GQM, the acronym for "goal, question, metric", is an approach to software metrics ^[1] that has been promoted by Victor Basili of the University of Maryland, College Park and the Software Engineering Laboratory at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center after supervising a Ph.D. thesis by Dr. David M. Weiss. Dr. Weiss' work was inspired by the work of Albert Endres at IBM Germany.

GQM defines a measurement model on three levels:

Conceptual level (goal) 

A goal is defined for an object for a variety of reasons, with respect to various models of quality, from various points of view and relative to a particular environment.

Operational level (question) 

A set of questions is used to define models of the object of study and then focuses on that object to characterize the assessment or achievement of a specific goal.

Quantitative level (metric) 

A set of metrics, based on the models, is associated with every question in order to answer it in a measurable way.

The open literature typically describes GQM in terms of a six-step process where the first three steps are about using business goals to drive the identification of the right metrics and the last three steps are about gathering the measurement data and making effective use of the measurement results to drive decision making and improvements. Basili described his six-step GQM process as follows:

1. Develop a set of corporate, division and project business goals and associated measurement goals for productivity and quality
2. Generate questions (based on models) that define those goals as completely as possible in a quantifiable way
3. Specify the measures needed to be collected to answer those questions and track process and product conformance to the goals
4. Develop mechanisms for data collection
5. Collect, validate and analyze the data in real time to provide feedback to projects for corrective action
6. Analyze the data in a post mortem fashion to assess conformance to the goals and to make recommendations for future improvements

GQM templates are a structured way of specifying goals ^[2]. A GQM template contains the following fields:

Here is an example of applying the GQM template to express the goal of a software engineering study:

The purpose of this study is to characterize the effect of pair programming on programmer effort and program quality from the point of view of software managers in the context of a small web-development company.

Recent developments[link]

Although GQM has served the software industry well for several decades, it never provided explicit support for integrating its software measurement model with elements of the larger organization, such as higher-level business goals and strategies. The GQM+Strategies^[3] approach was developed by Victor Basili and a group of researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute. It is based on the Goal Question Metric paradigm and adds the capability to create measurement programs that ensure alignment between business goals and strategies, software-specific goals, and measurement goals.

See also[link]

• Basili, Victor R. 'Using Measurement to Build Core Competencies in Software'. Seminar sponsored by Data and Analysis Center for Software, 2005.

References[link]

Young Buck
Young Buck departs from LAX in 2010.
Background information
Born	(1981-03-15) March 15, 1981 (age 31) Nashville, Tennessee, United States
Genres	Hip hop
Occupations	Rapper, songwriter, actor, producer
Years active	1995–present
Labels	Cash Money (1995-2000) UTP (2000-2003) G-Unit (2003-present) Ca$hville (2005-present)
Associated acts	Drumma Boy, Outlawz, C-Bo, 8Ball & MJG, 2 Chainz, All Star, DJ Paul, Juicy J, Triple C's, Savion Saddam, Charlie P
Website	therealyoungbuck.com

David Darnell Brown (born March 15, 1981^[1]), also known as Young Buck, is an American Southern rapper. Buck is a former member of the New York City hip hop group G-Unit and is still signed to G-Unit Records. He currently resides as president of his own record label, Ca$hville Records.

Early life[link]

Around the age of twelve he was making rap songs and rolling up blunts with dean mclees and kyle stewart . he was mostly found around the spruce way area , Brown began rapping because he was inspired by a Miami friend named Clay Cole. Jealous of his friend's talent, he wanted to beat him no matter what he had to give up. At the same time Clay Cole moved to Tallahassee, Fla., Brown began recording in a real studio. Shortly thereafter, he was given an opportunity to perform for Brian "Baby" Williams, co-founder of Cash Money Records. After several years on and off of Cash Money Records, Brown and fellow rapper Juvenile decided to leave the label for good in 2000^[2] and go to UTP Records, where Brown stayed until 2003.^[3] One of his early appearances was on the song "Memphis," where he was featured along with Three 6 Mafia, Project Pat, and other southern rappers. His deal with UTP later led to a meeting with New York rapper 50 Cent, who later signed him to G-Unit Records, under Interscope Records.

Before his journey into the music industry Young Buck was a known hustler/drug dealer in his hometown of Nashville, Tennessee. His choices nearly cost him his life. While sleeping in his house one night in ____, armed robbers smashed their way inside. During the ensuing gun battle Young Buck was hit several times, but, instead of making his way to the hospital, the rapper and an armed associate drove around the streets searching for the assailants. The track 'Till I'm Dead and Gone' is a narrative from Young Buck on the incident.

On Saturday February 25, Young Buck and his entourage caused a disturbance at Cafe Coco in Nashville. According to eyewitnesses, Buck lashed out at the baristas by knocking cups and other items off the counter after they refused to allow him to the front of the line. Buck and his associates ran off before police could respond.

Music career[link]

Cash Money Records[link]

Young Buck would get his first major deal with dave mathewson atdaves records in 1995 when he was given an opportunity to perform to Brian "Baby" Williams, co-founder of Cash Money. Buck Soon after would tour with dean mclees and kyle stewart along with dave mathewson on the road and do several shows together. After several years on and off of Cash Money Records, David Brown and fellow rapper Juvenile decided to leave the label for good in 2000^[2] were he would join Juvenile's record label UTP Records and the rap group UTP Playas.

