{{infobox person |image	Timothy Hutton (Sundance 2006).jpg |caption Hutton at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival |birth_name Timothy Tarquin Hutton |birth_date August 16, 1960 |birth_place Malibu, California, United States |occupation Actor, Director |years_active 1965–present |spouse Debra Winger (1986–1990)Aurore Giscard d'Estaing (2000–present) }}

Timothy Tarquin Hutton (born August 16, 1960) is an American actor and director.

He is the youngest actor to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, which he won at the age of 20 for his performance as Conrad Jarrett in ''Ordinary People'' (1980). Hutton has since appeared regularly in feature films and on television, with featured roles in ''Taps'', ''The Falcon and the Snowman'', and ''The Dark Half'', among others.

Since 2008 he has starred as Nathan "Nate" Ford on the TNT drama series ''Leverage''.

Early life

Timothy Hutton was born in Malibu, California. His father was actor Jim Hutton; his mother, Maryline Adams (née Poole), was a teacher. His parents' marriage dissolved when Hutton was three years old, and his mother took him and his older sister with her to Boston. The family returned to California when Hutton was 12.

"A lot of people think that because my father was an actor, I come from this big show-business background," Hutton told Bruce Cook of ''American Film'' magazine in 1981. "But that's not how I grew up at all. My mother took us to Cambridge because she wanted to get her M.A. She wound up teaching in Connecticut, but the way she saw it, after a while, if we all stayed there, my sister and I would just wind up as the proprietors of the local drugstore or something, so that was why she took us to Berkeley – to get us into the world, I guess. Now she's given up teaching and she's into printing miniature books."

When he was 16, Hutton sought out his father, living with him in Los Angeles while attending Fairfax High School. There, while playing Nathan Detroit in a school production of ''Guys and Dolls'', Hutton realized he wanted to become an actor. With encouragement from both of his parents, Hutton carefully built himself a career in television.

Career

Timothy Hutton's career began with parts in several television movies, most notably the 1979 ABC TV film ''Friendly Fire''. That year, he also played the son of Donna Reed in the Ross Hunter NBC television film, ''The Best Place to Be''. He then made two CBS made-for TV films in 1980: ''Young Love, First Love'' with Valerie Bertinelli and ''Father Figure'' with Hal Linden. For his first feature film performance, as Conrad Jarrett in ''Ordinary People'' (1980), Hutton won both the Academy Award and the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor. His performance also earned him the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture – Male. Immediately following his great success, he starred in the acclaimed 1981 ABC television film ''A Long Way Home'' co-starring Brenda Vaccaro.

However, Hutton soon fell victim to the "Oscar Jinx." His next feature film, ''Taps'' (with George C. Scott, Sean Penn, and Tom Cruise), while popular with audiences, received mixed reviews from critics. During the next several years, his motion pictures, such as ''Iceman'', ''Daniel'', ''Turk 182'', ''Made In Heaven'', and ''Q & A'', all flopped at the box office. His only substantial hit was 1985's ''The Falcon and the Snowman'' which teamed him again with Sean Penn.

During the late 1980s and into the 1990s, Hutton began to take featured parts in films, most notably in ''Everybody's All-American'' with Jessica Lange and Dennis Quaid and ''French Kiss'' with Meg Ryan and Kevin Kline. In 1989, he made his Broadway stage debut opposite his ''Ordinary People'' co-star Elizabeth McGovern in the A.R. Gurney play ''Love Letters''. He followed this with another Broadway role in the Craig Lucas hit comedy, ''Prelude to a Kiss'', which also starred Mary-Louise Parker and Barnard Hughes.

Moving on to television, he starred as Nero Wolfe's assistant and leg-man Archie Goodwin in the A&E; television series ''A Nero Wolfe Mystery'' (2001–2002); he also served as an executive producer, and also directed several episodes of the series. His other directing credits include the family film ''Digging to China'' (1998). In 2001 Hutton starred in the television miniseries ''WW3'', and in 2006 he had a lead role in the NBC series ''Kidnapped'', playing Conrad Cain, the wealthy father of a kidnapped teenager. He appeared in 15 feature films from 2006 to 2008.

Hutton is currently starring in the television series ''Leverage'', where he plays former insurance investigator Nate Ford who leads a group of thieves who act as modern-day Robin Hoods.

Other pursuits

Hutton is one of the owners of the New York City restaurant and bar P. J. Clarke's. In 2003 he became president of the prestigious Players, a New York actors' club, but he resigned in June 2008 due to work keeping him in Los Angeles. He has also made a few forays into directing, the most famous of which includes the music video for The Cars hit single "Drive" in 1984. In 2010, he directed the music video for "The House Rules" by country rocker/Leverage co-star Christian Kane.

Hutton starred in a Groupon commercial during the 2011 Super Bowl which drew public ire from the parodization of the Tibetan resistance movement. The commercials were pulled from rotation on February 10 after continued negative response from the public and activist groups.

Personal life

Hutton has married twice. His first marriage (1986–1990) was to actress Debra Winger; they have a son, Noah, born April 29, 1987. In 2000, he married illustrator Aurore Giscard d'Estaing, niece of former French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Their son Milo was born in Paris on September 11, 2001. In July 2009, ''US Weekly'' reported that Hutton and his second wife had separated.

Hutton became a Freemason at Herder Lodge No. 698 in New York City in 2005.

Filmography

Actor

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1965	''Never Too Late''	Boy running to his daddy	uncredited
1972			"Dad, Can I Borrow the Car"
1978	''Zuma Beach''	Art	(TV)
		John Mullen	(TV)
''The Best Place to Be''	Tommy Callahan	(TV)
''And Baby Makes Six''	Jason Cramer	(TV)
''Young Love, First Love''	Derek Clayton	(TV)
		Cadet	(TV)
	Paul Winters	"The Sultan and the Rock Star"
''Ordinary People''	Conrad Jarrett
''Father Figure''	Jim	(TV)
	''Teenage Suicide: Don't Try It!''	Narrator
''A Long Way Home''	Donald Branch	(TV)Nominee - Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
	Cadet Major Brian Moreland	Nominee - Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama
1983		Daniel Isaacson
1984		Dr. Stanley Shephard
	''The Falcon and the Snowman''
''Turk 182''	Jimmy Lynch
1987		Mike Shea/Elmo Barnett
		Jack
	Juggler at the fair	uncredited
	Donnie "Cake"
1989		Dimitri Sanin
1990		Asst. District Attorney Aloysius Francis Reilly
1991	''Strangers''	Tom
		Peter Derns
	Thad Beaumont/George Stark
	F. Scott Fitzgerald	(TV)
		Charlie
''The Last Word''	Martin Ryan
		Willie Conway
''Mr. and Mrs. Loving''	Richard Loving	(TV)
''The Substance of Fire''	Martin Geldhart
		Lee Egan
	Raymond Blossom
''Dead by Midnight''	John Larkin/Sam Ellis	(TV)
''Aldrich Ames: The Traitor Within''	Aldrich Ames	(TV)
1998	''Vig''	Frankie
		Col. William Kent
	Marshall Thompson
	''The Golden Spiders: A Nero Wolfe Mystery''		(TV)
''Deliberate Intent''	Rod Smolla	(TV)
''Just One Night''	Isaac Alder
2001	''WW3''	Larry	(TV)
2001–2002	''A Nero Wolfe Mystery''		(TV series)
2002		Jack Meadows
	''Secret Window''	Ted Milner
''5ive Days to Midnight''	J.T. Neumeyer	(TV miniseries)
	Paul Gebhard
2005	''Turning Green''	Bill the Breaker
		Matthew Kragen
''Stephanie Daley''	Paul
''Avenger''	Frank McBride	(TV)
''The Kovak Box''	David Norton
''Heavens Fall''	Samuel Leibowitz
''Falling Objects''	Oscar Peters
''Off the Black''	Mr. Tibbel
	Thomas Wilson
2006–2007		Conrad Cain	(TV series)
	''The Last Mimzy''	David Wilder
''When a Man Falls in the Forest''	Gary
	''The Alphabet Killer''	Richard Ledge
''Reflections''	Tom
''Lymelife''	Charlie Bragg
2008–present		Nathan Ford	(TV series)
		George McAlpine
''The Killing Room''	Crawford Haines
	Subject No.30
''Multiple Sarcasms''	Gabriel
	Ian
2010		Sidney Kroll

