An effigy is a representation of a person, especially in the form of sculpture or some other three-dimensional form.

The term is usually associated with full-length figures of a deceased person depicted in stone or wood on church monuments. These most often lie supine with hands together in prayer, but may also be recumbent, kneeling in prayer or even standing. Effigies may also be (half) demi-figures and the term is occasionally used to refer to busts.

An effigy can also be a doll burned in order to dispel undesired spirits or to advocate against a person. The burning is meant as a sign of the participants' shared intent to banish the represented element from their lives. The best known British example is the burning of an effigy made of straw and/or old clothing depicting the 17th century Catholic conspirator, Guy Fawkes. In the past, criminals sentenced to death ''in absentia'' might be officially executed "in effigy" as a symbolic act.

Political effigies serve a broadly similar purpose on political demonstrations or annual community rituals such as that held in Lewes, on the south coast of England. In Lewes, models of important or unpopular figures in current affairs are burned on Bonfire Night, formerly alongside an effigy of the Pope.

The word comes from the Latin, and originally was used in the plural only—even a single image was "the effigies of ...". The word occurs in Shakespeare's ''As You Like It'' of 1600 (II, vii, 193), though it first appears in 1539. "In effigie" was probably understood as a Latin phrase until the 18th century.

See also

Death mask

Poppet

External links

Statua loricatus: database about military effigies and tombs from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance

Reference

Category:Types of sculpture Category:Monuments and memorials

de:Gisant es:Efigie fr:Gisant nl:Gisant pl:Kukła pt:Efígie ro:Gisant ru:Эффигия th:อนุสรณ์ผู้ตาย vls:Gisant

Coordinates	39°44′21″N104°59′5″N
name	Andrew Bird
landscape	yes
background	solo_singer
born	July 11, 1973Chicago, IllinoisUnited States
instrument	Voice, whistling, violin, guitar, glockenspiel
genre	Indie rock, indie folk, folk rock, baroque pop
occupation	Musician, Songwriter
years active	1996–present
label	Rykodisc, Righteous Babe, Fat Possum, RCRD LBL, Bella Union, Earwig Music, Waterbug, Carrot Top, Delmark
associated acts	Andrew Bird's Bowl of Fire, Squirrel Nut Zippers, Kevin O'Donnells Quality Six
website	andrewbird.net
notable instruments	}}

Andrew Bird (born July 11, 1973) is an American musician, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist.

History

Early life and the Bowl of Fire (1973–2002)

Trained in the Suzuki method from the age of four, Bird graduated from Lake Forest High School in 1991 and Northwestern University with a bachelor's degree in violin performance in 1996. That same year he self-released his first solo album, ''Music of Hair''. Vastly different from his later work, this album showcased his violin skills and paid tribute to his fascination with both American and European folk traditions, as well as jazz and blues. Following this, his initial commercial exposure came through collaborative work with the band Squirrel Nut Zippers, appearing on three of their albums (''Hot'', ''Sold Out'', and ''Perennial Favorites'') between 1996 and 1998.

Taking on the role of bandleader, Bird released ''Thrills'' on Rykodisc in 1997 with his group Andrew Bird's Bowl of Fire, shortly followed by second album ''Oh! The Grandeur'' in 1998. Both albums were heavily influenced by traditional folk, pre-war jazz, and swing, with Bird relying on the violin as his primary musical instrument, as well as providing vocals along with his trademark verbose lyrics. The Bowl of Fire featured musicians from Bird's home town of Chicago, including Kevin O'Donnell, Joshua Hirsch, Nora O'Connor, Andy Hopkins, Jimmy Sutton, Colin Bunn, and Ryan Hembrey. During this period, Andrew Bird was a member of the jazz group Kevin O'Donnells Quality Six, for which he was the lead singer and violinist and contributed to arrangements and songwriting for the albums ''Heretic Blues'' (Delmark 1999) and ''Control Freak'' (Delmark 2000) (both Delmark albums were produced by Raymond Salvatore Harmon).