In late 2011 it was rumoured that Young Buck was close to resigning with Cash Money again but the deal crumbled when the Judge in Bucks bankruptcy case decided to switch the Nashville rappers case from a reorganization to a liquidation was frustrating the multi-platinum rapper's attempts to sign with Cash Money Records and end a contract dispute with G-Unit Records that has stifled his career since 2008. Judge George C. Paine II signed an order converting the case from Chapter 11 reorganization to Chapter 7 liquidation on Wednesday December 21, 2011 and Buck, whose real name is David Darnell Brown, stood to lose more than his shirt. The trustee administering his estate has said she plans to sell the trademarked "Young Buck" moniker itself along with other assets.^[4] However on January 9, 2012 Cash Money Records CEO Birdman stepped forward to address the rumors and speculation suggesting Memphis rapper Young Buck and West Coast hip-hop artist Lil B are on the verge of joining his team. While he admits both artists have his respect, Birdman said there is no truth to the speculation stating "Both of them is two of the little homies I have the utmost respect for," he said.^[5] " I don't know Lil B's situation. I don't know Buck's situation. I'm friends to both of them. If the opportunity ever came, I would love to work with both of them. I know Buck is in a situation. I got love and respect for both of them, but they never came across the menu yet -- I spoke with Buck a few times, he's been a friend of the family. But it ain't came to none of that."^[6]

UTP Records[link]

After leaving Cash Money in 2000, Young Buck joined UTP Records and the rap group UTP Playas. His deal with UTP later led to a meeting with New York rapper 50 Cent who later signed Buck to G-Unit Records, under Interscope Records. Buck would release 2 albums Born To Be A Thug & The Compilation with UTP before leaving the label and rap group in 2003 to join 50 Cent's record label G-Unit Records and the rap group G-Unit.^[7]

G-Unit Records[link]

After leaving UTP Records in 2003 Young Buck would link up with up and coming rap titan 50 Cent who was already making waves with his outfit G-Unit. Looking to broaden his empire 50 Cent was quick to sign Young Buck to his G-Unit imprint and also welcome his as one of the newest members of the rap group G-Unit.

Young Buck would first begin his career with G-Unit Records in 2003 when the rap group G-Unit released their first debut album Beg for Mercy. As the album was recorded, Tony Yayo was sentenced to jail on charges of gun possession, and so makes only two appearances on the entire record, on the tracks "Groupie Love" and "I Smell Pussy". His image is seen on the brick wall of the album cover because he could not be photographed due to the jail sentence. At the time of the album's release The Game was put in G-Unit therefore he is not photographed nor does he make an appearance on the album, he does however make cameos in the videos for Stunt 101, Wanna Get To Know You & Poppin' Them Thangs. He was also mentioned in Poppin' Them Thangs when Young Buck states "You ain't no Crip like Snoop you ain't no Blood like Game". In its first week of sales, Beg for Mercy sold 377,000 copies. It placed third, behind Tupac Shakur's eighth posthumous release, Tupac: Resurrection, which moved 430,000 albums, and Jay-Z's The Black Album, which sold 463,263 copies.^[8] It sold 327,000 copies in its second week to peak at number 2 on the Billboard 200,^[9] and 193,000 in its third week.^[10] It has now sold 2.7 million units in the U.S.^[11] and over 6 million copies worldwide.^[12][13] It has been certified 2× platinum by the RIAA.^[14]

On August 24, 2004 Young Buck would release his G-Unit Records debut album Straight Outta Cashville, The album's title alludes to the N.W.A. album Straight Outta Compton and is a neologism for Nashville (his hometown). The singles from this album include "Let Me In", "Shorty Wanna Ride", and "Look at Me Now". It features a lot of rappers outside of G-Unit such as Lil' Flip, David Banner, D-Tay, Ludacris, Game, Stat Quo and production from Lil Jon, Kon Artis, and more. The album received very little promotion after November because of the VIBE award incident, after which Young Buck was arrested for assault. Though the case was dropped it had been four months since Young Buck himself had promoted the album. The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 with about 261,000 copies sold, in the first week, and has since been certified Platinum by the RIAA.^[15]

Following his debut album Buck would join forces with the rest of the G-Unit roster at the time to release a collaboration album Get Rich or Die Tryin' in 2005, soon after Bucks second album Buck The World in 2007 would follow. Before the departure of Young Buck the highly publicised feud between G Unit and their former west coast counterpart Game (rapper) had split the fanbase of the outfit in two with many fans taking sides with the Compton native. As the feud between G Unit and Young Buck was simmering behind the scenes 50 Cent released a phone call he had taped between him and Young Buck in which an emotional Buck was heard crying and asking 50 Cent for help and advice. Buck would take this personal and release several tracks towards 50 Cent and G-Unit. Buck is still signed and legally obligated to release a studio album via G-Unit Records.

