name	Mike Nichols
birth name	Michael Igor Peschkowsky
birth date	November 06, 1931
birth place	Berlin, Germany
occupation	Film director, Theatrical director, comedian
spouse	Patricia Scott (1957–60)Margo Callas (1963–74)Annabel Davis-Goff (1975–86) Diane Sawyer (1988–present) }}

Mike Nichols (born November 6, 1931) is a German-born American television, stage and film director, writer, producer and comedian. He began his career in the 1950s as one half of the comedy duo Nichols and May, along with Elaine May. In 1968 he won the Academy Award for Best Director for the film ''The Graduate''. His other noteworthy films include ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'', ''Carnal Knowledge'', ''Working Girl'', ''Closer'' and the TV mini-series ''Angels in America''. He also staged the original theatrical productions of ''Barefoot in the Park'', ''Luv'', ''The Odd Couple'' and ''Spamalot''.

Nichols is one of a small group of people who have won an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony Award. His other honors include the Lincoln Center Gala Tribute in 1999, the National Medal of Arts in 2001, the Kennedy Center Honors in 2003 and the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2010.

Early life and education[link]

Mike Nichols was born Michael Igor Peschkowsky in Berlin, Germany, the son of Brigitte (née Landauer) and Paul Peschkowsky, a physician. His father was born in Vienna, Austria, to a Russian Jewish immigrant family that had been wealthy and lived in Siberia, leaving after the Russian Revolution and settling in Germany around 1920. His mother's family were German Jews. His maternal grandparents were anarchist Gustav Landauer and author Hedwig Lachmann. Nichols is a third cousin twice removed of scientist Albert Einstein, through Nichols' mother. He moved to the United States to flee the Nazis on April 28, 1939. His father, who had changed his name to Paul Nichols, had successfully set up a medical practice in Manhattan and the family lived near Central Park. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1944 and attended public elementary school in Manhattan (PS 87). After graduating from Walden High School, Nichols briefly attended New York University before dropping out. In 1950, he enrolled in the pre-med program at the University of Chicago.

While attending the University of Chicago in the 1950s, Nichols began skipping class to attend theatrical activities. Nichols first met Elaine May at this time when she criticized his acting in a performance of August Strindberg's ''Miss Julie''. At the University, Nichols made his theatrical debut as a director with a performance of William Butler Yeats' ''Purgatory''.

In 1954, Nichols dropped out of the University of Chicago and moved back to New York City, where he was accepted into the Actor's Studio and studied under Lee Strasberg.

Nichols and May[link]

In 1955 Nichols was invited to join the Compass Players, which was predecessor to Chicago's Second City and whose members included Elaine May, Shelley Berman, Paul Sills, Del Close, and Nancy Ponder.

Nichols moved back to Chicago to perform comedy with Compass and starting doing improvisational routines with Elaine May, which led to the formation of the comedy duo Nichols and May in 1958. They gradually gained popularity, appearing in nightclubs, and on radio. They released three best-selling records, made guest appearances on several television programs and won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album. In 1960 Nichols and May opened the Broadway show ''An Evening With Mike Nichols and Elaine May'', directed by Arthur Penn. In the show they were accompanied by Chicago pianist Marty Rubenstein, host of the television show ''Marty's Place'' and the musical director at Mister Kelly's. . Personal idiosyncrasies and tensions eventually drove the duo apart to pursue other projects in 1961. They later reconciled and worked together many times, such as the unsuccessful ''A Matter of Position'', a play written by May and starring Nichols. May scripted Nichols films ''The Birdcage'' and ''Primary Colors''. They appeared together at President Jimmy Carter's inaugural gala and in a 1980 New Haven stage revival of ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' with Swoosie Kurtz and James Naughton.

Career as a director[link]

1960s[link]

After the professional split with May, Nichols went to Vancouver, B.C. to pursue his theatrical directing career. He directed a production of ''The Importance of Being Ernest'' and acted in a production of George Bernard Shaw's ''St. Joan''.

In 1963, Nichols was chosen to direct Neil Simon's ''Barefoot In The Park''. He realized almost at once that directing was what he wanted to do for the rest of his life. ''Barefoot in the Park'' was a blockbuster hit, running for 1530 performances and earning Nichols a Tony Award for his direction. This began a series of highly successful plays on Broadway (often from works by Simon) that would establish his reputation. After an off-Broadway production of Ann Jellicoe's ''The Knack'', Nichols directed Murray Schisgal's play ''Luv'' in 1964. Again the show was a hit and Nichols won a Tony Award (shared with ''The Odd Couple''). In 1965 he directed another play by Neil Simon, ''The Odd Couple''. The original production starred Art Carney as Fexlin Ungar and Walter Matthau as Oscar Madison. The play ran for 966 performances and won Tony Awards for Nichols, Simon and Matthau. Overall, Nichols has won eight Tony Awards: six for Best Director of either a play or a musical, one for Best Play and one for Best Musical.

By 1966, Nichols was a star director and Time Magazine called him a superstar and "the most in-demand director in the American theatre." With no experience in filmmaking, Warner Brothers invited Nichols to direct a screen adaptation of Edward Albee's ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' The film was a huge success, grossing $14.5 million, winning five Academy Awards with thirteen nominations (including Nichols first nomination for Best Director), three BAFTA Awards, and was critically acclaimed, with critics calling Nichols "the new Orson Welles."

After his successful directorial debut, Nichols returned to Broadway to direct ''The Apple Tree'' before starting production on his second film,''The Graduate''. On its initial release ''The Graduate'' grossed $50 million, making it both the highest grossing film of 1967 and one of the highest grossing films in history up to that date. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Cinematography. Mike Nichols won the Academy Award for Best Director.

Nichols then returned to the Broadway stage with a revival of Lillian Hellman's ''The Little Foxes'' in 1967, which ran for 100 performances. He then directed Neil Simon's ''Plaza Suite'' in 1968, earning him another Tony Award for Best Director. He also directed the short film ''Teach Me!'' in 1968, which starred actress Sandy Dennis

1970s[link]

At the height of his success and fame, Mike Nichols next film was a big-budget adaptation of Joseph Heller's famous novel ''Catch-22'', released in 1970. Nichols then directed the controversial film ''Carnal Knowledge'' in 1971. The film grossed $12.3 million but was highly controversial upon release because of the casual and blunt depiction of sexual intercourse.

Nichols then returned to Broadway to direct Neil Simon's ''The Prisoner of Second Avenue'' in 1971. The play won Nichols another Tony Award for Best Director. In 1973 Nichols directed a revival of Anton Chekhov's ''Uncle Vanya'' on Broadway starring George C. Scott and with a new translation written by himself and Albert Todd.

In 1973 Nichols directed ''The Day of the Dolphin'', based on the novel ''A Sentient Animal'') by Robert Merle and adapted by Buck Henry. The film was not successful financially and received mixed reviews from critics.

In 1975 Nichols directed ''The Fortune''. The film was a financial failure and received mostly negative reviews. Nichols has described it as "a leap into extremes of behavior and last resorts. It's about people so innocent that they don't know when you kill someone she dies. It's like kids playing bang-bang." It was Nichols last feature narrative film for eight years.

Nichols then returned to the stage with two moderately successful production in 1976. David Rabe's ''Streamers'' opened in April and ran for 478 performances. Trevor Griffiths's ''Comedians'' ran for 145 performances.

Also in 1976 Nichols worked as Executive Producer to create the television sitcom ''Family'' for ABC. The series ran until 1980.

In 1977 Nichols produced the original Broadway production of the hugely successful musical ''Annie'', it ran for 2,377 performances in 1983. Nichols won the Tony Award for Best Musical.

Later in 1977, Nichols directed D.L. Coburn's ''The Gin Game''. The play ran for 517 performances and won a Tony Award for Best Actress for Jessica Tandy.

1980s[link]

In 1980 Nichols directed the documentary ''Gilda Live'', a filmed performance of comedian Gilda Radner's one-woman show ''Gilda Radner Live on Broadway''. It was released at the same time as the album of the show, both of which were successful.

Nichols then returned to the Broadway stage with two unsuccessful shows. ''Billy Bishop Goes to War'' opened in 1980 and closed after only twelve performances. In 1981 Nichols directed Neil Simon's ''Fools'', which closed after forty performances.

Nichols career seemed to rebound in 1983 with the film ''Silkwood'', based on the life of whistleblower Karen Silkwood. The film was a financial and critical success, earning $35 million at the box office. Film critic Vincent Canby called it "the most serious work Mike Nichols has yet done." The film received five Academy Award nominations, including Best Director for Nichols.

Later that year Nichols and Peter Stone helped to fix up and rewrite the musical My One and Only just days before its Boston premiere. The show eventually went to Broadway and ran for 767 performances, winning Tony Awards for Best Actor, Best Choreography (both for Tommy Tune) and best Supporting Actor (Charles "Honi" Coles).

In 1984 Nichols directed the Broadway premiere of Tom Stoppard's ''The Real Thing''. ''The New York Times'' critic Frank Rich wrote that "The Broadway version of ''The Real Thing'' - a substantial revision of the original London production - is not only Mr. Stoppard's most moving play, but also the most bracing play that anyone has written about love and marriage in years." The play was nominated for seven Tony Awards and won five, including a Best Director Tony for Nichols.

Nichols quickly followed this success with the Broadway premiere of David Rabe's ''Hurlyburly'', also in 1984. It was performed just two block away from the theater showing ''The Real Thing''. It was nominated for three Tony Awards and won Best Actress for Judith Ivey.

In 1983 Nichols had seen comedian Whoopi Goldberg's one woman show ''The Spook Show'' and decided to help Goldberg expand it. Goldberg's self titled Broadway show opened in October 1984 and ran for 156 performances. It also led to Goldberg's film career.

In 1986 Nichols directed the Broadway premiere of Andrew Bergman's ''Social Security''. The show ran for 188 performances. That same year Nichols made the film ''Heartburn''. The film earned $25 million at the box office and got mixed reviews.

In 1988 Nichols completed two feature films. The first was an adaptation of Neil Simon's autobiographical stage play ''Biloxi Blues''. The film received mixed critical reviews, but earned over $51 million worldwide.

Later in 1988 Nichols directed one of his most successful films, ''Working Girl''. ''Working Girl'' was a huge hit upon its release, earning $103 million worldwide. It also received mostly positive reviews from critics with an 84% rating at Rotten Tomatoes and a 73 metascore at Metacritic. It was nominated for six Academy Awards (including Best Director for Nichols) and won the Academy Award for Best Song for Carly Simon's "Let the River Run".

1990s[link]

Nichols' other films include ''Wolf'', ''Regarding Henry'', ''Postcards from the Edge'', and ''Primary Colors''. He also directed ''The Birdcage'', a remake of the French film ''La Cage aux Folles''. Both ''The Birdcage'' and ''Primary Colors'' were written by Nichols's stand-up partner May.

2000s[link]

In the 2000s Nichols directed the theatrical films ''What Planet Are You From?'', ''Closer'' and ''Charlie Wilson's War''. He directed ''Wit'' and ''Angels in America'' for television.

He's also won Emmy Awards for his direction of ''Wit'' (2001) and ''Angels in America'' (2003).

Nichols is a contributing blogger at ''The Huffington Post''. He's also a co-founder of The New Actors Workshop in New York City, where he occasionally teaches.

Personal life[link]

Nichols has been married four times. His first wife was Patricia Scott; they were married from 1957 to 1960. He was married to Margo Callas from 1963 to 1974, producing a daughter, Daisy Nichols. His third marriage, to Annabel Davis-Goff, produced two children, Max Nichols and Jenny Nichols. They were divorced in 1986. He married ''ABC World News'' anchor Diane Sawyer, on April 29, 1988.

According to research done by Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr., of Harvard University, in 2010 for the PBS series ''Faces of America'', Nichols' grandfather was a leading theorist on anarchism in the early 20th century and Nichols is related to Albert Einstein who was a cousin on his mother’s side.

Among Nichols' personal pursuits is a lifelong interest in Arabian horses. From 1968-2004, he owned a farm in Connecticut and was a noted horse breeder. Over the years, he also imported quality Arabian horses from Poland, some of which later resold for record-setting prices.

Work[link]

Broadway stage productions[link]

''Barefoot in the Park'' (1963)

''Luv'' (1964)

''The Odd Couple'' (1965)

''The Apple Tree'' (1966)

''The Little Foxes'' (1967)

''Plaza Suite'' (1968)

''The Prisoner of Second Avenue'' (1971)

''Uncle Vanya'' (1973)

''Streamers'' (1976)

''Comedians'' (1976)

''Annie'' (1977)

''Billy Bishop Goes to War'' (1980)

''Fools'' (1981)

''The Real Thing'' (1984)

''Hurlyburly'' (1984)

''Whoopi Goldberg'' (1984)

''Social Security'' (1986)

''Death and the Maiden'' (1992)

''The Seagull'' (2001)

''Spamalot'' (2005)

''The Country Girl'' (2008)

''Death of a Salesman'' (2012)

Filmography[link]

''The Graduate'' ''Teach Me!'' ''Catch-22 (film) ''Carnal Knowledge'' ''The Day of the Dolphin'' ''The Fortune'' ''Gilda Live'' ''Silkwood'' ''Heartburn (film) ''Biloxi Blues (film) ''Postcards from the Edge (film) ''Regarding Henry'' ''Wolf (film) ''The Birdcage'' ''Primary Colors (film) ''What Planet Are You From?'' ''Wit (film) ''Angels in America (TV miniseries) ''Closer (film) ''Charlie Wilson's War''

Year	nominations !! Oscarwins
1966	Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (film)>Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?''	13
1967	|	7	1
1968	|
1970	Catch-22'' ||
1971	|	1
1973	|	2
1975	|
1980	|
1983	|	5
1986	Heartburn'' ||
rowspan="2">1988	Biloxi Blues'' ||
''Working Girl''	6
1990	Postcards from the Edge'' ||	2
1991	|
1994	Wolf'' ||
1996	|	1
1998	Primary Colors'' ||	2
2000	|
2001	Wit'' ||
2003	Angels in America'' ||
2004	Closer'' ||	2
2007	|	1

Discography[link]

Nichols and May- ''Improvisations to Music'' (1959) Mercury

Nichols and May- ''An Evening with Mike Nichols and Elaine May'' (1960) Mercury

Nichols and May- ''Mike Nichols & Elaine May Examine Doctors'' (1962) Mercury MG 20680/SR 60680

Nichols and May- ''In Retrospect'' (1982) Polygram, re-released as compact disc in 1996

Awards and honors[link]

;Awards

1961 Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album

1964 Tony Award for Best Director of a Play – ''Barefoot in the Park''

1965 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play – ''Luv'' and ''The Odd Couple''

1968 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play – ''Plaza Suite''

1968 BAFTA Award for Best Director – ''The Graduate''

1968 Academy Award for Best Director – ''The Graduate''

1968 Golden Globe Award for Best Director – ''The Graduate''

1972 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play – ''The Prisoner of Second Avenue''

1977 Tony Award for Best Musical – ''Annie''

1977 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Play – ''Comedians''

1977 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical – ''Annie''

1984 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play – ''The Real Thing''

1984 Tony Award for Best Play – ''The Real Thing''

1984 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding New Play – ''The Real Thing''

1999 Film Society of Lincoln Center Gala tribute

2001 Emmy Award for Direction for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special – ''Wit''

2001 Emmy Award for Outstanding Made for Television Movie – ''Wit''

2003 Kennedy Center Honors

2004 Emmy Award for Direction - Miniseries/Movie – ''Angels in America''

2004 Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries – ''Angels in America''

2005 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical – ''Spamalot''

2010 American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award

;Nominations

1967 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical – ''The Apple Tree''

1967 Academy Award for Best Director – ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?''

1967 Golden Globe Award for Best Director – ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?''

1974 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play – ''Uncle Vanya''

1976 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Play – ''Streamers''

1977 Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series – ''Family''

1977 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play – ''Comedians''

1978 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play – ''The Gin Game''

1978 Tony Award for Best Play – ''The Gin Game''

1978 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Play – ''The Gin Game''

1978 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding New Play – ''The Gin Game''

1982 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding New Play – ''Grown Ups''

1984 Academy Award for Best Director – ''Silkwood''

1984 Golden Globe Award for Best Director – ''Silkwood"

1984 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Play – ''The Real Thing''

1985 Tony Award for Best Play – ''Hurlyburly''

1989 Academy Award for Best Director – ''Working Girl''"

1989 Golden Globe Award for Best Director – ''Working Girl''

1994 Academy Award for Best Picture – ''The Remains of the Day''

2001 Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing - Miniseries/Movie – ''Wit''

2003 Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event – ''The Play What I Wrote''

2003 Drama Desk Award for Unique Theatrical Experience – ''The Play What I Wrote''

2005 Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event – ''Whoopi''

2005 Golden Globe Award for Best Director – ''Closer''"

2005 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical – ''Spamalot''

References[link]

;Notes

;Further reading

Schuth, H. Wayne. ''Mike Nichols'', Twayne Publishers, 1978. ISBN 0-8057-9255-4.

