founded	1842
founder	Julius Springer
country	Germany
headquarters	Berlin, Heidelberg
topics	science, technology, medicine, business, transport and architecture
url	}}

Springer Science+Business Media or Springer is a global publishing company which publishes books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, technical and medical (STM) publishing. Springer also hosts a number of scientific databases, including SpringerLink, SpringerProtocols, and SpringerImages. Book publications include major reference works, textbooks, monographs and book series; more than 37,000 titles are available as e-books in 13 subject collections. Within STM, Springer is the largest book publisher and second-largest journal publisher worldwide (the largest being Elsevier), with over 60 publishing houses, more than 5,000 employees and around 2,000 journals and 6,500 new books published each year. Springer has major offices in Berlin, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, and New York City.

History

Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842. In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally, opening an office in New York. Offices in Tokyo, Paris, Milan, Hong Kong, and Delhi soon followed.

The academic publishing company BertelsmannSpringer was formed after Bertelsmann bought a majority stake in Springer-Verlag in 1999. The British investment groups Cinven and Candover bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann in 2003. They merged the company in 2004 with the Dutch publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers which they bought from Wolters Kluwer in 2002, to form Springer Science+Business Media.

In 2009, Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms, EQT Partners and Government of Singapore Investment Corporation. The closing of the sale was confirmed in February 2010 after the competition authorities in the USA and in Europe approved the transfer.

Electronic products

Springer provides its electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site, which launched in 1996. SpringerLink is operated by MetaPress, a division of EBSCO Industries.

SpringerProtocols is home to a collection of protocols, recipes which provide step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments in research labs.

SpringerImages was launched in 2008 and offers a collection of currently 1.8 million images spanning science, technology, and medicine.

SpringerMaterials was launched in 2009 and is a platform for accessing the Landolt-Börnstein database, the world's largest and most comprehensive source of research and information on materials and their properties.

AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document discovery based on author locations and geographic maps. The tool helps users explore patterns in scientific research, identify literature trends, discover collaborative relationships, and locate experts in several scientific/medical fields.

Open access

For some of its journals, Springer does not require its authors to transfer their copyrights, and allows them to decide whether their articles are published under an open-access license or in the traditional restricted license model. While open access publishing typically requires the author to pay a fee for copyright retention, this fee is sometimes covered by a third party. For example, a national institution in Poland allows authors to publish in open access journals without incurring any personal cost.

Selected imprints

Journals

See :Category:Springer academic journals.

Selected publications

''Encyclopaedia of Mathematics''

''Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete'' (Book series)

''Graduate Texts in Mathematics'' (Book series)

''Grothendieck's Séminaire de géométrie algébrique''

''Lecture Notes in Computer Science''

''Springer Series in Surface Sciences'' (Book series)

''Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics'' (Book series)

''Zentralblatt MATH''

See also

List of publishers

Media concentration

Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, of which Springer is a member (due to its Open Access branch, Springer Open)

References

External links

SpringerLink

* Category:Academic publishing Category:Pan-European media companies Category:Computer book publishing companies Category:Commercial digital libraries Category:Publishing companies of Germany

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name	Axel Springer
birth date	May 02, 1912
birth place	Hamburg, Germany
death date	September 22, 1985
death place	Berlin, Germany
occupation	Business, Publishing
spouse	Friede Springer
parents	Hinrich Springer
signature	}}

Axel Springer (May 2, 1912, Altona, Hamburg - September 22, 1985, West Berlin), was a German journalist and the founder and owner of the Axel Springer AG publishing company.

Early life

Springer was born as Axel Cäsar Springer in Hamburg, where his father worked as publisher. As a young man, in 1940-41, Springer acted as projectionist at the Waterloo cinema, near the Dammtor railway station, which presented American films for the well-to-do youth of Hamburg until Germany's declaration of war against the United States in December 1941.

Journalist career

Springer's career started as an apprentice compositor and publisher at the publishers Hammerich & Lesser-Verlag, his father's company. After that, he received practical training in the news agency "Wolff's Telegraphisches Bureau" and worked as a local reporter for the newspaper Bergedorfer Zeitung.