Solo career[link]

After Young Buck was dismissed from the group for multiple reasons, He released numerous tracks attacking not only the group, but their associates and, more specifically, group leader 50 Cent. 50 Cent and G-Unit also responded with many tracks, including one particular instance in which 50 Cent released a phone call he had recorded with Young Buck, which featured the Tennessee native weeping and apologizing for numerous things.^[16] After this happened, Young Buck responded, stating that the call was a fake, that happened one year prior to its release, and claimed that only police record phone calls.^[17]

After a lengthy battle between Young Buck and his former G-Unit comrades, the feud seemed to settle down, with Young Buck stating that he owed one more album for G-Unit Records which would be released in 2009, then titled The Rehab.^[18] In other interviews, he's stated that he does not have a problem with 50 Cent or G-Unit anymore, but is currently doing his "own thing". He also stated that although he's still signed to G-Unit Records, he's trying to get out of the contract, and he's no longer signed to Interscope.^[19][20]

On September 13, 2010 an interview with Shade 45 radio host Angela Yee, 50 Cent stated that Young Buck is still signed to G-Unit Records.^[21]

Personal life[link]

Financial problems[link]

Brown filed for Chapter 13 bankruptcy protection in August 2010,^[22] shortly after an IRS raid on his home. His bankruptcy lawyer later told The City Paper that he was planning to sue Curtis Jackson (50 Cent) and other parties over the record contract dispute.^[23]

The IRS made plans to auction off Young Buck's seized property on October 28, 2010,^[24] but his legal counsel filed suit to halt the sale, while simultaneously re-filing a revised bankruptcy petition that no longer referenced a $5 million legal claim against 50 Cent and other parties associated with G Unit.^[25]

In the lawsuit, viewable at this link, Young Buck said the studio equipment taken in the raid was "directly tied to" his "ability to generate income in order to reorganize the estate." He stated that the seizure of property that belonged to his children had "created great stress in the home" and "within the common law marriage of the debtor plaintiff." He told the court he needed to get back the property belonging to the family.

Young Buck's attorney was able to convince the court that he would be selling real estate worth $638,500 to begin paying the back taxes due. At a hearing on October 26, 2010, plans for the IRS auction were at least temporarily stopped. Young Buck announced the outcome with a Tweet:

Young Buck was under Chapter 7, Young Buck’s assets were to be sold and distributed among his creditors.^[26]

Drive-by shooting[link]

Early Sunday morning on March 4, 2012, Young Buck was targeted in a drive-by shooting. According to Nashville police, via WSMV-TV Channel 4, at approximately 3:30 am, a white Chevrolet Tahoe crept past the rapper's SUV and opened fire, hitting the vehicle 11 times. Miraculously, Buck, who was back in his hometown to work on new music, wasn't injured. But his girlfriend, Kenyetta Rainey, was hit once on the shoulder. Rainey was treated at Vanderbilt Hospital and has since been released. In the moments leading up to the shooting, Buck, born David Brown, and his girlfriend were involved in a heated argument with others at La Bamba Nightclub in South Nashville. Police said all parties involved in the argument left the club at the same time.^[27]

After a couple of days of silence, Buck took to his Twitter to address the situation. “We all go through things in life,” the former G-Unit star tweeted. “The things I’m experiencing are Truly making me a Better and Stronger man. #GodisGood.”^[28][29]

Legal issues[link]

Young Buck started his rap career with a ton of promise, but his legal problems thwarted that potential and his woes continue to mount. According to reports, the former G-Unit MC is looking at an 18-month prison stint for gun possession. The Tennessee rap star has agreed to a plea deal with Nashville prosecutors that will land him behind bars for a year and half, TMZ reported on Tuesday (May 22).^[30] A judge signed off on the plea, but Buck won't be sentenced formally until July 13, 2012.

After an IRS raid on Buck's Nashville home in 2010, authorities found a .40 caliber Glock 22 as well as ammunition. The raid followed reports that the rapper had an outstanding $300,000 tax debt, and because he's a convicted felon, Buck is prohibited from possessing any firearms. Back in 2005, he pleaded no contest to assault with a chance to produce bodily injury after he stabbed a man while trying to defend Dr. Dre at the 2004 Vibe Awards.^[31]

Controversy[link]

VIBE Awards incident[link]

On November 15, 2004, Jimmy James Johnson approached Dr. Dre at the VIBE Awards and reportedly asked for an autograph before Dr. Dre was about to go on stage. After Dr. Dre declined, Johnson punched him in the back of the head before running towards the nearest exit. A brawl ensued with several uniformed police officers attempting to break up the fight. Chairs were thrown, and it was alleged that Young Buck stabbed Johnson in the chest with a knife.^[32] After video evidence was uncovered from the awards ceremony, the Santa Monica Police Department issued an arrest warrant for him.^[33] In a preliminary hearing, it was ruled that there was enough evidence to proceed with a jury trial. However, in December 2005, a deal was reportedly struck that would see Young Buck avoid trial.^[34]

The Game[link]

After The Game was kicked out of G-Unit for being disloyal, Young Buck as well as new West Coast G-Unit act rapper Spider Loc who had signed to G-Unit Records in September 2004, called him to task for dissing the group and label. The Game then released a track entitled "240 Bars" which insulted both Spider Loc and Young Buck. Young Buck then released a track called "The Real Bitch Boy", which featured Spider Loc and used a beat from The Game's track, "Where I'm from". In the song, Young Buck talks about how he did not even know The Game when he mentions The Game's name on "Poppin' Them Thangs". Also, Young Buck talks about The Game being a male stripper and also how 50 Cent helped The Game to be successful with his album The Documentary.

