Hymenoptera is one of the largest orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees and ants. There are over 130,000 recognized species, with many more remaining to be described. The name refers to the heavy wings of the insects, and is derived from the Ancient Greek ὑμήν (hymen): membrane and πτεÏ?όν (pteron): wing. The hindwings are connected to the forewings by a series of hooks called hamuli.

Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or otherwise inaccessible places. The ovipositor is often modified into a stinger. The young develop through complete metamorphosis — that is, they have a worm-like larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they mature (See holometabolism).

Etymology

Hymenoptera was coined by Carl Linnæus in 1773 from the Greek ''hymenos'' meaning membrane added to ''pteron'', cognate to the Sanskrit word 'patram' which means 'wings'. This therefore denoting that the species contained within the particular order bear membraned wings.

Evolution

Hymenoptera originated in the Triassic, the oldest fossils belonging to the family Xyelidae. Social hymenopterans appeared during the Cretaceous. The evolution of this group has been intensively studied by A. Rasnitsyn, M. S. Engel, G. Dlussky, and others.

Anatomy

Hymenoptera range in size from very small to large insects, and usually have two pairs of wings. Their mouthparts are adapted for chewing, with well-developed mandibles (ectognathous mouthparts). Many species have further developed the mouthparts into a lengthy proboscis, with which they can drink liquids, such as nectar. They have large compound eyes, and typically three ocelli.

The forward margin of the hind wing bears a number of hooked bristles, or "hamuli", which lock onto the fore wing, keeping them held together. The smaller species may have only two or three hamuli on each side, but the largest wasps may have a considerable number, keeping the wings gripped together especially tightly. Hymenopteran wings have relatively few veins compared with many other insects, especially in the smaller species.

In the more ancestral Hymenoptera, the ovipositor is blade-like, and has evolved for slicing plant tissues. In the majority, however, it is modified for piercing, and, in some cases, is several times the length of the body. In some species, the ovipositor has become modified as a sting, and the eggs are laid from the base of the structure, rather than from the tip, which is used only to inject venom. The sting is typically used to immobilise prey, but in some wasps and bees may be used in defense.

The larvae of the more ancestral Hymenoptera resemble caterpillars in appearance, and like them, typically feed on leaves. They have large chewing mandibles, three thoracic limbs, and, in most cases, a number of abdominal prolegs. Unlike caterpillars, however, the prolegs have no grasping spines, and the antennae are reduced to mere stubs.

The larvae of other Hymenoptera, however, more closely resemble maggots, and are adapted to life in a protected environment. This may be the body of a host organism, or a cell in a nest, where the adults will care for the larva. Such larvae have soft bodies with no limbs. They are also unable to defecate until they reach adulthood due to having an incomplete digestive tract, presumably to avoid contaminating their environment.

Sex determination

Among most or all hymenopterans, sex is determined by the number of chromosomes an individual possesses. Fertilized eggs get two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent's respective gametes), and so develop into diploid females, while unfertilized eggs only contain one set (from the mother), and so develop into haploid males; the act of fertilization is under the voluntary control of the egg-laying female. This phenomenon is called haplodiploidy.

However, the actual genetic mechanisms of haplodiploid sex determination may be more complex than simple chromosome number. In many Hymenoptera, sex is actually determined by a single gene locus with many alleles. In these species, haploids are male and diploids heterozygous at the sex locus are female, but occasionally a diploid will be homozygous at the sex locus and develop as a male instead. This is especially likely to occur in an individual whose parents were siblings or other close relatives. Diploid males are known to be produced by inbreeding in many ant, bee and wasp species.

One consequence of haplodiploidy is that females on average actually have more genes in common with their sisters than they do with their own daughters. Because of this, cooperation among kindred females may be unusually advantageous, and has been hypothesized to contribute to the multiple origins of eusociality within this order.

Diet

Different species of hymenoptera show a wide range of feeding habits. The most primitive forms are typically herbivorous, feeding on leaves or pine needles. Stinging wasps are predators, and will provision their larvae with immobilised prey, while bees feed on nectar and pollen.