In 2001, the Bowl of Fire released their third album, ''The Swimming Hour'', a dramatic departure from their previous recordings. It featured a mixture of styles, from the zydeco-influenced "Core and Rind" to more straightforward rock songs such as "11:11". Due to this eclectic nature, Bird has often referred to it as his "jukebox album". Although gaining critical praise (''The Swimming Hour'' received a 9.0 from indie music website Pitchfork), the band failed to attain commercial success or recognition, playing to audiences as small as 40 people. In 2002, Bird was asked to open for a band in his hometown of Chicago, but fellow Bowl of Fire members were unavailable for the date. The reluctant Bird performed the gig alone, and the surprising success of this solo show suggested potential new directions for his music.

Early solo career (2003–2005)

The Bowl of Fire unofficially disbanded in 2003, and Bird went on to radically re-invent himself as a solo artist. His two subsequent albums were released on Ani Difranco's Righteous Babe Records label. 2003's ''Weather Systems'' (originally released on Grimsey Records) was a sparse record with a dramatic change in musical direction. It featured the tracks "Skin" and "I", proto-versions of songs that would later become "Skin Is, My" (''The Mysterious Production of Eggs'') and "Imitosis" (''Armchair Apocrypha'').

''The Mysterious Production of Eggs'' (2005) continued a progression towards an eclectic indie–folk sound, and both records formed a stark stylistic break with Bird's earlier work, swapping the lush backing of a full band for carefully layered samples of sound constructed using multitrack recorders and loop pedals. As his sound changed, Bird made increasing use of guitar, glockenspiel, and whistling in his songwriting, in addition to his traditional violin and vocals.

Bird is noted for improvising and reworking his songs during live performance, as can be seen in his series of self-released live compilations entitled ''Fingerlings'', ''Fingerlings 2'', and ''Fingerlings 3'', the first of which was released in 2002. Each ''Fingerlings'' EP was released prior to a studio album, and presented a mixture of live performances from different shows, including old tracks, covers, and previously unreleased songs, some of which have since appeared on studio albums. ''Fingerlings 3'', released in October 2006, also featured studio outtakes. Fingerlings 2 provided Bird with an unexpected boost in recognition in 2004 when it was named album of the month by ''Mojo''.

In 2005, co-collaborator Martin Dosh joined Bird's line-up, adding percussion and keyboards to his sound. Jeremy Ylvisaker was later added to the group on bass and backup vocals.

Signed to Fat Possum Records (2006–present)

In September 2006, Bird signed to Fat Possum Records, and in March 2007 he released his third post-Bowl of Fire album, ''Armchair Apocrypha''. The album was recorded in collaboration with electronic musician Martin Dosh, and includes a track composed by Dosh (with lyrics by Bird) entitled "Simple X". This song first appeared without Bird's lyrics as "Simple Exercises" on Dosh's 2004 release ''Pure Trash''. The album was produced by Ben Durrant (who had worked on Dosh's ''The Lost Take''), and also featured Haley Bonar and Chris Morrissey. In advance of the March release date, ''Armchair Apocrypha'' was leaked to the Internet in January 2007. The album went on to sell over 100,000 copies.

As publicity for ''Armchair Apocrypha'', Bird made his network television debut on April 10, 2007, performing "Plasticities" (from the new album) on the ''Late Show with David Letterman''. He also appeared on ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien'' on June 14, 2007, performing "Imitosis" from the same album. In April 2007, he did a ''Take-Away Show'' acoustic video session shot by Vincent Moon. These appearances were accompanied by an extensive tour, which ended with sell-out performances at the Beacon Theater, New York and the Orpheum Theater, Los Angeles.

In January 2007, Andrew Bird made an appearance on the Noggin television network's ''Jack's Big Music Show'', playing the part of Dr. Stringz and appearing in order to mend a character's broken dulcimer. Bird sang a brief song called "Dr. Stringz", written specially for the show. He now often plays it live as an introduction to the song "Fake Palindromes".

On May 20, 2007, National Public Radio aired a live concert by Bird from Washington, D.C.'s 9:30 Club He also worked with Reverb, a non-profit environmental organization, for his 2007 spring tour.

Five of his songs — "Banking on a Myth" from "The Mysterious Production of Eggs," a medley of "I" from ''Weather Systems'' and "Imitosis" from "Armchair Apocrypha," and "Skin" and "Weather Systems" from ''Weather Systems'' — have been licensed for use by Marriott Residence Inn.