Director

! Year	! Title	Notes
1986		"Grandpa's Ghost"
1998	''Digging to China''	Children's Jury Award, Chicago International Children's Film Festival
2001–2002	''A Nero Wolfe Mystery'' (TV series)	"The Doorbell Rang""Champagne for One""Over My Dead Body""Death of a Doxy"

References

External links

Category:1960 births Category:Living people Category:People from Malibu, California Category:American film actors Category:American film directors Category:American music video directors Category:American television actors Category:American television directors Category:Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners Category:Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Actors from California Category:Fairfax High School (Los Angeles) alumni Category:People from Arlington, Massachusetts Category:Nero Wolfe

an:Timothy Hutton ca:Timothy Hutton de:Timothy Hutton es:Timothy Hutton fr:Timothy Hutton id:Timothy Hutton it:Timothy Hutton he:טימותי האטון nl:Timothy Hutton ja:ティモシー・ハットン no:Timothy Hutton pl:Timothy Hutton pt:Timothy Hutton ro:Timothy Hutton ru:Хаттон, Тимоти sh:Timothy Hutton fi:Timothy Hutton sv:Timothy Hutton tl:Timothy Hutton tr:Timothy Hutton uk:Тімоті Гаттон yo:Timothy Hutton

name	Daniel Defoe
birth date	c.1659–1661
death date	24 April 1731
occupation	Writer, Journalist, Merchant
genre	Adventure
influenced	Johann Wyss, Jonathan Swift, George Orwell, Virginia Woolf }}

Daniel Defoe (; ca. 1659–1661 to 24 April 1731), born Daniel Foe, was an English trader, writer, journalist, and pamphleteer, who gained fame for his novel ''Robinson Crusoe''. Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest proponents of the novel, as he helped to popularise the form in Britain and along with others such as Richardson, is among the founders of the English novel. A prolific and versatile writer, he wrote more than 500 books, pamphlets and journals on various topics (including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology and the supernatural). He was also a pioneer of economic journalism.

Early life

Daniel Foe (his original name) was probably born in the parish of St. Giles Cripplegate London. Defoe later added the aristocratic-sounding "De" to his name and on occasion claimed descent from the family of De Beau Faux. The date and the place of his birth are uncertain, with sources often giving dates of 1659 to 1661. His father James Foe, though a member of the Butchers' Company, was a tallow chandler. In Defoe's early life he experienced first-hand some of the most unusual occurrences in English history: in 1665, 70,000 were killed by the Great Plague of London. The Great Fire of London (1666) hit Defoe's neighbourhood hard, leaving only his and two other homes standing. In 1667, when Defoe was probably about seven years old, a Dutch fleet sailed up the Medway via the River Thames and attacked Chatham. By the time he was about 10, Defoe's mother Annie had died.

His parents were Presbyterian dissenters; he was educated in a dissenting academy at Newington Green run by Charles Morton and is believed to have attended the church there. During this time period, England was not tolerant in religion. Controversy of religion was a political issue. Roman Catholics were feared and hated. Dissenters refused to conform to the services of the Church of England; they were despised and oppressed.

James Foe wanted his son to enter in ministry, but Daniel Defoe preferred other things. When he was about 18, he left school. After some years of preparations, he went into the hosiery business.

Business career

Although Defoe was a Christian, he decided not to become a dissenting minister and entered the world of business as a general merchant, dealing at different times in hosiery, general woollen goods and wine. Though his ambitions were great and he bought both a country estate and a ship (as well as civet cats to make perfume), he was rarely out of debt. In 1684, Defoe married Mary Tuffley, the daughter of a London merchant, and received a dowry of £3,700. With his debts and political trouble, their marriage was most likely a difficult one. It lasted 50 years, however, and together they had eight children, six of whom survived.

In 1685, he joined the ill-fated Monmouth Rebellion but gained a pardon by which he escaped the Bloody Assizes of Judge George Jeffreys. William III was crowned in 1688, and Foe immediately became one of his close allies and a secret agent. Some of the new king's policies, however, led to conflict with France, thus damaging prosperous trade relationships for Defoe, who had established himself as a merchant. In 1692, Defoe was arrested for payments of £700 (and his civets were seized), though his total debts may have amounted to £17,000 His laments were loud and he always defended unfortunate debtors but there is evidence that his financial dealings were not always honest.

Following his release, he probably travelled in Europe and Scotland and it may have been at this time that he traded wine to Cadiz, Porto and Lisbon. By 1695 he was back in England, using the name "Defoe", and serving as a "commissioner of the glass duty", responsible for collecting the tax on bottles. In 1696 he was operating a tile and brick factory in what is now Tilbury, Essex and living in the parish of Chadwell St Mary.

Writing

Pamphleteering and prison

Defoe's first notable publication was ''An Essay upon Projects'', a series of proposals for social and economic improvement, published in 1697. From 1697 to 1698 he defended the right of King William III to a standing army during disarmament after the Treaty of Ryswick (1697) had ended the Nine Years' War (1688–97). His most successful poem, ''The True-Born Englishman'' (1701), defended the king against the perceived xenophobia of his enemies, satirising the English claim to racial purity. In 1701 Defoe, flanked by a guard of sixteen gentlemen of quality, presented the ''Legion's Memorial'' to the Speaker of the House of Commons, later his employer, Robert Harley. It demanded the release of the Kentish petitioners, who had asked Parliament to support the king in an imminent war against France.

The death of William III in 1702 once again created a political upheaval as the king was replaced by Queen Anne, who immediately began her offensive against Nonconformists. A natural target, Defoe's pamphleteering and political activities resulted in his arrest and placement in a pillory on 31 July 1703, principally on account of a pamphlet entitled ''The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters; Or, Proposals for the Establishment of the Church'', purporting to argue for their extermination. In it he ruthlessly satirised both the High church Tories and those Dissenters who hypocritically practised so-called "occasional conformity", such as his Stoke Newington neighbour Sir Thomas Abney. Though it was published anonymously, the true authorship was quickly discovered and Defoe was arrested. He was charged with seditious libel. After a trial at the Old Bailey in front of the notoriously sadistic judge Salathiel Lovell, Defoe was found guilty. Lovell sentenced him to a punitive fine, to public humiliation in a pillory, and to an indeterminate length of imprisonment which would only end upon the discharge of the punitive fine. According to legend, the publication of his poem ''Hymn to the Pillory'' caused his audience at the pillory to throw flowers instead of the customary harmful and noxious objects and to drink to his health. The historicity of this story is questioned by most scholars, although John Robert Moore later said that "no man in England but Defoe ever stood in the pillory and later rose to eminence among his fellow men". Thomas Cochrane, the 10th Earl of Dundonald and famous Royal Navy officer, was sentenced to the pillory but was excused for fear his popularity would cause a riot.

After his three days in the pillory, Defoe went into Newgate Prison. Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, brokered his release in exchange for Defoe's co-operation as an intelligence agent for the Tories. In exchange for his cooperation with the rival political side, Harley paid some of Defoe's outstanding debts, improving his financial situation considerably. Within a week of his release from prison, Defoe witnessed the Great Storm of 1703 which raged from 26 to 27 November. It caused severe damage to London and Bristol and uprooted millions of trees and killed over 8,000 people, mostly at sea. The event became the subject of Defoe's ''The Storm'' (1704), a collection of witness accounts of the tempest. Many regard it as one of the world's first examples of modern journalism. In the same year he set up his periodical ''A Review of the Affairs of France'' which supported the Harley Ministry, chronicling the events of the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1714). The ''Review'' ran three times a week without interruption until 1713. Defoe was amazed that a man as gifted as Harley left vital state papers lying in the open, and warned that he was almost inviting an unscrupulous clerk to commit treason; his warnings were fully justified by the William Gregg affair. When Harley was ousted from the ministry in 1708 Defoe continued writing it to support Godolphin, then again to support Harley and the Tories in the Tory ministry of 1710 to 1714. After the Tories fell from power with the death of Queen Anne, Defoe continued doing intelligence work for the Whig government, writing "Tory" pamphlets that actually undermined the Tory point of view.

Not all of Defoe's pamphlet writing was political. One pamphlet (originally published anonymously) entitled ''A True Relation of the Apparition of One Mrs. Veal the Next Day after her Death to One Mrs. Bargrave at Canterbury the 8th of September, 1705,'' deals with interaction between the spiritual realm and the physical realm. It was most likely written in support of Charles Drelincourt's ''The Christian Defense against the Fears of Death'' (1651). It describes Mrs. Bargrave's encounter with an old friend Mrs. Veal, after she had died. It is clear from this piece and other writings, that while the political portion of Defoe's life was fairly dominant, it was by no means the only aspect.

Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707

No fewer than 545 titles, ranging from satirical poems, political and religious pamphlets and volumes have been ascribed to Defoe (note: in their ''Critical Bibliography'' (1998), Furbank and Owens argue for the much smaller number of 276 published items). His ambitious business ventures saw him bankrupt by 1692, with a wife and seven children to support. In 1703, he published a satirical pamphlet against the High Tories and in favour of religious tolerance entitled ''The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters; Or, Proposals for the Establishment of the Church''. As has happened with ironic writings before and since, this pamphlet was widely misunderstood but eventually its author was prosecuted for seditious libel and was sentenced to be pilloried, fined 200 marks and detained at the Queen's pleasure.

In despair, he wrote to William Paterson the London Scot and founder of the Bank of England and part instigator of the Darien scheme, who was in the confidence of Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, leading minister and spymaster in the English Government. Harley accepted Defoe's services and released him in 1703. He immediately published ''The Review'', which appeared weekly, then three times a week, written mostly by himself. This was the main mouthpiece of the English Government promoting the Act of Union 1707.

In 1709 Defoe authored a rather lengthy book entitled, ''The History Of The Union Of Great Britain''; an Edinburgh publication printed by the Heirs of Anderson.

The book was not authored anonymously and cites Defoe as twice taking credit for being its author. An evolution expounded in the book which attempts to explain the facts leading up to the Act of Union 1707 dates all the way back to the 6 December 1604 when King James was presented with a proposed embellishment for unification. This so-called "first draft" for unification took place a full one-hundred years before the signing of the 1707 accord, which respectively preceded the commencement of ''Robinson Crusoe''' by another full ten years.

Defoe began his campaign in ''The Review'' and other pamphlets aimed at English opinion, claiming that it would end the threat from the north, gaining for the Treasury an "inexhaustible treasury of men", a valuable new market increasing the power of England. By September 1706 Harley ordered Defoe to Edinburgh as a secret agent to do everything possible to help secure acquiescence in the Treaty of Union. He was conscious of the risk to himself. Thanks to books such as ''The Letters of Daniel Defoe'' (edited by G. H. Healey, Oxford 1955), which are readily available, far more is known about his activities than is usual with such agents.

His first reports included vivid descriptions of violent demonstrations against the Union. "A Scots rabble is the worst of its kind", he reported. Years later John Clerk of Penicuik, a leading Unionist, wrote in his memoirs that,

Defoe being a Presbyterian who had suffered in England for his convictions, was accepted as an adviser to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and committees of the Parliament of Scotland. He told Harley that he was "privy to all their folly" but "Perfectly unsuspected as with corresponding with anybody in England". He was then able to influence the proposals that were put to Parliament and reported back:

For Scotland he used different arguments, even the opposite of those he used in England, for example, usually ignoring the English doctrine of the Sovereignty of Parliament, telling the Scots that they could have complete confidence in the guarantees in the Treaty. Some of his pamphlets were purported to be written by Scots, misleading even reputable historians into quoting them as evidence of Scottish opinion of the time. The same is true of a massive history of the Union which Defoe published in 1709 and which some historians still treat as a valuable contemporary source for their own works. Defoe took pains to give his history an air of objectivity by giving some space to arguments against the Union but always having the last word for himself.

He disposed of the main Union opponent, Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun by ignoring him. Nor does he account for the deviousness of the Duke of Hamilton, the official leader of the various factions opposed to the Union, who seemingly betrayed his former colleagues when he switched to the Unionist/Government side in the decisive final stages of the debate.

Defoe made no attempt to explain why the same Parliament of Scotland which was so vehement for its independence from 1703 to 1705 became so supine in 1706. He received very little reward from his paymasters and of course no recognition for his services by the government. He made use of his Scottish experience to write his ''Tour thro' the whole Island of Great Britain'', published in 1726, where he admitted that the increase of trade and population in Scotland which he had predicted as a consequence of the Union, was "not the case, but rather the contrary".

Defoe's description of Glasgow (Glaschu) as a "Dear Green Place" has often been misquoted as a Gaelic translation for the town. The Gaelic ''Glas'' could mean grey or green, ''chu'' means dog or hollow. ''Glaschu'' probably actually means "Green Hollow". The "Dear Green Place", like much of Scotland, was a hotbed of unrest against the Union. The local Tron minister urged his congregation "to up and anent for the City of God". The "Dear Green Place" and "City of God" required government troops to put down the rioters tearing up copies of the Treaty, as at almost every mercat cross in Scotland.

When Defoe visited in the mid 1720s, he claimed that the hostility towards his party was, "because they were English and because of the Union, which they were almost universally exclaimed against".

Late writing and novels

The extent and particulars of Defoe's writing in the period from the Tory fall in 1714 to the publication of ''Robinson Crusoe'' in 1719 is widely contested. Defoe comments on the tendency to attribute tracts of uncertain authorship to him in his apologia ''Appeal to Honour and Justice'' (1715), a defence of his part in Harley's Tory ministry (1710–14). Other works that are thought to anticipate his novelistic career include: ''The Family Instructor'' (1715), an immensely successful conduct manual on religious duty; ''Minutes of the Negotiations of Monsr. Mesnager'' (1717), in which he impersonates Nicolas Mesnager, the French plenipotentiary who negotiated the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) and ''A Continuation of the Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy'' (1718), a satire on European politics and religion, professedly written by a Muslim in Paris.

From 1719 to 1724, Defoe published the novels for which he is famous (see below). In the final decade of his life, he also wrote conduct manuals, including ''Religious Courtship'' (1722), ''The Complete English Tradesman'' (1726) and ''The New Family Instructor'' (1727). He published a number of books decrying the breakdown of the social order, such as ''The Great Law of Subordination Considered'' (1724) and ''Everybody's Business is Nobody's Business'' (1725) and works on the supernatural, like ''The Political History of the Devil'' (1726), ''A System of Magick'' (1726) and ''An Essay on the History and Reality of Apparitions'' (1727). His works on foreign travel and trade include ''A General History of Discoveries and Improvements'' (1727) and ''Atlas Maritimus and Commercialis'' (1728). Perhaps his greatest achievement with the novels is the magisterial ''A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain'' (1724–27), which provided a panoramic survey of British trade on the eve of the Industrial Revolution.

Novels

His novels include:

''Robinson Crusoe'' (1719)

''The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe'' (1719)

''Serious reflections during the life and surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe: with his Vision of the angelick world'' (1720)

''Captain Singleton'' (1720)

''Journal of the Plague Year'' (1722)

''Colonel Jack'' (1722)

''Moll Flanders'' (1722)

''Roxana'' (1724)

''Memoirs of a Cavalier''

Defoe also wrote a three-volume travel book, ''Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain'' (1724–27) that provided a vivid first-hand account of the state of the country. Other non-fiction books include ''The Complete English Tradesman'' (1726) and ''London, the Most Flourishing City in the Universe'' (1728). Defoe published over 560 books and pamphlets and is considered to be the founder of British journalism.

''Robinson Crusoe''

Defoe's novel ''Robinson Crusoe'' (1719) tells of a man's shipwreck on a deserted island and his subsequent adventures. The author based part of his narrative on the story of the Scottish castaway Alexander Selkirk, who spent four years stranded on the island of Juan Fernandez. He may have also been inspired by the Latin or English translation of a book by the Andalusian-Arab Muslim polymath Ibn Tufail, who was known as "Abubacer" in Europe. The Latin edition of the book was entitled ''Philosophus Autodidactus'' and it was an earlier novel that is also set on a deserted island. Tim Severin's book ''Seeking Robinson Crusoe'' (2002) unravels a much wider range of potential sources of inspiration. Severin concludes his investigations by stating that the real Robinson Crusoe figure was Henry Pitman, a castaway who had been surgeon to the Duke of Monmouth. Pitman's short book about his desperate escape from a Caribbean penal colony for his part in the Monmouth Rebellion, his shipwrecking and subsequent desert island misadventures was published by J. Taylor of Paternoster Street, London, whose son William Taylor later published Defoe's novel. Severin argues that since Pitman appears to have lived in the lodgings above the father's publishing house and since Defoe was a mercer in the area at the time, Defoe may have met Pitman and learned of his experiences as a castaway. If he didn't meet Pitman, Severin points out that Defoe, upon submitting even a draft of a novel about a castaway to his publisher, would undoubtedly have learned about Pitman's book published by his father, especially since the interesting castaway had previously lodged with them at their former premises.

