02-12. 

This Zen-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Ho Chi Minh
Portrait c. 1946
Chairman of the Workers' Party of Vietnam
In office 19 February 1951 – 2 September 1969
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Post abolished
First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam
In office 1 November 1956 – 10 September 1960
Preceded by	Trường Chinh
Succeeded by	Lê Duẩn
President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
In office 2 September 1945 – 2 September 1969
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Tôn Đức Thắng
Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
In office 2 September 1945 – 20 September 1955
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Phạm Văn Đồng
Personal details
Born	Nguyễn Sinh Cung (1890-05-19)19 May 1890 Nghệ An Province, French Indochina
Died	2 September 1969(1969-09-02) (aged 79) Hanoi, Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Nationality	Vietnamese
Political party	Workers’ Party of Vietnam
Signature

This article contains Vietnamese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc Ngữ.

Hồ Chí Minh (Vietnamese pronunciation: [hô cǐ miɲ] (Vietnamese pronunciation: [hô̤ tɕǐmɪŋ] ( listen)); 19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969), born Nguyễn Sinh Cung and also known as Nguyễn Tất Thành and Nguyễn Ái Quốc, was a Vietnamese Stalinist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (1945–1955) and president (1945–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He was a key figure in the foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945, as well as the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Việt Cộng (NLF or VC) during the Vietnam War.

He led the Việt Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at Điện Biên Phủ. He officially stepped down from power in 1955 due to health problems, but remained a highly visible figurehead and inspiration for Vietnamese fighting for his cause – a united, independent Vietnam – until his death. After the war, Saigon, the capital of Republic of Vietnam, was renamed Hồ Chí Minh City in his honor.

Early life[link]

Nguyễn Sinh Cung was born in 1890 in the village of Hoàng Trù, his mother's hometown. From 1895, he grew up in his father's hometown of Kim Liên, Nam Đàn, Nghệ An Province. He had three siblings: his sister Bạch Liên (or Nguyễn Thị Thanh), a clerk in the French Army; his brother Nguyễn Sinh Khiêm (or Nguyễn Tất Đạt), a geomancer and traditional herbalist; and another brother (Nguyễn Sinh Nhuận) who died in his infancy. As a young child, Nguyễn studied with his father before more formal classes with a scholar named Vuong Thuc Do. Nguyễn quickly mastered Chinese writing, a requisite for any serious study of Confucianism, while honing his colloquial Vietnamese writing.^[1] In addition to his studious endeavors, he was fond of adventure, and loved to fly kites and go fishing.^[1] Following Confucian tradition, at the age of 10, his father gave him a new name: Nguyễn Tất Thành (“Nguyễn the Accomplished”).

Nguyễn’s father, Nguyễn Sinh Sắc, was a Confucian scholar and teacher, and later an imperial magistrate in the small remote district of Binh Khe (Qui Nhơn). He was demoted for abuse of power after an influential local figure died several days after receiving 100 strokes of the cane as punishment for an infraction.^[2] In deference to his father, Nguyễn received a French education, attended lycée in Huế, the alma mater of his later disciples, Phạm Văn Đồng and Võ Nguyên Giáp. He later left his studies and chose to teach at Dục Thanh school in Phan Thiết.

In the USA[link]

In 1911, working as the cook's helper on a ship, Nguyễn traveled to the United States. From 1912-13, he lived in New York (Harlem) and Boston, where he worked as a baker at the Parker House Hotel. Among a series of menial jobs, he claimed to have worked for a wealthy family in Brooklyn between 1917–18, and for General Motors as a line manager. It is believed that, while in the United States, he made contact with Korean nationalists, an experience that developed his political outlook.^[3]

In England[link]

At various points between 1913 and 1919, Nguyễn lived in West Ealing, and later in Crouch End, Hornsey. He reportedly worked as a chef at the Drayton Court Hotel in West Ealing.^[4] It is claimed that Nguyễn trained as a pastry chef under Auguste Escoffier at the Carlton Hotel in the Haymarket, Westminster, but there is no evidence to support this.^[3] However, the wall of New Zealand House, home of the New Zealand High Commission, which now stands on the site of the Carlton Hotel, displays a blue plaque, stating that Nguyễn worked there in 1913 as a waiter.