External links[link]

Category:1931 births Category:Living people Category:American film actors Category:American film directors Category:American theatre directors Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Best Director Academy Award winners Category:Best Director Golden Globe winners Category:Drama Desk Award winners Category:Emmy Award winners Category:German Jews who emigrated to the United States to escape Nazism Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Kennedy Center honorees Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent Category:American people of Russian descent Category:Second City alumni Category:Tony Award winners Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients Category:University of Chicago alumni Category:Jewish comedians Category:Jewish American writers

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birth name	Mary Louise Streep
birth date	June 22, 1949
birth place	Summit, New Jersey, U.S.
alma mater	Vassar College;Yale School of Drama
spouse	Don Gummer(m. 1978–present; 4 children)
children	4 (including Mamie Gummer and Grace Gummer)
partner	John Cazale(1975–1978, his death)
occupation	Actress
years active	1971–present }}

Mary Louise "Meryl" Streep (born June 22, 1949) is an American actress who has worked in theatre, television, and film. She is widely regarded as one of the most talented actors of all time.

Streep made her professional stage debut in ''The Playboy of Seville'' (1971), before her screen debut in the television movie ''Deadliest Season'' (1977). In that same year, she made her film debut with ''Julia'' (1977). Both critical and commercial success came quickly with roles in ''The Deer Hunter'' (1978) and ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' (1979), the former giving Streep her first Academy Award nomination and the latter her first win. She later won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performances in ''Sophie's Choice'' (1982) and ''The Iron Lady'' (2011).

Streep has received 17 Academy Award nominations, winning three, and 26 Golden Globe nominations, winning eight, more nominations than any other actor in the history of either award. Her work has also earned her two Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, a Cannes Film Festival award, five New York Film Critics Circle Awards, two BAFTA awards, an Australian Film Institute Award, five Grammy Award nominations, and a Tony Award nomination, amongst others. She was awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2004 and the Kennedy Center Honor in 2009 for her contribution to American culture through performing arts, the youngest actress in each award's history.

Early life and background[link]

Streep was born Mary Louise Streep in Summit, New Jersey. Her mother, Mary Wolf (née Wilkinson; 1915-2001), was a commercial artist and former art editor, and her father, Harry William Streep, Jr. (1910-2003), was a pharmaceutical executive. She has two brothers, Dana David and Harry William III. Her patrilineal ancestry originates in Loffenau, Germany, from where her second great-grandfather, Gottfried Streeb, emigrated to the United States, and where one of her ancestors served as mayor. Another line of her father's family was from Giswil in the canton of Obwalden, a small town in Switzerland. Her maternal ancestry originates in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, and partly traces back to 17th century immigrants from England. Her eighth great-grandfather, Lawrence Wilkinson, was one of the first Europeans to settle Rhode Island. Streep is also a distant relative of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, and records show that her family were among the first purchasers of land in the state.

She was raised a Presbyterian, and grew up in Bernardsville, New Jersey, where she attended Bernards High School. She had many school friends who were Catholic, and regularly attended Mass because she loved its rituals. She received her B.A., in Drama at Vassar College in 1971 (where she briefly received instruction from actress Jean Arthur), but also enrolled as an exchange student at Dartmouth College for a quarter before it became coeducational. She subsequently earned an M.F.A. from Yale School of Drama. While at Yale, she played a variety of roles onstage, from the glamorous Helena in ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' to an eighty-year old woman in a wheelchair in a comedy written by then-unknown playwrights Christopher Durang and Albert Innaurato.

Career[link]

Early career[link]

Streep performed in several theater productions in New York and New Jersey after graduating from Yale School of Drama, including the New York Shakespeare Festival productions of ''Henry V'', ''The Taming of the Shrew'' with Raúl Juliá, and ''Measure for Measure'' opposite Sam Waterston and John Cazale. She started a relationship with Cazale, and was to live with him until his death three years later. She starred on Broadway in the Brecht/Weill musical ''Happy End'', and won an Obie for her performance in the all-sung off-Broadway production of ''Alice at the Palace''.

Streep began auditioning for film roles, and later recalled an unsuccessful audition for Dino De Laurentiis for the leading female role in ''King Kong''. De Laurentiis commented to his son in Italian, "She's ugly. Why did you bring me this thing?" and was shocked when Streep replied in fluent Italian. In New York City, she appeared in the 1976 Broadway double bill of Tennessee Williams' ''27 Wagons Full of Cotton'' and Arthur Miller's ''A Memory of Two Mondays''. For the former, she received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Play. Her other early Broadway credits include Anton Chekhov's ''The Cherry Orchard'' and the Bertolt Brecht-Kurt Weill musical ''Happy End'' in which she originally appeared off-Broadway at the Chelsea Theater Center. She received Drama Desk Award nominations for both productions.

Streep's first feature film was ''Julia'' (1977), in which she played a small but pivotal role during a flashback scene. Streep was living in New York City with Cazale, who had been diagnosed with bone cancer. He was cast in ''The Deer Hunter'' (1978), and Streep was delighted to secure a small role because it allowed her to remain with Cazale for the duration of filming. She was not specifically interested in the part, commenting, "They needed a girl between the two guys and I was it."

She played a leading role in the television miniseries ''Holocaust'' (1978) as a German woman married to a Jewish artist in Nazi era Germany. She later explained that she had considered the material to be "unrelentingly noble", and had taken the role only because she had needed money. Streep travelled to Germany and Austria for filming while Cazale remained in New York. Upon her return, Streep found that Cazale's illness had progressed, and she nursed him until his death on March 12, 1978. She spoke of her grief and her hope that work would provide a diversion; she accepted a role in ''The Seduction of Joe Tynan'' (1979) with Alan Alda, later commenting that she played it on "automatic pilot", and performed the role of Katherine in ''The Taming of the Shrew'' for Shakespeare in the Park. With an estimated audience of 109 million, ''Holocaust'' brought a degree of public recognition to Streep, who was described in August 1978 as "on the verge of national visibility". She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie for her performance.

''The Deer Hunter'' (1978) was released a month later, and Streep was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.

Streep played a supporting role in ''Manhattan'' (1979) for Woody Allen, later stating that she had not seen a complete script and was given only the six pages of her own scenes, and that she had not been permitted to improvise a word of her dialogue. Asked to comment on the script for ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' (1979), in a meeting with the producer Stan Jaffee, director Robert Benton and star Dustin Hoffman, Streep insisted that the female character was not representative of many real women who faced marriage breakdown and child custody battles, and was written as "too evil". Jaffee, Benton and Hoffman agreed with Streep, and the script was revised. In preparing for the part, Streep spoke to her own mother about her life as a mother and housewife with a career, and frequented the Upper East Side neighborhood in which the film was set. Benton allowed Streep to write her dialogue in two of her key scenes, despite some objection from Hoffman. Jaffee and Hoffman later spoke of Streep's tirelessness, with Hoffman commenting, "She's extraordinarily hardworking, to the extent that she's obsessive. I think that she thinks about nothing else but what she's doing."

Streep drew critical acclaim for her performance in each of her three films released in 1979: the romantic comedy ''Manhattan'', the political drama ''The Seduction of Joe Tynan'' and the family drama, ''Kramer vs. Kramer''. She was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress, National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress and National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress for her collective work in the three films. Among the awards won for ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' were the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress.

1980s[link]

After prominent supporting roles in two of the 1970s' most successful films, the consecutive winners of the Academy Award for Best Picture, ''The Deer Hunter'' and ''Kramer vs. Kramer'', and praise for her versatility in several supporting roles, Streep progressed to leading roles. Her first was ''The French Lieutenant's Woman'' (1981). A story within a story drama, the film paired Streep with Jeremy Irons as contemporary actors, telling their modern story as well as the Victorian era drama they were performing. A ''New York Magazine'' article commented that, while many female stars of the past had cultivated a singular identity in their films, Streep was a "chameleon", willing to play any type of role. Streep was awarded a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her work.

Her next film, the psychological thriller, ''Still of the Night'' (1982) reunited her with Robert Benton, the director of ''Kramer vs. Kramer'', and co-starred Roy Scheider and Jessica Tandy. Vincent Canby, writing for ''The New York Times'', noted that the film was an homage to the works of Alfred Hitchcock, but that one of its main weaknesses was a lack of chemistry between Streep and Scheider, concluding that Streep "is stunning, but she's not on screen anywhere near long enough".

As the Polish holocaust survivor in ''Sophie's Choice'' (1982), Streep's emotional dramatic performance and her apparent mastery of a Polish accent drew praise. William Styron wrote the novel with Ursula Andress in mind for the part of Sophie, but Streep was very determined to get the role. After she obtained a pirated copy of the script, she went to Alan J. Pakula and threw herself on the ground begging him to give her the part. Streep filmed the "choice" scene in one take and refused to do it again, as she found shooting the scene extremely painful and emotionally exhausting. Among several notable acting awards, Streep won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance. Roger Ebert said of her performance, "Streep plays the Brooklyn scenes with an enchanting Polish-American accent (she has the first accent I've ever wanted to hug), and she plays the flashbacks in subtitled German and Polish. There is hardly an emotion that Streep doesn't touch in this movie, and yet we're never aware of her straining. This is one of the most astonishing and yet one of the most unaffected and natural performances I can imagine."

She followed this success with a biographical film, ''Silkwood'' (1983), in which she played her first real-life character, the union activist Karen Silkwood. She discussed her preparation for the role in an interview with Roger Ebert and said that she had met with people close to Silkwood to learn more about her, and in doing so realized that each person saw a different aspect of Silkwood. Streep concentrated on the events of Silkwood's life and concluded, "I didn't try to turn myself into Karen. I just tried to look at what she did. I put together every piece of information I could find about her... What I finally did was look at the events in her life, and try to understand her from the inside."

Her next films were a romantic drama, ''Falling in Love'' (1984) opposite Robert De Niro, and a British drama, ''Plenty'' (1985). Roger Ebert said of Streep's performance in ''Plenty'' that she conveyed "great subtlety; it is hard to play an unbalanced, neurotic, self-destructive woman, and do it with such gentleness and charm... Streep creates a whole character around a woman who could have simply been a catalogue of symptoms."

''Out of Africa'' (1985) starred Streep as the Danish writer Karen Blixen and co-starred Robert Redford. A significant critical success, the film received a 63% "fresh" rating from Rotten Tomatoes. Streep co-starred with Jack Nicholson in her next two films, the dramas ''Heartburn'' (1986) and ''Ironweed'' (1987), in which she sang onscreen for the first time since the television movie, ''Secret Service'', in 1977. In ''A Cry in the Dark'' (1988), she played the biographical role of Lindy Chamberlain, an Australian woman who had been convicted of the murder of her infant daughter in which Chamberlain claimed her baby had been taken by a dingo. Filmed in Australia, Streep won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, a Best Actress at the Cannes Film Festival, the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress and was nominated for several other awards for her portrayal of Chamberlain.

In ''She-Devil'' (1989), Streep played her first comedic film role, opposite Roseanne Barr. Richard Corliss, writing for ''Time,'' commented that Streep was the "one reason" to see the film and observed that it marked a departure from the type of role for which she had been known, saying, "Surprise! Inside the Greer Garson roles Streep usually plays, a vixenish Carole Lombard is screaming to be cut loose."

1990s[link]

From 1984 to 1990, Streep won six People's Choice Awards for Favorite Motion Picture Actress and, in 1990, was named World Favorite.

In the 1990s, Streep continued to choose a great variety of roles, including a drug-addicted movie actress in a screen adaptation of Carrie Fisher's novel ''Postcards from the Edge'', with Dennis Quaid and Shirley MacLaine. Streep and Goldie Hawn had established a friendship and were interested in making a film together. After considering various projects, they decided upon ''Thelma and Louise'', until Streep's pregnancy coincided with the filming schedule, and the producers decided to proceed with Susan Sarandon and Geena Davis. They subsequently filmed the farcical black comedy, ''Death Becomes Her'', with Bruce Willis as their co-star. ''Time'''s Richard Corliss wrote approvingly of Streep's "wicked-witch routine" but dismissed the film as "''She-Devil'' with a make-over".

Biographer Karen Hollinger describes this period as a downturn in the popularity of Streep's films, which reached its nadir with the failure of ''Death Becomes Her'', attributing this partly to a critical perception that her comedies had been an attempt to convey a lighter image following several serious but commercially unsuccessful dramas, and more significantly to the lack of options available to an actress in her forties. Streep commented that she had limited her options by her preference to work in Los Angeles, close to her family, a situation that she had anticipated in a 1981 interview when she commented, "By the time an actress hits her mid-forties, no one's interested in her anymore. And if you want to fit a couple of babies into that schedule as well, you've got to pick your parts with great care."

In 1995, Streep played opposte Clint Eastwood in the love story ''The Bridges of Madison County'' (1995). Based on a best-selling novel by Robert James Waller, it relates the story of Robert Kincaid (Eastwood), a photographer working for ''National Geographic'', who has a love affair with a middle-aged Italian farm wife in Iowa named Francesca (Streep). Streep and Eastwood got along famously during production and such was their on-screen chemistry that a number of people believed that the two were having an affair off-camera, although this was denied by both. The film was a hit at the box office and grossed $70 million in the United States. The film, unlike the novel, surprised film critics and was warmly received. Janet Maslin of ''The New York Times'' wrote that Clint had managed to create "a moving, elegiac love story at the heart of Mr. Waller's self-congratulatory overkill", while Joe Morgenstern of the ''The Wall Street Journal'' described ''The Bridges of Madison County'' as "one of the most pleasurable films in recent memory".

In addition, Streep appeared with Glenn Close in the movie version of Isabel Allende's ''The House of the Spirits''; ''The River Wild''; ''Marvin's Room'' (with Diane Keaton and Leonardo DiCaprio); and ''One True Thing''.