The feud has continued to escalate, with there being an exchange of many tracks. In February 2007, The Game and Young Buck got into a non-physical altercation at a club, during the NBA All-Star Weekend in Las Vegas. The last time that they were seen together was when The Game was part of G-Unit.^[35]

After being dismissed from G-Unit, Young Buck appeared on a remix to The Game's song Game's Pain,^[36] as well as appearing in the music video to the song My Life, which featured another former rival, Lil Wayne.^[37] A mixtape by The Game and Young Buck was also confirmed,^[38] called "Worth More Than 50 Cents".

Lil Wayne[link]

Young Buck released a song featuring Tony Yayo called "Off Parole" which insulted Lil Wayne. Young Buck said that Lil Wayne could not be angry, because Young Buck spoke the truth. Young Buck also said "You think you got a problem with Juve and B.G.; you'll have a true problem with me", referring to the Cash Money-Juvenile/B.G feud.^[39][40]

One of the reasons 50 Cent stated he was dismissing Young Buck was what he called "inconsistent behavior" which included appearing on stage with Lil Wayne, then seemingly dissing him on records with G-Unit.^[17] After he was dismissed, Young Buck appeared in the music video "My Life" by The Game, which featured Lil Wayne in the vocals.^[37]

As of 2009 Buck and Wayne have squashed their beef and also linked up to record a track "Up's and Down's" for Young Buck's Back On My Buck Shit mixtape.

DJ Khaled[link]

During an interview on Rap City, DJ Khaled was asked to choose three classics out of a total of eight albums. He chose every album except Get Rich or Die Tryin'. DJ Khaled stated:

I'm all about unity, but if you're not down with unity, I can't help you with that.^{[citation needed]}

In response, Young Buck released a track entitled "Personal (Unity)" towards DJ Khaled and Terror Squad. In the song, Young Buck refers to many people on DJ Khaled's second album, We the Best.

During a "TRL" show which 50 Cent was hosting on September 12, 2007 Young Buck repeatedly mocked DJ Khaled by repeatedly shouting "50 we the best. Listennn!" in reference to DJ Khaled’s behaviour, which he exhibited on the same show previously.^[41]

Two days later on the same show, 50 Cent was offered the choice of listening to one of his rivals say something about him in a clip from Rap City. He had the choice of Fat Joe, DJ Khaled, Ja Rule, and The Game, and chose Khaled's clip, in which Khaled said he did not consider Get Rich or Die Tryin' a classic.

Young Buck later addressed the issue on the mixtape G-Unit Radio Part 25-Sabrina's Baby Boy. He insults DJ Khaled on multiple tracks.^[42]

50 Cent[link]

After numerous rumors of a "beef" within G-Unit, 50 Cent officially dismissed Young Buck from the group, in 2008. He later assured that he was still signed with the label.^[43] Numerous slander songs then arose on the internet from both camps, with Young Buck appearing in a music video of former rival The Game.^[44][45]

50 Cent then leaked a taped phone conversation between himself and Young Buck, which showed one of the true reasons for the falling out; 50 Cent was owed money by the Southern rapper. Young Buck later stated the conversation took place over a year before the leak.^[46] The two camps have since released a multitude of songs against each other, with the feud settling down by 2009, although on Buck's album The Rehab, he disses 50 on a track titled "Hood Documentary".^[18]

In April 2012, after being ousted from the crew back in 2008, Young Buck has entered talks to work with the label. Days after indicating that he would be open to re-teaming with his old crew at G-Unit Records, Young Buck now confirms that he has begun negotiations with the label about making his return. Buck provided the update in a recent interview stating "I'ma be honest with you," he said, "Finally we're at a point where we're having some kind of negotiations with what they're going to be able to do for us at G-Unit."^[47] The Nashville, Tennessee native said he was ready to make his return to music, whether as a part of G-Unit or not. "Y’all are gonna be hearing from me," he said. "I don't want to put a timing on it, but the wait is absolutely over, and we're just trying to figure out what's the best situation for us, where I'm gonna go." Buck stated in an interview after a concert in California April 4, 2012. Young Buck's last album was the 2010 independent release The Rehab. It’s been a rough go for Buck since he was expelled from 50’s crew in 2008, he has run into financial troubles and he recently escaped an attempted drive-by shooting in his hometown. ^[48][49]

Albums[link]

Debut album[link]

After being with G-Unit for a little over a year, Young Buck released his debut album, Straight Outta Cashville, a portmanteau reflecting the name of Young Buck's home city, Nashville, Tennessee.

Straight Outta Cashville has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America^[15] with over 1.1 million sales in the U.S.^[50] and 2.3 million Worldwide.^[51][52]

Second album[link]

Young Buck's second album, Buck the World was released worldwide on March 27, 2007.

Buck the World debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and No. 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, with sales of 141,083 in the first week.^[53]

Third album[link]

The Rehab was released on September 7, 2010. It was a street album, not his official 3rd studio album, released on Real Talk Ent. Buck had made an earlier claim in which he said that The Rehab will sell a million copies in his first week, but at the time, he was still signed to G-Unit/Interscope Records.^[54]

The Rehab sold 6,400 in its first week.^[55]

Fourth album[link]

Ghetto Inspiration is set to be released in late 2012. It would be his first official album since 2007 & third studio album. On April 4, 2012, an interview was released stating that Young Buck may be working things out with G-Unit. Although it is not confirmed whether he is referring to the group or the label, but based on comments by both Buck and 50 the latter is more likely.