Since March 2008, Bird has contributed to "Measure for Measure," a ''New York Times'' blog in which musicians write about their songwriting process. In it, he has charted the development of the song "Oh No," previewing samples at various stages of development through to the finished album recording. He also discussed the conception of the song "Natural Disaster," the recording of instrumental piece "Hot Math," and previewed "Master Sigh." The first two songs were later released on Bird's 2009 album "Noble Beast," whilst the latter two appeared on its bonus disc "Useless Creatures."

In December 2008, Bird appeared in the second series of Nigel Godrich's ''From the Basement'' alongside Radiohead and Fleet Foxes. His performance included a preview of new song "Section 8 City," a ten minute re-imagining of "Sectionate City," which originally appeared on the "Soldier On EP."

Bird's fifth solo album, "Noble Beast," was released on January 20, 2009, and contained fourteen new songs, with bonus tracks available for download from iTunes and eMusic. "The Privateers" is a re-imagining of a very early song entitled "The Confession" from 1999's "Oh! The Grandeur." A limited deluxe edition of the album included alternate packaging and artwork, as well as an all-instrumental companion disc entitled "Useless Creatures." The entirety of "Useless Creatures" was made available via Bird's website during the run-up to the release. "Noble Beast" has been met with generally favourable reviews, receiving a score of 79 out of 100 from review collation site Metacritic.

In 2009, Bird contributed a cover of the song "The Giant of Illinois" to the HIV and AIDS benefit album "Dark Was the Night" produced by the Red Hot Organization. On May 11, 2009, Bird released the EP "Fitz and the Dizzy Spells." It contains "Fitz and the Dizzyspells" from "Noble Beast," as well as other songs from that album's recording sessions. Some of the songs on the EP were previously available for download from iTunes and eMusic as bonus tracks to "Noble Beast."

In 2010, Bird recorded with the Preservation Hall Jazz Band, contributing vocals and violin on a cover of "Shake It and Break It" on "Preservation: An Album to Benefit Preservation Hall & The Preservation Hall Music Outreach Program."

Influences

Growing up, Bird was surrounded by classical music. As a child, he was interested in Irish tunes and bluegrass. He also cites English and Scottish folk music as an early influence. His early jazz influences were Johnny Hodges, Lester Young, and Fats Waller. He has also had a number of classical influences such as Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, and Bela Bartok. Other influences included jazz, swing, calypso, and folk. Bird has stated that, at 22, he found a lot of indie rock and pop music repetitive and boring, but now understands it better.

Discography

Bowl of Fire albums

''Thrills'' (1998)

''Oh! The Grandeur'' (1999)

''The Swimming Hour'' (2001)

Solo albums

''Music of Hair'' (1996)

''Weather Systems'' (2003)

''Andrew Bird & the Mysterious Production of Eggs'' (2005)

''Armchair Apocrypha'' (2007, Fat Possum) #76 US

''Noble Beast'' (2009, Fat Possum) #12 US

Live albums

''Fingerlings'' (2002, Grimsey Records)

''Fingerlings 2'' (2004, Grimsey)

''Fingerlings 3'' (2006, Grimsey)

''Live In Montreal'' (2008, Bella Union)

''Fingerlings 4'' (2010, Wegawam Music Co.)

EPs and singles

''The Ballad of the Red Shoes'' (2002)

''Sovay'' (2005, Fargo Records) – single

''Live at Bonnaroo Music Festival'' (2006, Live at Bonnaroo Music Festival) – Live EP

''Soldier On'' (2007) – European tour EP

''Fitz and the Dizzy Spells'' (2009)

''Anonanimal'' (2009) – single

Other album appearances

Kiltartan Road – ''Joy to the Morning'' (1995)

Kat Eggleston – ''Outside Eden'' (1996, Waterbug Records)

Lil Ed and Dave Weld with The Imperial Flames – ''Keep On Walkin''' (1996, Earwig Music)

Andrew Calhoun – ''Phoenix Envy'' (1996, Earwig Music)

Charlie Nobody – ''Soup'' (1996)

Squirrel Nut Zippers – ''Hot'' (1996, Mammoth Records)

Squirrel Nut Zippers – ''Perennial Favorites'' (1998, Mammoth)

