Main logo used by the NCAA in Division I, II, and III.

Division I (D-I) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the United States. D-I schools are generally the major collegiate athletic powers, with larger budgets, more elaborate facilities, and more athletic scholarships than Divisions II and III. This level was once called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the College Division; this terminology was replaced with numeric divisions (I, II, III) in 1973.^[1] In football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A (the principal football schools) and Division I-AA;^[2] these were renamed "Football Bowl Subdivision" and "Football Championship Subdivision" in 2006.^[3][4] Division I contains 346 institutions. There was a moratorium on any additional movement up to Division I until 2012.

All Division I schools must field athletes in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with two team sports for each gender.^[5] There are several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III.^[5]

Scholarship limits by sport[link]

The NCAA imposes limits on the total financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. It divides sports that it sponsors into two types for purposes of scholarship limitations:

• "Head-count" sports, in which the NCAA limits the total number of individuals that can receive athletic scholarships, but allows each player to receive up to a full scholarship.
• "Equivalency" sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a given sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport.

The term "counter" is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a "counter" as "an individual who is receiving institutional financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport."^[6]

The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in each sport is listed below.

Head-count sports[link]

• Basketball – 13 for men,^[7] 15 for women^[8]
• FBS football – 85, with an additional limit of 25 initial counters per year^[9]
• Women's gymnastics – 12^[10]
• Women's tennis – 12^[10]
• Women's volleyball – 12^[10]

Equivalency sports[link]

Men's[link]

• Baseball – 11.7,^[11] with the following additional limitations:
  • A limit of 27 total counters.^[11]
  • A requirement that each counter receive athletic aid equal to at least 25% of a full scholarship.^[12]
• FCS football – 63, with limits of 30 initial counters per year and 85 total counters^[13]
• Gymnastics – 6.3^[14]
• Rifle – 3.6^[14]
  • Note that the NCAA classifies rifle as a men's sport, despite the fact that competitions are fully coeducational. Most rifle schools have a single coed/mixed team. Some schools have only one single-sex team for either men or women. Some other schools field multiple teams (either two single-sex teams, or a single-sex and a mixed team).
• Tennis – 5.0^[14]
• Volleyball – 4.5^[14]
• Wrestling – 9.9^[14]

Women's[link]

• Bowling – 5^[14]
• Equestrian – 15^[14]
• Field hockey – 12^[14]
• Rowing – 20^[14]
• Rugby – 12^[14]
• Sand volleyball:
  • For schools that also sponsor women's (indoor) volleyball, 3 in 2011–12. The number of scholarship equivalents will increase by 1 each year until reaching a final value of 6 in 2014–15. The number of counters is limited to 14 throughout.^[15]
  • For schools that do not sponsor indoor volleyball, 8 scholarships and 14 counters.^[16]
• Softball – 12^[14]
• Squash – 12^[14]

Both sexes[link]

• Cross-country/track & field – 12.6 for men, 18 for women^[14]
• Fencing – 4.5 for men, 5 for women^[14]
• Golf – 4.5 for men, 6 for women^[14]
• Ice hockey – 18, with a limit of 30 total counters, combined for both sexes^[17]
• Lacrosse – 12.6 for men, 12 for women^[14]
• Skiing – 6.3 for men, 7 for women^[14]
• Soccer – 9.9 for men, 14 for women^[14]
• Swimming and diving – 9.9 for men, 14 for women^[14]
• Water polo – 4.5 for men, 8 for women^[14]

Rules for multi-sport athletes[link]

The NCAA also has rules specifying the sport in which multi-sport athletes are to be counted, with the basic rules being:^[18]

• Anyone who participates in football is counted in that sport, even if he does not receive financial aid from the football program. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport.^[19]
• Participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football.
• Participants in men's ice hockey are counted in that sport, unless they also play football or basketball.
• Participants in both men's swimming and diving and men's water polo are counted in swimming and diving, unless they count in football or basketball.
• Participants in women's volleyball are counted in that sport unless they also play basketball.
• All other multi-sport athletes are counted in whichever sport the school chooses.

Finances[link]

Division I athletic programs generated $8.7 billion in revenue in the 2009–2010 academic year. Men's teams provided 55% of the total, women's teams 15%, and 30% was not categorized by sex or sport. Football and men's basketball are usually the only sports that are profitable for universities, with others usually losing money.^[20] The BYU Cougars, for example, in 2009 had revenue of $41 million and expenses of $35 million, resulting in a profit of $5.5 million or about 16% margin. Football (60% of revenue, 53% profit margin) and men's basketball (15% of revenue, 8% profit margin) were profitable; women's basketball (less than 3% of revenue) and all other sports were unprofitable.^[21]

Subdivisions[link]

Subdivisions in Division I exist only in football.^[4][22] In all other sports, all Division I conferences are equivalent. The subdivisions were recently given names to reflect the differing levels of football play in them. Additionally, some sports, most notably ice hockey^[23] and men's volleyball, have completely different conference structures that operate outside of the normal NCAA sports conference structure.

The method by which the NCAA determines whether a school is Bowl or Championship subdivision is first by attendance numbers and then by scholarships.^[24]

For attendance reporting methods, the NCAA allows schools to report either total tickets sold or the number of persons in attendance at the games. They require a minimum average of 15,000 people in attendance every other year.^[24] These numbers get posted to the NCAA statistics website for football each year. With the new rules starting in the 2006 season, the number of Bowl Subdivision schools could drop in the future if those schools are not able to pull in enough fans into the games. Additionally, 8 schools in the Championship subdivision had enough attendance to be moved up in 2005 (although they would need to either compete as independents or join a conference in order to do so).