Discography[link]

Filmography[link]

Awards and nominations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Young Buck

• Official website
• Young Buck at Allmusic
• Young Buck interview Hustler Magazine
• Young Buck - Nothing for you - lyrics

Jerry Lewis
Photo c. 1960
Born	Joseph Levitch (1926-03-16) March 16, 1926 (age 86) Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
Residence	Las Vegas, Nevada
Other names	The King of Comedy Le Roi du Crazy Picchiatello
Education	Irvington High School
Occupation	Comedian, actor, film producer, writer, film director, singer, national chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association (early 1950s-2011)
Years active	1931–present
Spouse	Patti Palmer (1944–80) SanDee Pitnick (1983–present)
Children	7 including: Gary Lewis (two adopted)
Parents	Daniel Levitch, Rachael (née Brodsky) Levitch
Awards	American Comedy Award, Golden Camera Awards, Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award, Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Award
Signature
Website
jerrylewiscomedy.com

Jerry Lewis (born March 16, 1926) is an American comedian, actor, singer, film producer, screenwriter and film director. He is best known for his slapstick humor in film, television, stage and radio. He was originally paired up with Dean Martin in 1946, forming the famed comedy team of Martin and Lewis.

In addition to the duo's popular nightclub work, they starred in a successful series of comedy films for Paramount Pictures. Lewis is also known for his charity fund-raising telethons and position as national chairman for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA).

Lewis has won several awards for lifetime achievements from The American Comedy Awards, The Golden Camera, Los Angeles Film Critics Association, and The Venice Film Festival, and he has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

In 2005, he received the Governors Award of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Board of Governors, which is the highest Emmy Award presented.^[1] On February 22, 2009, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences awarded Lewis the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award.

Early life[link]

He was born Joseph Levitch (some sources say Jerome Levitch)^[2] in Newark, New Jersey, to Russian Jewish parents. His father, Daniel Levitch, was a Master of Ceremonies and vaudeville entertainer^[3][4][5] who used the professional name Danny Lewis,^[6] His mother, Rachel ("Rae") Levitch (née Brodsky),^[7] was a piano player for a radio station.

Lewis started performing at age five and would often perform alongside his parents in the Catskill Mountains in New York State. By fifteen he had developed his "Record Act", in which he exaggeratedly mimed the lyrics to songs on a phonograph. He used the professional name Joey Lewis, but soon changed it to Jerry Lewis to avoid confusion with comedian Joe E. Lewis and heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis.^[8] He graduated from Irvington High School in Irvington, New Jersey. During World War II he was rejected for military service because of a heart murmur.^[9]

Career[link]

Teaming with Dean Martin[link]

With Dean Martin

Lewis initially gained fame with singer Dean Martin, who served as straight man to Lewis's zany antics in the Martin and Lewis comedy team. The pair distinguished themselves from the majority of comedy acts of the 1940s by relying on their interaction together instead of planned skits. In the late 1940s, they quickly rose to national prominence, first with their popular nightclub act, next as stars of their own radio program. Within a year of their first act together, they went from earning $150-175 a week each at one club to $30,000.00 a week as a team at The Copacabana.^{[citation needed]}

Martin & Lewis made many appearances on early live television, their first on the June 20, 1948 debut broadcast of Toast of the Town with Ed Sullivan on the CBS TV Network (later the Ed Sullivan Show). This was followed on October 3, 1948 by an appearance on the NBC TV series Welcome Aboard, then a stint as the first of a series of hosts of The Colgate Comedy Hour in 1950. The duo began their Paramount film careers in 1949 as ensemble players in My Friend Irma, based on the popular radio series of the same name. This was followed by a sequel in 1950, My Friend Irma Goes West. Starting with At War with the Army (1950), Martin and Lewis were the stars of their own vehicles, in fourteen additional titles at Paramount, ending with Hollywood or Bust (1956). All sixteen were produced by Hal Wallis.

As Martin's roles in their films became less important over time the partnership became strained. Martin's diminished participation became an embarrassment in 1954 when Look magazine used a publicity photo of the team for the magazine cover but cropped Martin out of the photo. The partnership ended on July 24, 1956. Attesting the team's popularity, DC Comics published the best-selling The Adventures of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis comic books from 1952 to 1957, after which DC featured Lewis solo in The Adventures of Jerry Lewis until 1971. In this latter Lewis was sometimes featured with Superman, Batman, and various other DC heroes and villains. It inspired the Filmation cartoons production company to make a 1970 series called Will the Real Jerry Lewis Please Sit Down, with Jerry as the one reality-based character alongside other fictitious one, including fictionalized Lewis relatives.

While both Martin and Lewis went on to successful solo careers for years neither would comment on the split nor consider a reunion. They made occasional public appearances together between their breakup and 1961 but were not seen together until a surprise appearance by Martin on Lewis's Labor Day Muscular Dystrophy Telethon in 1976 arranged by Frank Sinatra.^{[citation needed]}

The pair eventually reconciled in the late 1980s after the death of Martin's son, Dean Paul Martin. The two men were seen together on stage in Las Vegas when Lewis pushed out Dean's birthday cake and sang "Happy Birthday" to him.^[10] In Lewis's 2005 book Dean and Me (A Love Story), Lewis wrote of his kinship with Martin, who died in 1995.

Solo[link]

After the split from Martin, Lewis remained at Paramount and became a major comedy star with his first film as a solo comic, The Delicate Delinquent (1957). Teaming with director Frank Tashlin, whose background as a Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon director suited Lewis's brand of humor, he starred in five more films, and even appeared uncredited as Itchy McRabbitt in Li'l Abner (1959).