Severin also provides evidence in his book that another publicised case of a real-life marooned Miskito Central American man named only as Will may have caught Defoe's attention, inspiring the depiction of Man Friday in his novel. The novel has been variously read as an allegory for the development of civilisation, as a manifesto of economic individualism and as an expression of European colonial desires but it also shows the importance of repentance and illustrates the strength of Defoe's religious convictions. It is also considered by many to be the first novel written in English. Early critics, such as Robert Louis Stevenson admired it saying that the footprint scene in ''Crusoe'' was one of the four greatest in English literature and most unforgettable; more prosaically, Dr.Wesley Vernon has seen the origins of forensic podiatry in this episode. It has inspired a new genre, the Robinsonade as works like Johann David Wyss's ''The Swiss Family Robinson'' (1812) adapt its premise and has provoked modern postcolonial responses, including J. M. Coetzee's ''Foe'' (1986) and Michel Tournier's ''Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique'' (in English, ''Friday'') (1967). Two sequels followed, Defoe's ''The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe'' (1719) and his ''Serious reflections during the life and surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe: with his Vision of the angelick world'' (1720). Jonathan Swift's ''Gulliver's Travels'' (1726) in part parodies Defoe's adventure novel.

''Captain Singleton''

Defoe's next novel was ''Captain Singleton'' (1720), a bipartite adventure story whose first half covers a traversal of Africa and whose second half taps into the contemporary fascination with piracy. It has been commended for its sensitive depiction of the close relationship between the eponymous hero and his religious mentor, the Quaker William Walters.

''Memoirs of a Cavalier''

Later, Defoe wrote ''Memoirs of a Cavalier'' (1720), set during the Thirty Years' War and the English Civil War.

''A Journal of the Plague Year''

A work that is often read as if it were non-fiction is his account of the Great Plague of London in 1665: ''A Journal of the Plague Year'', a complex historical novel published in 1722. In November 1703, a hurricane-like storm hit London, now known as The Great Storm. (It remains one of the greatest storms in British history.) Yet another of the remarkable events in Defoe's life, the storm was the subject of his book ''The Storm''. Defoe describes the aftermath of the incident, “The streets lay so covered with tiles and slates from the tops of the houses [. . .] that all the tiles in 50 miles round would be able to repair but a small part of it."

''Colonel Jack''

''Colonel Jack'' (1722) follows an orphaned boy from a life of poverty and crime to colonial prosperity, military and marital imbroglios and religious conversion, driven by a problematic notion of becoming a "gentleman."

''Moll Flanders'' and ''Roxana''

Also in 1722, Defoe wrote ''Moll Flanders'', another first-person picaresque novel of the fall and eventual redemption of a lone woman in 17th century England. The titular heroine appears as a whore, bigamist and thief, lives in The Mint, commits adultery and incest, yet manages to retain the reader's sympathy.

''Moll Flanders'' and Defoe's final novel ''Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress'' (1724) are examples of the remarkable way in which Defoe seems to inhabit his fictional (yet "drawn from life") characters, not least in that they are women. The latter narrates the moral and spiritual decline of a high society courtesan.

Death

Daniel Defoe died on 24 April 1731, probably while in hiding from his creditors. He was interred in Bunhill Fields, London, where his grave can still be visited.

Defoe is known to have used at least 198 pen names.

Bibliography

;Fiction

''The Consolidator or, Memoirs of Sundry Transactions from the World in the Moon'' (1705)

''Atlantis Major'' (1711)

''Robinson Crusoe'' (1719)

''The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe'' (1719)

''The King of Pirates'' (1719)

''Captain Singleton'' (1720)

''Memoirs of a Cavalier'' (1720)

''A Journal of the Plague Year'' (1722)

''Moll Flanders'' (1722)

''Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress'' (1724)

''The Pirate Gow'', an account of John Gow

''Colonel Jack''

;Non-fiction

''The Storm'' (1704)

''The Family Instructor'' (1715)

''A General History of the Pyrates'' (1724), Defoe's authorship of this pseudonymous work is disputed

''A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain, divided into circuits or journies'' (1724–1727)

''The Political History of the Devil (1726)

;Essays

''The Shortest Way with the Dissenters'' (1703)

''Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe'' (1720)

''The Complete English Tradesman''

''An Essay Upon Projects''

''An Essay Upon Literature'' (1726)

''Mere Nature Delineated'' (1726)

''Conjugal Lewdness'' (1727)

''A Plan of the English Commerce'' (1728)

;Poems

''The True-Born Englishman: A Satyr'' (1701)

''Hymn to the Pillory'' (1703)

References

External links

Daniel Defoe fiction at The Literature Network

Full online versions of various copies of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and the Robinsonades

TrueScans.com Click on Defoe to obtain comprehensive information on ''The History Of The Union Of Great Britain'' Edinburgh, Heirs of Anderson, 1709

Full texts in German and English – eLibrary Projekt (eLib)

The Journeys of Daniel Defoe around Britain (from a Vision of Britain)

Russian toponyms in Daniel Defoe's novels

Life of Daniel Defoe at luminarium.org

Defoe, Daniel 1661?-1731 WorldCat Identity

Category:17th-century births Category:1731 deaths Category:English satirists Category:English essayists Category:English journalists Category:English novelists Category:English children's writers Category:English spies Category:Neoclassical writers Category:Literary dunces Category:English Presbyterians Category:People from the City of London Category:People from Chadwell St Mary Category:17th-century English people Category:18th-century English people Category:Haberdashers

ar:دانييل ديفو an:Daniel Defoe az:Daniel Defo be:Даніэль Дэфо be-x-old:Даніель Дэфо bg:Даниел Дефо bs:Daniel Defoe br:Daniel Defoe ca:Daniel Defoe cv:Даниэль Дефо cs:Daniel Defoe cy:Daniel Defoe da:Daniel Defoe de:Daniel Defoe et:Daniel Defoe el:Ντάνιελ Νταφόε es:Daniel Defoe eo:Daniel Defoe eu:Daniel Defoe fa:دانیل دفو fr:Daniel Defoe fy:Daniel Defoe gl:Daniel Defoe ko:대니얼 디포 hy:Դանիել Դեֆո hi:डैनियल डेफॉ hr:Daniel Defoe id:Daniel Defoe is:Daniel Defoe it:Daniel Defoe he:דניאל דפו jv:Daniel Defoe ka:დანიელ დეფო kk:Даниэль Дефо la:Daniel Defoe lv:Daniels Defo lt:Daniel Defoe hu:Daniel Defoe mk:Даниел Дефо mr:डॅनियेल डेफो mn:Даниэл Дефо nl:Daniel Defoe ja:ダニエル・デフォー no:Daniel Defoe nn:Daniel Defoe uz:Daniel Defo pms:Daniel Defoe pl:Daniel Defoe pt:Daniel Defoe ro:Daniel Defoe qu:Daniel Defoe rue:Даніел Дефо ru:Дефо, Даниель sq:Daniel Defoe sk:Daniel Defoe sl:Daniel Defoe sr:Данијел Дефо sh:Daniel Defoe fi:Daniel Defoe sv:Daniel Defoe ta:டானியல் டீஃபோ tt:Даниель Дефо th:แดเนียล เดโฟ tr:Daniel Defoe tk:Daniel Dafo uk:Даніель Дефо vi:Daniel Defoe diq:Daniel Defoe zh:丹尼尔·笛福

name	Lillian Gish
birth name	Lillian Diana Gish
birth date	October 14, 1893
birth place	Springfield, Ohio
death date	February 27, 1993
death place	New York City, New York
occupation	Actress
years active	1912–1987
website	http://www.lilliangish.com/index.php }}

Lillian Diana Gish (October 14, 1893 – February 27, 1993) was an American stage, screen and television actress whose film acting career spanned 75 years, from 1912 to 1987. She was called "The First Lady of American Cinema".

She was a prominent film star of the 1910s and 1920s, particularly associated with the films of director D.W. Griffith, including her leading role in Griffith's seminal ''Birth of a Nation'' (1915). Her sound-era film appearances were sporadic, but included memorable roles in the controversial western ''Duel in the Sun'' (1946) and the offbeat thriller ''Night of the Hunter'' (1955). She did considerable television work from the early 1950s into the 1980s, and closed her career playing, for the first time, opposite Bette Davis in the 1987 film ''The Whales of August''.