Political education in France[link]

From 1919–23, while living in France, Nguyễn Sinh Cung began to approach the idea of communism, through his friend and Socialist Party of France comrade Marcel Cachin. Cung claimed to have arrived in Paris from London in 1917, but the French police only had documents of his arrival in June 1919.^[3] Following World War I, under the name Nguyễn Ái Quốc ("Nguyễn the Patriot"), he petitioned for recognition of the civil rights of the Vietnamese people in French Indochina to the Western powers at the Versailles peace talks, but was ignored.^[5] Citing the language and the spirit of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, Quốc petitioned U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to help remove the French from Vietnam and replace them with a new, nationalist government. Although he was unable to obtain consideration at Versailles, the failure further radicalized Nguyễn, while also making him a national hero of the anti-colonial movement at home in Vietnam.^[6]

In 1920, during the Congress of Tours, in France, Quốc became a founding member of the Parti Communiste Français (FCP) and spent much of his time in Moscow afterward, becoming the Comintern's Asia hand and the principal theorist on colonial warfare. During the Indochina War, the PCF would be involved with anti-war propaganda, sabotage and support for the revolutionary effort. In May 1922, Nguyễn wrote an article for a French magazine criticizing the use of English words by French sportswriters.^[7] The article implores Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré to outlaw such Franglais as le manager, le round and le knock-out. While living in Paris, he reportedly had a relationship with a dressmaker named Marie Brière.^[7]

In the Soviet Union and China[link]

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In 1923, Nguyễn (Hồ) left Paris for Moscow, where he was employed by the Comintern, studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East,^[8][9] and participated in the Fifth Comintern Congress in June 1924, before arriving in Canton (present-day Guangzhou), China, in November 1924. In June 1925, Hoàng Văn Chí claimed Nguyễn (Hồ) had betrayed Phan Bội Châu, the head of a rival revolutionary faction, to French police in Shanghai for 100,000 piastres.^[10] Nguyễn (Hồ) later claimed he did it because he expected Châu's trial to stir up anti-French resentment, and because he needed the money to establish a communist organization.^[10] In Ho Chi Minh: A Life, William Duiker repudiated this hypothesis. Other sources claim that Nguyễn Thượng Hiền was responsible for Châu's capture. Châu never denounced Nguyễn.

In 1925-26 he organized "Youth Education Classes" and occasionally gave lectures at the Whampoa Military Academy on the revolutionary movement in Indochina. According to Duiker, he lived with and married a Chinese woman, Tăng Tuyết Minh (née Zeng Xueming), on 18 October 1926.^[11] When his comrades objected to the match, he told them, “I will get married despite your disapproval because I need a woman to teach me the language and keep house.”^[11] She was 21 and he was 36.^[11] They married in the same place where Zhou Enlai had married earlier and then lived together at the residence of a Comintern agent, Mikhail Borodin.^[11]

Chiang Kai-shek's anti-communist 1927 coup triggered a new round of exile for Nguyễn. He left Canton again in April 1927 and returned to Moscow, spending some of the summer of 1927 recuperating from tuberculosis in the Crimea, before returning to Paris once more in November. He then returned to Asia by way of Brussels, Berlin, Switzerland, and Italy, from where he sailed to Bangkok, Thailand, where he arrived in July 1928. “Although we have been separated for almost a year, our feelings for each other do not have to be said in order to be felt”, he reassured Minh in an intercepted letter.^[11]

He remained in Thailand, staying in the Thai village of Nachok,^[12] until late 1929 when he moved on to India, and Shanghai. In June 1931, he was arrested in Hong Kong. To reduce French pressure for extradition, it was (falsely) announced in 1932 that Nguyễn Ái Quốc had died.^[13] The British quietly released him in January 1933. He made his way back to Milan, Italy, where he served in a restaurant. The restaurant is now a traditional Lombard-cuisine temple and harbors a portrait of Hồ Chí Minh on the wall of its main dining hall.^[14][15] He moved to the Soviet Union, where he spent several more years recovering from tuberculosis.