Starting in 1933, he worked as a journalist with Altonaer Nachrichten until the compulsory closure of the newspaper in 1941. From 1941 to 1945, he published literary works in Hammerich & Lesser Verlag.

Publisher

He founded his own publishing company ''Axel Springer GmbH'' in Hamburg in 1946. He published the ''Hamburger Abendblatt'' newspaper, followed by some magazines, including the popular radio and TV programm magazine ''Hör zu''. In 1952, Springer started the publication of the tabloid ''Bild'', becoming the daily newspaper for millions in Germany and an important influence on public opinion.

He went on to launch and acquire a string of papers and magazines characterised by entertainment and conservative politics, ''Die Welt'' among others. The Axel Springer AG today is one of the major magazine, newspaper and online media companies in Europe with over 230 newspapers and magazines as well as more than 80 online offerings.

Contention

In the late 1960s, Springer was attacked by the radical-leftist, communist and anarchist student movement for the political opinion pushed forward via ''Bild'' and the other Springer media and became a goal of their protest marches and direct actions. Springer was swift to denounce those who questioned the ''economic miracle'' of the fifties and sixties. The attempted assassination of Rudi Dutschke has by some been connected to ''Bild'''s condemnation of the protesters.

Conservative view

Springer's political views and that of his publications is often characterized as conservative by German standards: Part of the articles of association of Axel Springer AG are the five socio-political preambles that were written by Axel Springer in 1967, amended in 1990 following German reunification and supplemented in 2001. They represent a world view that they themselves label as liberal. # To uphold liberty and law in Germany, a country belonging to the Western family of nations, and to further the unification of Europe. # To promote reconciliation of Jews and Germans and support the vital rights of the State of Israel. # To support the Transatlantic Alliance, and solidarity with the United States of America in the common values of free nations. # To reject all forms of political extremism. # To uphold the principles of a free social market economy. The corporate constitution defines fundamental sociopolitical convictions but does not offer opinions.

Springer's Bild newspaper was attacked most famously in 1974's ''The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum'' by Heinrich Böll.

Death

Springer died in West Berlin in 1985.

References

Category:1912 births Category:1985 deaths Category:Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Category:German mass media owners Category:Newspaper publishers (people) Category:People from Altona

ar:أكسل شبرينقر ca:Axel Springer da:Axel Springer de:Axel Springer es:Axel Springer fr:Axel Springer no:Axel Springer pl:Axel Springer pt:Axel Springer ru:Шпрингер, Аксель fi:Axel Springer sv:Axel Springer ja:アクセル・シュプリンガー

name	Christian Wulff
office	President of the Federal Republic of Germany
chancellor	Angela Merkel
term start	30 June 2010
predecessor	Horst Köhler
office2	Premier of Lower Saxony
term start2	4 March 2003
term end2	30 June 2010
predecessor2	Sigmar Gabriel
successor2	David McAllister
birth date	June 19, 1959
birth place	Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany
party	Christian Democratic Union
spouse	Bettina Körner
children	Annalena and Linus
alma mater	University of Osnabrück
residence	Schloss Bellevue, Berlin
profession	Lawyer
religion	Roman Catholicism
signature	Christian Wulff Signature.svg
website	Official website }}

Christian Wilhelm Walter Wulff (; born 1959) is the President of Germany and a politician of the Christian Democratic Union. He was elected President on 2010 and publicly swore the oath of office on . A lawyer by profession, he served as Premier of the state of Lower Saxony from 2003 to 2010.

Early life and education

Wulff was born in Osnabrück and is Roman Catholic. He was the first Roman Catholic to hold the post of President of Germany in more than 40 years. His father left the family, and he grew up with his mother. As a teenager, he took responsibility for the care of his younger sister, after his mother developed multiple sclerosis. After completing his Abitur at the Ernst Moritz Arndt Gymnasium in Osnabrück, Wulff studied law with a specialisation in economics at the University of Osnabrück. He joined the Christian Democratic Union of Germany in 1975 . In 1987 and 1990, he passed the first and second state examinations in law, and has since worked as an attorney.