Football Bowl Subdivision[link]

Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), formerly known as Division I-A, is the top level of college football, and is currently the only NCAA-sponsored sport without an organized tournament to determine its champion.^[25] Schools in Division I FBS compete in post-season bowl games, with the champions of six conferences receiving automatic bids to the Bowl Championship Series to determine a national champion. This is due to many factors, including that bowl games are sanctioned by the NCAA (primarily in terms of amateurism regulations and guaranteeing a minimum payout to conferences of the participating schools), but are not under its direct administration. Starting with the 2014 season, the BCS will undergo radical change, with a four-team playoff to determine a national champion almost certain to be adopted.^[26]

The remaining five conferences, often referred to as "Mid-majors",^[27][28] do not receive automatic bids but their conference champions are eligible for an automatic bid if it ranks in the BCS top 12 or in the top 16 and ahead of the champion from a conference with an automatic bid. Only one "mid-major" champion can qualify for an automatic bid in any year. The one exception is Notre Dame, which only has to rank in the top eight of the BCS standings to earn an automatic bid to a BCS bowl game.^[29]

FBS schools are limited to a total of 85 football players receiving financial assistance.^[30] For competitive reasons, a student receiving partial scholarship counts fully against the total of 85. Nearly all FBS schools that are not on NCAA probation give 85 full scholarships.

As of 2012, there are 120 full members of Division I FBS. The most recent addition to FBS was Western Kentucky University, which ended its two-year transition period from Division I FCS in 2008 and became a full FBS member in 2009.^[31] In July 2011, four schools began transitions to FBS, starting as FCS members. Under NCAA rules, these schools were ineligible for the FCS playoffs in 2011. In 2012, they will be provisional FBS members without bowl eligibility, with full FBS membership following in 2013.

• The University of South Alabama, previously an unclassified NCAA football program, played its first fully competitive season in 2011. The Jaguars, already full members of the Sun Belt Conference, will join that conference for football.
• Texas State University–San Marcos (Texas State), previously an established FCS program in the Southland Conference, will join the Western Athletic Conference in 2012, and then move to the Sun Belt in 2013. Despite playing a full Southland Conference schedule in 2011, the Bobcats were classified as an FCS independent for that season.
• The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), previously a non-football member of the Southland Conference, played its first football season in 2011. It will join the WAC alongside Texas State for 2012, and then move to Conference USA (C-USA) in 2013. The Roadrunners were also classified as an FCS independent for 2011.
• The University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass), a member of the non-football Atlantic 10 Conference and a football member of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA), will join the Mid-American Conference in football only effective in 2012. The team will become eligible for the MAC championship upon attaining full FBS membership in 2013. In 2011, the Minutemen played a full CAA schedule and were technically classified as a CAA member.

Three other schools have announced future transitions to FBS:

• Georgia State University will begin its FBS transition in 2012. The Panthers, currently full members of the CAA, started a football program in 2010. Like UMass in 2011, the 2012 Panthers will play a full CAA schedule and will be technically classified as CAA members. In July 2013, Georgia State will return to the Sun Belt Conference, which it had left in 1981, and will play a full conference schedule. Full FBS membership will follow in 2014.^[32]
• The University of North Carolina at Charlotte (Charlotte) will begin its FBS transition in 2013, the same year it starts its football program and rejoins C-USA. It will play as an FCS independent in 2013 and an FBS independent without bowl eligibility in 2014 before joining the C-USA football league in 2015.^[33]
• Old Dominion University, another full member of the CAA, has announced its departure for C-USA, also effective in 2013. Unlike Georgia State, ODU will not begin its FBS transition until 2013; this means that the 2012 Monarchs will be full CAA members and eligible for the FCS playoffs. ODU will become a C-USA football member alongside Charlotte in 2015.^[34]

Any conference with at least 12 football teams may split its teams into two divisions and conduct a championship game between the division winners.^[35][36] The prize is normally a specific bowl game bid for which the conference has a tie-in, or a guaranteed spot in the BCS (depending on the conference).

Some conferences have numbers in their names but this often has no relation to the number of member institutions in the conference. The Big Ten Conference did not formally adopt the "Big Ten" name until 1987, but unofficially used that name when it had 10 members from 1917 to 1946, and again from 1949 forward. However, it has continued to use the name even after it expanded to 11 members with the addition of Penn State in 1990 and 12 with the addition of Nebraska in 2011. The Big 12 Conference was established in 1996 with 12 members, but continues to use that name even after the 2011 departure of Colorado and Nebraska left the conference with 10 members. On the other hand, the Pacific-12 Conference has used names (official or unofficial) that have reflected the number of members since its current charter was established in 1959. The conference unofficially used "Big Five" (1959–62), "Big Six" (1962–64), and "Pacific-8" (1964–68) before officially adopting the "Pacific-8" name. The name duly changed to "Pacific-10" in 1978 with the addition of Arizona and Arizona State, and "Pacific-12" in 2011 when Colorado and Utah joined. Conferences also tend to ignore their regional names when adding new schools. For example, the Pac-8/10/12 retained its "Pacific" moniker even though its four newest members (Arizona, Arizona State, Colorado, Utah) are located in the inland West, and the Big East kept its name even after adding schools (either in all sports or for football only) located in areas traditionally considered to be in the Midwest (Cincinnati, DePaul, Marquette, Notre Dame), Upper South (Louisville, Memphis), Southwest (Houston, SMU) and Far West (Boise State, San Deigo State).

