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Hazara Province

* Peshawar

* Hazara

* Kohat

Punjab

Azad Kashmir

|region=South Asia |speakers=approx. 2.2–4 million |fam2=Indo-Iranian |fam3=Indo-Aryan |fam4=Northwestern zone |fam5=Lahnda |script=Nasta'liq script, Devanagari script |nation= |agency= |lc1=hnd|ld1=Southern|ll1=none |lc2=hno|ld2=Northern|ll1=none |notice=Indic}} Hindko (, ), also Hindku, or Hinko, is the sixth main regional language of Pakistan. It forms a subgroup of Indo-Aryan languages spoken by Hindkowans in Pakistan and northern India, some Pashtun tribes in Pakistan, as well as by the Hindki people of Afghanistan. Hindko, has also been interpreted to mean the language of India and most probably Indus which of course is the source of etymology for all these words. The word Hindko has also been interpreted to mean the language of India. The term is also found in Greek references to the mountainous region in eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan as Καύκασος Ινδικός (Caucasus Indicus, or Hindu Kush). The language is spoken in the areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (including Hazara), Punjab (including Attock), and Pakistan Administered Kashmir.

There is no generic name for these people because they belong to diverse ethnicities and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or castes. However the people of the largest group in the districts of Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Battagram and Kohistan are sometimes recognised collectively as Hazarawal, named after the defunct Hazara Division that comprised these districts. In Peshawar city they are called Peshawari or "Kharay" by Pashtuns meaning City-dwellers.

History and origin

During the pre-Islamic era in present day Pakistan, the language of the masses was refined by the ancient grammarian Pāṇini, who set the rules of an ancient language called Sanskrit which was used principally for Hindu scriptures (analogous to Latin in the Western world). Meanwhile, the vernacular language of the masses, Prakrit developed into many tongues and dialects which spread over the northern parts of South Asia. Hindko is believed to be closely related to Prakrit. It has undergone very little grammatical corruption, but has borrowed considerable vocabulary from its neighbours, in particular Pashto. It shows close affinity to Punjabi and the Lahnda sub-group of Indo-Aryan tongues and can be sub-divided into a northern and southern dialect (the southern dialect shows some similarity with Saraiki as opposed to Punjabi). The language is mutually intelligible with other Lahnda dialects such as Pothwari and western Punjabi.

Speakers

The largest geographically contiguous group of Hindko speakers is concentrated in the districts of Abbottabad, Haripur, Mansehra, Attock of Pakistan, while there are a substantial number of speakers of Hindko in cities like Peshawar, Nowshera, Swabi and Kohat of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and parts of both Kashmirs.

People who speak Hindko are referred to by some academics as Pathans probably because of the many Pashtun tribes, for example Shilmani/Sulemani, Mashwanis, Jadoons, Tareen, Tanolis, who settled in places like Hazara, adopted Hindko as their first language and gained political power in these areas during the British rule, and also because of many ethnic Pashtuns such as Kakar, Durrani, Popalzai, Sadozai, Bangash, Khattak, Yousafzai, Ghaznavi and Khogyani, etc. who speak Hindko as their first language in Peshawar and Kohat are Pashtuns by origin. The Hindko speaking people living in major cities Peshawar, Kohat, Nowshera, and Attock are bilingual in Pashto and Hindko. Similarly many Pashto speaking people in districts like Abbottabad and Mansehra (especially in Agror Valley and northern Tanawal) have become bilingual in Pashto and Hindko.

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Imperial Gazetteer (1905) refers to the language as Hindko. More than one interpretation has been offered for the term Hindko. Some associate it with Hindustan (as the word may have been used during the medieval Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent), others with the Indus River which is of course the etymological source of all these terms. Farigh Bukhari and South Asian language expert and historian Christopher Shackle believe that Hindko was a generic term applied to the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum in the northwest frontier territories and adjacent district of Attock in the Punjab province to differentiate it from Pashto.

