ABC-CLIO is a publisher of reference works for the study of history and social studies in academic, secondary school, and public library settings.

History[link]

The company was founded as the American Bibliographic Company in 1956. It published the history bibliographic and abstract compendium Historical Abstracts, one of its flagship products, from 1956 to 2007. During the 1960s, a sister bibliographic and abstract publication on American history, America: History and Life, was added. A subsidiary, Clio Press, began to publish historical reference encyclopedia and other books during the 1970s, and was later folded back into the company as a whole.

By the 2000s, ABC-CLIO's flagship products had become leading online databases for researching many topics in the field of history. The company's reference books had won numerous awards, and the company started a series of subject-related online databases for secondary school use. In 2004, the company acquired the quarterly historical journal, Journal of the West, which has been published since 1962. The company's continuing mission is to publish high quality materials to serve the historical profession, and facilitate the teaching of history.

It sold Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life to EBSCO Publishing in 2007.^[1] The same year, it acquired the Greenwood Publishing Group from Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

References[link]

External links[link]

• ABC-CLIO website

Louis Shores (September 14, 1904–1981) was a noted librarian who worked for the promotion of the library as the center of all learning, in both public and academic institutions. Shores was recognized for his integration of audiovisual materials into library collections. He was named one of the “100 of the most important leaders we had in the 20th century” by American Libraries, and the impact of his vision can be seen today in libraries across the country.^[1]

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Louis Shores was born Louis Steinberg on September 14, 1904 in Buffalo, New York. Shores was the third of five children of Paul and Ernestine (Lutenberg) Steinberg.^[2] Both immigrants, Paul was painter specializing in portraits, while Ernestine supported the household as a seamstress.^[2]

The family moved a couple of times in search of better jobs and education for their family. In 1919 Shores had his first job in a library, as a page at the Toledo Public Library.^[2] It was in Toledo, Ohio that Paul died in 1923.^[2]

Education[link]

When he graduated from high school in 1922, Shores attended the University of Toledo.^[3] He also moved from his public library job to a position in the university’s library.^[3] It was at this time that Shores began developing his opinion that libraries and their resources could provide an overall education superior to that of more traditional instruction given in classrooms.^[4]

Louis changed his last name from Steinberg to Shores in 1926, as his older brother had done when he left their childhood home in 1920.^[3] The change of name goes unmentioned by Shores in his writings and therefore the reasoning behind it remains unknown.^[3] The same year Shores changed his name he graduated from the University of Toledo and followed his family to New York City, where he attended the City College of New York in order to earn a Masters Degree in Education.^[5]

Upon earning his Masters, Shores could not find a teaching position. Turning his attention to a different career he enrolled at the School of Library Service at Columbia University in 1927.^[6]

With his Masters in Library Service, in 1928 Shores took a position at the Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.^[6] In 1930 Shores entered University of Chicago’s Graduate Library School in order to earn his doctorate, which he left uncompleted in 1931, to return to his job at Fisk University.^[7] During his year in Chicago he met and married Geraldine Urist.^[7]

He would later earn a PhD in 1933—not in Library Science, but in Education—from the George Peabody College for Teachers, with his dissertation (later to become a published book) “Origins of the American College Library, 1630-1800.”^[8]

Career[link]

Shores left Fisk to start a new library program at Peabody in 1933.^[8] His work at Peabody, shaping and developing the library program, was interrupted by World War II. Shores was a supporter of the US's entrance into the war and joined the Army himself in 1943, at the age of 39.^[9] His duties to the US Army kept him absent from Peabody until 1946, at which point disagreements about salary and work load caused the end of his association with the college.^[10]

In 1946 Shores accepted two positions: to be the first Dean of the Library School at Florida State University and an editorial advisor for the encyclopedia company, P.F. Collier & Son.^[11] He would maintain these two jobs for the rest of his career.