The American Film Institute (AFI) named Gish 17th among the greatest female stars of all time. She was awarded an Honorary Academy Award in 1971, and in 1984 she received an AFI Life Achievement Award.

Early life

Lillian Diana Gish was born in 1893 in Springfield, Ohio. She was the daughter of Mary Robinson McConnell (an Episcopalian) and James Leigh Gish (who was of German Lutheran descent). Gish's father left the family before she was old enough to remember him; her mother then took up acting to support the family. She had a younger sister, Dorothy. When Lillian and Dorothy were old enough, they joined the theatre, often traveling separately in different productions. They also took modeling jobs.

The first several generations of Gishes were Dunkard ministers. Her great-great-great grandfather came to America on the ship ''Pennsylvania Merchant'' in 1733 and received a land grant from William Penn. Her great-great grandfather was in the American Revolutionary War and is buried in a cemetery in Pennsylvania for such soldiers, a bit of an oddity because Dunkards are supposed to be more pacifist than Amish or Quakers. Letters between her and a Pennsylvania college professor indicate that her knowledge of her family background was limited.

In 1912, their friend Mary Pickford introduced the sisters to D. W. Griffith, and helped get them contracts with Biograph Studios. Lillian Gish would soon become one of America's best-loved actresses. Although she was already nineteen, she gave her age as 16 to the studio.

Career

The sisters debuted in Griffith's short film ''An Unseen Enemy'' (1912). Lillian went on to star in many of Griffith's most acclaimed films, including ''The Birth of a Nation'' (1915), ''Intolerance'' (1916), ''Broken Blossoms'' (1919), ''Way Down East'' (1920) and ''Orphans of the Storm'' (1921). One of the enduring images of Gish's silent film years is the climax of the melodramatic ''Way Down East'', in which Gish's character floats unconscious on an ice floe towards a raging waterfall, her long hair trailing in the water.

Having appeared in over 25 short films and features in her first two years as a movie actress, Lillian became a major star, becoming known as "The First Lady of the Silent Screen" and appearing in lavish productions, frequently of literary works such as ''The Scarlet Letter''. MGM released her from her contract in 1928 after the failure of ''The Wind'' (1928), now recognized by many as among her finest performances and one of the most distinguished works of the late silent period.

She directed one film, ''Remodeling Her Husband'' (1920), when D. W. Griffith took his unit on location—he told Gish that he thought the crew would work harder for a girl. Gish never directed again, telling reporters at the time that directing was a man's job.

With her debut in talkies only moderately successful, she acted on the stage for the most part in the 1930s and early 1940s, appearing in roles as varied as Ophelia in Guthrie McClintic's landmark 1936 production of ''Hamlet'' (with John Gielgud and Judith Anderson) and Marguerite in a limited run of ''La Dame aux Camélias''. Of the former, she said, with pride, "I played a ''lewd'' Ophelia!".

Returning to movies, Gish was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1946 for ''Duel in the Sun''. The scenes of her character's illness and death late in that film seemed intended to evoke the memory of some of her silent film performances. She appeared in films from time to time for the rest of her life, notably in ''Night of the Hunter'' (1955) as a rural guardian angel protecting her charges from a murderous preacher played by Robert Mitchum. She was considered for various roles in ''Gone with the Wind'' ranging from Ellen O'Hara, Scarlett's mother, which went to Barbara O'Neil, to prostitute Belle Watling, which went to Ona Munson.

Gish made numerous television appearances from the early 1950s into the late 1980s. Her most acclaimed television work was starring in the original production of ''The Trip to Bountiful'' in 1953. She appeared as Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna in the short-lived 1965 Broadway musical ''Anya''. In addition to her later acting appearances, Gish became one of the leading advocates on the lost art of the silent film, often giving speeches and touring to screenings of classic works. In 1975, she hosted ''The Silent Years'', a PBS film program of silent films.

In 1955, Gish was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film.

Gish received a Special Academy Award in 1971 "For superlative artistry and for distinguished contribution to the progress of motion pictures." In 1979, she was awarded the Women in film Crystal Award in Los Angeles In 1984, she received an American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award, becoming only the second female recipient (preceded by Bette Davis in 1977), and the only recipient who was a major figure in the silent era. She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1720 Vine Street.

Her last film role was in ''The Whales of August'' in 1987 at the age of 93, with Vincent Price, Bette Davis and Ann Sothern, in which she and Davis starred as elderly sisters in Maine. Her final professional appearance was a cameo on the 1988 studio recording of Jerome Kern's ''Show Boat'', starring Frederica von Stade and Jerry Hadley, in which she affectingly spoke the few lines of ''The Old Lady on the Levee'' in the final scene. The last words of her long career were, "Good night, dear."

Some in the entertainment industry were angry that Gish did not receive an Oscar nomination for her role in ''The Whales of August''. Gish herself was more complacent, remarking that it saved her the trouble of "losing to Cher" (who did, in fact, win for her performance in ''Moonstruck'').

Personal life

Gish never married or had children. The association between Gish and D. W. Griffith was so close that some suspected a romantic connection, an issue never acknowledged by Gish, although several of their associates were certain they were at least briefly involved. For the remainder of her life, she always referred to him as "Mr. Griffith."

She was involved with producer Charles Duell and drama critic and editor George Jean Nathan. In the 1920s, Gish's association with Duell was something of a tabloid scandal because he had sued her and made the details of their relationship public.

During the period of political turmoil in the United States that lasted from the outbreak of World War II in Europe until the attack on Pearl Harbor, she maintained an outspoken non-interventionist stance. She was an active member of the America First Committee, an anti-intervention organization founded by retired General Robert E. Wood with aviation pioneer Charles Lindbergh as its leading spokesman. She said she was blacklisted by the film and theater industries until she signed a contract in which she promised to cease her anti-interventionist activities and never disclose the fact that she had agreed to do so.

She maintained a very close relationship with her sister Dorothy, as well as with Mary Pickford, for her entire life. Another of her closest friends was actress Helen Hayes; Gish was the godmother of Hayes' son James MacArthur.

Death

She died in her sleep of natural causes on February 27, 1993, at the age of 99 and is interred beside her sister Dorothy at Saint Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in New York City. Her estate, which she left to Hayes (who died a month later) was valued at several million dollars, and went to provide prizes for artistic excellence.

Legacy

The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize

A street in Massillon, Ohio is named after Gish, who had lived there during an early period of her life and fondly referred to it as her hometown throughout her career.

Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio is home to the Gish Film Theater and Gallery, which is dedicated to the works of both Dorothy and Lillian Gish.

Gish was a leading character in ''The Biograph Girl'', a 1980 stage musical about the silent film era.

The Smashing Pumpkins titled their 1991 debut album, "Gish". Lillian Gish was the only memory that Billy Corgan could recall as to why he named the album "Gish". In the liner notes for the 2012 re-release of the album, Corgan states that his grandmother remembered seeing her once and the name "Gish" stuck.

Filmography

Books

Autobiographical:

''The Movies, Mr. Griffith, and Me'' (with Ann Pinchot) (Prentice-Hall, 1969)

''Dorothy and Lillian Gish'' (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973)

''An Actor's Life For Me'' (with Selma G. Lanes) (Viking Penguin, 1987)

Biographical and other:

''Lillian Gish an Interpretation'' – Edward Wagenknecht (University of Washington, 1927)

''Life and Lillian Gish'' – Albert Bigelow Paine (Macmillan, 1932)

''Lillian Gish: the Movies, Mr. Griffith and Me,'' by Gish co-authored with Ann Pinchot; ISBN 0-491-00103-7, W.H. Allen 1969, and ISBN 0-916515-40-0 Mercury House, 1988.

''Star Acting – Gish, Garbo, Davis'' – Charles Affron (E.P. Dutton, 1977)

''A Moment with Miss Gish'' – Peter Bogdanovich (Santa Teresa Press, 1995)

''Lillian Gish A Life on Stage and Screen'' – Stuart Oderman (McFarland & Company, 2000)

''Lillian Gish Her Legend, Her Life'' – Charles Affron (Scribner, 2001)

Documentaries about Gish

Terry Sanders' 1988 documentary ''Lillian Gish: An Actor's Life for Me''.

Actress Jeanne Moreau produced a documentary on Gish.