2000s[link]

Streep entered the 2000s with Steven Spielberg's ''A.I. Artificial Intelligence'', a science fiction film about a child-like android, played by Haley Joel Osment, uniquely programmed with the ability to love, voicing the Blue Fairy. The same year, Streep co-hosted the annual Nobel Peace Prize Concert concert with Liam Neeson which was held in Oslo, Norway on December 11, 2001 in honour of the Nobel Peace Prize laureate, the United Nations and Kofi Annan.

In 2002, Streep returned to the stage for the first time in more than twenty years, playing Arkadina in The Public Theater's revival of Anton Chekhov's ''The Seagull'', directed by Mike Nichols and co-starring Kevin Kline, Natalie Portman, and Philip Seymour Hoffman. The same year, she began work on Spike Jonze's comedy-drama ''Adaptation'' (2002), in which she portrayed real-life journalist Susan Orlean. Lauded by critics and viewers alike, the film won Streep her fourth Golden Globe in the Best Supporting Actress category. Also in 2002, Streep appeared alongside Nicole Kidman and Julianne Moore in Stephen Daldry's ''The Hours'', based on the 1999 novel by Michael Cunningham. Focusing on three women of different generations whose lives are interconnected by the novel ''Mrs. Dalloway'' by Virginia Woolf, the film was generally well-received and won all three leading actresses a Silver Bear for Best Actress the following year.

thumb|right|Streep in St. Petersburg, Russia in 2004. The following year, Streep had a cameo as herself in the Farrelly brothers comedy ''Stuck on You'' (2003) and reunited with Mike Nichols to star with Al Pacino and Emma Thompson in the HBO adaptation of Tony Kushner's six-hour play ''Angels in America'', the story of two couples whose relationships dissolve amidst the backdrop of Reagan Era politics. Streep, who was cast in four roles in the mini-series, received her second Emmy Award and fifth Golden Globe for her performance. In 2004, Streep was awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award by the Board of Directors of the American Film Institute,. She appeared in Jonathan Demme's moderately successful remake of ''The Manchurian Candidate'', co-starring Denzel Washington, playing the role of a woman who is both a U.S. senator and the manipulative, ruthless mother of a vice-presidential candidate. The same year, she played the supporting role of Aunt Josephine in ''Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events'' alongside Jim Carrey, based on the first three novels in Snicket's book series. The black comedy received generally favorable reviews from critics, and won the Academy Award for Best Makeup.

Streep was next cast in the 2005 comedy ''Prime'', directed by Ben Younger. In the film, she played Lisa Metzger, the Jewish psychoanalyst of a divorced and lonesome business-woman, played by Uma Thurman, who enters a relationship with Metzger's 23-year-old son (Bryan Greenberg). A modest mainstream success, it eventually grossed US$67.9 million internationally. In August and September 2006, she starred onstage at The Public Theater's production of ''Mother Courage and Her Children'' at the Delacorte Theatre in Central Park. The Public Theater production was a new translation by playwright Tony Kushner (''Angels in America''), with songs in the Weill/Brecht style written by composer Jeanine Tesori (''Caroline, or Change''); veteran director George C. Wolfe was at the helm. Streep starred alongside Kevin Kline and Austin Pendleton in this three-and-a-half-hour play in which she sang and appeared in almost every scene.

Also in 2006, Streep, along with Lily Tomlin, portrayed the last two members of what was once a popular family country music act in Robert Altman's final film ''A Prairie Home Companion''. A comedic ensemble piece featuring Tommy Lee Jones, Kevin Kline and Woody Harrelson, the film revolves around the behind-the-scenes activities at the long-running public radio show of the same name. The film grossed over US$26 million, the majority of which came from domestic markets. Commercially, Streep fared better with a role in ''The Devil Wears Prada'' (2006), a loose screen adaptation of Lauren Weisberger's 2003 novel of the same name. Streep portrayed the powerful and demanding Miranda Priestly, fashion magazine editor (and boss of a recent college graduate played by Anne Hathaway), and her performance drew rave reviews from critics and earned her many award nominations, including her record-setting 14th Oscar bid, as well as another Golden Globe. Upon its commercial release, the film became Streep's biggest commercial success yet, grossing more than US$326.5 million worldwide.

In 2007, Streep was cast in four films. She portrayed a wealthy university patron in Chen Shi-zheng's much-delayed feature drama ''Dark Matter'' (2007), a film about a Chinese science graduate student who becomes violent after dealing with academic politics at a U.S. university. Inspired by the events of the 1991 University of Iowa shooting, and initially scheduled for a 2007 release, producers and investors decided to shelve ''Dark Matter'' out of respect for the Virginia Tech massacre in April 2007. The drama received negative to mixed reviews upon its limited 2008 release. Streep played a U.S. government official who investigates an Egyptian foreign national suspected of terrorism in the political thriller ''Rendition'' (2007), directed by Gavin Hood. Keen to get involved in a thriller film, Streep welcomed the opportunity to star in a film genre for which she was not usually offered scripts and immediately signed on to the project. Upon its release, ''Rendition'' was less commercially successful, and received mixed reviews.

Also in 2007, Streep had a short role alongside Vanessa Redgrave, Glenn Close and her eldest daughter Mamie Gummer in Lajos Koltai's drama film ''Evening'', based on the 1998 novel of the same name by Susan Minot. Switching between the present and the past, it tells the story of a bedridden woman, who remembers her tumultuous life in the mid-1950s. The film was released to lukewarm reactions by critics, who called it "beautifully filmed, but decidedly dull [and] a colossal waste of a talented cast." Streep's last film of 2007 was Robert Redfords ''Lions for Lambs'', a film about the connection between a platoon of United States soldiers in Afghanistan, a U.S. senator, a reporter, and a California college professor.

In 2008, Streep found major commercial success when she starred in Phyllida Lloyd's ''Mamma Mia!'', a film adaptation of the musical of the same name, based on the songs of Swedish pop group ABBA. Co-starring Amanda Seyfried, Pierce Brosnan, Stellan Skarsgård and Colin Firth, Streep played a single mother and a former backing singer, whose daughter (Seyfried), a bride-to-be who never met her father, invites three likely paternal candidates to her wedding on an idyllic Greek island. An instant box office success, ''Mamma Mia!'' became Streep's highest-grossing film to date, with box office receipts of US$602.6 million, also ranking it first among the highest-grossing musical films of all-time. Nominated for another Golden Globe, Streep's performance was generally well-received by critics, with Wesley Morris of the ''Boston Globe'' commenting "the greatest actor in American movies has finally become a movie star." Streep's other film of 2008 was ''Doubt'' featuring Philip Seymour Hoffman, Amy Adams, and Viola Davis. A drama revolving around the stern principal nun (Streep) of a Bronx Catholic school in 1964 who brings charges of pedophilia against a popular priest (Hoffman), the film became a moderate box office success, but was hailed by many critics as one of the best of 2008. The film received five Academy Awards nominations, for its four lead actors and for Shanley's script.

In 2009, Streep played chef Julia Child in Nora Ephron's ''Julie & Julia'', co-starring Amy Adams and Stanley Tucci. The first major motion picture based on a blog, it contrasts the life of Child in the early years of her culinary career with the life of young New Yorker Julie Powell (Adams), who aspires to cook all 524 recipes in Child's cookbook ''Mastering the Art of French Cooking'' in 365 days, a challenge she described on her popular blog, ''The Julie/Julia Project'', that would make her a published author. The same year, Streep also starred in Nancy Meyers' romantic comedy ''It's Complicated'', with Alec Baldwin and Steve Martin. She also received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for both of these films and won the award for the former. Streep later received her 16th Oscar nomination for ''Julie & Julia''. She also lent her voice to Mrs. Felicity Fox in the stop-motion film ''Fantastic Mr. Fox''.

2010s[link]

Streep's first film of the 2010s was Phyllida Lloyd's ''The Iron Lady'' (2011), a British biographical film about Margaret Thatcher, which takes a look at the Prime Minister during the Falklands War and her years in retirement. Streep, who sat through a session at the House of Commons to observe British MPs in action in preparation for her role, called her cast "a daunting and exciting challenge," and further added: "I am trying to approach the role with as much zeal, fervour and attention to detail as the real Lady Thatcher possesses – I can only hope my stamina will begin to approach her own." While the film met with mixed critics, Streep's performance got rave reviews, earning her Best Actress awards at the Golden Globes and the BAFTAs as well as a third statuette at the Academy Awards.

In July 2010, it was announced that Streep will star in an upcoming comedy entitled ''Mommy & Me'' alongside Tina Fey who will play her daughter. The film is being directed by Stanley Tucci.

Accents and dialects[link]

Streep is well known for her ability to imitate foreign and domestic accents, from Danish in ''Out of Africa'' (1985), to British RP in ''Plenty'' (also 1985), ''The French Lieutenant's Woman'' (1981) and ''The Iron Lady'' (2011), and from Italian in ''The Bridges of Madison County'' (1995), to a Minnesota accent in ''A Prairie Home Companion'' (2006). In ''A Cry in the Dark'' (1988), critics were impressed with Streep's ability to master an Australian accent with shades of New Zealand English. For her role in the film ''Sophie's Choice'' (1982), she took language courses to speak both English and German with a Polish accent. In ''The Iron Lady'', she reproduced the vocal style of Margaret Thatcher, from the time before she became Britain's Prime Minister, and after she had taken elocution lessons to change her pitch, pronunciation and delivery. Despite the accolades accorded to her, Streep has emphasised that adopting accents is an element she simply considers an obvious part of creating a character. When asked whether accents helped her get into character, she responded, "I'm always baffled by this question... How could I play that part and talk like me?" When questioned as to how she reproduces different accents, Streep replied, "I listen."

Music[link]

After Streep appeared in ''Mamma Mia!'', her rendition of the song "Mamma Mia" rose to popularity in the Portuguese music charts, where it peaked at #8 in October 2008.

At the 35th People's Choice Awards, her version of ''Mamma Mia'' won an award for "Favorite Song From A Soundtrack". In 2008, Streep was nominated for a Grammy Award (her fifth nomination) for her work on the ''Mamma Mia!'' soundtrack.

Philanthropy[link]

Streep is the spokesperson for the National Women's History Museum, to which she has donated a significant amount of money (including her fee for ''The Iron Lady'') and hosted numerous events.

Personal life[link]

Streep lived with actor John Cazale for three years until his death in March 1978. Streep married sculptor Don Gummer on September 15, 1978. They have four children: Henry "Hank" Wolfe Gummer (born November 13, 1979), Mary Willa "Mamie" Gummer (born August 3, 1983), Grace Jane Gummer (born May 9, 1986), and Louisa Jacobson Gummer (born June 12, 1991). Both Mamie and Grace are actresses. Hank is a musician who performs under the name Henry Wolfe.

When asked if religion plays a part in her life, in an interview in 2009, Streep replied, "I follow no doctrine. I don't belong to a church or a temple or a synagogue or an ashram." Streep does not rule out the possibility that God exists, “I do have a sense of trying to make things better. Where does that come from?”

Awards and nominations[link]

In 1999, Streep was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film. Streep holds the record for the most Academy Award nominations of any actor, having been nominated 17 times since her first nomination in 1979 for her performance in ''The Deer Hunter'' (fourteen for Best Actress and three for Best Supporting Actress) – five more than both Katharine Hepburn and Jack Nicholson, who are tied in second place. With her third Oscar win for her performance as Margaret Thatcher in ''The Iron Lady'' (2011) in 2012, Streep became the fifth performer to receive three Academy Awards: Nicholson, Ingrid Bergman and Walter Brennan all earned three, while Hepburn won four.

In 2009, Streep became the most-nominated performer in Golden Globe Awards history when her double lead actress nods for ''Doubt'' (2008) and ''Mamma Mia!'' (2008) gave her 23 in total, breaking the tie with Jack Lemmon who had received 22 lead nominations until his death in 2001. The following year, Streep surpassed Jack Nicholson and Angela Lansbury with six Golden Globe awards wins each after receiving her seventh Globe for her performance as Julia Child in ''Julie & Julia'' (2009). In 2012, she broke her own record when she garnered her 26th nomination and overall eighth win for ''The Iron Lady'' at the 69th Golden Globe Awards.

As with the both the Oscars and the Golden Globe Awards, Streep holds the BAFTA record for most nominations at 14 in total. She received her second Best Actress award for ''The Iron Lady'' at the 65th ceremony in February 2012, following her first win in 1981 for her performance in ''The French Lieutenant's Woman'' (1981).

In 1983, Yale University, from which Streep had graduated in 1975, was the first university to award her an honorary degree, a Doctorate of Fine Arts. In 1998, Women in Film awarded Streep with the Crystal Award, an honor for outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry. The same year, Streep received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

In 2003, Streep was awarded an honorary César Award by the French Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma. In 2004, at the Moscow International Film Festival, Streep was honored with the Stanislavsky Award for the outstanding achievement in the career of acting and devotion to the principles of Stanislavsky's school. Also in 2004, Streep received the AFI Life Achievement Award. In 2008, Streep was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. In 2009, she was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts by Princeton University. In 2010, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters and was awarded an honorary Doctor of Arts degree by Harvard University.

On December 4, 2011 (program aired on CBS-TV on December 27, 2011), Streep received the 2011 Kennedy Center Honor (along with Neil Diamond, Yo-Yo Ma, Sonny Rollins, and Barbara Cook). On February 14, 2012, Streep received the Honorary Golden Bear at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival. She previously won the Berlinale Camera at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival in 1999.

Selected filmography[link]

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1978	''The Deer Hunter''	Linda
1979		Jill	Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress (also for The Seduction of Joe Tynan and Kramer vs. Kramer)National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress (also for The Seduction of Joe Tynan and Kramer vs. Kramer)National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress (also for The Seduction of Joe Tynan and Kramer vs. Kramer)Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
1979	''Kramer vs. Kramer''	Joanna Kramer	Academy Award for Best Supporting ActressGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion PictureKansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress (also for The Seduction of Joe Tynan and Manhattan)National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress (also for Manhattan and The Seduction of Joe Tynan)National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress (also for The Seduction of Joe Tynan and Manhattan)New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress (and also The Seduction of Joe Tynan)Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
1981		Sarah/Anna	BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated - Academy Award for Best Actress
1982		Sophie Zawistowski	Academy Award for Best ActressBoston Society of Film Critics Award for Best ActressGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaKansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNational Board of Review Award for Best ActressNational Society of Film Critics Award for Best ActressNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
1983	''Silkwood''	Karen Silkwood	Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNominated - Academy Award for Best ActressNominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
1985		Karen Blixen
1987		Helen Archer	Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress
1988	''A Cry in the Dark''		Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressBest Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)Nominated - Academy Award for Best ActressNominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
1990		Suzanne Vale
1992	''Death Becomes Her ''	Madeline Ashton	Nominated - Saturn Award for Best ActressNominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1995		Francesca Johnson	Nominated - Academy Award for Best ActressNominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaNominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
1998	''One True Thing''	Kate Gulden	Nominated - Academy Award for Best ActressNominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaNominated - Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion PictureNominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
1999	''Music of the Heart''	Roberta Guaspari	Nominated - Academy Award for Best ActressNominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaNominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
2002		Susan Orlean	Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActressFlorida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting ActressGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion PictureSatellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion PictureSilver Bear for Best ActressSoutheastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated - Academy Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting RoleNominated - Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated - London Film Critics Circle Award for Actress of the YearNominated - Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated - Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated - Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best CastNominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
2002		Clarissa Vaughan	Silver Bear for Best Actress in Berlin International Film Festival (with Julianne Moore and Nicole Kidman)Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaNominated - Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated - Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best CastNominated - Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion PictureNominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
2004		Eleanor Shaw	Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting RoleNominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion PictureNominated - Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress
2006		Miranda Priestly	Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyLondon Film Critics Circle Award for Actress of the YearNational Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting ActressOnline Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressSatellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated - Academy Award for Best ActressNominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated - Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated - Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated - MTV Movie Award for Best VillainNominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
2008		Donna	Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressPhoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressWashington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated - Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated - London Film Critics Circle Award for Actress of the Year
2008		Sister Aloysius Beauvier	Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressKansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNational Board of Review Award for Best CastPhoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading RoleWashington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated - Academy Award for Best ActressNominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated - Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best CastNominated - Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaNominated - London Film Critics Circle Award for Actress of the YearNominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
2009	''Julie & Julia''	Julia Child	Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best ActressBroadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyKansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressPhoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressSatellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedySoutheastern Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated - Academy Award for Best ActressNominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated - Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated - London Film Critics Circle Award for Actress of the YearNominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
2009		Jane Adler	Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
2011		Margaret Thatcher	Academy Award for Best ActressAACTA International Award for Best ActressBAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleDenver Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNew York Film Critics Online Award for Best ActressLondon Film Critics Circle Award for Actress of the Year Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressUK's Annual Regional Film Awards for Best Actress Nominated - Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best ActressNominated - Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Actress Defying Age and AgeismNominated - Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Female Icon AwardNominated - Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress (runner-up) Nominated - Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated - Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated - Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated - Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressNominated - Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best ActresNominated - Iowa Film Critics Awards for Best ActressNominated - Irish Film & Television Award for Best International ActressNominated - National Society of Film Critics Award for Best ActressNominated - Online Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressNominated - Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated - Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion PictureNominated - St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNominated - Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
2012		Maeve Soames

See also[link]

List of people from New Jersey

List of American actresses

List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

Napoleon, Davi (1991). ''Chelsea on the Edge: The Adventures of an American Theater.'' Includes discussion of Streep's performance in Robert Kalfin's production of ''Happy End'' at the Chelsea Theater and on Broadway. Iowa State University Press. ISBN-0-8138-1713-7.