Shores contributed one of the most-used reference books of his time, Basic Reference Books.^[12] First released in 1939, the only thing that prevented it from becoming a true milestone in his life and the history of library science was his lackluster updating of the text. The last edition was completed in 1954 with the updated title, Basic Reference Sources.^[13]

One of the highlights of Shore’s career was the American Library Association accreditation of his Library School at FSU in 1953.^[14]

In 1967 Shores was forced to retire due to health issues.^[15] He continued to take on as much work as he could, as an editor and speaker, when his health allowed.^[15] Shores wrote more books in this period of his life than any other: seven post-retirement to his five previously.^[16] Upon his retirement, FSU gave Shores the honor of dean emeritus until his death in 1981.^[16] The school also honored him by naming a building after him in 1981, the Louis Shores Building, which houses the library school to this day.^[13]

Philosophy[link]

Shores believed that libraries were places of lifelong learning and that that learning should begin early. He extolled the importance of introducing children to books and reading in infancy and encouraging learning through the use of the libraries.^[4]

The generic book[link]

Shores believed in an idea he referred to as the “generic book”—his term for all materials in the library. He first published this concept in a 1958 issue of the Saturday Review and later expanded it into a book called The Generic Book.^[17]

In it, Shores outlined several different formats: Print (i.e. book or journal), Graphic (globe or photograph), Projection (film or slide), Transmission (radio or tape recording), Resource (person or object), Program (computer or machine) and Extrasensory (telepathy or clairvoyance). Shores talked about how all of these things were integral to learning and that the majority of them should be found in the library.^[17]

The Materials Center[link]

Shores believed that the library should be the center of the educational institution.^[4] He believed that the librarian should not just find books, but also be a teacher, and should advise students on materials to further their independent study. Shores thought a person could get more out of his or her personal drive to learn than in any classroom, and that the library was the key to this learning.^[18]

Shores also came to believe in the importance of media beyond books. He thought the stocking of films, slides, audio recordings and maps essential for a well-rounded library collection. However, Shores did not like the presence of audiovisual departments in school; he felt the library should house all the learning materials and that every librarian should be a media specialist. He even dreamed of a library where movies and books on a given subject would be shelved together.^[19]

In 1947, Shores put his philosophy to work when setting up the library at FSU. He called the library the “Materials Center” to be more inclusive of all the kinds of resources therein, including 16mm films, filmstrips, discs, tapes, slides and transparencies among others.^[20]

The Materials Center used color-coding to indicate the format of a resource in the card catalog and had the equipment necessary to use audiovisual materials, including one of the earliest “listening posts” where you could listen to recordings over headphones.^[20] It was an influential idea, but took time to take effect; it was not until the mid-1960s that librarians and media-specialist became one and the same at many schools.^[20]

Works[link]

A selection of some of Shore’s written works.

• 1928. How to use your library : a series of articles on libraries for high school and college students. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Scholastic Pub. Co.

• 1935. Origins of the American college library, 1638-1800. New York: Barnes & Noble.

• 1936. Bibliographies and summaries in education to July 1935; a catalog of more than 4000 annotated bibliographies and summaries listed under author and subject in one alphabet. Written with Monroe, W. S. New York: The H. W. Wilson company.

• 1937. Know your encyclopedia; a unit of library instruction based on Compton's pictured encyclopedia. Chicago: F.E. Compton & Co.

• 1939. Basic reference books; an introduction to the evaluation, study, and use of reference materials with special emphasis on some 300 titles. Chicago, Ill.: American library association.

• 1947. Highways in the sky: the story of the AACS. New York: Barnes & Noble.

• 1953. Challenges to librarianship. Tallahassee, FL: Florida State University.

• 1953. A profession of faith. Geneseo, N.Y.: State University Teachers College.

• 1954. Basic reference sources; an introduction to materials and methods. Chicago: American Library Assn.

• 1954. Basic reference sources: an introduction to materials and methods. Chicago: American Library Association. Repring 1973. Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited.

• 1960. Instructional materials: an introduction for teachers. New York: Ronald.

• 1965. Mark Hopkin’s log and other essays. Selected by John D. Marshall. Hamdem, CT: Shoe String.

• 1972. Library Education. Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited.

• 1972. Looking forward to 1999. Tallahassee, FL: South Pass Press.

• 1973. Audiovisual librarianship: the crusade for media unity (1946-1969). Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited.

• 1975. Quiet world: a librarian’s crusade for destiny—the professional autobiography of Louis Shores. Linnet Books.

• 1977. The generic book: what it is and how it works. Norman, OK: Library-College Associates.

References[link]