A number of species are parasitoid as larvae. The adults inject the eggs into a paralysed host, which they begin to consume after hatching. Some species are even hyperparasitoid, with the host itself being another parasitoid insect. Habits intermediate between those of the herbivorous and parasitoid forms are shown in some hymenopterans, which inhabit the galls or nests of other insects, stealing their food, and eventually killing and eating the occupant.

Classification

Symphyta

The suborder Symphyta includes the sawflies, horntails, and parasitic wood wasps. The group may be paraphyletic, as it has been suggested that the family Orussidae may be the group from which the Apocrita arose. They have an unconstricted junction between the thorax and abdomen. The larvae are herbivorous free-living eruciforms, with three pairs of true legs, prolegs (on every segment, unlike Lepidoptera) and ocelli. The prolegs do not have crochet hooks at the ends unlike the larvae of the Lepidoptera.

Apocrita

The wasps, bees, and ants together make up the suborder Apocrita, characterized by a constriction between the first and second abdominal segments called a wasp-waist (petiole), also involving the fusion of the first abdominal segment to the thorax. Also, the larvae of all Apocrita do not have legs, prolegs, or ocelli.

See also

List of bees, wasps and ants of Great Britain

Hymenoptera genome database

References

External links

;General

Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology project

Hymenoptera Anatomy Glossary

Hymenoptera Forum German and International

Hymenoptera Information System (German)

Hymenoptera of North America - large format reference photographs, descriptions, taxonomy

International Society of Hymenopterists

Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society (UK)

Ants Photo Gallery (RU)

International Palaeoentomological Society

Sphecos Forum for Aculeate Hymenopterra

Hymenoptera images on MorphBank, a biological image database

Order Hymenoptera Insect Life Forms

;Systematics

Hymenopteran Systematics

Hymenoptera Online 1000+ images

;Regional Lists

Insetos do Brasil

New Zealand Hymenoptera

Waspweb Afrotropical Hymenoptera Excellent images

;Books

Bees and Wasps and Ants, Oh My!

Category:Orders of insects Category:Pollinators

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name	Lobby Loyde
alt	Upper body shot of a man playing a guitar with letters G-e-o visible. His head is turned partly to his left. There is a microphone stand in front of him. Other musical and studio equipment is around him. Another musician is obscured at bottom right.
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	John Baslington Lyde
alias	John Barrie Lyde, Barry Lyde, Lobby Lyde
birth date	May 18, 1941
birth place	Longreach, Queensland, Australia
death date	April 21, 2007
death place	Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
origin	Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
instrument	Guitar, bass guitar, piano
genre	R&B;, rock, psychedelic, heavy rock, blues
occupation	Musician, song writer, producer
years active	1959–2006
label	Soundtrack, Sunshine, Festival, Infinity
associated acts	Purple Hearts, Wild Cherries, Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs, Coloured Balls, Rose Tattoo
notable instruments	1957 Fender Stratocaster, 1959 Fender Stratocaster, Gibson ES-335, "George Guitar" }}

Lobby Loyde (born John Baslington Lyde, 18 May 1941 – 21 April 2007), also known as John Barrie Lyde or Barry Lyde, was an Australian rock music guitarist, songwriter and producer.

He was a member of 1960s groups, Purple Hearts which had a Top 40 hit with "Early in the Morning" in 1966 and Wild Cherries with their hit "That's Life" in 1967. He became a leading figure in the 1970s Australian pub rock scene, particularly as a member of Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs on their No. 8 album, ''The Hoax Is Over'' (1971) and Coloured Balls for a Top 20 album ''Ball Power'' (1973). He was briefly a member of Rose Tattoo during 1979 to 1980. His solo work includes the progressive rock album, ''Plays with George Guitar'' (1971) and the space opera, ''Beyond Morgia: The Labyrinths of Klimster'' (2007).

Known for his plectrum guitar technique, Loyde inspired a legion of Australian musicians, and was also cited as an influence by international musicians such as Kurt Cobain and Henry Rollins. He was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2006 where his Rose Tattoo band mate, Angry Anderson acknowledged his prowess, "More than anyone else, Lobby helped create the Australian guitar sound, long before Angus [Young] or Billy Thorpe or The Angels or Rose Tattoo. Lobby inspired Australian bands to step forward and play as loud and aggressively as they could. People are still trying to copy it today". Loyde died of lung cancer in April 2007 and was survived by his children, Shane, Frances, Rebecca, Vyvyan and Lucinda, and his second wife Debbie Nankervis.