''Finding Herself: The Prime of Meryl Streep'' by Molly Haskell, ''Film Comment'', May/June 2008.

External links[link]

Official web site

Meryl Streep at BAFTA forty-minute webcast, January 2009

Meryl Streep at Emmys.com

Category:1949 births Category:Actors from New Jersey Category:American film actors Category:American musical theatre actors Category:American people of English descent Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Swiss descent Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Best Actress Academy Award winners Category:Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners Category:Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Category:Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:César Award winners Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Living people Category:Obie Award recipients Category:Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:People from Bernardsville, New Jersey Category:People from Summit, New Jersey Category:Vassar College alumni Category:Yale School of Drama alumni Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients

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name	Albert Einstein
birth date	March 14, 1879
birth place	Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
death date	April 18, 1955
death place	Princeton, New Jersey, United States
spouse	Mileva Marić (1903–1919)
residence	Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, United Kingdom, United States
citizenship
ethnicity	Jewish
fields	Physics
workplaces
alma mater
doctoral advisor	Alfred Kleiner
academic advisors	Heinrich Friedrich Weber
notable students
known for
awards
signature	Albert Einstein signature 1934.svg }}

Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics. While best known for his mass–energy equivalence formula (which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation"), he received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory within physics.

Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a whole.

He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming a citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he helped alert President Franklin D. Roosevelt that Germany might be developing an atomic weapon, and recommended that the U.S. begin similar research; this eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein was in support of defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced using the new discovery of nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, together with Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.

Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works. His great intelligence and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with genius.

Biography[link]

Early life and education[link]

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire on 14 March 1879. His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein (née Koch). In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where his father and his uncle founded ''Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie'', a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.

The Einsteins were non-observant Jews. Albert attended a Catholic elementary school from the age of five for three years. Later, at the age of eight, Einstein was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium where he received advanced primary and secondary school education until he left Germany seven years later. Although it has been thought that Einstein had early speech difficulties, this is disputed by the Albert Einstein Archives, and he excelled at the first school that he attended.

His father once showed him a pocket compass; Einstein realized that there must be something causing the needle to move, despite the apparent "empty space". As he grew, Einstein built models and mechanical devices for fun and began to show a talent for mathematics. When Einstein was ten years old Max Talmud (later changed to Max Talmey), a poor Jewish medical student from Poland, was introduced to the Einstein family by his brother, and during weekly visits over the next five years he gave the boy popular books on science, mathematical texts and philosophical writings. These included Immanuel Kant's ''Critique of Pure Reason'' and ''Euclid's Elements'' (which Einstein called the "holy little geometry book").

In 1894, his father's company failed: direct current (DC) lost the War of Currents to alternating current (AC). In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and then, a few months later, to Pavia. When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue electrical engineering, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school's regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and creative thought were lost in strict rote learning. At the end of December 1894 he travelled to Italy to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctor's note. It was during his time in Italy that he wrote a short essay with the title "On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field."

In late summer 1895, at the age of sixteen, Einstein sat the entrance examinations for the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zurich (later the Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule). He failed to reach the required standard in several subjects, but obtained exceptional grades in physics and mathematics. On the advice of the Principal of the Polytechnic, he attended the Aargau Cantonal School in Aarau, Switzerland, in 1895-96 to complete his secondary schooling. While lodging with the family of Professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister Maja later married the Wintelers' son, Paul.) In January 1896, with his father's approval, he renounced his citizenship in the German Kingdom of Württemberg to avoid military service. In September 1896 he passed the Swiss Matura with mostly good grades (gaining maximum grade 6 in physics and mathematical subjects, on a scale 1-6), and though still only seventeen he enrolled in the four year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Zurich Polytechnic. Marie Winteler moved to Olsberg, Switzerland for a teaching post.

Einstein's future wife, Mileva Marić, also enrolled at the Polytechnic that same year, the only woman among the six students in the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. Over the next few years, Einstein and Marić's friendship developed into romance, and they read books together on extra-curricular physics in which Einstein was taking an increasing interest. In 1900 Einstein was awarded the Zurich Polytechnic teaching diploma, but Marić failed the examination with a poor grade in the mathematics component, theory of functions. There have been claims that Marić collaborated with Einstein on his celebrated 1905 papers, but historians of physics who have studied the issue find no evidence that she made any substantive contributions.

Marriages and children[link]

In early 1902, Einstein and Mileva Marić (Милева Марић) had a daughter they named Lieserl in their correspondence, who was born in Novi Sad where Marić's parents lived. Her full name is not known, and her fate is uncertain after 1903.

Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, the couple's first son, Hans Albert Einstein, was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their second son, Eduard, was born in Zurich in July 1910. In 1914, Einstein moved to Berlin, while his wife remained in Zurich with their sons. Marić and Einstein divorced on 14 February 1919, having lived apart for five years.

Einstein married Elsa Löwenthal (née Einstein) on 2 June 1919, after having had a relationship with her since 1912. She was his first cousin maternally and his second cousin paternally. In 1933, they emigrated permanently to the United States. In 1935, Elsa Einstein was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems and died in December 1936.

Patent office[link]

After graduating, Einstein spent almost two frustrating years searching for a teaching post, but a former classmate's father helped him secure a job in Bern, at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property, the patent office, as an assistant examiner. He evaluated patent applications for electromagnetic devices. In 1903, Einstein's position at the Swiss Patent Office became permanent, although he was passed over for promotion until he "fully mastered machine technology".

Much of his work at the patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals and electrical-mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems that show up conspicuously in the thought experiments that eventually led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the fundamental connection between space and time.

With a few friends he met in Bern, Einstein started a small discussion group, self-mockingly named "The Olympia Academy", which met regularly to discuss science and philosophy. Their readings included the works of Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach, and David Hume, which influenced his scientific and philosophical outlook.

Academic career[link]

During 1901, the paper "Folgerungen aus den Kapillarität Erscheinungen" ("Conclusions from the Capillarity Phenomena") was published in the prestigious ''Annalen der Physik''. On 30 April 1905, Einstein completed his thesis, with Alfred Kleiner, Professor of Experimental Physics, serving as ''pro-forma'' advisor. Einstein was awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich. His dissertation was entitled "A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions". That same year, which has been called Einstein's ''annus mirabilis'' (miracle year), he published four groundbreaking papers, on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity, and the equivalence of matter and energy, which were to bring him to the notice of the academic world.

By 1908, he was recognized as a leading scientist, and he was appointed lecturer at the University of Bern. The following year, he quit the patent office and the lectureship to take the position of physics docent at the University of Zurich. He became a full professor at Karl-Ferdinand University in Prague in 1911. In 1914, he returned to Germany after being appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics (1914–1932) and a professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin, with a special clause in his contract that freed him from most teaching obligations. He became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In 1916, Einstein was appointed president of the German Physical Society (1916–1918).

During 1911, he had calculated that, based on his new theory of general relativity, light from another star would be bent by the Sun's gravity. That prediction was claimed confirmed by observations made by a British expedition led by Sir Arthur Eddington during the solar eclipse of 29 May 1919. International media reports of this made Einstein world famous. On 7 November 1919, the leading British newspaper ''The Times'' printed a banner headline that read: "Revolution in Science – New Theory of the Universe – Newtonian Ideas Overthrown". (Much later, questions were raised whether the measurements had been accurate enough to support Einstein's theory).

In 1921, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect, as relativity was considered still somewhat controversial. He also received the Copley Medal from the Royal Society in 1925.

Travels abroad[link]

Einstein visited New York City for the first time on 2 April 1921, where he received an official welcome by the Mayor, followed by three weeks of lectures and receptions. He went on to deliver several lectures at Columbia University and Princeton University, and in Washington he accompanied representatives of the National Academy of Science on a visit to the White House. On his return to Europe he was the guest of the British statesman and philosopher Viscount Haldane in London, where he met several renowned scientific, intellectual and political figures, and delivered a lecture at Kings College.

In 1922, he traveled throughout Asia and later to Palestine, as part of a six-month excursion and speaking tour. His travels included Singapore, Ceylon, and Japan, where he gave a series of lectures to thousands of Japanese. His first lecture in Tokyo lasted four hours, after which he met the emperor and empress at the Imperial Palace where thousands came to watch. Einstein later gave his impressions of the Japanese in a letter to his sons: "Of all the people I have met, I like the Japanese most, as they are modest, intelligent, considerate, and have a feel for art."

On his return voyage, he also visited Palestine for 12 days in what would become his only visit to that region. "He was greeted with great British pomp, as if he were a head of state rather than a theoretical physicist", writes Isaacson. This included a cannon salute upon his arrival at the residence of the British high commissioner, Sir Herbert Samuel. During one reception given to him, the building was "stormed by throngs who wanted to hear him". In Einstein's talk to the audience, he expressed his happiness over the event:

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Love of music[link]

Einstein developed an appreciation of music at an early age. His mother played the piano reasonably well and wanted her son to learn the violin, not only to instill in him a love of music but also to help him assimilate within German culture. According to conductor Leon Botstein, Einstein is said to have begun playing when he was five, but didn't enjoy trying to learn it at that age.

When he turned thirteen, however, he discovered the violin sonatas of Mozart. "Einstein fell in love" with Mozart's music, notes Botstein, and learned to play music more willingly. According to Einstein, he taught himself to play by "ever practicing systematically," adding that "Love is a better teacher than a sense of duty." At age seventeen, he was heard by a school examiner in Aarau as he played Beethoven's violin sonatas, the examiner stating afterward that his playing was "remarkable and revealing of 'great insight.'" What struck the examiner, writes Botstein, was that Einstein "displayed a deep love of the music, a quality that was and remains in short supply. Music possessed an unusual meaning for this student."

Botstein notes that music assumed a pivotal and permanent role in Einstein's life from that period on. Although the idea of becoming a professional was not on his mind at any time, he did play chamber music with others, and performed for private audiences and friends. Chamber music also became a regular part of his social life while living in Bern, Zurich, and Berlin, where he played with Max Planck and his son, among others. Near the end of his life, while living in Princeton, the young Juilliard Quartet visited him and he joined them playing his violin, although they slowed the tempo to accommodate his lesser abilities. However, notes Botstein, the quartet was "impressed by Einstein's level of coordination and intonation."

Emigration[link]

In 1933, Einstein decided to emigrate to the United States due to the rise to power of the Nazis under Germany's new chancellor, Adolf Hitler. While visiting American universities in April, 1933, he learned that the new German government had passed a law barring Jews from holding any official positions, including teaching at universities. A month later, the Nazi book burnings occurred, with Einstein's works being among those burnt, and Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels proclaimed, "Jewish intellectualism is dead." Einstein also learned that his name was on a list of assassination targets, with a "$5,000 bounty on his head." One German magazine included him in a list of enemies of the German regime with the phrase, "not yet hanged".

Einstein was undertaking his third two-month visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology when Hitler came to power in Germany. On his return to Europe in March 1933 he resided in Belgium for some months, before temporarily moving to England.

He took up a position at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, New Jersey, an affiliation that lasted until his death in 1955. He was one of the four first selected (two of the others being John von Neumann and Kurt Gödel). At the institute, he soon developed a close friendship with Gödel. The two would take long walks together discussing their work. His last assistant was Bruria Kaufman, who later became a renowned physicist. During this period, Einstein tried to develop a unified field theory and to refute the accepted interpretation of quantum physics, both unsuccessfully.

Other scientists also fled to America. Among them were Nobel laureates and professors of theoretical physics. With so many other Jewish scientists now forced by circumstances to live in America, often working side by side, Einstein wrote to a friend, "For me the most beautiful thing is to be in contact with a few fine Jews—a few millennia of a civilized past do mean something after all." In another letter he writes, "In my whole life I have never felt so Jewish as now."

World War II and the Manhattan Project[link]

In 1939, a group of Hungarian scientists that included emigre physicist Leó Szilárd attempted to alert Washington of ongoing Nazi atomic bomb research. The group's warnings were discounted. Einstein and Szilárd, along with other refugees such as Edward Teller and Eugene Wigner, "regarded it as their responsibility to alert Americans to the possibility that German scientists might win the race to build an atomic bomb, and to warn that Hitler would be more than willing to resort to such a weapon." In the summer of 1939, a few months before the beginning of World War II in Europe, Einstein was persuaded to lend his prestige by writing a letter with Szilárd to President Franklin D. Roosevelt to alert him of the possibility. The letter also recommended that the U.S. government pay attention to and become directly involved in uranium research and associated chain reaction research.

The letter is believed to be "arguably the key stimulus for the U.S. adoption of serious investigations into nuclear weapons on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II". President Roosevelt could not take the risk of allowing Hitler to possess atomic bombs first. As a result of Einstein's letter and his meetings with Roosevelt, the U.S. entered the "race" to develop the bomb, drawing on its "immense material, financial, and scientific resources" to initiate the Manhattan Project. It became the only country to successfully develop an atomic bomb during World War II.

For Einstein, "war was a disease . . . [and] he called for resistance to war." But in 1933, after Hitler assumed full power in Germany, "he renounced pacifism altogether . . . In fact, he urged the Western powers to prepare themselves against another German onslaught." In 1954, a year before his death, Einstein said to his old friend, Linus Pauling, "I made one great mistake in my life — when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification — the danger that the Germans would make them..."