In 1938, he returned to China and served as an adviser with Chinese Communist armed forces, which later forced China's government to the island of Taiwan.^[3] Around 1940, Quốc began regularly using the name "Hồ Chí Minh",^[3] a Vietnamese name combining a common Vietnamese surname (Hồ, 胡) with a given name meaning "He Who enlightens" (from Sino-Vietnamese 志 明; Chí meaning 'will' (or spirit), and Minh meaning "light").^[16]

Independence movement[link]

In 1941, Hồ returned to Vietnam to lead the Việt Minh independence movement. The “men in black” were a 10,000 member guerrilla force that operated with the Việt Minh.^[17] He oversaw many successful military actions against the Vichy French and Japanese occupation of Vietnam during World War II, supported closely but clandestinely by the United States Office of Strategic Services, and later against the French bid to reoccupy the country (1946–54). He was jailed in China by Chiang Kai-shek's local authorities before being rescued by Chinese Communists.^[18] Following his release in 1943, he returned to Vietnam. He was treated for malaria and dysentery by American OSS doctors.

Following the August Revolution (1945) organized by the Việt Minh, Hồ became Chairman of the Provisional Government (Premier of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and issued a Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.^[19] Although he convinced Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate, his government was not recognized by any country. He repeatedly petitioned American President Harry S. Truman for support for Vietnamese independence,^[20] citing the Atlantic Charter, but Truman never responded.^[21]

According to some unverified sources,^[22] 1945, in a power struggle, the Việt Minh killed members of rival groups, such as the leader of the Constitutional Party, the head of the Party for Independence, and Ngô Đình Diệm's brother, Ngô Ðình Khôi.^[23] Purges and killings of Trotskyists were also documented in The Black Book of Communism.

In 1946, when Hồ traveled outside of the country, his subordinates imprisoned 2,500 non-communist nationalists and forced 6,000 others to flee.^[24] Hundreds of political opponents were jailed or exiled in July 1946, notably members of the National Party of Vietnam and the Dai Viet National Party, after a failed attempt to raise a coup against the Vietminh government.^[25][26] All rival political parties therefore banned and local governments purged^[27] to minimize opposition later on.

However, it was noted that the Democratic Republic of Vietnam's first Congress had over two-third of its members come from non-Vietminh political factions, some without election. NPV party leader Nguyễn Hải Thần was named Vice President.^[28] They also held four out of ten ministerial positions.^[29]

Birth of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam[link]

On 2 September 1945, following Emperor Bảo Đại's abdication, Hồ Chí Minh read the Declaration of Independence of Vietnam,^[30] under the name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In Saigon, with violence between rival Vietnamese factions and French forces increasing, the British commander, General Sir Douglas Gracey, declared martial law. On 24 September, the Việt Minh leaders responded with a call for a general strike.^[31]

In September 1945, a force of 200,000 Republic of China Army troops arrived in Hanoi. Hồ made a compromise with their general, Lu Han, to dissolve the Communist Party and to hold an election which would yield a coalition government. When Chiang later traded Chinese influence in Vietnam for French concessions in Shanghai, Hồ Chí Minh had no choice but to sign an agreement with France on 6 March 1946, in which Vietnam would be recognized as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union. The agreement soon broke down. The purpose of the agreement, for both the French and Vietminh was to drive out Chiang's army from North Vietnam. Fighting broke out in the North soon after the Chinese left.

“The last time the Chinese came, they stayed a thousand years. The French are foreigners. They are weak. Colonialism is dying. The white man is finished in Asia. But if the Chinese stay now, they will never go. As for me, I prefer to sniff French shit for five years than to eat Chinese shit for the rest of my life.” — Hồ Chí Minh, 1946^[32]