Conferences[link]

(** BCS Automatic Qualification (AQ) Conferences; this status will end in 2014 when the BCS establishes a four-team championship playoff)

Notes

Football Championship Subdivision[link]

The Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), formerly known as Division I-AA, determines its national champion on the field in a 20-team, single-elimination tournament.^[37] With the expansion of the tournament field in 2010 from 16 teams to 20, the champions of 10 conferences receive automatic bids, with 10 "at-large" spots; and the top 12 teams receive first-round byes. A team must have at least seven wins to be eligible for an at-large spot.^[38][39]

The tournament traditionally begins on Thanksgiving weekend in late November, and during the era of the 16-team field ran for four weeks, ending with the championship game in mid-December. Since 2010, the tournament has run for four weeks (for seeds 13–20) to determine the two finalists, who play for the FCS national title in early January in Frisco, Texas, the scheduled host through the 2012 season. For thirteen seasons, the title game was played in Chattanooga, Tennessee, (1997–2009), preceded by five seasons in Huntington, West Virginia, where host Marshall advanced to the title game in four of the five years.^[40]

When I-AA was formed in 1978, the playoffs included just four teams for its first three seasons, doubling to eight teams for one season in 1981. From 1982 to 1985, I-AA had a 12-team tournament, with each of the top four seeds receiving a first-round bye and a home game in the quarterfinals.^[41] The I-AA playoffs went to 16 teams in 1986, and the FCS playoffs expanded to 20 teams starting in 2010. After 28 seasons, the "I-AA" was dropped by the NCAA in 2006, although it is still informally and commonly used.

Abstainers[link]

The Football Championship Subdivision includes several conferences which do not participate in the eponymous post-season championship tournament. The Ivy League was lowered to I-AA (FCS) following the 1981 season,^[42] and plays a strict ten-game schedule. It has yet to participate in the post-season tournament, despite an automatic bid, citing academic concerns. The Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) has its own championship game in mid-December between the champions of its East and West divisions. Also, three of its member schools traditionally do not finish their regular seasons until Thanksgiving weekend. Grambling State and Southern play each other in the Bayou Classic, and Alabama State plays Tuskegee University (a Division II team) in the Turkey Day Classic. SWAC teams are eligible to accept at-large bids if their schedule is not in conflict. The last SWAC team to participate in the I-AA playoffs was Jackson State in 1997; the SWAC never achieved success in the tournament, going winless in 19 games in twenty years (1978–97).

From 2006 through 2009, the Pioneer Football League and Northeast Conference champions played in the Gridiron Classic, though all conference teams technically remained tournament eligible. If a league champion was invited to the national championship, the second-place team would play in the Gridiron Classic. That game was scrapped after the 2009 season when its four-year contract ran out; this coincided with the NCAA's announcement that the Northeast Conference would get an automatic bid to the tournament starting in 2010. The Big South Conference also received an automatic bid in the same season.

Schools in a transition period after joining the FCS from a lower division (or from the NAIA) are also ineligible for the playoffs.

Scholarships[link]

Division I FCS schools are currently restricted to giving financial assistance amounting to 63 full scholarships. As FCS football is an "equivalency" sport (as opposed to the "head-count" status of FBS football), Championship Subdivision schools may divide their allotment into partial scholarships. However, FCS schools may only have 85 players receiving any sort of athletic financial aid for football—the same numeric limit as FBS schools. Because of competitive forces, however, a substantial number of players in Championship Subdivision programs are on full scholarships. Another difference is that FCS schools are allowed to award financial aid to as many as 30 new players per season, as opposed to 25 in FBS.

A few Championship Subdivision conferences are composed of schools that offer no athletic scholarships at all, most notably the Ivy League and the Pioneer Football League, a football-only conference. The Ivy League allows no athletic scholarships at all, while the PFL consists of schools that offer scholarships in other sports but choose not to take on the expense of a scholarship football program. The Northeast Conference also sponsored non-scholarship football, but began offering a maximum of 30 full scholarship equivalents in 2006, which grew to 40 in 2011 after a later vote of the league's school presidents and athletic directors. The Patriot League does not currently give football scholarships, but permits them in other sports (athletes receiving these scholarships are ineligible to play football for Patriot League schools). Starting with the class entering in the 2013 season, the Patriot League will allow its members to offer football scholarships; when the transition to scholarship football is complete, member schools will be allowed up to 60 full scholarship equivalents.^[43]

Conferences[link]

Notes

Division I non-football schools[link]

Several Bowl Subdivision and Championship Subdivision conferences have member institutions that do not compete in football. Such schools are sometimes unofficially referred to as I-AAA.^[44] For example, the Big East Conference, a Bowl Subdivision conference in football, has five members that discontinued their football programs (DePaul, Marquette, Providence, Seton Hall, and St. John's), plus an additional two members who play football in Championship Subdivision conferences (Georgetown and Villanova); conference member Notre Dame plays football as a Bowl Subdivision independent.

Bowl Subdivision football independents Army and Navy compete in the Patriot League, a FCS conference, in all other sports sponsored by that league.