Linguists classify the language into the Indic subgroup of Indo-European languages and consider it to be one of the Indo-Iranian languages of the area. An estimated 2.4 per cent of the total population of Pakistan speak Hindko as their mother tongue, with more rural than urban households reporting Hindko as their household language.

Demographics

The speakers of Hindko live primarily in seven districts: Mansehra, Abbottabad, Haripur, Peshawar, Nowshera, Swabi and Kohat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Attock and Rawalpindi in Punjab and parts of Pakistan-administered Kashmir including Muzaffarabad; Jonathan Addleton states that "Hindko is the linguistic majority in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, represented in nearly one-third of the province's total households." (Pakhtunkhwa referring to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province.) In Abbottabad District 88 per cent of households reported speaking Hindko, in Mansehra District 77 per cent, in Peshawar District 35 per cent, and in Kohat District 40 per cent (1986). Testing of inherent intelligibility among Hindko dialects through the use of recorded tests has shown that there is a northern (Hazara) dialect group and a southern group. The southern dialects are more widely understood throughout the dialect network than are the northern dialects. The dialects of rural Peshawar and Talagang are the most widely understood of the dialects tested. The dialect of Balakot is the least widely understood.

In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighbouring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley than elsewhere). In Abottabad, it is now being advanced due to usage of Urdu words. It is spoken by the Mashwanis, Jadoons, Tanoli, Mughals, and Awans. In the mixed areas, many people speak both languages. The relationship between Hindko and Pashto is not one of stable bilingualism. In the north east, Hindko is the dominant language both in terms of domain of usage and in terms of the number of speakers, whereas in the south west, Pashto seems to be advancing in those same areas.

The Gandhara Hindko Board has published the first dictionary of the language and its launching ceremony was held on March 16, 2003. According to a press release, Sultan Sakoon, a prominent Hindko poet, compiled the dictionary.

Hindko speakers are also found throughout Afghanistan, where they are known as Hindkois.

Literature and writers

The Gandhara Hindko Board is a leading organisation that has been active in the preservation and promotion of the Hindko language and Hindkowan culture since 1993. The board was launched in Peshawar in year 1993 to preserve and promote Hindko language—the second language of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It brings out two regular publications-- "Hindkowan" and "The Gandhara Voice" and a number of occasional publications. The board is headed by Professor Dr Zahoor Ahmad Awan of Peshawar city who has to his credit 61 books and publications. The board has published first Hindko dictionary and several other books on a variety of topics. With head office in Peshawar, the organisation has regional offices in other cities of the province where Hindko language is spoken and understood. The organisation has arranged a number of mega events to raise awareness among the Hindkowans about the importance of their language and culture. The board seeks respect for and due attention to all the languages spoken in Gandhara. 1

In 2003 the Gandhara Hindko Board published first a Hindko dictionary which was compiled by a prominent language researcher from Abbottabad, Sultan Sakoon. The board published a second more comprehensive Hindko dictionary in 2007 prepared by Dr Elahi Bakhsh Awan of the University of London. He is the author of Sarzamin e Hindko, and Hindko Sautiyat. His three booklets on Hindko Phonology were published by the University of Peshawar in the late 70's.

The Idara-e-Faroghe Hindko based in Peshawar is another body that is promoting the Hindko language. Riffat Swati and Aurangzeb Ghaznavi are main people of this organisation. The Idara has published the first Hindko translation of the Quran by Haider Zaman Haider and the first Ph.D. thesis on Hindko by Dr E.B.A.Awan. A monthly Magazine Faroogh is also published regularly from Peshawar under supervision of Aurangzeb Ghaznavi. In Karachi Dr. Syed Mehboob is also working for the promotion of Hindko language. Dr. Syed Mehboob also is the member of Qaumi Flahi Forum an umbrella working for the promotion of Hindko languages under the guidance and supervision of Riffat Akbar Sawati " The Madre Hindko". Dr. Syed Mehboob is a prominent columnist, researcher and journalist who published more than 550 articles, and is also an author of three books.His recent essay "noor e Muhammad nal dowen jahan roshan hen" published in monthly Farogh Peshawar is widle liked and lauded by Hindkowans.