U.S. citizenship[link]

Einstein became an American citizen in 1940. Not long after settling into his career at Princeton, he expressed his appreciation of the "meritocracy" in American culture when compared to Europe. According to Isaacson, he recognized the "right of individuals to say and think what they pleased", without social barriers, and as result, the individual was "encouraged" to be more creative, a trait he valued from his own early education. Einstein writes:

What makes the new arrival devoted to this country is the democratic trait among the people. No one humbles himself before another person or class. . . American youth has the good fortune not to have its outlook troubled by outworn traditions.

As a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) at Princeton who campaigned for the civil rights of African Americans, Einstein corresponded with civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois, and in 1946 Einstein called racism America's "worst disease". He later stated, "Race prejudice has unfortunately become an American tradition which is uncritically handed down from one generation to the next. The only remedies are enlightenment and education".

After the death of Israel's first president, Chaim Weizmann, in November 1952, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion offered Einstein the position of President of Israel, a mostly ceremonial post. The offer was presented by Israel's ambassador in Washington, Abba Eban, who explained that the offer "embodies the deepest respect which the Jewish people can repose in any of its sons". However, Einstein declined, and wrote in his response that he was "deeply moved", and "at once saddened and ashamed" that he could not accept it:

All my life I have dealt with objective matters, hence I lack both the natural aptitude and the experience to deal properly with people and to exercise official function. I am the more distressed over these circumstances because my relationship with the Jewish people became my strongest human tie once I achieved complete clarity about our precarious position among the nations of the world.''

Death[link]

On 17 April 1955, Albert Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had previously been reinforced surgically by Dr. Rudolph Nissen in 1948. He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance commemorating the State of Israel's seventh anniversary with him to the hospital, but he did not live long enough to complete it. Einstein refused surgery, saying: "I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share, it is time to go. I will do it elegantly." He died in Princeton Hospital early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end.

During the autopsy, the pathologist of Princeton Hospital, Thomas Stoltz Harvey, removed Einstein's brain for preservation without the permission of his family, in the hope that the neuroscience of the future would be able to discover what made Einstein so intelligent. Einstein's remains were cremated and his ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location.

In his lecture at Einstein's memorial, nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer summarized his impression of him as a person: "He was almost wholly without sophistication and wholly without worldliness . . . There was always with him a wonderful purity at once childlike and profoundly stubborn."

Scientific career[link]

Throughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of books and articles.

1905 - Annus Mirabilis papers[link]

The ''Annus Mirabilis'' papers are four articles pertaining to the photoelectric effect (which gave rise to quantum theory), Brownian motion, the special theory of relativity, and E = mc² that Albert Einstein published in the ''Annalen der Physik'' scientific journal in 1905. These four works contributed substantially to the foundation of modern physics and changed views on space, time, and matter. The four papers are:

{| class=wikitable |- ! Title (translated) !! Area of focus !! Received !! Published !! Significance |- | ''On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light'' || Photoelectric effect || 18 March || 9 June || Resolved an unsolved puzzle by suggesting that energy is exchanged only in discrete amounts (quanta). This idea was pivotal to the early development of quantum theory. |- | ''On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat'' || Brownian motion || 11 May || 18 July || Explained empirical evidence for the atomic theory, supporting the application of statistical physics. |- | ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'' || Special relativity || 30 June || 26 Sept || Reconciled Maxwell's equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the speed of light, resulting from analysis based on empirical evidence that the speed of light is independent of the motion of the observer. Discredited the concept of an "luminiferous ether." |- | ''Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?'' || Matter–energy equivalence || 27 Sept || 21 Nov || Equivalence of matter and energy, (and by implication, the ability of gravity to "bend" light), the existence of "rest energy", and the basis of nuclear energy. |}

Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics[link]

Albert Einstein's first paper submitted in 1900 to ''Annalen der Physik'' was on capillary attraction. It was published in 1901 with the title "Folgerungen aus den Kapillarität Erscheinungen," which translates as "Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena". Two papers he published in 1902–1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret atomic phenomena from a statistical point of view. These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist. His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.

General principles[link]

He articulated the principle of relativity. This was understood by Hermann Minkowski to be a generalization of rotational invariance from space to space-time. Other principles postulated by Einstein and later vindicated are the principle of equivalence and the principle of adiabatic invariance of the quantum number.

Theory of relativity and $E\; =\; mc\; ^2$

Einstein's "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper" ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") was received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year. It reconciles Maxwell's equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics, by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the speed of light. This later became known as Einstein's special theory of relativity.

Consequences of this include the time-space frame of a moving body appearing to slow down and contract (in the direction of motion) when measured in the frame of the observer. This paper also argued that the idea of a luminiferous aether – one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time – was superfluous.

In his paper on ''mass–energy equivalence'' Einstein produced ''E'' = ''mc''² from his special relativity equations. Einstein's 1905 work on relativity remained controversial for many years, but was accepted by leading physicists, starting with Max Planck.

Photons and energy quanta[link]

In a 1905 paper, Einstein postulated that light itself consists of localized particles (''quanta''). Einstein's light quanta were nearly universally rejected by all physicists, including Max Planck and Niels Bohr. This idea only became universally accepted in 1919, with Robert Millikan's detailed experiments on the photoelectric effect, and with the measurement of Compton scattering.

Einstein concluded that each wave of frequency ''f'' is associated with a collection of photons with energy ''hf'' each, where ''h'' is Planck's constant. He does not say much more, because he is not sure how the particles are related to the wave. But he does suggest that this idea would explain certain experimental results, notably the photoelectric effect.

Quantized atomic vibrations[link]

In 1907 Einstein proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent harmonic oscillator. In the Einstein model, each atom oscillates independently – a series of equally spaced quantized states for each oscillator. Einstein was aware that getting the frequency of the actual oscillations would be different, but he nevertheless proposed this theory because it was a particularly clear demonstration that quantum mechanics could solve the specific heat problem in classical mechanics. Peter Debye refined this model.

Adiabatic principle and action-angle variables[link]

Throughout the 1910s, quantum mechanics expanded in scope to cover many different systems. After Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus and proposed that electrons orbit like planets, Niels Bohr was able to show that the same quantum mechanical postulates introduced by Planck and developed by Einstein would explain the discrete motion of electrons in atoms, and the periodic table of the elements.

Einstein contributed to these developments by linking them with the 1898 arguments Wilhelm Wien had made. Wien had shown that the hypothesis of adiabatic invariance of a thermal equilibrium state allows all the blackbody curves at different temperature to be derived from one another by a simple shifting process. Einstein noted in 1911 that the same adiabatic principle shows that the quantity which is quantized in any mechanical motion must be an adiabatic invariant. Arnold Sommerfeld identified this adiabatic invariant as the action variable of classical mechanics. The law that the action variable is quantized was a basic principle of the quantum theory as it was known between 1900 and 1925.

Wave–particle duality[link]

Although the patent office promoted Einstein to Technical Examiner Second Class in 1906, he had not given up on academia. In 1908, he became a ''privatdozent'' at the University of Bern. In "über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung" ("The Development of Our Views on the Composition and Essence of Radiation"), on the quantization of light, and in an earlier 1909 paper, Einstein showed that Max Planck's energy quanta must have well-defined momenta and act in some respects as independent, point-like particles. This paper introduced the ''photon'' concept (although the name ''photon'' was introduced later by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1926) and inspired the notion of wave–particle duality in quantum mechanics.

Theory of critical opalescence[link]

Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point. Ordinarily the density fluctuations are controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the density. At the critical point, this derivative is zero, leading to large fluctuations. The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths is scattered, making the fluid look milky white. Einstein relates this to Raleigh scattering, which is what happens when the fluctuation size is much smaller than the wavelength, and which explains why the sky is blue. Einstein quantitatively derived critical opalescence from a treatment of density fluctuations, and demonstrated how both the effect and Rayleigh scattering originate from the atomistic constitution of matter.

Zero-point energy[link]

Einstein's physical intuition led him to note that Planck's oscillator energies had an incorrect zero point. He modified Planck's hypothesis by stating that the lowest energy state of an oscillator is equal to ''hf'', to half the energy spacing between levels. This argument, which was made in 1913 in collaboration with Otto Stern, was based on the thermodynamics of a diatomic molecule which can split apart into two free atoms.

General relativity and the Equivalence Principle[link]

General relativity (GR) is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915. According to general relativity, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of space and time by those masses. General relativity has developed into an essential tool in modern astrophysics. It provides the foundation for the current understanding of black holes, regions of space where gravitational attraction is so strong that not even light can escape.

As Albert Einstein later said, the reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of inertial motions within special relativity was unsatisfactory, while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion (even accelerated ones) should appear more satisfactory. So in 1908 he published an article on acceleration under special relativity. In that article, he argued that free fall is really inertial motion, and that for a freefalling observer the rules of special relativity must apply. This argument is called the Equivalence principle. In the same article, Einstein also predicted the phenomenon of gravitational time dilation. In 1911, Einstein published another article expanding on the 1907 article, in which additional effects such as the deflection of light by massive bodies were predicted.

Hole argument and Entwurf theory[link]

While developing general relativity, Einstein became confused about the gauge invariance in the theory. He formulated an argument that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible. He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations, and searched for equations that would be invariant under general linear transformations only.

In June, 1913 the Entwurf ("draft") theory was the result of these investigations. As its name suggests, it was a sketch of a theory, with the equations of motion supplemented by additional gauge fixing conditions. Simultaneously less elegant and more difficult than general relativity, after more than two years of intensive work Einstein abandoned the theory in November, 1915 after realizing that the hole argument was mistaken.

Cosmology[link]

In 1917, Einstein applied the General theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a whole. He wanted the universe to be eternal and unchanging, but this type of universe is not consistent with relativity. To fix this, Einstein modified the general theory by introducing a new notion, the cosmological constant. With a positive cosmological constant, the universe could be an eternal static sphere.

Einstein believed a spherical static universe is philosophically preferred, because it would obey Mach's principle. He had shown that general relativity incorporates Mach's principle to a certain extent in frame dragging by gravitomagnetic fields, but he knew that Mach's idea would not work if space goes on forever. In a closed universe, he believed that Mach's principle would hold. Mach's principle has generated much controversy over the years.

Modern quantum theory[link]

In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'' that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission, the physical process that makes possible the maser and the laser. This article showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only be consistent with Planck's distribution law if the emission of light into a mode with n photons would be enhanced statistically compared to the emission of light into an empty mode. This paper was enormously influential in the later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws. Einstein discovered Louis de Broglie's work, and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first. In another major paper from this era, Einstein gave a wave equation for de Broglie waves, which Einstein suggested was the Hamilton–Jacobi equation of mechanics. This paper would inspire Schrödinger's work of 1926.

Bose–Einstein statistics[link]

In 1924, Einstein received a description of a statistical model from Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, based on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood as a gas of indistinguishable particles. Einstein noted that Bose's statistics applied to some atoms as well as to the proposed light particles, and submitted his translation of Bose's paper to the ''Zeitschrift für Physik''. Einstein also published his own articles describing the model and its implications, among them the Bose–Einstein condensate phenomenon that some particulates should appear at very low temperatures. It was not until 1995 that the first such condensate was produced experimentally by Eric Allin Cornell and Carl Wieman using ultra-cooling equipment built at the NIST–JILA laboratory at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Bose–Einstein statistics are now used to describe the behaviors of any assembly of bosons. Einstein's sketches for this project may be seen in the Einstein Archive in the library of the Leiden University.

Energy momentum pseudotensor[link]

General relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to identify the conserved energy and momentum. Noether's theorem allows these quantities to be determined from a Lagrangian with translation invariance, but general covariance makes translation invariance into something of a gauge symmetry. The energy and momentum derived within general relativity by Noether's presecriptions do not make a real tensor for this reason.

Einstein argued that this is true for fundamental reasons, because the gravitational field could be made to vanish by a choice of coordinates. He maintained that the non-covariant energy momentum pseudotensor was in fact the best description of the energy momentum distribution in a gravitational field. This approach has been echoed by Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz, and others, and has become standard.

The use of non-covariant objects like pseudotensors was heavily criticized in 1917 by Erwin Schrödinger and others.

Unified field theory[link]

Following his research on general relativity, Einstein entered into a series of attempts to generalize his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism as another aspect of a single entity. In 1950, he described his "unified field theory" in a ''Scientific American'' article entitled "On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation". Although he continued to be lauded for his work, Einstein became increasingly isolated in his research, and his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. In his pursuit of a unification of the fundamental forces, Einstein ignored some mainstream developments in physics, most notably the strong and weak nuclear forces, which were not well understood until many years after his death. Mainstream physics, in turn, largely ignored Einstein's approaches to unification. Einstein's dream of unifying other laws of physics with gravity motivates modern quests for a theory of everything and in particular string theory, where geometrical fields emerge in a unified quantum-mechanical setting.

Wormholes[link]

Einstein collaborated with others to produce a model of a wormhole. His motivation was to model elementary particles with charge as a solution of gravitational field equations, in line with the program outlined in the paper "Do Gravitational Fields play an Important Role in the Constitution of the Elementary Particles?". These solutions cut and pasted Schwarzschild black holes to make a bridge between two patches.

If one end of a wormhole was positively charged, the other end would be negatively charged. These properties led Einstein to believe that pairs of particles and antiparticles could be described in this way.

Einstein–Cartan theory[link]

In order to incorporate spinning point particles into general relativity, the affine connection needed to be generalized to include an antisymmetric part, called the torsion. This modification was made by Einstein and Cartan in the 1920s.

Equations of motion[link]

The theory of general relativity has a fundamental law  – the Einstein equations which describe how space curves, the geodesic equation which describes how particles move may be derived from the Einstein equations.

Since the equations of general relativity are non-linear, a lump of energy made out of pure gravitational fields, like a black hole, would move on a trajectory which is determined by the Einstein equations themselves, not by a new law. So Einstein proposed that the path of a singular solution, like a black hole, would be determined to be a geodesic from general relativity itself.

This was established by Einstein, Infeld, and Hoffmann for pointlike objects without angular momentum, and by Roy Kerr for spinning objects.

Other investigations[link]

Einstein conducted other investigations that were unsuccessful and abandoned. These pertain to force, superconductivity, gravitational waves, and other research. Please see the main article for details.

Collaboration with other scientists[link]

In addition to long time collaborators Leopold Infeld, Nathan Rosen, Peter Bergmann and others, Einstein also had some one-shot collaborations with various scientists.

Einstein–de Haas experiment[link]

Einstein and De Haas demonstrated that magnetization is due to the motion of electrons, nowadays known to be the spin. In order to show this, they reversed the magnetization in an iron bar suspended on a torsion pendulum. They confirmed that this leads the bar to rotate, because the electron's angular momentum changes as the magnetization changes. This experiment needed to be sensitive, because the angular momentum associated with electrons is small, but it definitively established that electron motion of some kind is responsible for magnetization.

Schrödinger gas model[link]

Einstein suggested to Erwin Schrödinger that he might be able to reproduce the statistics of a Bose–Einstein gas by considering a box. Then to each possible quantum motion of a particle in a box associate an independent harmonic oscillator. Quantizing these oscillators, each level will have an integer occupation number, which will be the number of particles in it.

This formulation is a form of second quantization, but it predates modern quantum mechanics. Erwin Schrödinger applied this to derive the thermodynamic properties of a semiclassical ideal gas. Schrödinger urged Einstein to add his name as co-author, although Einstein declined the invitation.

Einstein refrigerator[link]

In 1926, Einstein and his former student Leó Szilárd co-invented (and in 1930, patented) the Einstein refrigerator. This absorption refrigerator was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an input. On 11 November 1930, was awarded to Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd for the refrigerator. Their invention was not immediately put into commercial production, as the most promising of their patents were quickly bought up by the Swedish company Electrolux to protect its refrigeration technology from competition.