Early years and Barry Lyde

Lobby Loyde was born as John Baslington Lyde on 18 May 1941 in Longreach, Queensland, he later wrote music as John Barrie Lyde and initially performed as Barry Lyde.^[A] His mother played classical piano and his father, a builder by trade, was a multi-instrumentalist – drums, harmonica, horn, piano and trumpet – in an 18-piece R&B; band and had a large collection of jazz and blues music records. His sister was not interested in a musical career but Loyde learned classical music, on piano and violin, as a child. He built his first guitar out of wood when a teenager and his father gave him a Fender electric guitar and amp. As Barry Lyde, he joined Brisbane group, Devil’s Disciples, in the late 1950s as a guitarist. In 1963, he joined The Stilettos, which played The Shadows-styled instrumentals. Growing up nearby, he competed in talent quests against other Brisbane acts – Bee Gees and Billy Thorpe.

In 1964, as lead guitarist, Barry Lyde joined a R&B; group, The Impacts, which had formed a year earlier with Bob Dames on bass guitar, Mick Hadley on vocals, Fred Pickard on rhythm guitar and Adrian Redmond on drums. The Impacts supported The Rolling Stones 1965 tour of Australia and when they arrived in Melbourne found another group with the same name, so were renamed The Purple Hearts. They were named for the pep-pills (see purple hearts) favoured by band members – not the US military decoration of same name (see Purple Heart). Their debut single was a cover of Graham Bond's "Long Legged Lovely" issued in 1965 on Soundtrack Records. Their highest charting single, "Early in the Morning", was released in October 1966 and peaked at No. 24 on ''Go-Set'''s National Top 40. The band briefly relocated to Sydney then moved on to Melbourne. They had issued three other singles and an extended play, ''The Sound of the Purple Hearts'' before splitting on 23 January 1967. "Dames started calling me Lobby because I would lobby the fuck out of people ... My last name's' L-y-d-e, so he put the 'o' in because it rhymed better". 'Lobby' is also used in Queensland for a freshwater crayfish where other Australians would say 'yabby'.

Wild Cherries and Aztecs

In January 1967, as Lobby Loyde, he joined the second incarnation of Melbourne band Wild Cherries on lead guitar. The rest of the line-up was Keith Barber on drums, Peter Eddey on bass guitar, Les Gilbert on organ and Danny Robinson on vocals. They had been an R&B; and jazz group but moved into psychedelic rock. Loyde, as John Barrie Lyde, wrote most of the band's four singles for Festival Records including "Krome Plated Yabby" from June 1967. "That's Life" issued in November was their only charting single when it reached the Top 40 in January 1968. In October, Loyde left Wild Cherries to join Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs.

Loyde had met Thorpe, in his school days, in the Brisbane suburb of Salisbury, Queensland. In August 1968, Thorpe was in Melbourne with the Aztecs being Paul Wheeler on bass guitar and Jimmy Thompson on drums. Thorpe took up lead guitar as well as lead vocals. Loyde joined in October and encouraged Thorpe's 'new' Aztecs to develop a heavier sound. By July 1970, Warren "Pig" Morgan had joined on piano and backing vocals and they recorded, ''The Hoax Is Over'', which was released in January 1971 and Loyde had left. "Under Loyde's influence, The Aztecs spearheaded the burgeoning blues, boogie and heavy rock movement of the day. It was on that foundation that Billy Thorpe earned his position as the unassailable king of Australia's early 1970s rock scene".

By July 1971, Loyde with Johnny Dick on drums and Teddy Toi on bass guitar (both ex-Fanny Adams, Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs) performed as Wild Cherries, their set included "G.O.D." (aka "Guitar Overdose"). A five-minute version of "G.O.D." was broadcast on 21 July, on Australian Broadcasting Corporation music TV series ''GTK'', and includes footage of Loyde playing 'George', his guitar. The band released a single, "I Am the Sea" on the Havoc label in 1971 and performed at the Sunbury Pop Festival in January 1972 but disbanded in February.