Lewis tried his hand at releasing an album in the 1950s, having a chart hit with the song "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody" (a song largely associated with Al Jolson and later re-popularized by Judy Garland) as well as the song, "It All Depends on You" in 1958. He eventually released his own album titled, Jerry Lewis Just Sings. By the end of his contract with producer Hal B. Wallis, Lewis had several productions of his own under his belt.

His first three efforts, The Delicate Delinquent (1957), Rock-A-Bye Baby (1958) and The Geisha Boy (1958), were all efforts to move away from Wallis, who Lewis felt was hindering his comedy.^{[citation needed]} In 1960, Lewis finished his contract with Wallis with Visit to a Small Planet (1960), and wrapped up work on his own production, Cinderfella. Cinderfella was postponed for a Christmas 1960 release, and Paramount, needing a quickie feature film for its summer 1960 schedule, held Lewis to his contract to produce one. Lewis came up with The Bellboy. Using the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami as his setting—and on a small budget, with a very tight shooting schedule, and no script—Lewis shot the film by day and performed at the hotel in the evenings. Bill Richmond collaborated with him on the many sight gags.

In a 2005 interview, Lewis revealed that Paramount were not happy financing a 'silent movie' and withdrew backing. Lewis used his own funds to cover the $950,000 budget. During production Lewis developed the technique of using video cameras and multiple closed circuit monitors, which allowed him to review his performance instantly. His techniques and methods, documented in his book and his USC class, enabled him to complete most of his films on time and under budget.

Later, he incorporated videotape, and as more portable and affordable equipment became available, this technique would become an industry standard known as video assist. Lewis followed The Bellboy by directing several more films which he co-wrote with Richmond, including The Ladies Man (1961), The Errand Boy (1961), The Patsy (1964) and the well-known comedy hit, The Nutty Professor (1963), which was later successfully remade as a vehicle for Eddie Murphy in 1996 and followed by a sequel in 2000, Nutty Professor II: The Klumps both executive produced by Lewis for Universal Pictures and Image Entertainment.

Lewis occasionally handed directing reins to Frank Tashlin, who directed several of his productions, including It's Only Money (1962) and Who's Minding the Store? (1963). In 1965, Lewis directed and (along with Bill Richmond) wrote the comedy film The Family Jewels about a young heiress who must choose among six uncles, one of whom is up to no good and out to harm the girl's beloved bodyguard who practically raised her. Lewis played all six uncles and the bodyguard.

By 1966, Lewis, now 40, was no longer an angular juvenile and his routines seemed more labored. His box office appeal waned to the point where Paramount Pictures new executives felt no further need for the Lewis comedies. Undaunted, Lewis packed up and went to Columbia Pictures, where he made several more comedies. Lewis taught a film directing class at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles for a number of years; his students included Steven Spielberg and George Lucas.^[11]

In 1968, he screened Spielberg's early film, Amblin' and told his students, "That's what filmmaking is all about."^[12] Lewis starred in and directed the unreleased The Day the Clown Cried in 1972. The film was a drama set in a Nazi concentration camp. Lewis rarely discusses the experience, but once explained why the film has not been released, by suggesting litigation over post-production financial difficulties. However, he admitted during his book tour for Dean and Me that a major factor for the film's burial is that he is not proud of the effort.

Lewis also appeared in stage musicals. In 1976, he appeared in a revival of Hellzapoppin' with Lynn Redgrave, but it closed on the road before reaching Broadway.^[13] In 1994, he made his Broadway debut, as a replacement cast member playing the Devil in a revival of the baseball musical, Damn Yankees, choreographed by future film director Rob Marshall (Chicago).^[14] Lewis returned to the screen in 1981 with Hardly Working, a film he both directed and starred in.

Despite being panned by the critics, the film did eventually earn $50 million. He followed this up with a critically acclaimed performance in Martin Scorsese's 1983 film, The King of Comedy, in which Lewis plays a late-night TV host plagued by obsessive fans (played by Robert De Niro and Sandra Bernhard). Lewis continued doing work in small films in the 1990s, most notably his supporting roles in 1994's Arizona Dream and 1995's Funny Bones. He appeared on television on one episode of Mad About You's first season in 1992, playing an eccentric billionaire. In 2008, Lewis reprised his role as Prof. Kelp in The Nutty Professor, his first CGI animated film and sequel to his original 1963 film co-starring Drake Bell as the voice of his nephew, Harold Kelp.

at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival

On television, Lewis starred in three different programs called The Jerry Lewis Show. The first was a two-hour Saturday night variety show on ABC in the fall of 1963. The lavish, big-budget production failed to find an audience and was canceled after 13 weeks. His next show was a one-hour variety show on NBC in 1967-69. A test of a syndicated talk show for Metromedia in 1984 was not continued beyond the scheduled five shows. Lewis and his popular movie characters were animated in the Filmation cartoon series, Will the Real Jerry Lewis Please Sit Down. First aired on ABC in 1970, it lasted only one season and eighteen episodes. The show starred David Lander (Laverne & Shirley) as the voice of the animated Lewis character.