Bohr versus Einstein[link]

alt=Two men sitting, looking relaxed. A dark-haired Bohr is talking while Einstein looks sceptical.|thumb|Einstein and Niels Bohr, 1925 The Bohr–Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr who were two of its founders. Their debates are remembered because of their importance to the philosophy of science.

Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox[link]

In 1935, Einstein returned to the question of quantum mechanics. He considered how a measurement on one of two entangled particles would affect the other. He noted, along with his collaborators, that by performing different measurements on the distant particle, either of position or momentum, different properties of the entangled partner could be discovered without disturbing it in any way.

He then used a hypothesis of local realism to conclude that the other particle had these properties already determined. The principle he proposed is that if it is possible to determine what the answer to a position or momentum measurement would be, without in any way disturbing the particle, then the particle actually has values of position or momentum.

This principle distilled the essence of Einstein's objection to quantum mechanics. As a physical principle, it was shown to be incorrect when the Aspect experiment of 1982 confirmed Bell's theorem, which had been promulgated in 1964.

Political and religious views[link]

Albert Einstein's political views emerged publicly in the middle of the 20th century due to his fame and reputation for genius. Einstein offered to and was called on to give judgments and opinions on matters often unrelated to theoretical physics or mathematics (see main article).

Einstein's views about religious belief have been collected from interviews and original writings. These views covered Judaism, theological determinism, agnosticism, and humanism. He also wrote much about ethical culture, opting for Spinoza's god over belief in a personal god.

Non-scientific legacy[link]

While travelling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted stepdaughters Margot and Ilse. The letters were included in the papers bequeathed to The Hebrew University. Margot Einstein permitted the personal letters to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until twenty years after her death (she died in 1986). Barbara Wolff, of The Hebrew University's Albert Einstein Archives, told the BBC that there are about 3,500 pages of private correspondence written between 1912 and 1955.

Einstein bequeathed the royalties from use of his image to The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Corbis, successor to The Roger Richman Agency, licenses the use of his name and associated imagery, as agent for the university.

In popular culture[link]

In the period before World War II, Einstein was so well known in America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain "that theory". He finally figured out a way to handle the incessant inquiries. He told his inquirers "Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein."

Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and works of music. He is a favorite model for depictions of mad scientists and absent-minded professors; his expressive face and distinctive hairstyle have been widely copied and exaggerated. ''Time'' magazine's Frederic Golden wrote that Einstein was "a cartoonist's dream come true".

Awards and honors[link]

Einstein received numerous awards and honors, including the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Publications[link]

: ''The following publications by Albert Einstein are referenced in this article. A more complete list of his publications may be found at List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein.'' This annus mirabilis paper on the photoelectric effect was received by ''Annalen der Physik'' 18 March. . This PhD thesis was completed 30 April and submitted 20 July. . This annus mirabilis paper on Brownian motion was received 11 May. . This annus mirabilis paper on special relativity was received 30 June. . This annus mirabilis paper on mass-energy equivalence was received 27 September. . First of a series of papers on this topic. . On Baer's law and meanders in the courses of rivers. . The ''chasing a light beam'' thought experiment is described on pages 48–51. Collected Papers: Further information about the volumes published so far can be found on the webpages of the Einstein Papers Project and on the Princeton University Press Einstein Page

See also[link]

''The Einstein Theory of Relativity'' (educational film about the theory of relativity)

German inventors and discoverers

Heinrich Burkhardt

Hermann Einstein

Historical Museum of Bern (Einstein museum)

History of gravitational theory

Introduction to special relativity

List of coupled cousins

Relativity priority dispute

Sticky bead argument

Summation convention

List of Jewish Nobel laureates

Notes[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

Fölsing, Albrecht (1997): ''Albert Einstein: A Biography''. New York: Penguin Viking. (Translated and abridged from the German by Ewald Osers.)

Hoffmann, Banesh, with the collaboration of Helen Dukas (1972): ''Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel''. London: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon Ltd.

Isaacson, Walter (2007): ''Einstein: His Life and Universe''. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, New York. ISBN 9780743264730

Moring, Gary (2004): ''The complete idiot's guide to understanding Einstein'' ( 1st ed. 2000). Indianapolis IN: Alpha books (Macmillan USA). ISBN 0028631803

Pais, Abraham (1982): ''Subtle is the Lord: The science and the life of Albert Einstein''. Oxford University Press. The definitive biography to date.

Pais, Abraham (1994): ''Einstein Lived Here''. Oxford University Press.

Parker, Barry (2000): ''Einstein's Brainchild''. Prometheus Books. A review of Einstein's career and accomplishments, written for the lay public.

Schweber, Sylvan S. (2008): ''Einstein and Oppenheimer: The Meaning of Genius''. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674028289.

Oppenheimer, J.R. (1971): "On Albert Einstein," p. 8–12 in ''Science and synthesis: an international colloquium organized by Unesco on the tenth anniversary of the death of Albert Einstein and Teilhard de Chardin'', Springer-Verlag, 1971, 208 pp. (Lecture delivered at the UNESCO House in Paris on 13 December 1965.) Also published in The New York Review of Books, 17 March 1966, On Albert Einstein by Robert Oppenheimer

External links[link]

Einstein's Scholar Google profile

Works by Albert Einstein (public domain in Canada)

''Why Socialism?'' by Albert Einstein, ''Monthly Review'', May 1949

Einstein's Personal Correspondence: Religion, Politics, The Holocaust, and Philosophy Shapell Manuscript Foundation

FBI file on Albert Einstein

Nobelprize.org Biography:Albert Einstein

The Einstein You Never Knew — slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Albert Einstein — videos

Science Odyssey People And Discoveries

MIT OpenCourseWare STS.042J/8.225J: Einstein, Oppenheimer, Feynman: Physics in the 20th century — free study course that explores the changing roles of physics and physicists during the 20th century

Albert Einstein Archives Online (80,000+ Documents) (MSNBC - 03/19/2012)

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birth name	Dustin Lee Hoffman
birth date	August 08, 1937
birth place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
occupation	Actor
years active	1960–present
children	6
spouse	Anne Byrne (1969–80)Lisa Gottsegen(1980–present)
other names	Sam Etic }}

Dustin Lee Hoffman (born August 8, 1937) is an American actor with a career in film, television, and theatre since 1960. He has been known for his versatile portrayals of antiheroes and vulnerable characters.

He first drew critical praise for the play ''Eh?'', for which he won a Theatre World Award and a Drama Desk Award. This was soon followed by his breakthrough movie role as the good-looking but troubled Benjamin Braddock in ''The Graduate'' (1967). Since then Hoffman's career has largely been focused on cinema, with only sporadic returns to television and the stage. Some of his most notable films are ''Papillon'', ''Marathon Man'', ''Midnight Cowboy'', ''Little Big Man'', ''Lenny'', ''All the President's Men'', ''Kramer vs. Kramer'', ''Tootsie'', ''Rain Man'', ''Wag the Dog'', and ''Meet the Fockers''.

Hoffman has won two Academy Awards (for his performances in ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' and ''Rain Man''), five Golden Globes, three BAFTAs, three Drama Desk Awards, a Genie Award, and an Emmy Award. Dustin Hoffman received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1999.

Early life[link]

Hoffman was born in Los Angeles, the second son of Lillian (née Gold) and Harry Hoffman. His father worked as a prop supervisor/set decorator at Columbia Pictures before becoming a furniture salesman. Hoffman was named after stage and silent screen actor Dustin Farnum. His older brother, Ronald, is a lawyer and economist. Hoffman is from an Ashkenazi Jewish family of immigrants from Ukraine and Romania. His upbringing was not religious or observant. He graduated from Los Angeles High School in 1955 and enrolled at Santa Monica College with the intention of studying medicine, leaving after a year to join the Pasadena Playhouse.

Career[link]

Early work[link]

Hoffman began his acting career at the Pasadena Playhouse, alongside future Academy Award-winner Gene Hackman. After two years there, Hackman headed for New York City, with Hoffman soon following. Having considerable difficulty getting roles, he took a series of odd jobs, including working as a restaurant coat checker, working in the typing department of the city Yellow Pages directory, and stringing Hawaiian leis. During this time period he got an occasional bit television role, but left acting briefly to teach in order to support himself. Hoffman also occasionally performed television commercials; an oft-replayed segment on programs that explore actors' early work is a clip showing Hoffman touting the Volkswagen Fastback.

In 1960, Hoffman was cast in a role in an Off-Broadway production and followed with a walk-on role in a Broadway production in 1961. Hoffman then studied at the famed Actors Studio and became a dedicated method actor. Sidney W. Pink, a producer and 3D-movie pioneer, discovered him in one of his Off-Broadway roles and cast him in ''Madigan's Millions''. His first critical success was in ''Eh?'' by Henry Livings, which had its US premiere off-Broadway at the Circle in the Square Downtown on October 16, 1966.

Through the early and mid-1960s, Hoffman made appearances in television shows and movies, including ''Naked City'', ''The Defenders'' and ''Hallmark Hall of Fame''. Hoffman made his theatrical film debut in ''The Tiger Makes Out'' in 1967, alongside Eli Wallach.

In 1967, immediately after wrapping up principal filming on ''The Tiger Makes Out'', Hoffman flew from New York City to Fargo, North Dakota, where he directed a production of William Saroyan's ''The Time of Your Life'' for the Emma Herbst Community Theatre. The $1,000 he received for the eight-week contract was all he had to hold him over until the funds from the movie materialized.

Major roles[link]

In 1966, Mike Nichols cast Hoffman in ''The Graduate'', which prevented him from appearing in the acclaimed Mel Brooks film, ''The Producers'', as Franz Liebkind. The film began production in March 1967. Hoffman received an Academy Award nomination for his performance and became a major star. After the success of this film, another Hoffman film, ''Madigan's Millions'', shot before ''The Graduate'', was released on the tail of the actor's newfound success. It was considered a failure at the box office.

In December 1968, Hoffman returned to Broadway to appear in the title role of Murray Schisgal and John Sebastian's musical ''Jimmy Shine''. For his performance in the production Hoffman won a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Performance. Just a few weeks after leaving the production, Hoffman's next major film ''Midnight Cowboy'' premiered in theatres across the United States on May 25, 1969. For his role as Ratso Rizzo in the film, Hoffman received his second Oscar nomination and the film won the Best Picture honor. This was followed by his role in ''Little Big Man'' (1970) where Jack Crabb, his character, ages from teenager to a 121-year-old man. The film was widely praised by critics, but was overlooked for an award except for a supporting nomination for Chief Dan George.

Hoffman continued to appear in major films over the next few years. ''Who Is Harry Kellerman and Why Is He Saying Those Terrible Things About Me?'' (1971), ''Straw Dogs'' (also 1971), and ''Papillon'' (1973) were followed by ''Lenny'' (1974), for which Hoffman received his third nomination for Best Actor in seven years.

Less than two years after the Watergate scandal, Hoffman and Robert Redford starred as Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, respectively, in ''All the President's Men'' (1976). Hoffman next starred in ''Marathon Man'' (also 1976), a film based on William Goldman's novel of the same name, opposite Roy Scheider. Hoffman's next roles were less successful. He opted out of directing ''Straight Time'' (1978) but starred as a thief. His next film, Michael Apted's ''Agatha'', was with Vanessa Redgrave as Agatha Christie.

Hoffman next starred in Robert Benton's ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' (1979) as workaholic Ted Kramer whose wife (Meryl Streep) unexpectedly leaves him; he raises their son alone. Hoffman gained his first Academy Award, and the film also received the Best Picture honor, plus the awards for Best Supporting Actress (Streep) and Director.

In ''Tootsie'' (1982), Hoffman portrays Michael Dorsey, a struggling actor who finds himself dressing up as a woman to land a role on a soap opera. His co-star was Jessica Lange. ''Tootsie'' earned ten Academy Award nominations, including Hoffman's fifth nomination.

In 1984, Hoffman starred as Willy Loman in the Broadway revival of the 1949 Arthur Miller play, Death of a Salesman, a role he reprised in a tv movie of the same name, for which he won the 1985 Emmy Award in the category of Outstanding Lead Actor in a TV Movie or Miniseries. He also went on to win a Golden Globe for the same performance.

Hoffman's largest film failure was Elaine May's ''Ishtar'', with Warren Beatty. The film faced severe production problems, received almost completely negative reviews from critics and was nominated for three Razzie awards. However, Hoffman and Beatty liked the film's final cut and tried to defend it. Hoffmann and Beatty were unaffected by the flop, and ''Ishtar'' became a cult film. James House, who later became a country music artist, served as Hoffman's vocal coach in the film.

In director Barry Levinson's ''Rain Man'' (1988), Hoffman starred as an autistic savant, opposite Tom Cruise. Levinson, Hoffman and Cruise worked for two years on the film, and his performance gained Hoffman his second Academy Award. Upon accepting, Hoffman stated softly to his fellow nominees that it was okay if they didn't vote for him because "I didn't vote for you guys either." After ''Rain Man'', Hoffman appeared with Sean Connery and Matthew Broderick in ''Family Business''. The film did relatively poorly with the critics and at the box office. In 1991, Hoffman voiced substitute teacher Mr. Bergstrom in ''The Simpsons'' episode "Lisa's Substitute", under the pseudonym Sam Etic. As a reference to this episode, during the episode featuring the Itchy & Scratchy movie, Lisa claims that Dustin Hoffman had a cameo in that movie but didn't use his real name.

Throughout the 1990s, Hoffman appeared in many large, studio films, such as ''Dick Tracy'' (1990) (where his ''Ishtar'' co-star Beatty plays the titular character), ''Hero'' (1992) and ''Billy Bathgate'' (1991) co-starring with Nicole Kidman who was nominated for a Golden Globe). Hoffman also played the title role of Captain Hook in Steven Spielberg's ''Hook'' (also 1991), earning a Golden Globe nomination; in this movie, Hoffman's costume was so heavy that he had to wear an air-conditioned suit under it. Hoffman played the lead role in ''Outbreak'' (1995), alongside Rene Russo, Kevin Spacey, Morgan Freeman, Cuba Gooding Jr. and Donald Sutherland. Following that, he appeared in the 1996 revenge-drama/legal-thriller ''Sleepers'' (1996) with Brad Pitt, Jason Patric, and Kevin Bacon.

In the mid-1990s, Hoffman starred in—and was deeply involved in the production of—David Mamet's ''American Buffalo'' (also 1996), one of the very few "pure art projects" he is known for, and an early effort of film editor Kate Sanford. In 1997, Hoffman starred opposite John Travolta in the Costa Gavras film ''Mad City'' and gained his seventh Academy Award nomination for his performance in ''Wag The Dog'', in a role that allowed Hoffman the chance to work with both Robert De Niro and Denis Leary. He next appeared in Barry Levinson's adaptation of ''Sphere'' (1998), opposite Sharon Stone, Samuel L. Jackson, Peter Coyote, Queen Latifah and Liev Schreiber. Hoffman next appeared in ''Moonlight Mile'' (2002), followed by ''Confidence'' (2003) opposite Edward Burns, Andy García and Rachel Weisz. Hoffman finally had a chance to work with Gene Hackman, in Gary Fleder's ''Runaway Jury'' (also 2003), an adaptation of John Grisham's bestselling novel.

Hoffman played theater owner Charles Frohman in the J. M. Barrie historical fantasia ''Finding Neverland'' (2004), costarring Johnny Depp and Kate Winslet. In director David O. Russell's ''I Heart Huckabees'' (also 2004), Hoffman appeared opposite Lily Tomlin as an existential detective team.