Political career

Since 1975, Wulff has been a member of the CDU. From 1978 to 1980, he served as federal chairman of the ''Schülerunion'', a political high school student organization affiliated with the Christian Democrats. From 1979 to 1983, he was on the executive board of the Junge Union and became its regional chairman in Lower Saxony in 1983. However, he decided to resign from the board in order to pursue his law degree, which he completed in 1986. The same year, he was elected a city councillor in his hometown. Since 1984, he has sat on the CDU's regional party council of Lower Saxony, serving as its chairman since 1994.

The Christian Democrats made Wulff candidate for Premier in the run-up of the 1994 Legislative Assembly elections. However, the popular incumbent Gerhard Schröder won and secured an absolute majority in the Lower Saxony legislature, leading some observers to doubt the wisdom of the provincial party nominating a young and neophyte candidate for Premier. After four years in opposition, the 1998 legislative assembly election brought another opportunity for Wulff to become Premier. Indeed, the federal Christian Democrat party, led by Chancellor Helmut Kohl, pinned their hopes on Wulff – a Wulff victory would have stopped the inevitable rise of Schröder to the Social Democrat nomination for Chancellor. However, supported by a wave of sympathy for his candidacy for chancellor in the 1998 federal election, Schröder was returned to power by an enhanced majority – leaving Wulff to serve five more years as provincial leader of the opposition.

Schröder won the 1998 federal election, leaving the post of Premier to his anointed successor, Interior minister Gerhard Glogowski. The latter soon stumbled over a scandal involving free travel paid by TUI and was succeeded by Sigmar Gabriel. In the wake of the 1999 scandal, as well as rising discontent with Schröder's federal cabinet, the Christian Democrats rose in the opinion polls and became a serious contender for power in the 2003 assembly election.

Wulff has been one of the four deputy chairmen of the CDU party at the federal level since 1998, and has been a board member of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation since 2003.

2003 state election

With Lower Saxony announcing deeper cuts of education and municipal services, the stage was set for the 2003 election campaign. Wulff entered the race as the favourite to win the election and essentially campaigned on a platform of fiscal restraint and clear-cut reforms in the areas of ''law enforcement and education''. Both issues were decisive in the assembly elections that led to a change in fortunes for the two major parties. The Christian Democrats, in the political wilderness since the 1990 Schröder victory, were returned to power in the Legislative Assembly, gaining 48.3% of the vote. Wulff was sworn in as Premier on 2003, as the head of a coalition between centre-right Christian Democrats and liberal Free Democrats (FDP).

Policies

As Premier, Wulff pursued a multitude of reforms, including a restructuring of the primary education system in Lower Saxony, as well as an increase of police officers on the beat. When Wulff took office, Lower Saxony faced a severe budget crisis, resulting from years of public deficits. Painful cuts to public expenditure were enacted and implemented against considerable political resistance. The measures included cuts in university funding and in benefits for the blind. Other policies concern the reform of the administration (especially the abolition of certain district authorities). Budgetary problems have continued to overshadow Wulff's policies, albeit with somewhat less pressure. Many measures have remained controversial.

Prior to the 2005 Federal Election, Wulff had been mentioned as a potential candidate for the German chancellorship. Surprisingly, in a spring 2005 poll, 28 percent of all respondents named Wulff as their preferred candidate for the Christian Democrat nomination for Chancellor in the 2006 election. As Wulff only began his first term as Premier in early 2003, he is likely to dismiss such speculations. Speculation had particularly increased since the December 2004 Christian Democrat federal convention in Düsseldorf, when Wulff was re-elected deputy leader of the federal party with roughly 86 per cent of all delegates supporting him. However, the premature dissolution of the Bundestag in 2005 and the subsequent election of Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel has largely put an end to further speculation about Wulff's future.

A Wulff candidacy for the CDU nomination for Chancellor was seen to appeal to northerners and liberals within the Christian Democrats. Outside the mold of a typical conservative, he may have been able to attract swing voters disillusioned with the slowness of reforms, as well as the rather high rates of unemployment in Germany. Indeed, the Premier worked on increasing his visibility beyond Lower Saxony's confines, particularly by appearing frequently on TV shows and giving interviews to the national newspapers. Moreover, Wulff is also acquiring a profile on a broad range of issues, including the reform of the German language, Medicare and social security reform, as well as a modernisation of Germany's federal constitution, the ''Grundgesetz''. In fact, the Premier recently criticised the consensus reached between the Christian Democrat and Social Democrat parties on the modernisation of Germany's constitution, stating that he felt that the provinces had not been given sufficient powers to deal with their own affairs. Wulff has also taken a conservative stand on nuclear energy, advocating an extension of the deadlines for the decommissioning of Germany's nuclear reactors.