The Viet Minh then collaborated with French colonial forces to massacre supporters of the Vietnamese nationalist movements in 1945-6.^[33] The Communists eventually suppressed all non-Communist parties but failed to secure a peace deal with France. In the final days of 1946, after a year of diplomatic failure and many concessions in agreements such as the Dalat and Fontainebleau conferences, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam government found that war was inevitable. The bombardment of Haiphong by French forces at Hanoi only strengthened the belief that France had no intention of allowing an autonomous, independent state in Vietnam. On 19 December 1946, Hồ, representing his government, declared war against the French Union, marked the beginning of the Indochina War.^[34] The Vietnam National Army, by then mostly armed with machetes and muskets immediately attacked, waging assault against French positions, smoking them out with straw bundled with chili pepper, destroying armored vehicles by Lunge Mines and Molotov cocktails, holding off attackers by using roadblocks, mines and gravel. After two month of fighting, the exhausted Việt Minh forces withdrew after systematically destroying any valuable infrastructure. Hồ was reported to be captured by a group of French soldiers led by Jean-Etienne Valluy at Việt Bắc in Operation Lea which turned out to be a Việt Minh advisor, who was later killed trying to escape. According to journalist Bernard Fall, after fighting the French for several years, Hồ decided to negotiate a truce. The French negotiators arrived at the meeting site: a mud hut with a thatched roof. Inside they found a long table with chairs and were surprised to discover in one corner of the room a silver ice bucket containing ice and a bottle of good Champagne which should have indicated that Hồ expected the negotiations to succeed. One demand by the French was the return to French custody of a number of Japanese military officers (who had been helping the Vietnamese armed forces by training them in the use of weapons of Japanese origin), in order for them to stand trial for war crimes committed during World War II. Hồ replied that the Japanese officers were allies and friends whom he could not betray. Then he walked out, to seven more years of war.^[35]

In February 1950, after the successful removal of French border's blockade,^[36] Hồ met with Stalin and Mao Zedong in Moscow after the Soviet Union recognized his government. They all agreed that China would be responsible for backing the Việt Minh.^[37] Mao's emissary to Moscow stated in August that China planned to train 60-70,000 Việt Minh in the near future.^[38] The road to the outside world was open for Việt Minh forces to receive additional supplies which allow them to escalate the fight against the French regime throughout Indochina. In 1954, after the crushing defeat of French Union forces at Điện Biên Phủ, France was forced to give up its fight against the Viet Minh.

Becoming president[link]

Hồ Chí Minh (right) with Võ Nguyên Giáp (left) in Hanoi, 1945

Hồ Chí Minh with East German sailors in Stralsund harbour, 1957

House of “Uncle Hồ” in Hanoi

The 1954 Geneva Accords, concluded between France and the Việt Minh, provided Vietminh forces would regroup in the North and the French and their colonial army (which was later known as the Army of Republic of Vietnam) forces regroup in the South. Hồ's Democratic Republic of Vietnam relocated to Hanoi and became the government of North Vietnam, a communist-led single party state. The Geneva accords also provided for a national election to reunify the country in 1956, but this was rejected by Diệm's government and the United States.^[39] The U.S government committed itself to contain the spread of communism in Asia beginning in 1950, when they funded 80% of the French effort. After Geneva, the U.S became the replacement for France as Republic of Vietnam's chief sponsor and financial backer, but there was never a written treaty between the United States and South Vietnam.^{[citation needed]}

Following the Geneva Accords, there was to be a 300-day period in which people could freely move between the two regions of Vietnam, later known as South Vietnam and North Vietnam. Some 900,000 to 1 million Vietnamese, mostly Catholics, as well as many anti-communist intellectuals, former French colonial civil servants and wealthy Vietnamese, left for the South, while around 250,000 people, mostly Vietminh soldiers, went from South to North.^[40][41] Some Canadian observers claimed many were forced by North Vietnamese authorities to remain against their will.^[42] With the backing of the U.S., the 1956 elections were canceled by Diệm, Vietnam's premier, and later the first president of Republic of Vietnam. Diệm formed another election, which he won by fraud.^[43]

In North Vietnam Political opposition groups were suppressed; those publicly opposing the government were imprisoned in hard labor camps. Prisoners were abused and beaten atop of labor-intensive work forced upon them. Many died of exhaustion, starvation, illness (who often died without any medical attention), or assault by prison guards. Up to an estimated 172,000 North Vietnamese died under the mass slaughter of "landlords" during land reform. Torture was used on a wide scale, so much so that by 1954 Ho Chi Minh became concerned, and had it banned.^[44] Dr. Steven Rosefielde, professor of economics at the University of North Carolina, places an estimated death toll at between 200,000 to 900,000. ^[45]