Seven years after his nomination for ''Wag the Dog'', Hoffman got a second opportunity to perform again with Robert De Niro, co-starring with Barbra Streisand and Ben Stiller in the 2004 comedy ''Meet the Fockers'', a sequel to ''Meet the Parents'' (2000). Hoffman won the 2005 MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance. In 2005, he voiced a horse in ''Racing Stripes'', and appeared in cameo roles in Andy García's ''The Lost City'' and on the final episode of HBO sitcom ''Curb Your Enthusiasm'''s fifth season. Hoffman appeared in ''Stranger than Fiction'' (2006), played the perfumer Giuseppe Baldini in Tom Tykwer's film ''Perfume: The Story of a Murderer'' (also 2006) and had a cameo in the same year's ''The Holiday''.

In 2007, he was featured in an advertising campaign for Australian telecommunications company Telstra's Next G network, appeared in the 50 Cent video "Follow My Lead" as a psychiatrist, and played the title character in the family film ''Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium''. In 2008, although he was reluctant to perform in an animated film, Hoffman had a prominent role as Shifu in the acclaimed film ''Kung Fu Panda'', which was praised in part for his comedic chemistry with Jack Black and his character's poignantly complex relationship with the story's villain. He later won the Annie Award for Voice Acting in an Animated Feature for ''Kung Fu Panda'' and has continued into the role in the franchise's subsequent filmed productions outside of the franchise's television series. He next voiced Roscuro in ''The Tale of Despereaux'' and played the title character in ''Last Chance Harvey''.

He appeared in ''Little Fockers'', the critically panned yet hugely commercially successful, 2010 sequel to ''Meet the Fockers''. In 2011, Hoffman reprised his role as Shifu in the commercially and critically successful animated film ''Kung Fu Panda 2''.

Hoffman will star in the HBO horse-racing drama ''Luck'', as a man involved in activities such as bookmaking and casino operations. Luck was canceled in March after three horses died on set. He will also direct ''Quartet'', a BBC Films comedy starring Maggie Smith and Tom Courtenay.

Personal life[link]

Hoffman married Anne Byrne in May 1969. The couple had two children, Karina (b. 1966) and Jenna (born October 15, 1970). Hoffman adopted Karina (Byrne's child from a previous marriage.) The couple divorced in 1980. He married attorney Lisa Hoffman (née Gottsegen) in October 1980; they have four children – Jacob Edward (born March 20, 1981), Rebecca Lillian (b. March 17, 1983), Maxwell Geoffrey (born August 30, 1984), and Alexandra Lydia (born October 27, 1987). Hoffman also has two grandchildren. In an interview, he said that all of his children from his second marriage had bar or bat mitzvahs and that he is a more observant Jew now than when he was younger; he also lamented that he is not fluent in Hebrew. In 1970, Hoffman and Byrne were living in Greenwich Village in a building next door to the townhouse destroyed by members of the Weathermen when they detonated a bomb in the building's basement, killing three people. In the 2002 documentary ''The Weather Underground'', Hoffman can be seen standing in the street during the aftermath of the explosion.

A political liberal, Hoffman has long supported the Democratic Party and Ralph Nader. In 1997, he was one of a number of Hollywood stars and executives to sign an open letter to then-German Chancellor Helmut Kohl protesting the treatment of Scientologists in Germany, which was published as a newspaper advertisement in the ''International Herald Tribune''.

There were many rumors and discussions in July 2010 about Hoffman canceling his appearance at the Jerusalem Film Festival as a reaction to the Gaza flotilla raid. However, his representatives told ''The New York Times'' there was “no truth” to this report.

In 2009, he received the freedom of the Italian city Ascoli Piceno for being there during 1972 to shoot the movie ''Alfredo, Alfredo'' by Pietro Germi, where he played the role of Alfredo Sbisà.

He is testimonial on 2011 for Regione Marche in Italy, but he was really criticized also for a bad interpretation of Giacomo Leopardi's poetry "Infinito".

Filmography and awards[link]

Year	Film	Role	Notes
	''The Tiger Makes Out''	Hap
''The Graduate''	Benjamin Braddock
1968	''Madigan's Millions''	Jason Fister
	''Sunday Father''	A 'Sunday Father'	short subject
''Midnight Cowboy''	Enrico "Ratso" Rizzo	BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role also for ''John and Mary (film)
	John	[[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role also for ''Midnight Cowboy''Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1970		Jack Crabb	Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
	''On Location: Dustin Hoffman''	Himself	short subject
	Georgie Soloway
	David Sumner
1972	''Alfredo, Alfredo''	Alfredo Sbisà
1973		Louis Dega
1974		Lenny Bruce	Nominated – Academy Award for Best ActorNominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading RoleNominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
	''The Magic of Hollywood... Is the Magic of People''	Himself	short subject
	Carl Bernstein
	Babe Levy	Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role also for ''All the President's Men (film)
1978	''[[Straight Time''	Max Dembo	also producer
		Wally Stanton	National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor also for ''Kramer vs. Kramer''
''Kramer vs. Kramer''	Ted Kramer	Academy Award for Best ActorDavid di Donatello for Best Actor
1982	''[[Tootsie''	Michael Dorsey / Dorothy Michaels	BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading RoleBoston Society of Film Critics Award for Best ActorGolden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNational Society of Film Critics Award for Best ActorNominated – Academy Award for Best Actor
1984	''Terror in the Aisles''		archival footage
1985		Willy Loman	Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor – Miniseries or a Movie
1986	''Private Conversations''	Himself	documentary
1987		Chuck Clarke
1988	''[[Rain Man''	Raymond Babbitt
	''Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt''	Narrator	documentary
	Vito McMullen
1990		Mumbles
		Dutch Schultz			Mr Bergstrom
	Captain Hook	Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1992		Bernard 'Bernie' Laplante	Extra : Man at the bar 35:07 into Basic Instinct
1993	''La Classe américaine''	Peter	in archive footage only
1994	''Jonas in the Desert''	Himself	documentary
1995		Colonel Sam Daniels
		Walt 'Teach' Teacher
	Danny Snyder
			Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award
	Max Brackett
''Wag the Dog''	Stanley Motss	Nominated – Academy Award for Best ActorNominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role
1998		Dr. Norman Goodman
1999	''The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc''	The Conscience
	''Tuesday''	Narrator	short subject
''Goldwyn''	Narrator	documentary
		Ben Floss
''Liberty's Kids''	''Benedict Arnold''	voice
	''The Shakespeare Sessions''	Himself	documentary
	Winston King
''Runaway Jury''	Wendell Rohr
	''Freedom2speak v2.0''	Himself – Actor, USA	documentary
''Finding Neverland''	Charles Frohman	Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
''I Heart Huckabees''	Bernard
''Meet the Fockers''	Bernie Focker	MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance
''Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events''	The Critic	uncredited
	''Racing Stripes''	Tucker	voice
	Meyer Lansky
		Giuseppe Baldini
	Professor Jules Hilbert
''The Holiday''	Himself	uncredited
2007	''Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium''	Mr. Edward Magorium, Avid Shoe-Wearer
	''Kung Fu Panda''	Master Shifu
''Horton Hears a Who!''	Narrator
	Roscuro	voice
2009	''Last Chance Harvey''	Harvey Shine	Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
		Izzy	Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role
''Jews and Baseball: An American Love Story''	Narrator	documentary
''Little Fockers''	Bernie Focker
2011	''Kung Fu Panda 2''	Master Shifu	voice
2011–2012		Chester "Ace" Bernstein	Main role

References [link]

External links[link]

Simply Dustin Hoffman

Top Dustin Hoffman Films

Dustin Hoffman video interview at stv.tv, December 2007

Category:1937 births Category:Actors from California Category:Actors Studio alumni Category:American film actors Category:Annie Award winners Category:American people of Romanian-Jewish descent Category:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent Category:American stage actors Category:American voice actors Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Best Actor Academy Award winners Category:Best Actor BAFTA Award winners Category:Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actor Golden Globe winners Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Drama Desk Award winners Category:Genie Award winners for Best Supporting Actor Category:Jewish actors Category:Living people Category:Obie Award recipients Category:Royal Shakespeare Company members Category:Theatre World Award winners

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name	Natalie Wood
birth name	Natalia Nikolaevna Zacharenko
birth date	July 20, 1938
birth place	San Francisco, California, United States
death date	November 29, 1981
death place	Santa Catalina Island, California, United States
other names	Natasha GurdinNatalie Wood Wagner
occupation	Actress
years active	1943–1981
spouse	(her death)
children	Natasha Gregson (b. 1970) Courtney Wagner (b. 1974)
relatives	Lana Wood (sister) }}

Natalie Wood (born Natalia Nikolaevna Zakharenko; ; July 20, 1938 – November 29, 1981) was an American film and television actress. After first working in films as a child, Wood became a successful Hollywood star as a young adult, receiving three Academy Award nominations before she was 25 years old.

Wood began acting in movies at the age of four and at age eight was given a co-starring role in the classic Christmas film ''Miracle on 34th Street''. As a teenager, her performance in ''Rebel Without a Cause'' (1955) earned her a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She went on to star in the musical films ''West Side Story'' (1961) and ''Gypsy'' (1962). She received 2 more nominations, this time the Academy Award for Best Actress, for her performances in ''Splendor in the Grass'' (1961) and ''Love with the Proper Stranger'' (1963).

At the age of 28, Wood semi-retired from acting, appearing in only four theatrical films during the last 15 years of her life. She was married to actor Robert Wagner (twice) and to film producer/writer Richard Gregson. She had one daughter by each: Natasha Gregson and Courtney Wagner. Her younger sister, Lana Wood, is also an actress.

Wood starred in several television productions, including a remake of the film ''From Here to Eternity'' (1979) for which she won a Golden Globe Award. During her career, from child actress to adult star, her films represented a "coming of age" for both her and Hollywood films in general.

At age 43, Wood drowned near Santa Catalina Island, California at the time her last film, ''Brainstorm'' (1983), was in production with co-star Christopher Walken. Her death was declared an accident. Although the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department reopened the case in late 2011 based on new witness statements, no evidence to contradict that original conclusion was found.

Background[link]

Wood was born Natalia Nikolaevna Zacharenko in San Francisco to Russian immigrant parents Nikolai Stepanovich Zakharenko and Maria Stepanovna (née Zudilova; 1912–1998). As an adult, she stated, "I'm very Russian, you know." She spoke both Russian and English. Her father was born in Vladivostok and he, his mother, and two brothers, immigrated to Montreal, Quebec, and later to San Francisco. There, he worked as a day laborer and carpenter. Her paternal grandfather Stepan worked in a chocolate factory in Russia and was killed in street fighting between Red and White Russian soldiers in 1918.

Wood, then seven years old, got the part and played a German orphan opposite Orson Welles and Claudette Colbert in ''Tomorrow Is Forever''. Welles later said that Wood was a born professional, "so good, she was terrifying." After Wood acted in another film directed by Pichel, her mother signed her up with 20th Century Fox studio for her first major role, the 1947 Christmas classic ''Miracle on 34th Street''; the film made her one of the top child stars in Hollywood. Within a few months after the film's release, Wood was so popular that Macy's invited her to appear in the store's annual Thanksgiving Day parade.

Film historian John C. Tibbetts writes that for the next few years following her success in ''Miracle'', Wood played roles as a daughter in a series of family films: Fred MacMurray's daughter in ''Father Was a Fullback'' and ''Dear Brat'', Margaret Sullavan's daughter in ''No Sad Songs for Me''; James Stewart's daughter in ''The Jackpot''; Joan Blondell's neglected daughter in ''The Blue Veil''; and daughter of Bette Davis' character in ''The Star''. In all, Wood appeared in over 20 films as a child.

Because she was a minor, Wood's formal education took place on the studio lots wherever she was contracted. California law required that until age 18, actors had to spend at least three hours per day in the classroom, notes Harris. "She was a straight A student," and one of the few child actors to excel at arithmetic. Director Joseph L. Mankiewicz, who directed her in ''The Ghost and Mrs. Muir'' (1947), said that "In all my years in the business, I never met a smarter moppet." Wood remembered that period in her life:

I always felt guilty when I knew the crew was sitting around waiting for me to finish my three hours. As soon as the teacher let us go, I ran to the set as fast as I could.

As a child actress, Wood received media attention. By age nine, she had been named the "most exciting juvenile motion picture star of the year" by ''Parents''. At age twelve, Wood was judged Child Star of the Year by the Children's Day National Council of New York.

Teen stardom [link]

In the 1953-1954 television season, Wood played Ann Morrison, the teenage daughter in the ABC situation comedy, ''The Pride of the Family'', with Paul Hartman cast as her father, Albie Morrison; Fay Wray, as her mother, Catherine; and Robert Hyatt, as her brother, Junior Morrison.

Wood successfully made the transition from child star to ingenue at age 16 when she co-starred with James Dean and Sal Mineo in 1955's ''Rebel Without a Cause'', Nicholas Ray's film about teenage rebellion. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She followed this with a brief but crucial role in John Ford's western ''The Searchers'' (1956), which starred John Wayne and also featured Wood's ten-year-old sister, Lana, who played a younger version of her character in the film's earlier scenes.

Wood graduated from Van Nuys High School in 1956.

Signed to Warner Brothers, Wood was kept busy during the remainder of the decade in many 'girlfriend' roles that she found unsatisfying. The studio cast her in two films opposite Tab Hunter, hoping to turn the duo into a box office draw that never materialized. Among the other films made at this time were 1958's ''Kings Go Forth'' and ''Marjorie Morningstar''. As Marjorie Morningstar, Wood played the role of a young Jewish girl in New York City who has to deal with the social and religious expectations of her family, as she tries to forge her own path and separate identity.

However, she had her detractors. The film critic Pauline Kael referred to her as "clever little Natalie Wood" the "most machine-tooled of Hollywood ingenues.

''Splendor in the Grass'' and ''West Side Story'' [link]

Wood's career was in a transition period, having until then been cast primarily in roles as a child or teenager. She was now hoping to be cast in adult roles. Biographer Suzanne Finstad notes that a "turning point" in her life as an actress took place upon seeing the film ''A Streetcar Named Desire'': "She was transformed, in awe of director Elia Kazan and of Vivien Leigh's performance... [who] became a role model for Natalie." "Her roles raised the possibility that one's sensitivity could mark a person as a kind of victim," noted Tibbetts. In 1961, after a "series of bad films, her career was already in decline," notes Rathgeb. Kazan himself writes that the "sages" of the film community declared her as "washed up" as an actress, although he still wanted to interview her for his next film. Kazan cast Wood as the female lead in ''Splendor in the Grass'', and her career rebounded. He felt that despite her earlier, innocent roles, she had the talent and maturity to go beyond. In the film, Warren Beatty's character was deprived of sexual love with Natalie, and as a result turns to a prostitute; Natalie likewise couldn't handle the issue, but ended up in a mental institution. Kazan writes that he cast her in the role partly because he saw in Wood's personality a "true-blue quality with a wanton side that is held down by social pressure," adding that "she clings to things with her eyes," a quality he found especially "appealing."

Finstad feels that despite Wood's never receiving training in Method acting techniques, "working with Kazan brought her to the greatest emotional heights of her career. The experience was exhilarating but wrenching for Natalie, who faced her demons on ''Splendor.''" She adds that a scene in the film, as a result of "Kazan's wizardry ... produced a hysteria in Natalie that may be her most powerful moment as an actress." Actor Gary Lockwood, who also acted in the film, felt that "Kazan and Natalie were a terrific marriage, because you had this beautiful girl, and you had somebody that could get things out of her." Kazan's favorite scene in the movie was the last one, when Wood goes back to see her lost first love, Bud (Beatty). "It's terribly touching to me. I still like it when I see it," writes Kazan.