Lewis has long remained popular in Europe: he was consistently praised by some French critics in the influential magazine Cahiers du Cinéma for his absurd comedy, in part because he had gained respect as an auteur who had total control over all aspects of his films, comparable to Howard Hawks and Alfred Hitchcock. In March 2006, the French Minister of Culture awarded Lewis the Légion d'honneur, calling him the "French people's favorite clown".^[15] Liking Lewis has long been a common stereotype about the French in the minds of many English-speakers, and is often the object of jokes in Anglosphere pop culture.^[16]

In 1994, the Columbia Pictures film, North featured footage of Lewis's classic movies. In June 2006, Lewis first announced plans to write and direct a stage musical adaptation of his 1963 film, The Nutty Professor.^[17] In October 2008, in an interview on Melbourne radio, Lewis said he had signed composers Marvin Hamlisch^[18] and Rupert Holmes to write the show for a Broadway opening in November 2010.^{[citation needed][19]} In 2009, Lewis traveled to the Cannes Film Festival to announce his return to cinema after a 13 year absence for the film Max Rose,^[20][21] his first leading role since Martin Scorsese's The King of Comedy. In early 2011, Lewis signed a deal with Artificial Intelligence Entertainment and Capital Films to remake three of his 1960s films: The Bellboy, Cinderfella and The Family Jewels, with Lewis serving as co-executive producer of the new films.

On May 16, 2011, the MDA announced that the 2011 edition of its annual telethon would be Lewis' last as emcee. After hosting the annual event since 1954, he was to continue serving as the association's national chairman.^[22] Soon afterward, however, Lewis denied that he was leaving the telethon at all,^[23] but on August 3, 2011, the MDA announced that Lewis resigned as chairman and telethon host, the circumstances leading to his resignation unknown.^[24] Lewis made no appearance, live or recorded, on the 2011 MDA Telethon.

Film portrayal[link]

Lewis was portrayed by Emmy Award winner Sean Hayes (Will and Grace) in the 2002 made for television movie Martin and Lewis. The film depicts Lewis' partnership with Dean Martin (played by Jeremy Northam). Hayes met Lewis during shooting of the televised film and went on to receive a Screen Actors Guild Award for best actor.

Personal life[link]

Family[link]

Lewis has been married twice:

• Patti Palmer (née Esther Calonico),^[25] a former singer with Ted Fio Rito;^[26] married October 3, 1944, divorced September 1980.^[27]
• SanDee Pitnick; married February 13, 1983; a 32-year-old Las Vegas dancer. They were married in Key Biscayne, Florida; Lewis was 56.^[28]

He had six sons (one adopted) and one adopted daughter:

• Gary Harold Lee Levitch was born on July 31, 1945^[29] to Lewis and Patti Palmer. Gary Levitch's name was subsequently legally changed to Gary Lewis. As a 1960s pop musician, Gary Lewis had a string of hits with his group Gary Lewis & the Playboys.^[30]
• Ronald Steven Lewis; born December 1949 (adopted) with Patti Palmer
• Scott Anthony Lewis; born February 22, 1956 to Patti Palmer^[31]
• Christopher Joseph Lewis; born October 1957 to Patti Palmer
• Anthony Joseph Lewis; born October 1959 to Patti Palmer
• Joseph Christopher Lewis; born January 1964 to Patti Palmer, died October 24, 2009 from a narcotics overdose.^[32]
• Danielle Sara Lewis (daughter); adopted March 1992 with SanDee Pitnick.^[27]

Lewis currently resides in Las Vegas.

Health concerns[link]

Jerry Lewis, 2005

Lewis has suffered from a variety of illnesses and addictions related both to aging and a back injury sustained in a comedic pratfall from a piano while performing at the Sands Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip on March 20, 1965.^[33][34]

The accident almost left him paralyzed. In its aftermath Lewis became addicted to the pain killer Percodan for some thirteen years.^[33] He says he has been off the drug since 1978 and has not taken one since.^[34] In April 2002, Lewis had a Medtronic "Synergy" neurostimulator implanted in his back,^[35] which has helped reduce the discomfort. He is now one of the company's leading spokespeople.^[34][35]

It is claimed Lewis suffered his first heart attack while filming Cinderfella in 1960.^[36] In December 1982, Lewis was felled by a serious heart attack. En route home to San Diego from New York City on a cross-country commercial airline flight he endured a minor heart attack on June 11, 2006.^[37] It was then discovered that he had pneumonia as well as a severely damaged heart. He underwent a cardiac catheterization and two stents were inserted into one of his coronary arteries, which had become 90% blocked. The surgery resulted in a return of blood flow to his heart and has allowed him to continue his rebound from earlier lung problems. Having the cardiac catheterization also meant canceling several major events from his schedule, but Lewis fully recuperated in a matter of weeks.

In 1999, his Australian tour was cut short when he had to be hospitalized in Darwin with viral meningitis. He was ill for more than five months. It was reported in the Australian press that he had failed to pay his medical bills; however, Lewis maintained that the payment confusion was the fault of his health insurer. The resulting negative publicity caused him to sue his insurer for US$100 million.^[38]

Lewis has had prostate cancer,^[39] Type 1 diabetes,^[34] pulmonary fibrosis,^[33] and a decades long history of heart disease. Prednisone^[33] treatment in the early 2000s for pulmonary fibrosis resulted in weight gain and a noticeable change in his appearance.

In September 2001, Lewis was unable to perform at a planned London charity event. Some months thereafter, Lewis began an arduous, months-long therapy which weaned him off prednisone and enabled him to return to work.