At the end of 1959, Lê Duẩn was appointed acting party leader, after knowing the election would never happened and Diệm's intention to purge out all opposing forces (mostly ex-Việt Minh), began request the Politburo to sending aid to the Vietcong newly uprising in South Vietnam. This was considered by Western's analyzers as a loss of power by Hồ, who is said to have preferred the more moderate Giáp for the position.^[46] The Hồ Chí Minh Trail was established in late 1959 to allow aid to be sent to the Vietcong through Laos and Cambodia, thus escalating the war and tipping the balance, turning it to their favor.^[47] Duẩn was officially named party leader in 1960, leaving Hồ a public figure for Vietnamese rather than actually governing the country. Hồ maintained much influence in the government, Tố Hữu, Lê Duẩn, Trường Chinh, and Phạm Văn Đồng would often share dinner with him, and later all of them remained key figures of Vietnam throughout and after the war. In 1963, Hồ purportedly corresponded with South Vietnamese President Diệm in the hopes of achieving a negotiated peace.^[48] This correspondence was a factor in the U.S. decision to tacitly support a coup against Diệm later that year.^[48]

In late 1964, PAVN combat troops were sent southwest into neutral Laos and Cambodia.^[49] According to Chen Jian, during the mid-to-late 1960s, Lê Duẩn permitted 320,000 Chinese volunteers into North Vietnam to help build infrastructure for the country, thereby freeing a similar number of PAVN personnel to go south.^[50] However, there is no sources from Vietnam, US or Soviet confirmed about the number of Chinese troops stationed in Northern Vietnam. By early 1965, U.S. combat troops began arriving in South Vietnam, first to protect the airbases around Chu Lai and Danang, later to take on most of the fight, as "More and more American troops were put in to replace Saigon troops who could not, or would not, get involved in the fighting".^[51]

As the "quick victory" promises failed and fighting escalated, widespread bombing all over Vietnam by the U.S. Air Force and Navy escalated Operation Rolling Thunder. Hồ remained in Hanoi during his final years, demanding the unconditional withdrawal of all foreign troops in Southern Vietnam. By July 1967, Hồ and most of the Politburo of Workers Party of Vietnam concluded the war had fallen into a stalemate, since the United States Army presence forced the People's Army of Vietnam to expend the majority of their resources maintaining the Hochiminh Trail instead of reinforcing their comrade's ranks in the South. With Hồ's permission, the Vietcong planned to execute the Tet Offensive, gambling on taking the South by force and defeating the U.S. military. The offensive came at great cost and with heavy casualties on NLF's political branches and armed forces but achieving a fundamental change in the attitudes of people in the South. Up until Tet, many civilians generally favored the Vietcong; in the wake of mass executions and looting at Hue, popular support evaporated away from the Vietcong.^[52] It appeared to Hồ and to the rest of his government that the scope of the action had shocked the public on a global scale, that up until then had been assured just before Tet that the Communists were "on the ropes". The overly positive spin that the U.S. military had been attempting to achieve for years came crashing down. The bombing of Northern Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh trail was halted, and U.S and Vietnamese negotiators began to discuss how to end the war.

From then on, Hồ and his government realized that instead of trying to face the might of the U.S. Army, which would ultimately wear them down, merely prolonging the conflict would lead to eventual acceptance of Hanoi's terms. By 1969, with negotiations still dragging on, Hồ's health began to deteriorate from multiple health problems, including diabetes which prevented him from participating in further active politics. However, he insisted that his forces in the south continue fighting until all of Vietnam was reunited under his government regardless of the length of time that it might take, believing that time and politics were on his side.^{[citation needed]}

Death[link]

Hồ Chí Minh mausoleum, Hanoi

Hồ Chí Minh statue outside Hồ Chí Minh City Hall, Hồ Chí Minh City

With the outcome of the Vietnam War still in question, Hồ Chí Minh died at 9:47 a.m. on the morning of 2 September 1969 from heart failure at his home in Hanoi, aged 79. His embalmed body is currently on display in a mausoleum in Ba Dinh Square in Hanoi despite his will requesting that he be cremated.^[53] News of his death was withheld from the North Vietnamese public for nearly 48 hours due to it being the anniversary of the founding of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. He was not initially replaced as president, but a "collective leadership" composed of several ministers and military leaders took over, known as the Politburo. Six years after his death, after the Fall of Saigon, several PAVN tanks in Saigon displayed a poster with the quote: "You are always marching with us, Uncle Hồ". In the campaign, there was a famous song written by Huy Thuc, often sung by People's Army of Vietnam soldiers along the trail of the offensive, "Bác vẫn cùng chúng cháu hành quân" ("You are always marching with us, Uncle Ho").^[54]

Legacy[link]

Ho Chi Minh, Elizabeth Aubrac, and Lucie Aubrac in 1946

The former capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, was officially renamed Hồ Chí Minh City on 1 May 1975 shortly after its capture which officially ended the war.