In addition, some schools officially affiliated with conferences that do not sponsor football do, in fact, field football teams. For example:

• UC Davis and Cal Poly, members of the non-football Big West Conference, both have FCS football teams which will leave the Great West Conference for the Big Sky Conference in 2012.
• Hawaiʻi will join the Big West Conference in 2012. Its football program will join the Mountain West Conference at the same time. The following year, San Diego State will join the Big West, while its football program joins the Big East.
• BYU and San Diego are members of the West Coast Conference, but still participate in football—respectively as an FBS independent and a member of the FCS Pioneer Football League.
• Two members of the non-football America East Conference—Albany and Stony Brook—are associate football members of FCS conferences, with Albany in the Northeast Conference and Stony Brook in the Big South Conference.
• The Northeast Conference has a second associate football member from a non-football conference in Duquesne, a full member of the Atlantic 10 Conference.

The following Division I conferences do not sponsor football. These conferences still compete in Division I for all sports that they sponsor.

Conferences[link]

Of these, the two that most recently sponsored football were the Atlantic-10 and the MAAC. The A-10 football league dissolved in 2006 with its members going to the Colonial Athletic Association. In addition, four A-10 schools (Dayton, Fordham, Duquesne, and Temple) play football in a conference other than the new CAA, which still includes three full-time A-10 members (Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Richmond; only Richmond will remain in 2013). The MAAC stopped sponsoring football in 2007, after most of its members gradually stopped fielding teams.

Other non-football conference schools that sponsor football include six of the Missouri Valley schools (Drake, Illinois State, Indiana State, Missouri State, Northern Iowa, and Southern Illinois) and three of the Horizon League schools (Butler, Valparaiso, and Youngstown State). The Missouri Valley Football Conference is a separate entity from the Missouri Valley Conference, despite sharing a name (from 2008).

Division I in ice hockey[link]

As ice hockey is limited to a much smaller number of almost exclusively Northern schools, there is a completely different conference structure for teams.^[23] These conferences feature a mix of teams that play their other sports in various Division I conferences, and even Division II and Division III schools. With the exception of the Ivy League's hockey-playing schools being members of the ECAC, there is no correlation between a team's ice hockey affiliation and its affiliation for other sports. For example, the Hockey East men's conference consists of one ACC school, one Big East school, four schools from America East, one from the A-10, one CAA school, and two schools from the D-II Northeast Ten Conference, whereas the CCHA and WCHA both have some Big Ten representation, plus Division II and III schools. Also, the divisional structure is truncated, with the Division II championship abolished in 1999.

Starting with the 2013–2014 season, Division I men's hockey will experience a major realignment. The Big Ten Conference will become the first regular all-sport Division I conference to sponsor hockey since the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ceased its sponsorship of the sport in 2003,^[45] with the remaining members forming Atlantic Hockey. Existing Big Ten schools will withdraw their membership from the WCHA and CCHA.^[46] Additionally, six other schools from those conferences are withdrawing to form the new National Collegiate Hockey Conference at the same time,^[47] and several other schools are expected to change conferences to replace the schools which are leaving.

Conferences[link]

Controversy[link]

In the early 21st century, a controversy arose in the NCAA over whether schools will continue to be allowed to have one showcased program in Division I with the remainder of the athletic program in a lower division, as is the case of, notably, Johns Hopkins University lacrosse as well as Colorado College and University of Alabama in Huntsville in ice hockey. This is an especially important issue in hockey, which has no Division II national championship and has several schools whose other athletic programs compete in Division II and Division III.

This controversy was resolved at the 2004 NCAA Convention in Nashville, Tennessee when the members supported Proposal 65-1, the amended legislation co-sponsored by Colorado College, Clarkson University, Hartwick College, the Johns Hopkins University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Rutgers University-Newark, St. Lawrence University, and SUNY Oneonta.^[48][49] Each school affected by this debate is allowed to grant financial aid to student-athletes who compete in Division I programs in one men's sport and one women's sport. It is still permitted for other schools to place one men's and one women's sport in Division I going forward, but they cannot offer scholarships without bringing the whole program into compliance with Division I rules. In addition, schools in Divisions II and III are allowed to "play up" in any sport that does not have a Division II championship, but only Division II programs and any Division III programs covered by the exemption can offer scholarships in those sports.

The Division I programs at each of the eight "waiver schools" which were grandfathered with the passing of Proposal 65-1 were:

• Clarkson University – men's and women's ice hockey
• Colorado College – men's ice hockey, women's soccer
• Hartwick College – men's soccer, women's water polo
• Johns Hopkins University – men's and women's lacrosse
• Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – men's ice hockey (women's ice hockey moved up to Division I in 2005)
• Rutgers University-Newark – men's volleyball
• St. Lawrence University – men's and women's ice hockey
• SUNY Oneonta – men's soccer (dropped down to Division III in 2006)

See also[link]

• List of NCAA Division I institutions
• List of Division I athletic directors
• List of schools reclassifying their athletic programs to NCAA Division I
• National Collegiate Women's Ice Hockey Championship

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• List of Division I schools at NCAA.org

v t e National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I sports and championships Institutions Athletic directors Baseball (Championship, CWS) Basketball (Men, Women) Women's bowling Boxing Cross country (Men, Women) Fencing (Team, Individual) Women's field hockey Football (FBS / BCS, FCS) Golf (Men, Women) Gymnastics (Men, Women) Ice hockey (Men, Women) Lacrosse (Men, Women) Rifle Rowing (Women's Championship) Skiing Soccer (Men, Women) Softball (Championship, CWS) Swimming and diving (Men, Women) Tennis (Men, Women) Track and field (Men's indoor and outdoor, Women's indoor and outdoor) Volleyball (Men, Women) Water polo (Men, Women) Wrestling (Championship) Division II Institutions Baseball (CWS) Basketball (Men, Women) Football (Championship) Soccer (Men) Softball (CWS) Division III Institutions Baseball (CWS) Basketball (Men, Women) Football (Championship) Soccer (Men) Softball (CWS)