Charity work[link]

Throughout his career, Lewis has supported fundraising for research into muscular dystrophy. From the early 1950s until 2011, he served as national chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA).^[40] Lewis began hosting telethons to benefit MDA in 1952. From 1966 to 2010 he hosted the annual Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon, since renamed the MDA Labor Day Telethon. It has raised over $2.6 billion.^[41] On August 3, 2011, it was announced that Lewis would no longer host any further telethons.^[42]

Jerry Lewis Cinemas[link]

From 1969 to 1980, the National Cinema Corp. franchised "Jerry Lewis Cinemas" as a business opportunity for those interested in theatrical movie exhibition. A harbinger of the cookie-cutter "cineplex" type movie theaters that would become popular in the 1970s, a Jerry Lewis Cinema was billed in franchising ads as a "mini-theatre" with a seating capacity of between 200 and 350. Though billed as "luxurious and plush", the actual theaters were not luxurious, but not bare-bones, either. Franchise hype claimed the theater could be operated by as little as a staff of two due to automation and the fact that the franchisor would provide support in booking films and help in other areas of film exhibition.

National Franchise Corp. successfully wooed Lewis to provide his name and star-power to the franchising operation. As well as bearing his name, each Jerry Lewis Cinema bore a sign with a cartoon logo of Lewis in profile. The theaters were pitched to investors that were not movie exhibition veterans, pitching owning a movie theater as a "mom and pop" operation.^[43]

There initially were 158 territories that were franchised, with a buy-in fee of $10,000 or $15,000, depending on the territory, for what was called an "individual exhibitor". For $50,000, the Jerry Lewis Cinemas offered an opportunity known as an "area director" in which the investor not only was given their own cinema, but controlled franchising opportunities in a territory.^[44]

The success of the chain was hampered by the chain's policy of only booking second-run, family friendly films. Eventually, the policy was changed, and the Jerry Lewis Cinemas were allowed to run other, more competitive fare, but after a decade, the chain failed. Both Lewis and National Cinema Corp. declared bankruptcy in 1980.^[45]

Honors and awards[link]

Lewis' motion picture star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6821 Hollywood Blvd

1950s

• 1952 – Winner of the special Photoplay Award^[46]
• 1952 – Nominee for Best Comedian or Comedienne^[46]
• 1954 – Winner for the Most Cooperative Actor, Golden Apple Award^[46]

1960s

• 1965 – Winner, Golden Laurel, Special Award – Family Comedy King^[46]

1970s

• 1977 – Nominee, the Nobel Peace Prize, by US Representative Les Aspin. Aspin noted that in 11 years, the MDA Jerry Lewis Labor Day Telethon had raised more than $95 million for the Muscular Dystrophy Association.^[47]

1980s

• 1983 – Nominee, Best Actor in a Supporting Role for The King of Comedy, British Academy Film Awards^[48]

1990s

• 1997 – Winner, Lifetime Achievement Award, American Comedy Awards^[48]

2000s

• 2004 – Winner, Career Achievement Award, Los Angeles Film Critics Association^[48]

• 2005 – Winner, Governors Award, Primetime Emmy Awards^[48]
• 2006 – Winner, Satellite Award for Outstanding Guest Star on TV's Law & Order: Special Victims Unit^[48]

• 2009 – Induction into the New Jersey Hall of Fame

• 2009 – Winner, Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award at the 81st Academy Awards^[49]

2010s

• 2010 - Received Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Chapman University during the 2010 MDA Telethon.

• 2011 – Recipient of the Ellis Island Medal of Honor

Bibliography[link]

• The Total Film-Maker by Jerry Lewis. New York: Random House, 1971, ISBN 0-394-46757-4
• Jerry Lewis: In Person by Jerry Lewis with Herb Gluck. New York: Atheneum, 1982, ISBN 0-689-11290-4
• Dean & Me (A Love Story) by Jerry Lewis with James Kaplan. New York: Doubleday, 2005, ISBN 0-7679-2086-4

See also[link]

• Jerry Lewis filmography and television appearances
• MDA Labor Day Telethon
• Martin and Lewis

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Everybody Loves Somebody Sometime (Especially Himself): The Story of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis by Arthur Marx, New York, NY: Hawthorn Books, 1974, ISBN 978-0-8015-2430-1
• The Jerry Lewis Films by James L. Neibaur and Ted Okuda (Lewis is quoted throughout). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1994, ISBN 0-89950-961-4
• King of Comedy: The Life and Art of Jerry Lewis by Shawn Anthony Levy. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-312-13248-4
• That Kid: The Story of Jerry Lewis by Richard Gehman. New York: Avon Books, 1964.
• Young, Jordan R. (1999) The Laugh Crafters: Comedy Writing in Radio & TV's Golden Age. Beverly Hills: Past Times Publishing ISBN 0-940410-37-0

External links[link]

• Jerry Lewis at the Internet Movie Database
• Jerry Lewis at AllRovi
• Jerry Lewis at the TCM Movie Database
• Jerry Lewis at the Internet Broadway Database
• Jerry Lewis interview for the Archive of American Television
• Drum Solo Battle (1955) with Buddy Rich at DrummerWorld

Videos

• 2009 Oscars Jean Hersholt Award
• Colgate Comedy Hour, 1950s
• Scene from The Bellboy
• With drummer Buddy Rich, 1965
• Typewriter scene on Colgate Hour