Hồ's embalmed body is on display in Hanoi in a granite mausoleum modeled after Lenin's Tomb in Moscow. Streams of people queue each day, sometimes for hours, to pass his body in silence. This is similar to other Communist leaders like Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong.

The Hồ Chí Minh Museum in Hanoi is dedicated to his life and work.

Chilean musician Victor Jara references Hồ Chí Minh in his song "El Derecho de Vivir en Paz" ("The Right to Live in Peace").

In Vietnam today, Hồ's image appears on the front of Vietnamese currency notes. His portrait and bust are featured prominently in many of Vietnam's public buildings, classrooms (both public and private schools) and in many families' altars. There's at least one temple dedicated to him, built in Vinh Long in 1970, shortly after his death right in the heart of Republic of Vietnam control areas.^[55]

In 1987, UNESCO officially recommended to member states that they "join in the commemoration of the centenary of the birth of President Hồ Chí Minh by organizing various events as a tribute to his memory", considering "the important and many-sided contribution of President Ho Chi Minh in the fields of culture, education and the arts" who "devoted his whole life to the national liberation of the Vietnamese people, contributing to the common struggle of peoples for peace, national independence, democracy and social progress."^[56]

Publications about Hồ's non-celibacy are banned in Vietnam. A newspaper editor in Vietnam was dismissed from her post in 1991 for publishing a story about Tăng Tuyết Minh.^[57][58] William Duiker's Ho Chi Minh: A Life (2000) presents much information on Hồ's relationships.^[59] The government requested substantial cuts in the official Vietnamese translation of Duiker's book, which was refused.^[60] In 2002, the Vietnamese government suppressed a review of Duiker's book in the Far Eastern Economic Review.^[60]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

Essays[link]

• Bernard B. Fall, ed., 1967. Ho Chi Minh on Revolution and War, Selected Writings 1920-1966. New American Library.

Biography[link]

• William J. Duiker. 2000. Ho Chi Minh: A Life. Theia.
• Jean Lacouture. 1968. Ho Chi Minh: A Political Biography. Random House.
• Khắc Huyên. 1971. Vision Accomplished? The Enigma of Ho Chi Minh. The Macmillan Company.
• David Halberstam. 1971. Ho. Rowman & Littlefield.
• Hồ chí Minh toàn tập. NXB chính trị quốc gia
• Sophie Quinn-Judge. 2003. Ho Chi Minh: The missing years. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 1-85065-658-4
• Ton That Thien, Was Ho Chi Minh a Nationalist? Ho Chi Minh and the Comintern Information and Resource Centre, Singapore, 1990

The Việt Minh, NLF and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam[link]

• William J. Duiker. 1981. The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam. Westview Press.
• Hoang Van Chi. 1964. From colonialism to communism. Praeger.
• Truong Nhu Tang. 1986. A Viet Cong Memoir. Vintage.

The War in Vietnam[link]

• Frances FitzGerald. 1972. Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam. Little, Brown and Company.

American foreign policy[link]

• Christopher Hitchens. 2001. The Trial of Henry Kissinger. Verso.
• Henry A. Kissinger. 1979. White House Years. Little, Brown.
• Richard Nixon. 1987. No More Vietnams. Arbor House Pub Co.