German Fernandez

German Fernandez, after winning the 2009 US Junior Cross Country Championships
Personal information
Born	(1990-11-02) 2 November 1990 (age 21)
Sport
Country	United States
Event(s)	Cross Country, Middle Distance Track and Field
Team	Oklahoma State Cowboys (2008-present)
Achievements and titles
Personal best(s)	1500 m: 3:39.00 Mile: 3:55.02 3000 m: 7:47.97 5000 m: 13:25.46

German Fernandez (born November 2, 1990) is an American collegiate runner from Riverbank, California, known for his performance in high school cross country and track and field. He is most well known for running the CA Cross Country State Meet course record (14:24), as well as running a new American high-school record, 8:34 for two miles, at the 2008 Nike Outdoor Nationals championship. He also holds the World Junior Indoor Mile record at 3:55.02.

He currently attends Oklahoma State University.

High school[link]

Fernandez was coached by Bruce Edwards of Riverbank High School, which competes in Division IV of the Sac-Joaquin Section. Fernandez first drew some attention as a high school freshman in track, when he raced 1600m in 4:22.95.^[1] During his 2005 CIF State championship victory, he clocked the second fastest sophomore time of all divisions, 15:14, on the heralded Woodward Park course. He went through a number of injuries throughout his junior year, giving him a relatively slow season.^[2] Fernandez set a number of course records in California. He won the prestigious Stanford Invitational (5k) with a time of 14:42, gapping the second place runner by 40 seconds.^[3] He won the Sac-Joaquin Section finals race with a time of 15:03, setting the course record and leading his team to win the section title.^[4] This culminated with his performance at the 2007 California CIF state meet where he ran the 5k race in 14:24, breaking the historic course record set by Olympian Marc Davis by 14 seconds.^[5] The performance is seen as one of the most outstanding in the history of high school distance running.^[6]

In 2007, Fernandez took first place at the Foot Locker West Regional, finishing in a time of 14:53.^[7] Fernandez capped his high school cross country career by placing third at the 2007 Foot Locker Cross Country Championships, 19 seconds behind winner Mike Fout of LaPorte, IN.

On February 16, 2008 Fernandez won the USATF Cross Country Junior Nationals at Mission Bay Park in San Diego, California in 24:18. This earned him a berth to the USA squad for the IAAF Junior World Cross Country Championships.^[8][9]

In the 2008 CIF California State Meet at Cerritos College in Norwalk, California, Fernandez ran a 4:00.29 for 1600 meters to break Ryan Hall's state meet record of 4:02.62, and 3 hours later, ran the 3200m in 8:34.23. Fernandez's 8:34.23 (~=8:37.43 for 2 miles) converts slightly slower to the American high school 2-mile (3.2 km) record of 8:36.3. However, his 4:00.29/8:34.23 double for 1600/3200 meters is the fastest distance double in American high school history, beating Rich Kimball's 4:06.6/8:46.5 mile/two-mile double set at the 1974 California state high school championship meet.

Three weeks later, on June 20, 2008, Fernandez surpassed Jeff Nelson's 29-year-old national high school record for the 2-mile (3.2 km) race at Nike Outdoor Nationals, winning with a time of 8:34.40.Fernandez opened his first mile in 4:19.4, and finished with a second mile of 4:15. He also broke Galen Rupp's high school 3000 meter record with a 3000 meter split of 7:59.82.^[10]

College[link]

The top distance recruit in the nation, Fernandez elected to attend Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, Oklahoma to run for Coach Dave Smith. During the Razorback Invitational, Fernandez broke a World Junior Record by running 3:56.5 mile indoors. At the Big 12 Championships, he ran 3:55.02 to further his record and beat the converted collegiate indoor record in the mile.

In outdoor track, he broke Galen Rupp's American Junior Record at 5000 meters at the Payton Jordan Cardinal Invitational, but Chris Derrick finished ahead of German to take the American Junior Record. However, at the 2009 USA Outdoor Track and Field National Championships he placed 5th in the 5000m, beating Derrick's American Junior Record in a time of 13:25.46.

He was the 2009 NCAA Division I champion in the outdoor 1500 meters, winning in 3:39.^[11]

Personal bests[link]

* This is the Junior (under age 20) Indoor World Record and ties the U.S. Collegiate Indoor Record

** Stood as the American High School record until 2011

*** This is the Junior (under age 20) U.S.A. national record

References[link]

External links[link]

• Flotrack Race Videos/Interviews with German Fernandez

Anthony Robles (born July 20, 1988) is a wrestler who won the 2010-11 NCAA individual wrestling championship in the 125-pound weight class despite being born with only one leg. He is the author of the forthcoming book Unstoppable: From Underdog to Undefeated: How I Became a Champion (Gotham Books), on-sale September 27th 2012.^[1]

Youth[link]

Robles was born with only one leg, but refused to wear a prosthetic leg, removing it at the age of 3.^[2] Due to his leg being missing all the way up to the hip, he has no stump to attach a prosthetic limb to. He endeavored to work around his missing leg, strengthening his body with various exercises. When Robles was in the sixth grade, he set a record for the most pushups by a member of his school.^[2] He began wrestling in the eighth grade, joining in while watching one of his older cousins practice. Robles won two Arizona State wrestling championships, going 96-0 in his junior and senior years combined at Mesa High School, in Mesa, Arizona.^[3] Robles finished his high school wrestling career with a record of 129-15.