Coloured Balls

Lobby Loyde formed the progressive / heavy metal group Coloured Balls in March 1972 with Andrew Fordham on guitar and vocals, Janis Miglans on bass guitar and Trevor Young on drums. Their first single, "Liberate Rock", had been recorded by Loyde with Aztecs' members, Gil Mathews (on drums), Morgan and Wheeler as studio musicians – it was issued in August. During late 1972, the original line-up of Coloured Balls recorded material for an album, ''Rock Your Arse Off'', but it was not released until May 1976 as ''The First Supper Last (Or Scenes We Didn't Get to See)'' by independent label, Rainbird.

In January 1973, Coloured Balls teamed with guest vocalists Thorpe and Leo de Castro at the Sunbury Pop Festival, their performance was released in November as the "Help Me" / "Rock Me Baby" track on the live album, ''Summer Jam''. The album included Coloured Balls' 16-minute version of "G.O.D.". Fordham had been replaced on guitar by Ian Millar early in the year. Coloured Balls released three singles including "Mess of the Blues" which reached the Top 40 in October. They supported Marc Bolan & T. Rex on their Australian tour. Coloured Balls released their debut studio album, ''Ball Power'', in December on EMI, which peaked at No. 13 on the ''Go-Set'' National Top 20 albums chart in February 1974. In January, Coloured Balls played at the Sunbury Pop Festival alongside hard rockers, Buster Brown, which included Angry Anderson on vocals and Phil Rudd on drums.

Coloured Balls' second album, ''Heavy Metal Kid'' spawned the Top 40 hit, "Love You Babe" in June 1974. Along with Thorpe, Madder Lake, Buster Brown and Chain, they were supported by suburban-based sharpie gangs. Coloured Balls had fully adopted the Melbourne 1970s sharpies' culture which included wearing chisel toed shoes, jeans, tight-fitting cardigans (expensive hand-made designs by Conti or Stag), crew-cut hair style with 'rats' tails' and most sported tattoos with a spider's web on the neck being popular. Their music was influenced by U.S. bands, MC5 and The Flamin' Groovies. Pubs and town halls became battlegrounds between rival sharpie gangs. Available venues became rare and media reports accused Loyde of encouraging the violence of some sharpies. Nick Ellenford, a member of the Heidelberg sharps, recalled "[Loyde] played with a cigarette stuck permanently to his bottom lip and always appeared to be drunk or stoned ... he casually walked behind a speaker midsong, threw up, then returned to the front of the stage without missing a beat". Coloured Balls disbanded at the end of 1974 and Loyde returned to solo work.

Solo, Rose Tattoo and other projects

Lobby Loyde had left the Aztecs early in 1971 and worked on his debut solo album, ''Plays with George Guitar'', with Johnny Dick and Teddy Toi. It was issued in September and "remains a progressive rock milestone, one of the most remarkable heavy guitar records of the period".

Loyde's first record production was the debut album for Buster Brown, ''Something to Say'', which was released by Mushroom Records in December 1974. After Coloured Balls disbanded, he attempted to form a band with Buster Brown's Anderson during 1975. As a solo artist, Loyde issued "Do You Believe in Magic?" in December and followed with the critically acclaimed and instrumentally-based album ''Obsecration'' in May 1976. Loyde formed Southern Electric with former band mates, Fordham and Miglans, joined by John Dey on keyboards, Mándu on vocals and James Thompson on drums (ex-Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs).

Loyde had written a science-fiction novel, ''Beyond Morgia: The Labyrinths of Klimster'', for a proposed film. In June 1976, he recorded an accompanying concept soundtrack album, mixed and engineered by Tony Cohen, with Southern Electric over the course of a weekend. The manuscript was destroyed by Loyde after the book and related film project were rejected. In 2007, the master tapes of the album were found and it was released in Australia on Aztec Records.