The same year, Wood played Maria in the Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise musical ''West Side Story'' which was a major box office and critical success. In this film, she plays the role of a restless adolescent which reflected the "restlessness of American youth in the 1960s," expressed by youth gangs and juvenile delinquency. Both films, he observes, were "modern allegories based on the 'Romeo and Juliet' theme, including private restlessness and public alienation. In the film she also enters into a romance with a gang member and his threatening world of outcasts, also alienated from their families and the law. Although the singing parts were sung by Marni Nixon, ''West Side Story'' is still regarded as one of Wood's best films.

Remainder of career and missed roles[link]

Wood did her own singing in the 1962 film, ''Gypsy.'' She co-starred in the slapstick comedy ''The Great Race'' (1965), with Jack Lemmon, Tony Curtis, and Peter Falk. Her ability to speak Russian was an asset given to her character "Maggie DuBois", justifying the character to record the progress of the race across Siberia, and entering the race at the beginning as a contestant. Wood received her third Academy Award nomination and another Golden Globe award in 1964 for ''Love with the Proper Stranger'', opposite Steve McQueen. Although many of Wood's films were commercially profitable, her acting was criticized at times. In 1966 she won the Harvard Lampoon Worst Actress of the Year Award. She was the first performer in the award's history to accept it in person and the ''Harvard Crimson'' wrote she was "quite a good sport." Director Sydney Pollack was quoted as saying about Wood, "When she was right for the part, there was no one better. She was a damn good actress." Other notable films starring Wood were ''Inside Daisy Clover'' (1965) and ''This Property Is Condemned'' (1966), both of which co-starred Robert Redford and brought subsequent Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress. In both films, which were set during the Great Depression, Wood played small-town teens with big dreams. After the release of the films, Wood suffered emotionally and sought professional therapy. During this time, she turned down the Faye Dunaway role in ''Bonnie and Clyde'' because she did not want to be separated from her analyst.

After three years away from acting, Wood played a swinger in ''Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice'' (1969), a comedy about sexual liberation. The film was one of the top ten box-office hits of the year, and Wood received ten percent of the film's profits. According to Tibbets, this was the first film in which "the saving leavening of humor was brought to bear upon the many painful dilemmas portrayed in her adult films."

After becoming pregnant with her first child, Natasha Gregson, in 1970, Wood went into semi-retirement and acted in only four more theatrical films during the remainder of her life. She made a very brief cameo appearance as herself in ''The Candidate'' (1972), reuniting her for a third time with Robert Redford. She also reunited on the screen with Robert Wagner in the television movie of the week ''The Affair'' (1973) and with Laurence Olivier and husband Wagner in an adaptation of ''Cat on a Hot Tin Roof'' (1976) broadcast as a special by NBC. She made cameo appearances on Wagner's prime-time detective series ''Switch'' in 1978 as "Bubble Bath Girl" and ''Hart to Hart'' in 1979 as "Movie Star." Film roles Wood turned down went to Ali MacGraw in ''Goodbye, Columbus''; Mia Farrow in ''The Great Gatsby''; and Faye Dunaway in ''The Towering Inferno''. Upon resuming her film career, Wood chose to star in misfires like the science fiction disaster ''Meteor'' (1979) with Sean Connery and the sex comedy ''The Last Married Couple in America'' (1980), although her own performance in the latter was praised, and considered reminiscent of her performance in ''Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice''. It was also in ''Last Married Couple'' that Wood broke ground by being an actress with a clean, middle class image, yet using the 'F' word in a frank, marital discussion with her husband (George Segal). She won a Golden Globe Award for her performance as Karen Holmes in the 1979 miniseries remake of ''From Here to Eternity'', which co-starred William Devane as her love interest, and Kim Basinger in the role of Lorene Rogers. In 1980, she starred in the television film ''The Memory of Eva Ryker'', which proved to be her last completed production. The film featured a scene in which Wood's character drowns, and when Wood drowned in real life the following year, the film was never broadcast again.

At the time of her death, Wood was filming the science fiction drama ''Brainstorm'' (1983), directed by Douglas Trumbull. She and Christopher Walken portrayed a husband-and-wife team of scientists working on a device that can record human thoughts, and in the process use the device to solve their own marital problems. This was Wood's first dramatic big-screen role since ''This Property Is Condemned'' more than 15 years earlier, and she anticipated that ''Brainstorm'' would be her comeback film. Wood had only completed approximately 75% of her work on the film before drowning during a weekend off from production. As a result, her character was written out of several scenes, with a stand-in and sound-alikes replacing her for some critical scenes. The film was released posthumously on September 30, 1983, and was dedicated to her in the closing credits.

Wood was also scheduled to star in a theatrical production of ''Anastasia'' with Wendy Hiller. Rehearsals were to begin in December of 1981. Another film she had in development was ''Country of the Heart'', in which she would portray a terminally ill writer who has an affair with younger man, to be played by Timothy Hutton.

Wood appeared in 56 films for cinema and television. Following her death, ''Time'' magazine noted that although critical praise for Wood had been sparse throughout her career, "she always had work."

Personal life [link]

Marriages [link]

Natalie Wood's two marriages to actor Robert Wagner were highly publicized. Wood said she had had a crush on Wagner since she was a child, and on her 18th birthday she went on a studio-arranged date with the 26-year-old actor. They married a year later on December 28, 1957, a marriage which met with great protest from Wood's mother. They separated in June 1961 and divorced in April 1962.

On May 30, 1969, Wood married British producer Richard Gregson. The couple dated for two and a half years prior to their marriage, while Gregson waited for his divorce to be finalized. They had a daughter, Natasha Gregson (born September 29, 1970). They separated in August 1971 after Wood overheard an inappropriate telephone conversation between her secretary and Gregson. The split also marked a brief estrangement between Wood and her family, when mother Maria and sister Lana told her to reconcile with Gregson for the sake of her newborn child. She filed for divorce, and it was finalized in April 1972.

In early 1972, Wood resumed her relationship with Wagner. The couple remarried on July 16, 1972, just five months after reconciling and only three months after she divorced Gregson. Their daughter, Courtney Wagner, was born on March 9, 1974. They remained married until Wood's death seven years later on November 29, 1981.

Other relationships [link]

Biographer Suzanne Finstad writes that Wood had a relationship with director Nicholas Ray, director of ''Rebel Without a Cause'', when she was 16 and he was 43. During her teens, Wood went on studio-arranged dates with older men, including actors Tab Hunter and Nick Adams, and dated actor Raymond Burr, when she was 17 and he was 38. Wood also dated actors Michael Caine, Warren Beatty, Dennis Hopper, David Niven, Jr., singer Elvis Presley, director Henry Jaglom, and politician Jerry Brown.

Among her celebrity friends were fellow child performers Margaret O'Brien, Carol Lynley and Stefanie Powers.

Death [link]

Wood died by accidental drowning while on a weekend trip to Santa Catalina Island with her husband, Robert Wagner, actor Christopher Walken, and the boat's captain, Dennis Davern. Many facts surrounding her drowning are unknown, as no one saw how she entered the water. Los Angeles County coroner Thomas Noguchi ruled her death an accident by drowning and hypothermia following his investigation. According to the autopsy report, Wood had dozens of bruises on her body, including injuries to her face and arms. The autopsy found that her blood alcohol level was .14, and an examining doctor stated that it was higher when she went overboard. They also found two drugs in her bloodstream: Cyclivine, a sea-sickness pill, and Darvon, a painkiller, which they believed caused a "much more drunken state" when combined with alcohol. The case was reopened in late 2011 based on new witness statements, and after nearly two months of further investigation, no new evidence to contradict the original conclusion and cause of death was found.

Natalie Wood was buried in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery. Scores of international media and photographers as well as the public tried to attend Wood's funeral at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery; however, all were required to remain outside the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery walls. Among the celebrity attendees were Frank Sinatra, Elizabeth Taylor, Fred Astaire, Rock Hudson, David Niven, Gregory Peck, Gene Kelly, Elia Kazan and Sir Laurence Olivier. Olivier, who had worked with Wood and Wagner in their 1976 television production of ''Cat on a Hot Tin Roof'', flew from London to Los Angeles to attend the service.

Filmography [link]

Film [link]

Notes
1943		Little girl who drops ice cream cone	uncredited; film debut
1946	''The Bride Wore Boots''	Carol Warren
1946	''Tomorrow Is Forever''	Margaret Ludwig	First credited role
1947	''Driftwood''	Jenny Hollingsworth
1947	''The Ghost and Mrs. Muir''	Anna Muir as a child
1947	''Miracle on 34th Street''	Susan Walker	First starring role
1948	''Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay!''	Bean McGill
1949	''Father Was a Fullback''	Ellen Cooper
1949	''The Green Promise''	Susan Anastasia Matthews
1949	''Chicken Every Sunday''	Ruth Hefferan
1950		Nancy 'Nan' Howard
1950	''The Jackpot''	Phyllis Lawrence
1950		Penny Macaulay
1950	''No Sad Songs for Me''	Polly Scott
1951	''The Blue Veil''	Stephanie Rawlins
1951	''Dear Brat''	Pauline Jones
1952		Gretchen Drew
1952	''Just for You'	Barbara Blake
1952	''The Rose Bowl Story''	Sally Burke
1954		Helena as a child
1955	''Rebel Without a Cause''	Judy	Nominated—Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
1955	''One Desire''	Seely Dowder
1956	''The Girl He Left Behind''	Susan Daniels
1956	''The Burning Hills''	Maria Christina Colton
1956	''A Cry in the Night''	Liz Taggert
1956		Debbie Edwards (older)
1957	''Bombers B-52''	Lois Brennan
1958	''Kings Go Forth''	Monique Blair
1958		Marjorie Morgenstern
1960	''All the Fine Young Cannibals''	Sarah 'Salome' Davis
1960	''Cash McCall''	Lory Austen
1961		Maria
1961	''Splendor in the Grass''	Wilma Dean Loomis
1962		Louise	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1963	''Love with the Proper Stranger''	Angie Rossini	1st Runner Up — New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNominated—Academy Award for Best ActressNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
1964		Helen Gurley Brown
1965	''Inside Daisy Clover''	Daisy Clover	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyWon—World Film Favorite – Female
1965	''The Great Race''	Maggie DuBois
1966		Penelope Elcott
1966	''This Property Is Condemned''	Alva Starr	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
1969	''Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice''	Carol Sanders
1972		Herself	cameo
1973	''The Affair''	Courtney Patterson	TV movie
1975	''Peeper''	Ellen Prendergast
1976	''Cat on a Hot Tin Roof''	Maggie	TV movie
1979		Karen Holmes	Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama
1979	''The Cracker Factory''	Cassie Barrett	TV movie
1979		Tatiana Nikolaevna Donskaya
1980	''The Last Married Couple in America''	Mari Thompson
1980	''The Memory of Eva Ryker''	Eva/Claire Ryker	TV movie
1980	''Willie & Phil''	Herself	(cameo)
1983		Karen Brace	Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress

Television [link]

Notes
1953	''Jukebox Jury''	as Herself	Guest appearance
1953	''Pride of the Family''	Ann Morrison	One season
1954		Rene Marchand	One episode, "Return of the Dead"
1969	''Bracken's World''	Cameo	Guest appearance
1978		Girl in the Bubble Bath	Guest Appearance
1979	''Hart to Hart''	Movie Star	Pilot episode, as Natasha Gurdin

Other awards [link]

Most Talented Young Actress of 1946 National Association of Theatre OwnersGolden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Grauman's Chinese Theatre Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Mar del Plata Film FestivalNew York Film Critics Circle Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Globe Award Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Hollywood Chamber of Commerce

Year !! Organization !! Award !! Film !! Result
1946	Box Office Magazine	|	''Tomorrow Is Forever''	Won
1956	|	Star of Tomorrow Award		Won
1957	Golden Globe Award ||	New Star Of The Year – Actress	''Rebel Without a Cause''	Won
1958	|	Top Female Dramatic Performance	Marjorie Morningstar (film)>Marjorie Morningstar''	Nominated
1958	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (13th place)
1959	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (7th place)
1960	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (9th place)
1961	|	Handprint Ceremony		Inducted
1961	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (14th place)
1962	|	Top Female Dramatic Performance	''Splendor in the Grass''	Nominated
1962	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (5th place)
1963	|	Top Female Musical Performance	Gypsy (1962 film)>Gypsy''	Nominated
1963	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (2nd place)
1964	|	Best Actress	''Love with the Proper Stranger''	Won
1964	|	Best Actress	''Love with the Proper Stranger''	Nominated
1964	|	Top Female Dramatic Performance	''Love with the Proper Stranger''	Nominated
1964	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (3rd place)
1965	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (6th place)
1966	|	World Film Favorite		Won
1966	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (8th place)
1967	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (3rd place)
1968	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (12th place)
1970	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (9th place)
1971	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (9th place)
1987	|	Hollywood Walk of Fame		Inducted

Bibliography [link]

Frascella, Lawrence and Al Weisel. ''Live Fast, Die Young: The Wild Ride of Making Rebel Without a Cause''. Touchstone, 2005. ISBN 0-7432-6082-1.

Nickens, Christopher. ''Natalie Wood: A Biography in Photographs''. Doubleday, 1986. ISBN 0-385-23307-8.

Noguchi, Thomas T. ''Coroner''. Simon & Schuster (October 1983). ISBN 0671467727.

Rulli, Marti and Dennis Davern. ''Goodbye Natalie Goodbye Splendour''. Medallion, 2009. ISBN 1597776394.

Tibetts, John C. and James M. Welsh (eds.). ''American Classic Screen Profiles'', Scarecrow Press, 2010. ISBN 0810876760.

Wood, Lana. ''Natalie: A Memoir by Her Sister''. Putnam Pub Group, 1984. ISBN 0-399-12903-0.

References [link]

External links [link]

Natalie Wood Style and Beauty

Natalie Wood at Who2

Category:1938 births Category:1981 deaths Category:Accidental deaths in California Category:People who died at sea Category:Actors from California Category:American child actors Category:American film actors Category:American people of Russian descent Category:Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (television) winners Category:Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery Category:Deaths by drowning Category:New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners Category:People from San Francisco, California Category:People from Santa Rosa, California Category:Russian Orthodox Christians Category:Van Nuys High School alumni an:Natalie Wood ar:ناتالي وود bcl:Natalie Wood bs:Natalie Wood ca:Natalie Wood cs:Natalie Wood cy:Natalie Wood da:Natalie Wood de:Natalie Wood es:Natalie Wood eo:Natalie Wood eu:Natalie Wood fa:ناتالی وود fr:Natalie Wood gv:Natalie Wood ko:나탈리 우드 hr:Natalie Wood id:Natalie Wood it:Natalie Wood he:נטלי ווד ka:ნატალი ვუდი hu:Natalie Wood nl:Natalie Wood ja:ナタリー・ウッド no:Natalie Wood pl:Natalie Wood pt:Natalie Wood ro:Natalie Wood ru:Натали Вуд simple:Natalie Wood sl:Natalie Wood sr:Натали Вуд sh:Natalie Wood fi:Natalie Wood sv:Natalie Wood tl:Natalie Wood th:นาตาลี วูด tr:Natalie Wood uk:Наталі Вуд zh:娜妲麗·華