See also

Women's Cinema

References

External links

Official website

Lillian Gish Film Festival in Springfield, Ohio

The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Film Theater

Extensive Lillian Gish gallery

Photographs and bibliography

Lillian Gish photographed by Edward Steichen in November 1934 issue of Vanity Fair. She usually played the sweet innocent but here she plays the role of a harlot in the play ''Within the Gates''.

Maison 140 was built in 1939, the stylish brick facade building was originally a residential apartment owned by famed silent film star Lillian Gish.

Category:1893 births Category:1993 deaths Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients Category:American silent film actors Category:American film actors Category:American stage actors Category:American film directors Category:Actors from Ohio Category:Kennedy Center honorees Category:American Episcopalians Category:American people of German descent Category:People from Springfield, Ohio Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York Category:Old Right (United States) Category:20th-century actors Category:Silent film directors

ar:ليليان غيش be:Ліліян Гіш ca:Lillian Gish da:Lillian Gish de:Lillian Gish el:Λίλιαν Γκις es:Lillian Gish eu:Lillian Gish fa:لیلین گیش fr:Lillian Gish fy:Lillian Gish gl:Lillian Gish ko:릴리안 기시 id:Lillian Gish is:Lillian Gish it:Lillian Gish he:ליליאן גיש la:Lilliana Gish hu:Lillian Gish nl:Lillian Gish ja:リリアン・ギッシュ no:Lillian Gish pl:Lillian Gish pt:Lillian Gish ro:Lillian Gish ru:Гиш, Лиллиан simple:Lillian Gish sr:Лилијан Гиш sh:Lillian Gish fi:Lillian Gish sv:Lillian Gish tr:Lillian Gish vi:Lillian Gish zh:莉蓮·吉許

name	Mae Marsh
birthname	Mary Wayne Marsh
birth date	November 09, 1894
birth place	Madrid, New Mexico, United States
death date	February 13, 1968
death place	Hermosa Beach, California, United States
spouse
years active	1910–1964
occupation	Film actress }}

Mae Marsh (born Mary Wayne Marsh, November 9, 1894 – February 13, 1968) was an American film actress with a career spanning over 50 years.

Early life

The most frequently told of many stories of Marsh's childhood is that her father, a railroad auditor, died when she was four. Her family moved to San Francisco where her stepfather was killed in the great earthquake of 1906. Her great-aunt then took Mae and Marguerite, her older sister, to Los Angeles, hoping her show business background would open doors for jobs at various movie studios needing extras. However, her father, S. Charles Marsh, was a bartender, not a railroad auditor, and he was alive at least as late as June 1900, when Mae Marsh was nearly six. Her stepfather, oil-field inspector William Hall, could not have been killed in the 1906 earthquake, as he was alive, listed in the 1910 census, living with her mother, May née Warne, and sisters.

Marsh worked as a salesgirl and loitered around the sets and locations while her older sister worked on a film, observing the progress of her sister’s performance. She first started as an extra in various movies, and played her first substantial role in the film ''Ramona'' (1910) at the age of 15.

“I tagged my way into motion pictures,” Marsh recalled in ''The Silent Picture''. “I used to follow my sister Marguerite to the old Biograph studio and then, one great day, Mr. Griffith noticed me, put me in a picture and I had my chance. I love my work and though new and very wonderful interests have entered my life, I still love it and couldn’t think of giving it up.”.”.

Career rise

Marsh worked with D.W. Griffith in small roles at Biograph when they were filming in California and in New York. Her big break came when Mary Pickford, resident star of the Biograph lot and a married woman at that time, refused to play the bare-legged, grass-skirted role of Lily-White in ''Man's Genesis''. Griffith announced that if Pickford would not play that part in ''Man’s Genesis'' she would not play the coveted title role in his next film, ''The Sands of Dee''. The other actresses stood behind Pickford, each refusing in turn to play the part, citing the same objection.

Years later, Marsh recalled in an interview in ''The Silent Picture,'' “...and he called rehearsal, and we were all there and he said, ‘Well now, Miss Marsh, you can rehearse this.’ And Mary Pickford said, ‘What!’ and Mr. Griffith said, ‘Yes, Mary Pickford, if you don’t do what I tell you I want you to do, I’m going to have someone else do ''The Sands of Dee''. Mary Pickford didn’t play ''Man’s Genesis'' so Mae can play ''The Sands of Dee''.’ Of course, I was thrilled, and she was very much hurt. And I thought, ‘Well, it's all right with me. That is something.’ I was, you know, just a lamebrain.”.

Working with Mack Sennett and D.W. Griffith, she was a prolific actress, sometimes appearing in eight movies a year and often paired with fellow Sennett protégé Robert Harron in romantic roles. In ''The Birth of a Nation'' (1915) she played the innocent sister who waits for her brothers to come home from war and who, in one of the film's most racially charged scenes, leaps to her death rather than submit to the lustful advances of Gus, the so-called "renegade Negro" who is later killed by the Ku Klux Klan. In ''Intolerance'' (1916) she plays the wife who has her baby taken away after her husband is unjustly convicted of murder.

She signed a lucrative contract with Samuel Goldwyn worth $2,500 per week after ''Intolerance'', but none of the films she made with him were particularly successful. After her marriage to Lee Arms, a publicity agent for Goldwyn, in 1918, her film output decreased to about one per year.

Marsh's last notable starring role was as a flapper for Griffith in ''The White Rose'' (1923) with Ivor Novello and Carol Dempster. She re-teamed with Novello for the film version of his hit stage play, ''The Rat'' (1925).

In 1955, Marsh was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film.

'Talkies'

Marsh returned from retirement to appear in "talkies" and played a role in Henry King’s remake of ''Over the Hill'' (1931). She gravitated toward character roles, and worked in this manner for the next several decades. Marsh appeared in numerous popular films, such as ''Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm'' (1932) and ''Little Man, What Now?'' (1934). She also became a favorite of director John Ford, appearing in ''The Grapes of Wrath'' (1940), ''How Green Was My Valley'' (1941), ''3 Godfathers'' (1948), ''The Robe'' (1953), and ''The Searchers'' (1956).

Marsh has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 1600 Vine Street.

Personal life

She married Sam Goldwyn publicity agent Louis Lee Arms, in 1918 and bore three children with him. They were married until her death, in 1968. Her sister Marguerite Marsh died in 1925 at the age of 37. Her only brother Oliver Marsh, a renowned cinematographer, died in 1941. Husband Louis Arms died in June 1989, at age 101. They are buried together in Section 5, at Pacific Crest Cemetery, in Redondo Beach, California.

Silent filmography

References

''The First Female Stars: Women of the Silent Era'' by David W. Menefee. Connecticut: Praeger, 2004. ISBN 0-275-98259-9.

''When the Movies Were Young.'' By Linda Arvidson. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1969.

''Adventures with D. W. Griffith.'' By Karl Brown. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1973.

''Robertson-Cole Offers Mae Marsh in a Sumptuously Produced Play From Novel. ''The Moving Picture World'', 18 December 1920.

''Mae Marsh in an Interview with Robert B. Cushman.'' By Anthony Slide in ''The Silent Picture''. New York: Arno Press, 1977.

External links

Screen acting, Mae Marsh, Photostar publishing co, 1921

Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:Actors from New Mexico Category:American film actors Category:American silent film actors Category:People from Santa Fe County, New Mexico Category:1894 births Category:1968 deaths

de:Mae Marsh es:Mae Marsh fr:Mae Marsh it:Mae Marsh la:Mae Marsh nl:Mae Marsh no:Mae Marsh ru:Марш, Мэй sr:Меј Марш sv:Mae Marsh

name	Robert Harron
birth date	April 12, 1893
birth place	New York City, New York, U.S.
death date	September 05, 1920
death place	Manhattan, New York, U.S.
birthname	Robert Emmett Harron
years active	1907–1920
occupation	Actor }}

Robert Emmett "Bobby" Harron (April 12, 1893 – September 5, 1920) was an American motion picture actor of the early silent film era. Although he acted in scores of films, he is possibly best remembered for his roles in the D.W. Griffith directed films ''Intolerance'' and ''The Birth of a Nation''. He was also the older brother of film actor John Harron and actress Mary Harron.