Arizona State[link]

Robles redshirted as a freshman at Arizona State University, and finished 6th in the 2006 FILA Junior World Championships in the 55 kg Freestyle Wrestling category.^[3] Robles started his collegiate wrestling career in 2007-08, where he was nationally ranked ^[2][3] and finished the year with a record of 25-11, falling just short of being named as an All-American. In his second competitive year as a collegiate wrestler (2008–2009) Robles earned All-American Honors, finishing the year 29-8, winning the Pacific-10 Conference Championship at 125 pounds and finishing fourth in the NCAA Championship's 125 pound weight class tournament. In 2009-10, Robles again earned All-American honors, finishing seventh in the NCAA 125 pound weight class, going 32-4 on the season, and repeating as the Pac-10 125 pound wrestling champion.

In Robles' final year of eligibility (2010–11), Robles went undefeated, going 36-0 on the year,^[4] becoming a three-time Pac-10 champion (defeating Jason Lara from Oregon State in the final,^[5] and a national champion, defeating the defending 125 pound NCAA Champion, Iowa's Matt McDonough 7-1 in the final. For his efforts, Robles was voted the Tournament's Most Outstanding Wrestler.^[6]

The 5'8" ^[7] Robles concluded his Arizona State wrestling career with a record of 122-23, a three-time Pac-10 wrestling champion as well as a three-time All-American. Robles ranks 8th for most match wins by an Arizona State wrestler.^[4]

Future[link]

Robles has stated that he wishes to become a motivational speaker, specifically for those who face similar handicaps.^[8]

Awards and honors[link]

In January 2012, Robles was presented the 2011 Most Courageous Athlete Award by the Philadelphia Sports Writers Association.^[9][10]

See also[link]

• Jim Abbott, a former Major League Baseball pitcher born with only one hand
• Casey Martin, a disabled golfer
• Oscar Pistorius, a runner with no legs
• Faldir Chahbari, a kickboxer with one functioning eye
• Kevin Laue, a basketball player with one hand

References[link]

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2010)

Matthew McDonough (born March 12, 1969) is the drummer for heavy metal band Mudvayne. McDonough is the band's original drummer and has appeared and performed on every release by Mudvayne. He holds a respected place in the world of drumming for his signature drumming style.^[1][2]

Within Mudvayne, Matthew is the person who was probably the most influential in setting the direction for the concept themes on the band's first two albums. Matthew is also known for composing, recording, mixing, and mastering the electronic interludes on both L.D. 50 and The End of All Things to Come.^[3]

For his solo work, Matthew released his first album under the alias "MjDawn",^[4] called Frequency Response in 2008.^[5] In the album, he is experimenting with acoustic drumming and Electronica. Matthew, as MjDawn, also has several side projects both with ambient/electronica artist Vir Unis under the band name 'MiKroNaught' and with guitarist RFSans under the band name ultrAtheist.^{[citation needed]}

On the production side of the music industry, he is co-owner of the label AtmoWorks together with Vir Unis.

Equipment[link]

He uses Pearl Drums, Alchemy Cymbals, Easton Ahead Drum sticks, and Evans Drum heads. His Pearl Masterworks Kit with custom Tobacco Fade Finish and custom Satin Chrome Hardware :

• 20x16 Bass Drum
• 13x8 Custom Snare Drum
• 8x7 tom (suspended directly on top of his 10x8 tom)
• 10x8 tom
• 12x9 tom
• 14x10 tom
• 16x16 Suspended floor tom
• 18x16 suspended floor tom (to his left)

References[link]

Mike Krzyzewski
Sport(s)	Basketball
Current position
Title	Head coach
Team	Duke
Conference	ACC
Record	854–230 (.788)
Biographical details
Born	(1947-02-13) February 13, 1947 (age 65) Chicago, Illinois
Playing career
1966–1969	Army
Position(s)	Point guard, shooting guard
Coaching career (HC unless noted)
College 1974–1975 1975–1980 1980–present International 1979 1984 1987 1990 1992 2006–present	Indiana (assistant) Army Duke USA (assistant) USA (assistant) USA USA USA (assistant) USA
Head coaching record
Overall	927–289 (.762)
Tournaments	79–23 (NCAA) 2–2 (NIT) 54–18 (ACC)
Accomplishments and honors
Championships 4 NCAA Tournament Championships (1991, 1992, 2001, 2010) 11 Regional Championships – Final Four (1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2010) 13 ACC Tournament Championships (1986, 1988, 1992, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011) 12 ACC Regular Season Championships (1986, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2010) Accomplishments 8 NCAA Championship Games: (1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1999, 2001, 2010) 12 Elite Eights: (1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2010)
Awards 2x Basketball Times National Coach of the Year (1986, 1997) 3x Naismith College Coach of the Year (1989, 1992, 1999) NABC Coach of the Year (1991) 5x ACC Coach of the Year (1984, 1986, 1997, 1999, 2000)
Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2001 (profile)
College Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2006
Medal record Head Coach for  United States men's national basketball team Olympic Games Gold 2008 Beijing Men's Basketball FIBA Americas Championship Gold 2007 Las Vegas Men's Basketball FIBA World Championship Bronze 1990 Argentina Men's Basketball Bronze 2006 Japan Men's Basketball Gold 2010 Turkey Men's Basketball Goodwill Games Silver 1990 Seattle Men's Basketball World University Games Silver 1987 Zagreb Men's Basketball Assistant Coach for  United States men's national basketball team Olympic Games Gold 1984 Los Angeles Men's Basketball Gold 1992 Barcelona Men's Basketball FIBA Americas Championship Gold 1992 Portland Men's Basketball Pan American Games Gold 1979 Puerto Rico Men's Basketball