From late 1976, Loyde lived in the United Kingdom, unhappy with the Australian media's continued linking of his music to violent sharpie brawls. In London, he unsuccessfully attempted to get ''Obsecretion'' released and Southern Electric's new material recorded. He ran Front of House sound for new wave bands including Doll by Doll. He returned to Australia in 1979 to form Lobby Loyde with Sudden Electric. He recruited former band mates Mándu and Matthews and they were joined by Gavin Carroll on bass guitar. Sydney's radio station, 2JJ broadcast a live-to-air performance in mid-1979 which was recorded as ''Live with Dubs'' – the vocals were re-done by Mándu and guest vocalist Anderson (then with Rose Tattoo) – and released in 1980 by Mushroom Records.

In October 1979, Loyde joined Rose Tattoo on bass guitar, the line-up was Anderson on vocals, Mick Cocks on guitars, Dallas Royall on drums and Peter Wells on guitars. During his brief tenure, they recorded "Legalise Realise" which was released as an independent single in March 1980, backed with the track "Bong on Aussie" by country singer Colin Paterson, to publicise a campaign to legalise marijuana. They toured the United States, recorded an unreleased album in Los Angeles, and then toured Europe (including UK), but by September Loyde had left and earlier bass guitarist Gordie Leach had returned.

Loyde turned his attention to more production work, including albums for X, The Sunnyboys, Machinations and Painters and Dockers.

Later years

In 1990, Lobby Loyde was bass guitarist for Dirt with Jex Byron on vocals (ex-Olympic Sideburns), Mick Holmes on guitar (Zimmermen), Leach on bass guitar (Rose Tattoo) and Cal MacAlpine on drums (Chosen Few). Fish Tree Mother was his new band in 1997 with Bruce Aitken, Peter Coomber and Graham Duncan. On 14 November 1998, with Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs, Loyde appeared at the Mushroom 25 Concert on guitar for "Most People I Know" and "Ooh Poo Pah Doo".

''Long Way to the Top'' was a 2001 Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) six-part documentary on the history of Australian rock and roll from 1956 to the modern era. Loyde featured on "Episode 2: Ten Pound Rocker 1963–1968" broadcast on 22 August, where he discussed the early 1960s club and disco scene in Melbourne. Purple Hearts' "Just a Little Bit" was used on the episode's soundtrack. "Episode 3: Billy Killed the Fish", broadcast on 29 August, featured interviews with Loyde, Michael Chugg (manager / promoter) and Thorpe. They described their Sunbury festival experiences and the development of pub rock in Australia. Wild Cherries' "G.O.D." was used for that episode. During August 2002, promoters Chugg and Kevin Jacobsen with Thorpe as co-producer, organised a related concert tour, Long Way to the Top. Concerts included Loyde performing with Coloured Balls. Performances at two Sydney shows in September were recorded, broadcast on ABC-TV and subsequently released on DVD in December. The DVD included an interview with Loyde and the Coloured Balls and their performance of "G.O.D."/"Human Being" and "Liberate Rock".

Purple Hearts reformed briefly in 2005 for a reunion concert series with the 1964 line-up of Dames on bass guitar, Hadley on vocals and harmonica, Loyde on guitar and Pickard on rhythm guitar supplemented by Craig Claxton on lead guitar and Keith Megson on drums.

In 2005, Loyde was diagnosed with lung cancer and a benefit concert, in Melbourne (at which he also played) raised $90,000 for medical costs. In August 2006, Loyde re-joined Rose Tattoo to replace slide guitarist Peter Wells, who had died of cancer. In 1980, Loyde had recorded an as-yet-unreleased album (as from June 2008) in Los Angeles when a member of Rose Tattoo, with Billy Thorpe guesting. He was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in August, alongside Rose Tattoo, Divinyls, Icehouse, Daddy Cool and Helen Reddy. Bandmate, Angry Anderson of Rose Tattoo described Loyde's influence:

More than anyone else, Lobby helped create the Australian guitar sound, long before Angus [Young] or Billy Thorpe or The Angels or Rose Tattoo. Lobby inspired Australian bands to step forward and play as loud and aggressively as they could. People are still trying to copy it today.

The last album Loyde produced and performed on was ''The Odyssey'' by Michael Fein, which was released on 6 October 2008.