Many organisations like Bazm-e-Ilm-o-Fun Abbottabad and Halqa-e-Yaraan Shinkyari are contributing in their own way to the cause of promoting Hindko language and literature. Mr. Asif Saqib, Prof. Sufi Abdur Rasheed, Col. Fazal-e-Akbar Kamal, Mr. Sharif Hussain Shah, Prof. Muhammad Farid, Prof. Yahya Khalid, Mr. Nazir Kasalvi and Muhammad Hanif have contributed a lot in this regard. Mr. Sultan Sakoon has written the First Hindko dictionary that has been published by Gandhara Hindko Board. Mr Sultan Sakoon stands out for his literary contribution as he is a prolific writer and his books including those on Hindko proverbs and Hindko riddles have been published.

Hindko poets

Some of the prominent Hindko poets are:

Professor Dr Elahi Bakhsh Awan,

Haider Zaman Haider,

Sultan Sakoon

Sabir Hussain Imdaad,

Sheen Shaukat

Zaffar Iqbal Athar

Mohammad Ziauddin

Ahmad Nadeem Awan

Sikandar Hayat Sikandar

Mr. Asif Saqib,

Afzal Chishti

Raza Hamadani

Bushra Farukh

Qudsia Qudsi

Hassam Hurr

Hilal Jamid

Iftikhar Tashna

Aslam Taraq

Khawaja Yaqoob Akhtar

Maqbool Ejaz Ejazi

Malak Arshad Hussain

Masoom Shah Masoom

Sabeeh Ahed

Rani Bano

Sadaq Saba

Saeed Gilani

Zaffar Naveed Jani

Prof. Sufi Abdur Rasheed,

Col. Fazal-e-Akbar Kamal,

Mr. Sultan Sakoon,

Mr. Sharif Hussain Shah,

Prof. Muhammad Farid,

Prof. Yahya Khalid,

Mr. Nazir Kasalvi,

Muhammad Hanif,

Ahmad Ali {Khayali}

Shoaib shahid

Prof. Bashir Sooz

Muhammad Hanif

Ahmad Hussain Mujahid

Mohammed Khan (NCSU)

Hindko music

Soba Hazara

Hindko writers

Aurangzeb Ghaznavi

Dr.Syed Mehboob

Hindko charbaita

Dr Elahi Bakhsh Akhtar Awan. Author Hindko Sautiyat, Hindko Lisaniat, Hindko=Urdu Dictionary

See also

Hindkowans

Hindko

Hindki

Punjabi dialects

References

1974: Phonology of Verbal Phrase in Hindko, Dr E.B.A. Awan published by Idara-e-Farogh-e-Hindko Peshawar in 1992.

2004: Hindko Sautiyat, Dr E.B.A. Awan, published by Gandhara Hindko Board Peshawar in 2004.

2005: Hindko Land - a thesis presented by Dr E.B.A. Awan at the World Hindko Conference at Peshawar in 2005.

1980: "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar." Bulletin of SOAS, 1980, 482-510

1978: "Rival linguistic identities in Pakistan Punjab." Rule, protest, identity: aspects of modern South Asia (ed. P. Robb & D. Taylor), 213-34. London: Curzon

1986: Addleton, Jonathan S., "The Importance of Regional Languages in Pakistan," al'Mushir, Vol. 28, No. 2 (1986), pp. 55–80.

1992: Rensch, Calvin R., Hindko and Gujari National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 305 pp. ISBN 9698023135.

Monthly Farogh Peshawar Hindko magazine March 2010.

Karachi main Hindko zaban o adab Dr.Syed Mehboob ka kirdar " by Kamal Shah

Category:Languages of Pakistan Category:Languages of Azad Kashmir Category:Languages of Punjab (Pakistan) Category:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Category:Indo-Aryan languages Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages Category:Dialects of Punjabi

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