Michael William "Mike" Krzyzewski ( /ʃəˈʃɛvski/ shə-SHEV-ski; Polish: Krzyżewski [kʂɨˈʐɛ(f)ski]; nicknamed "Coach K"; born February 13, 1947) is an American basketball coach and former player. Since 1980, he has served as the head men's basketball coach at Duke University. At Duke, Krzyzewski has led the Blue Devils to four NCAA Championships, 11 Final Fours, 12 Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) regular season titles, and 13 ACC Tournament championships. Krzyzewski is also the coach of the United States men's national basketball team, whom he led to a gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2010 FIBA World Championship. He was an assistant coach on the 1992 "Dream Team".

From 1975 to 1980, Krzyzewski was the head basketball coach at the United States Military Academy, where he played from 1966 to 1969 under Bob Knight. Krzyzewski has amassed a record 79 NCAA tournament victories, while averaging 25 wins per season.^[1] He was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame following the 2001 season. On November 15, 2011, Krzyzewski led Duke to a 74–69 victory over Michigan State at Madison Square Garden to become the winningest coach in NCAA Division I men's basketball history. Krzyzewski's 903rd victory surpassed the previous record of 902, held by his former coach, Bob Knight.

Early years and playing career[link]

Krzyzewski with Bob Knight

Krzyzewski was born in Chicago, the son of Polish American parents Emily M. (née Pituch) and William Krzyzewski.^[2][3] He has roots in the Pittsburgh area, as his maternal grandparents emigrated from Poland to Keisterville, Pennsylvania. Up until he was 10 or 12, he visited there every summer; Krzyzewski had stated that he suspects the purpose of such trips was to "teach you to know where you came from and to be proud of it."^[4]

Raised as a Catholic, Krzyzewski attended Archbishop Weber High School in Chicago, a Catholic prep school for boys.^[5] He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1969, and played basketball under Bob Knight while training to become an officer in the Army. He was captain of the Army basketball team in his senior season, 1968–69, leading his team to the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) at Madison Square Garden in New York City.

From 1969 to 1974, Krzyzewski served in the Army and directed service teams for three years. In 2005 he was presented West Point's Distinguished Graduate Award.^[6]

Coaching career[link]

Indiana and Army[link]

Krzyzewski retired from active duty in 1974 and started his coaching career as an assistant on Knight's staff with the Indiana Hoosiers during their historic 1974–75 season. After one year with Indiana, Krzyzewski returned to West Point as head coach of the Army Cadets. He led the Cadets to a 73–59 record and one NIT berth in five seasons, before leaving to coach at Duke.

Duke[link]

On March 18, 1980, Krzyzewski was named the head coach at Duke University after five seasons at Army.^[7] After a few rebuilding seasons, he and the Blue Devils became a fixture on the national basketball scene with 27 NCAA Tournament berths in the past 28 years and 17 consecutive from 1996 to 2012, which is the second-longest current streak of tournament appearances behind Kansas, which has appeared in the tournament in 22 consecutive seasons. Overall, he has taken his program to postseason play in 28 of his 31 years at Duke and is the most winning active coach in men's NCAA Tournament play with a 79–23 record for a .775 winning percentage. His Duke teams have won 13 ACC Championships, been to 11 Final Fours, and won four NCAA tournament National Championships.

On February 13, 2010, Krzyzewski coached in his 1000th game as the Duke head coach. On March 20, 2011, Krzyzewski won his 900th game, becoming only the second head coach with at least 900 wins, the other being his head coach at Army, Bob Knight.^[8] On November 15, 2011, Krzyzewski got his 903rd win passing Knight's record for most Division I wins. In an interview of both men on ESPN the previous night, Krzyzewski discussed the leadership skills he learned from Knight and the United States Military Academy. Knight credited Krzyzewski's understanding of himself and his players as keys to his success over the years.^[9]

International[link]

Krzyzewski has been the head coach of several USA men's national teams, winning a silver medal at the 1987 World University Games, a bronze medal at the 1990 FIBA World Championship, a silver medal at the 1990 Goodwill Games, a bronze medal at the 2006 FIBA World Championship, and gold medals at the 2007 FIBA Americas Championship, the 2010 FIBA World Championship, and 2008 Summer Olympics. He was also an assistant coach to the USA teams which won gold medals at the 1984 and 1992 Olympics as well as the 1979 Pan American Games Team and 1992 Tournament of the Americas.

In 2005, he was appointed coach of the national team through the Beijing Olympics. In the 2006 FIBA World Championship, the USA won the bronze medal after losing in the semifinals to Greece and then beating defending Olympic gold medalist Argentina for third place. On August 24, 2008, Krzyzewski's U.S. team won the gold medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. "The Redeem Team" finished the tournament with a perfect 8–0 record. He coached the U.S. team for the 2010 FIBA World Championship and led Team USA to a perfect 8-0 record, defeating host Turkey in the gold medal game, 81–64. Krzyzewski has amassed a total record of 35–1 (.972) as head coach of the USA National Team through the 2010 FIBA World Championship. The team has captured three golds (FIBA Americas Championship 2007, 2008 Summer Olympics, and the 2010 FIBA World Championship) and one bronze (2006 FIBA World Championship). His teams have yet to lose in pool play.