On 21 April 2007, Lobby Loyde died, from lung cancer, in Box Hill, Melbourne, aged 65.

Personal life

Lobby Loyde's first marriage provided a son, Shane Loyde (born ca. 1967).

He met Australian actress, Debbie Nankervis (born 1953) when in London in 1979 and they were married for 26 years. Nankervis was later a model and advertising representative. Their children are Frances (born 1982), Rebecca (born ca. 1985), Vyvyan (born ca. 1987) and Lucinda (born ca. 1988). At the time of his death, on 21 April 2007, he had been separated from Nankervis.

Discography

Albums

Lobby Loyde â€“ ''Plays with George Guitar'' (Infinity, September 1971)

Coloured Balls â€“ ''Summer Jam'' (November 1973)

Coloured Balls â€“ ''Ball Power'' (EMI, December 1973)

Coloured Balls â€“ ''Heavy Metal Kid (EMI, 1974)

Lobby Loyde â€“ ''Obsecration (Rainbird, May 1976)

Lobby Loyde with Sudden Electric â€“ ''Live with Dubs'' (Mushroom, 1980)

Lobby Loyde â€“ ''Beyond Morgia: The Labyrinths of Klimster'' (recorded 1976, released Aztec Records, 2007)

Singles

Producer

Lobby Loyde has produced the following works:

Buster Brown â€“ ''Something to Say'' (1974)

Doll by Doll (1979)

X â€“ ''X-Aspirations'' (1979)

The Sunnyboys â€“ ''The Sunnyboys'' (Extended Play, December 1980)

Machinations â€“ "Average Inadequacy" (26 August 1981)

The Sunnyboys â€“ ''The Sunnyboys'' (September 1981)

Kevin Borich â€“ ''Shy Boys Shy Girls'' (EP, 1981)

Machinations â€“ ''Machinations'' (EP, December 1981)

Flaming Hands â€“ "Wake Up Screaming" (1981)

The Tablewaiters â€“ "Between the Lines" (1981)

Sardine v â€“ "Sabotage" (1981)

The Sunnyboys â€“ ''Individuals'' (May 1982)

Kevin Borich â€“ "Getting So Excited" (1982)

Models â€“ "On" (August 1982)

I Am Joe's Music â€“ ''I Am Joe's Music'' (1983)

Machinations â€“ ''Esteem (album)'' (April 1983)

Gravity Pirates â€“ ''This Way to the Cargo Cult'' (EP, 1983)

Painters and Dockers â€“ ''Love Planet'' (1984)

Hoi Polloi (1984)

Spectres Revenge â€“ "No Moon at Midnight" (1985)

The Arctic Circles â€“ ''Angel'' (EP, 1985)

The Shindiggers â€“ ''Beat Is Back'' (EP, 1985)

Depression â€“ ''Australia Australia'' (1985)

X â€“ ''At Home with You'' (1985)

Urban Tribe (1987)

Large #12's â€“ ''Dance the Demon Out'' (EP, 1988)

Painters and Dockers â€“ ''Kiss My Art'' (August 1988)

X â€“ ''And More'' (1989)

The Zimmermen â€“ ''Way Too Casual'' (1989)

Michael Fein â€“ ''The Odyssey'' (6 October 2008)

Notes

1. ^For names, Lobby Loyde, John Baslingtion Lyde and Barry Lyde see McFarlane. For John Barrie Lyde see Australasian Performing Rights Association search result for song writer and performer of "Liberate Rock". For birth year and birth place see McFarlane. For full date and place of birth see Swift.

References

;General Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality. ;Specific

External links

LobbyLoyde.com (official website)

Obituary by Glenn A. Baker Obituary by Iain Shedden.

Long Way to the Top Video Vault. Note: User needs to choose Artist Name: Lobby Loyde and then one of three video interviews, "Good Vibrations", "From Psychedelics to Hard Rock" or "Getting Somewhere".

Category:Australian guitarists Category:ARIA Award winners Category:ARIA Hall of Fame inductees Category:1941 births Category:2007 deaths Category:Deaths from lung cancer Category:Cancer deaths in Victoria (Australia) Category:People from Brisbane