In a speech, Wulff also expressed his opposition to euthanasia and warned of a retreat of moral values. This can be seen as the first attempt to formulate a value-based agenda for the 2008 legislative assembly, and more importantly, the 2009 federal elections. In this context, it is important to note that Chancellor Angela Merkel had been severely criticized for a lack of emotional warmth during the 2005 federal election campaign, leading to a worse-than-expected result for the Christian Democrats.

Wulff announced on 8 January that Lower Saxony would become the first province to approve a new model according to which the government will temporarily pay part of the salaries for low-salary jobs, if the employers concerned are willing to employ an employee concerned on a long-term basis. This pilot is supposed to make new jobs more affordable in Germany's notoriously high-wages environment.

Wulff and the 2005 federal elections

Due to his popularity in Lower Saxony, and in federal opinion polls, Wulff was considered to be a contender for the office of Chancellor.

After the 23 May announcement that federal elections will be advanced to September 2005, Wulff announced that he was not a candidate for the Christian Democrat nomination for Chancellor, particularly as he has not completed his first term as Premier of Lower Saxony. Instead, Wulff declared his support for Angela Merkel, the CDU leader in the Bundestag. It was expected that the Christian Democrats would win the election and form a government, and that Wulff would be given a position in this government, entering federal politics. However, with the September 18 election resulting in a hung parliament, the outcome is unclear. Wulff continued to be named as a possible CDU candidate for Chancellor, particularly if Chancellor Merkel failed to secure a decisive mandate in the 2009 federal election.

President of Germany

Christian Wulff was elected President of Germany on 2010, when he won 625 of 1242 votes in the third ballot of the Federal Convention. He became Germany's youngest president at the age of 51. Wulff was sworn in on 2010 in front of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat.

His main contender in the election was Joachim Gauck, a civil rights activist from East Germany and a former Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Archives. Himself not a member of any party, Gauck was nominated by the opposition SPD and Greens as their presidential candidate on .

Wulff was succeeded as Premier of Lower Saxony by David McAllister. Wulff's candidacy for President of Germany in the 2010 presidential election was formally confirmed by Angela Merkel, Guido Westerwelle and Horst Seehofer, the heads of the CDU, FDP and CSU parties, during the evening of 2010.

In August 2011 President Wulff opened an economists' conference on with a speech on the euro. He warned the assembled Nobel economics laureates and other financial experts in Lindau, that Berlin could not keep shovelling money to its indebted European neighbors just to satisfy the credit markets. He strongly condemned the European Central Bank, which has entered a second round of bond buy-ups from heavily indebted euro-zone nations, hinting this scheme to stabilize the euro contradicted the EU's basic treaty. He said that "I regard the huge bond buy-ups of individual states by the ECB as legally and politically questionable," he continued saying, "What is actually being called for in this context? … For whom would you personally stand guarantor … For your children? -- I hope so! For more distant relations? -- ah now it gets a bit more difficult," he said. "Perhaps we would stand guarantor if that was the only way to give the other person a chance to get back on his feet. … Even a guarantor can behave immorally if he is just putting off inevitable insolvency."

Family

Christian Wulff met his first wife, lawyer Christiane Wulff (born 1959), when they were both law students in Osnabrück in 1983. They married in March 1988, and have a daughter, Annalena (born 1993). In June 2006, Wulff announced that he would divorce his wife. Wulff subsequently married an aide from the PM's Office, Bettina Körner (born 1973 in Hanover), on 2008 in a low-key ceremony. She has a son from a previous relationship, and on 2008, she gave birth to their first child together, also a boy.

References

External links

Personal website

Curriculum vitae of Prime Minister Christian Wulff

Office of the Prime Minister

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Category:1959 births Category:Living people Category:Presidents of Germany Category:Christian Democratic Union (Germany) politicians Category:Current national leaders Category:German lawyers Category:German politicians Category:German Roman Catholics Category:Members of the Landtag of Lower Saxony Category:People from Osnabrück Category:Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

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