Awards and recognition[link]

President George W. Bush congratulating Mike Krzyzewski and the 2001 champions at the White House

During his long tenure at Duke, Krzyzewski has been given the opportunity to coach in the NBA five times. The first time came after the 1990 season when he led the Blue Devils to their third straight Final Four appearance. The Boston Celtics offered a coaching position to Krzyzewski, but he soon declined their offer. The next season, Krzyzewski proceeded to lead the Blue Devils to the first of two straight national championships. In 1994, he was pursued by the Portland Trail Blazers, but again he chose to stay with Duke. In 2004, Krzyzewski was also interviewed by the Los Angeles Lakers following the departure of high-profile coach Phil Jackson. He was given a formal offer from Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak, reportedly for five years, $40 million and part ownership, but again turned down the NBA. In 2010, the New Jersey Nets were reportedly willing to pay Krzyzewski between $12 million and $15 million per season to coach the Nets. Krzyzewski again declined the offer and stayed at Duke.^[10] In 2011, Krzyzewski was offered the vacant coaching position for the Minnesota Timberwolves

Duke has named the floor at its basketball venue, Cameron Indoor Stadium, "Coach "K" Court" in his honor. Similarly, the grassy area outside of Cameron has been named Krzyzewskiville or "K-Ville." On February 28, 2007, Duke named its new basketball practice facility the "Michael W. Krzyzewski Center" — Dedicated to Academic & Athletic Excellence. The 56,000-square-foot (5,200 m²) building was dedicated on February 8, 2008, and also houses the Academic Support Center for all of Duke's 600 student-athletes and an expanded Sports Hall of Fame and event center.

His alma mater inducted him into its sports hall of fame on September 11, 2009, the night before the Army vs. Duke football game.^[11] Additionally, West Point annually awards the "Coach K Teaching Character Through Sports" award each spring to cadets and coaches who display superior ethics and character through sport.^[12]

Krzyzewski has won the following awards:

• 1986, Basketball Times, CBS/Chevrolet, UPI National COY awards
• 1989, Naismith National COY
• 1991, United States Sports Academy awarded Kryzewski the Amos Alonzo Stagg Coaching Award.^[13]
• 2001, Victor Award
• 1984, ACC COY
• 1986, ACC COY
• 1997, ACC COY
• 1999, ACC COY
• 2000, ACC COY
• 2010, Chris Phillips Award
• 2001, Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall Of Fame.
• 2001, Time magazine and CNN named Krzyzewski "America's Best Coach"; the award was not limited to any particular sport.
• 2008, United States Sports Academy awarded Krzyzewski the Amos Alonzo Stagg Coaching Award.^[13]
• 2011, Sports Illustrated "Sportsman of the Year"

Coaching tree[link]

Coach K speaking at West Point, April 27, 2010

Nine of Krzyzewski's players and assistant coaches have become head coaches at other schools:

• Tommy Amaker: Seton Hall (1997–2001), Michigan (2001–2007), Harvard (2007–present)
• Bob Bender: Washington (1993–2002)
• Mike Brey: Delaware (1995–2000), Notre Dame (2000–present)
• Jeff Capel: VCU (2002–2006), Oklahoma (2006–2011)
• Johnny Dawkins: Stanford (2008–present)
• Mike Dement: UNC Greensboro (1991–1995, 2005–2011), SMU (1995–2004)
• David Henderson: Delaware (2000–2006)
• Tim O'Toole: Fairfield (1998–2006)
• Quin Snyder: Missouri (1999–2006)

Three former players—Steve Wojciechowski, Chris Collins, and Jeff Capel—currently work under him as assistants at Duke. Another former player and assistant, Nate James, works under him as a special assistant. No team coached by one of Krzyzewski's former players has beaten the Blue Devils. However, during the 2007 NCAA tournament (1st round) the Blue Devils fell to Virginia Commonwealth University, whose core players had been recruited by former VCU coach Jeff Capel before he left for the head coaching position at Oklahoma. Krzyzewski has also coached NBA general managers: Danny Ferry, formerly of the Cleveland Cavaliers, and Billy King, of the New Jersey Nets. Former player and captain Chip Engelland has served as assistant coach and shooting specialist to the San Antonio Spurs since 2005, Quin Snyder is an assistant coach for the Los Angeles Lakers, Bob Bender is an assistant coach for the Atlanta Hawks and Chris Carrawell, is an assistant coach for the Springfield Armor of the NBDL.^[14]

Family and charity[link]

Krzyzewski married his wife, Carol "Mickie" Marsh, in the Catholic chapel at West Point on the day of his graduation in 1969. They have three daughters and eight grandchildren.^[15] His charitable activities have included the Emily Krzyzewski Center, a community center in Durham named after his mother, as well as the Duke Children’s Hospital, the Children's Miracle Network, and the V Foundation for Cancer Research.^[5]

Head coaching record[link]

^[16]

See also[link]

• List of college men's basketball coaches with 600 wins
• List of NCAA Men's Division I Final Four appearances by coach
• List of NCAA Men's Division I Elite Eight appearances by coach
• NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament consecutive appearances

Notes[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mike Krzyzewski

• Official website
• Duke profile
• Mike Krzyzewski at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Sporting positions
Preceded by Pepu Hernández	FIBA World Championship Winning Coach 2010	Succeeded by Incumbent