Early life and career

Born in New York City, New York, Harron was second oldest child of nine siblings in a poor, working-class Irish Catholic family. He attended the Christian Brothers school in Greenwich Village and beginning at the age of thirteen found work as a messenger boy for American Biograph Studios to help support his family. Within a year of working for Biograph, Robert Harron and Christian Brothers friend and classmate James Smith were noticed by newly hired director D.W. Griffith who put both young boys under contract and the pair began appearing in bit parts for the studio. His first film was the now lost 1907 Biograph short ''Bobby's Kodak''. Harron quickly became a favorite of Griffith and Griffith began to give the 14-year-old increasingly larger film roles.

The teenaged Robert Harron was often cast by Griffith in the role of the "sensitive" and "naïve" boy, who was overwhelmingly sympathetic and appealing to American film-goers in the very early years of American motion pictures and not far removed from Harron's real-life persona; Harron was often described as a quiet and soft-spoken youth. It was these traits that helped garner much public interest in the young actor, especially amongst young female fans. In 1912 alone, Robert Harron appeared in nearly forty films at Biograph.

Harron is probably best recalled for his roles in the three epic Griffith films: 1914's ''Judith of Bethulia'', opposite Blanche Sweet, Mae Marsh, Henry B. Walthall and Dorothy and Lillian Gish, 1915's controversial all-star cast ''The Birth of a Nation'', and 1916's colossal multi-scenario ''Intolerance'' opposite such popular stars of the era Lillian Gish, Mae Marsh, Miriam Cooper, Wallace Reid, Harold Lockwood, Carol Dempster and Mildred Harris. One of Harron's most popular roles of the era came in 1919 when he starred opposite Lillian Gish in the Griffith directed romantic film ''True Heart Susie''.

Robert Harron's film career continued to flourish throughout the 1910s and he was occasionally paired with leading actresses Mae Marsh and Lillian Gish with romantic plots, often in roles that cemented his "sensitive boy" image. Harron had, in fact, a burgeoning off-screen romantic relationship with Dorothy Gish.

Death

By 1920 however, film director D. W. Griffith's interest in the young actor had reportedly waned and when Griffith hired film actor Richard Barthelmess to star in his 1920 film ''Way Down East'', Harron was inconsolable. On September 5, 1920, while in New York City to attend the film premiere of ''Way Down East'', Harron fatally shot himself in the left lung in his hotel room with a revolver that he had placed in a jacket.

Supposedly the weapon was purchased during the afternoon from a street beggar as Harron did not believe in just handing out money unless something was bought. That was done because he wanted people to feel as if they actually earned the funds given. The prevailing theory about the shooting is that as Harron changed jackets for the evening's event, the gun fell out of the pocket and discharged when it struck the floor.

Although the death was officially ruled accidental, many historians believe that Harron committed suicide. However, many of those closest to the actor vehemently refuted that Harron, a devout Catholic, would ever have considered suicide. While on his deathbed, Harron reportedly confided to his boyhood priest that his gunshot wound was the result of an accident.

Nevertheless, in preparation for a 1993 film festival scheduled in honor Harron's birth centennial at MOMA, Joseph P. Fanning (the organizer and main lecturer) researched and obtained copies of the death certificate/medical records. These documents showed that, despite the publicized news reports, the angle of the wound and the width of the powder burns associated could not be the result of a mere accident. Thus, even with the lack of any witnesses, the evidence clearly indicated that Harron's death was the result of suicide. The main reason was determined to be the result of disappointment because Griffith, a substitute father, had passed Mr. Harron over for the male starring role in ''Way Down East''.

Robert Harron was 27 years old at the time of his death and had never married. His film career spanned nearly 15 years, and Harron had appeared in 220 films.

Harron was interred at Calvary Cemetery in Woodside, Queens, New York City.

Filmography

''Coincidence (1921)'' .... Billy Jenks

''The Greatest Question (1919)'' .... Jimmie Hilton

''The Mother and the Law (1919)'' re-edited version of ''Hearts of the World''.... The Boy

''True Heart Susie (1919)'' .... William Jenkins

''The Girl Who Stayed at Home (1919)'' .... James Grey

''A Romance of Happy Valley (1919)'' .... John L. Logan Jr

''The Greatest Thing in Life (1918)'' .... Edward Livingston

''The Great Love (1918)'' .... Jim Young

''Hearts of the World (1918) (uncredited)'' .... The Boy, Douglas Gordon Hamilton

''Sunshine Alley (1917)'' .... Ned Morris

''An Old Fashioned Young Man (1917)'' .... Frank Trent

''The Bad Boy (1917)'' .... Jimmie Bates

''The Wharf Rat (1916)'' .... Eddie Douglas

''The Little Liar (1916)'' .... Bobby

''The Marriage of Molly-O (1916)'' .... Larry O'Dea

''Intolerance: Love's Struggle Throughout the Ages (1916)'' .... The Boy (Modern Story)

''A Wild Girl of the Sierras (1916)'' .... Bob Jordan

''A Child of the Paris Streets (1916)'' .... Jimmie Parker

''Hoodoo Ann (1916)'' .... Jimmie Vance

''The Missing Links (1916)'' .... Henry Gaylord

''Big Jim's Heart (1915)

''Her Shattered Idol (1915)'' .... Robert

''The Victim (1915)'' .... Frank Hastings

''The Outlaw's Revenge (1915)'' .... The American lover

''The Outcast (1915)'' .... Bob

''The Birth of a Nation (1915)'' .... Tod Stoneman

''The Odalisque (1914)'' .... Ed, in love with Annie

''Paid with Interest (1914)

''Sands of Fate (1914)

''His Mother's Trust (1914)

''The Great God Fear (1914)

''A Lesson in Mechanics (1914)

''The Saving Flame (1914)

''Moonshine Molly (1914)

''The Avenging Conscience (1914)'' .... The Grocer's boy

''The Idiot (1914)

''Down by the Sounding Sea (1914)

''The Weaker Strain (1914)

''The Stolen Code (1914)

''Their First Acquaintance (1914)

''The Rebellion of Kitty Belle (1914)

''The Birthday Present (1914)

''The Newer Woman (1914)

''The Escape (1914)'' .... Larry Joyce

''Home, Sweet Home (1914)'' .... The Easterner, Robert Winthrop

''The Deputy Sheriff's Star (1914)

''The Great Leap: Until Death Do Us Part (1914)'' .... Bobby Dawson

''Brute Force (1914)'' .... Harry Faulkner (Prologue)/Weakhands (The Old Days)

''Apple Pie Mary (1914)

''The Battle of the Sexes (1914)'' .... John Andrews, the son

''The Smugglers of Sligo (1914)

''Judith of Bethulia (1914)'' .... Nathan

''For Those Unborn (1914)

''The Pseudo Prodigal (1913)

''In the Elemental World (1913)'' .... The Young Hunter

''The Battle at Elderbush Gulch (1913)'' .... The father

''The Blue or the Gray (1913)'' .... The Southern Boy

''By Man's Law (1913)'' .... Young Boy

''The Girl Across the Way (1913)'' .... The Boy

''Influence of the Unknown (1913)'' .... The Young Woman's Sweetheart

''An Unjust Suspicion (1913)'' .... On Beach

''The Adopted Brother (1913)'' .... The Adopted Brother

''The Coming of Angelo (1913)

''The Reformers; or, The Lost Art of Minding One's Business (1913)'' .... The Son

''The Sorrowful Shore (1913)'' .... One of the Son's Friends

''Her Mother's Oath (1913)'' .... Medicine Show Patron/In Church/Messenger

''Death's Marathon (1913)'' .... The Messenger

''A Timely Interception (1913)'' .... The Farmer's Adopted Son

''His Mother's Son (1913)'' .... The Orphan

''The Yaqui Cur (1913)'' .... Strongheart, a Yaqui Youth

''The House of Darkness (1913)'' .... Asylum Guard

''The Lady and the Mouse (1913)'' .... The Young Friend

''A Misunderstood Boy (1913)'' .... The Son

''The Little Tease (1913)'' .... Jim

''The Perfidy of Mary (1913)'' .... Boy Who Gives Directions

''The Sheriff's Baby (1913)'' .... The Deputy

''Fate (1913/I)'' .... The Beloved Son

''Near to Earth (1913)'' .... Gato's Brother

''Broken Ways (1913)'' .... In Telegraph Office

''Love in an Apartment Hotel (1913)'' .... The Desk Clerk

''The Massacre (1913)'' .... In Cavalry

''Oil and Water (1913)