Rose Polenzani – ''Dragersville'' (1998, The Orchard)

Pinetop Seven – ''Rigging the Toplights'' (1998)

Extra Virgin – ''Twelve Stories High'' (1999)

Kevin O'Donnell – ''Heretic Blues'' (1999, Delmark Records)

Andrew Calhoun – ''Where Blue Meets Blue'' (1999, Waterbug)

Sally Timms – ''Cowboy Sally's Twilight Laments for Lost Buckaroos'' (1999, Bloodshot Records)

Squirrel Nut Zippers – ''Bedlam Ballroom'' (2000, Hollywood Records)

The Blacks – ''Just Like Home'' (2000, Bloodshot)

The Handsome Family – ''In the Air'' (2000, Carrot Top Records)

Devil in a Woodpile – ''Division Street'' (2000, Bloodshot)

Kevin O'Donnell – ''Control Freak'' (2000 · Delmark Records)

Neko Case – ''Canadian Amp'' (2001)

The Verve Pipe – ''Underneath'' (2001, RCA Records)

Jenny Toomey – ''Antidote'' (2001, Misra Records)

Kelly Hogan – ''Because It Feel Good'' (2001, Bloodshot)

Sinister Luck Ensemble – ''Anniversary'' (2002, Perishable Records)

Abandon Jalopy – ''Mercy'' (2002)

''WYEP Live and Direct: Volume 4 - On Air Performances'' - "Core and Rind" (2002)

Kristin Hersh – ''The Grotto'' (2003)

The Autumn Defense – ''Circles'' (2003, Arena Rock Recording Co.)

Bonnie 'Prince' Billy – ''Sings Greatest Palace Music'' (2004, Drag City)

Bobby Bare, Jr. – ''From the End of Your Leash'' (2004, Bloodshot)

Nora O'Connor – ''Til the Dawn'' (2004, Bloodshot)

Ani DiFranco – ''Knuckle Down'' (2005, Righteous Babe Records)

My Morning Jacket – ''Z'' (2005, ATO Records)

Bobby Bare – ''The Moon Was Blue'' (2005, Dualtone Music Group)

Emily Loizeau – ''London Town'' (in French and English) (2006)

Dosh – ''The Lost Take'' (2006, anticon.)

Candi Staton – ''His Hands'' (2006, Astralwerks)

Magnolia Electric Co. – ''The Black Ram'' (2007, Secretly Canadian)

KFOG Live From the Archives Volume 14 – (2007)

''Song of America'' - "How You Gonna Keep 'Em Down On the Farm" (2007, Split Rock Records/Thirty One Tigers)

Charlie Louvin - "Sings Murder Ballads and Disaster Songs" (2008, Tompkins Square)

Todd Sickafoose - "Tiny Resistors" (2008, Cryptogramophone)

Dosh – Wolves and Wishes (2008, anticon.)

Final Fantasy – ''Plays to Please'' (2008, Blocks Recording Club)

Dianogah – ''Qhnnnl'' (2008, Southern Records)

Loney, Dear - ''Dear John'' (2009)

Dark Was the Night – "The Giant of Illinois" (Red Hot Organization, 2009)

Live at KEXP Vol.5- ''Oh No'' (2009)

Thao with the Get Down Stay Down - ''Know Better Learn Faster'' (2009, Kill Rock Stars)

Dosh – Tommy

Twistable Turnable Man: A Musical Tribute to Shel Silverstein - ''The Twistable, Turnable Man Returns'' (2010, Sugar Hill Records)

''Muppets: The Green Album'' - "'Bein' Green'" (2011, Walt Disney Records)

References

External links

Official site

Andrew Bird collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive

TED talks

Category:Fingerstyle guitarists Category:American fiddlers Category:American multi-instrumentalists Category:American rock guitarists Category:American singer-songwriters Category:People from Chicago, Illinois Category:Northwestern University alumni Category:Old Town School of Folk musicians Category:People from Jo Daviess County, Illinois Category:Fat Possum Records artists Category:Retro-swing musicians Category:Whistlers Category:Righteous Babe artists Category:Bienen School of Music alumni Category:Living people Category:1973 births Category:Rykodisc artists Category:Live Music Archive artists

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