External links[link]

	Vietnam portal
	Biography portal

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Ho Chi Minh

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ho Chi Minh

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ho Chi Minh

• The Drayton Court Hotel
• Hồ Chí Minh obituary, The New York Times, 4 September 1969
• TIME 100: Hồ Chí Minh
• Hồ Chí Minh's biography
• Satellite photo of the mausoleum on Google Maps
• [8]
• Final Tribute to Hồ from the Central Committee of the Vietnam Workers' Party
• Bibliography: Writings by and about Hồ Chí Minh
• Booknotes interview with William Duiker on Hồ Chí Minh: A Life, November 12, 2000

v t e Vietnamese independence movement Events Bombardment of Tourane Capture of Saigon Capture of the Citadel of Saigon Conquest of Cochinchina Ba Dinh uprising Pacification of Tonkin Hanoi Poison Plot World War I 1916 Cochinchina uprising Thai Nguyen uprising Bazin assassination Yen Bai mutiny World War II Second French Indochina Campaign August Revolution Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam First Indochina War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Geneva Conference Organisations Can Vuong Dong Du Duy Tan Hoi Empire of Vietnam Nguyen dynasty Tonkin Free School Viet Nam Quang Phuc Hoi Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang Viet Minh Vietnam Communist Party Vietnamese revolutionaries Cuong De Dinh Cong Trang Ho Chi Minh Huynh Thuc Khang Luong Van Can Ngo Dinh Diem Ngo Duc Ke Nguyen An Ninh Nguyen Dinh Chieu Nguyen Quang Bich Nguyen Quyen Nguyen Thai Hoc Nguyen Than Hien Nguyen Thanh Nguyen Thien Thuat Nguyen Thuong Hien Nguyen Trung Truc Nguyen Xuan On Pham Banh Phan Boi Chau Phan Chu Trinh Phan Dinh Phung Phan Thanh Gian Phan Xich Long Ta Thu Thau Ton That Thuyet Tran Cao Van Tran Trong Kim Truong Dinh Emperors Tu Duc Ham Nghi Thanh Thai Duy Tan Bao Dai French rulers Albert Sarraut Jean Decoux French Indochina Governor-General Collaborators Hoang Cao Khai Tran Ba Loc Nguyen Than

v t e Post-World War II Heads of state of Vietnam North Vietnam (1945 – 1976) Ho Chi Minh Ton Duc Thang South Vietnam (1946 – 1976) Republic of Cochinchina (1946 – 48) Nguyen Van Thinh Nguyen Van Xuan Le Van Hoach Nguyen Van Xuan Central Government (1948 – 49) Nguyen Van Xuan State of Vietnam (1949–55) Bao Dai Ngo Dinh Diem1 Republic of Vietnam (1955 – 75) Presidents Ngo Dinh Diem Duong Van Minh2 Nguyen Khanh2 Duong Van Minh2 Nguyen Khanh2 Duong Van Minh2 Phan Khac Suu2 Nguyen Van Thieu2 Tran Van Huong1, 2 Duong Van Minh1, 2 PRG (1975 – 76) Huynh Tan Phat Vietnam (1976 – ) Ton Duc Thang Nguyen Huu Tho1 Truong Chinh Vo Chi Cong Le Duc Anh Tran Duc Luong Nguyen Minh Triet Truong Tan Sang 1acting 2military

v t e Prime Ministers of Vietnam Empire of Vietnam (1945 – 1945) Empire of Vietnam Tran Trong Kim Republic of Cochinchina (1946 – 1948) Nguyen Van Thinh Le Van Hoach Nguyen Van Xuan State of Vietnam (1949 – 1955) Bao Dai Nguyen Phan Long Tran Van Huu Nguyen Van Tam Nguyen Phuc Buu Loc Phan Huy Quat Ngo Dinh Diem Republic of Vietnam (1955 – 1975) Nguyen Ngoc Tho2 Nguyen Khanh2 Nguyen Xuan Oanh1, 2 Nguyen Khanh2 Tran Van Huong2 Nguyen Xuan Oanh1, 2 Phan Huy Quat2 Nguyen Cao Ky2 Nguyen Van Loc Tran Van Huong Tran Thien Khiem Nguyen Ba Can Vu Van Mau Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945 – 1976) Ho Chi Minh Pham Van Dong Republic of South Vietnam (1960 – 1976) Huynh Tan Phat Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1976 – ) Pham Van Dong Pham Hung Vo Van Kiet1 Do Muoi Vo Van Kiet Phan Van Khai Nguyen Tan Dung 1acting 2head of a military government