''Brothers (1913)'' .... The Father's Favorite Son

''A Misappropriated Turkey (1913)'' .... Union Member

''The Tender Hearted Boy (1913)'' .... The Tender-Hearted Boy

''A Cry for Help (1912)'' .... Witnes to Accident

''The Burglar's Dilemma (1912)'' .... Young Burglar

''My Hero (1912)'' .... The Young Man

''The New York Hat (1912)'' .... Youth outside church

''Brutality (1912)

''A Sailor's Heart (1912) (unconfirmed)'' .... On Porch

''The Informer (1912)

''Heredity (1912)'' .... Indian

''The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912)'' .... Rival Gang Member/In Alley/At Dance

''The Painted Lady (1912)'' .... Beau at Ice Cream Festival

''A Feud in the Kentucky Hills (1912)'' .... A Brother

''So Near, Yet So Far (1912)'' .... The Rival/In Club

''Friends (1912)'' .... Stableboy

''Two Daughters of Eve (1912)'' .... At Stage Door

''An Unseen Enemy (1912)'' .... The Boy

''A Pueblo Legend (1912)'' .... The Great Brother's Friend

''A Change of Spirit (1912)'' .... Young Man on Street

''The Inner Circle (1912)'' .... In Crowd/Accident Witness

''A Child's Remorse (1912)'' .... Boatman

''The Sands of Dee (1912)'' .... Bobby

''Man's Genesis (1912)'' .... Weakhands

''Man's Lust for Gold (1912)'' .... The Prospector's Son

''The School Teacher and the Waif (1912)'' .... Schoolboy

''A Temporary Truce (1912)'' .... The Murdered Indian's Son

''Home Folks (1912)'' .... The Young Woman's Brother

''A Beast at Bay (1912)'' .... A Farmer

''A Lodging for the Night (1912)'' .... In Gambling Hall/Victim

''The Old Actor (1912)'' .... The Messenger

''The Lesser Evil (1912)'' .... In Smuggler Band

''One Is Business, the Other Crime (1912)'' .... Delivery Boy

''Just Like a Woman (1912)'' .... Stableboy

''Fate's Interception (1912)'' .... The Errand Boy

''Those Hicksville Boys (1912)

''Iola's Promise (1912)'' .... A Settler

''The Girl and Her Trust (1912)'' .... Telegrapher's Companion/Remote Station Worker

''A String of Pearls (1912)'' .... In Tenement

''Under Burning Skies (1912)'' .... On Street/At Farewell Party

''Billy's Stratagem (1912)'' .... A Settler

''The Transformation of Mike (1912)'' .... At Dance

''For His Son (1912)'' .... At Soda Fountain

''The Failure (1911)'' .... At Fiancée's House/In Tavern

''The Miser's Heart (1911)'' .... Bakeshop Assistant

''The Battle (1911)'' .... A Union soldier

''The Long Road (1911)'' .... Family Friend

''The Unveiling (1911)'' .... The Boy

''Her Awakening (1911)'' .... On Street/Accident Witness

''The Diving Girl (1911)'' .... The Bellboy

''The Last Drop of Water (1911)'' .... In Wagon Train

''A Country Cupid (1911)'' .... Among Students

''Bobby, the Coward (1911)'' .... Bobby

''Fighting Blood (1911)'' .... The Old Soldier's Son

''The Primal Call (1911)'' .... On Ship

''Enoch Arden: Part II (1911)'' .... Teenage Arden Son

''The White Rose of the Wilds (1911)'' .... White Rose's Brother

''The Broken Cross (1911)

''A Wreath of Orange Blossoms (1911)'' .... Mover

''The Italian Barber (1911)'' .... Buying Newspapers

''When a Man Loves (1911)'' .... Young Man

''Winning Back His Love (1910)'' .... At Stage Door

''The Lesson (1910)'' .... Young Boy

''A Plain Song (1910)'' .... Storemate

''Sunshine Sue (1910)'' .... Sweatshop Employee

''The Banker's Daughters (1910)'' .... Messenger (unconfirmed)

''Examination Day at School (1910)

''A Summer Idyll (1910)'' .... A Country Boy

''The Modern Prodigal (1910)'' .... At Post Office

''Wilful Peggy (1910)

''A Child's Impulse (1910)'' .... Country Boy

''In the Season of Buds (1910)

''Ramona (1910)

''The Way of the World (1910)'' .... A Hayer

''The Converts (1910)'' .... Bystander

''The Newlyweds (1910)'' .... At Station Reception

''The Call (1910)'' .... Boy Passing Handbills

''Her Terrible Ordeal (1910)'' .... At Station

''To Save Her Soul (1909)'' .... Stagehand/Usher

''In a Hempen Bag (1909)'' .... The Young Man

''A Corner in Wheat (1909)'' .... On the Floor of the Exchange

''Through the Breakers (1909)'' .... At the Club

''A Sweet Revenge (1909)'' .... On the Bridge

''In Old Kentucky (1909)'' .... Extra

''The Broken Locket (1909)'' .... Outside Company Office

''The Hessian Renegades (1909)'' .... Farmer

''The Little Darling (1909)

''Pranks (1909)'' .... One of the Boys

''They Would Elope (1909)'' .... At Stable

''The Message (1909)'' .... Farm Boy

''The Lonely Villa (1909)

''His Duty (1909)'' .... One of the children on the street

''Two Memories (1909)

''Jones and the Lady Book Agent (1909)'' .... Messenger

''The Note in the Shoe (1909)'' .... In Store

''One Busy Hour (1909)'' .... Customer

''Tis an Ill Wind That Blows No Good (1909)'' .... In Crowd

''The Drive for a Life (1909)'' .... Messenger

''A Troublesome Satchel (1909)'' .... In Crowd

''A Sound Sleeper (1909)'' .... In Fight

''Trying to Get Arrested (1909)'' .... In Fight

''A Drunkard's Reformation (1909)'' .... Theatre Usher

''A Burglar's Mistake (1909)'' .... The Messenger

''The Salvation Army Lass (1909)'' .... In Street Crowds

''His Wife's Mother (1909)'' .... Busboy

''At the Altar (1909)'' .... On Street

''The Hindoo Dagger (1909)'' .... Messenger

''Tragic Love (1909)'' .... Paper Boy

''A Wreath in Time (1909)'' .... Messenger

''The Brahma Diamond (1909)'' .... Native Servant

''The Girls and Daddy (1909)'' .... Messenger

''Those Awful Hats (1909)'' .... Theatre Audience

''The Welcome Burglar (1909)'' .... Messenger

''Mr. Jones Has a Card Party (1909)'' .... A Messenger

''The Helping Hand (1908)'' .... Messenger

''The Test of Friendship (1908)'' .... Man Leaving Factory

''The Reckoning (1908)'' .... Man in Crowd

''The Feud and the Turkey (1908)'' .... George Wilkinson

''The Valet's Wife (1908)'' .... Valet

''The Clubman and the Tramp (1908)'' .... Man on Street

''The Song of the Shirt (1908)'' .... Stock Boy

''Concealing a Burglar (1908)'' .... Valet

''A Smoked Husband (1908)'' .... Messenger

''Where the Breakers Roar (1908)'' .... On Boardwalk

''Behind the Scenes (1908)'' .... Messenger

''Monday Morning in a Coney Island Police Court (1908)'' .... Young Man

''Balked at the Altar (1908)

''A Calamitous Elopement (1908)'' .... Bellboy

''At the Crossroads of Life (1908)'' .... Messenger

''At the French Ball (1908) (uncredited)'' .... Extra

''Mixed Babies (1908)'' .... Boy in Front of Store

''Thompson's Night Out (1908)'' .... Sign Changer

''Her First Adventure (1908) (uncredited)'' .... Extra in Crowd

''The Boy Detective, or The Abductors Foiled (1908)'' .... Swifty

''The Snowman (1908)'' .... A Child

''Bobby's Kodak (1908)'' .... Son

''Professional Jealousy (1908)'' .... Backstage Messenger

''Mr. Gay and Mrs. (1907)'' .... Messenger

''Dr. Skinum (1907)'' .... Boy at Door

External links

Robert Harron at Silents Are Golden

Category:1893 births Category:1920 deaths Category:American child actors Category:American film actors Category:American silent film actors Category:American Roman Catholics Category:Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Queens, New York) Category:American people of Irish descent Category:Actors from New York City Category:People from Manhattan Category:Deaths by firearm in New York Category:Firearm accident victims Category:Accidental deaths in New York

de:Robert Harron es:Robert Harron fr:Robert Harron it:Robert Harron he:רוברט הארון la:Robertus Harron pt:Robert Harron sv:Robert Harron