birth name	Deborah Jane Kerr-Trimmer
birth date	September 30, 1921
birth place	Glasgow, Scotland
death date	October 16, 2007
death place	Botesdale, Suffolk, England
years active	1940-1986
occupation	Actress
spouse	Anthony Bartley (m.1945-1959; divorced) Peter Viertel (m.1960-2007; her death) }}

Deborah Kerr, CBE (30 September 1921 - 16 October 2007) was a Scottish film and television actress. She won the Sarah Siddons Award for her Chicago performance as Laura Reynolds in ''Tea and Sympathy,'' a role which she originated on Broadway, a Golden Globe Award for the motion picture ''The King and I,'' and was a three-time winner of the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress. She was also the recipient of honorary Academy, BAFTA and Cannes Film Festival awards.

She was nominated six times for Academy Award for Best Actress but never won. In 1994, however, she was awarded the Academy Honorary Award, cited by the Academy as "an artist of impeccable grace and beauty, a dedicated actress whose motion picture career has always stood for perfection, discipline and elegance". Her films include ''The King and I'', ''An Affair to Remember'', ''From Here to Eternity'', ''Quo Vadis'', ''The Innocents'', ''Black Narcissus'', ''Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison'', ''The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp'' and ''Separate Tables''.

Early life

Kerr was born Deborah Jane Kerr-Trimmer in a private nursing home (hospital) in Glasgow, the only daughter of Kathleen Rose (née Smale) and Capt. Arthur Charles Kerr-Trimmer, a World War I veteran pilot who later became a naval architect and civil engineer. Directly after her birth she spent the first three years of her life in the nearby town of Helensburgh, where her parents lived with Deborah's grandparents in a house on West King Street. Kerr had a younger brother, Edward (a.k.a. Teddy), who became a journalist and died in a "road-rage" incident in 2004.

Kerr was educated at the independent Northumberland House School in the Henleaze area of Bristol in England (the school was demolished in 1937, when Kerr was only 16 years old), and at Rossholme School in Weston-super-Mare.

Kerr originally trained as a ballet dancer, first appearing on stage at Sadler's Wells in 1938. After changing careers, she soon found success as an actress. Her first acting teacher was her aunt, Phyllis Smale, who ran the Hicks-Smale Drama School in Bristol.

Career

Films

Kerr's first film role was in the British film ''Contraband'' in 1940 but her scenes were left on the cutting room floor. She followed that with a series of films, including ''Hatter's Castle'' (1942), in which she starred opposite Robert Newton and James Mason. The following year, she played three women in Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's ''The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp''. During the filming, according to Powell's autobiography, she and Powell became lovers: "I realised that Deborah was both the ideal and the flesh-and-blood woman whom I had been searching for". Kerr made clear that her surname should be pronounced the same as "car". To avoid confusion over pronunciation, Louis B. Mayer of MGM billed her as "Kerr rhymes with Star!"

Although Winston Churchill thought it would ruin wartime morale, and the British Army refused to extend co-operation with the producers, the film confounded critics by proving to be an artistic and commercial success. Powell had hoped to reunite Kerr and Roger Livesey, who had played the title character, in his next film, ''A Canterbury Tale'' (1944), but her agent had sold her contract to MGM. According to Powell, his affair with Kerr ended when she made it clear to him that she would accept an offer to go to Hollywood if one were made.

Her role as a troubled nun in ''Black Narcissus'' in 1947 brought her to the attention of Hollywood producers. The film was a hit in the US as well as the UK, and Kerr won the New York Film Critics' Award as Actress of the Year. In Hollywood, her British accent and manners led to a succession of roles portraying a refined, reserved, and proper English lady. Nevertheless, Kerr frequently used any opportunity to discard her cool exterior. She starred in the 1950 adventure film, ''King Solomon's Mines'', shot on location in Africa with Stewart Granger and Richard Carlson. This was immediately followed by her appearance in the religious epic ''Quo Vadis?'' (1951), shot at Cinecittà in Rome, in which she played the indomitable Lygia, a first century Christian.

Kerr also departed from typecasting with a performance that brought out her sensuality, as Karen Holmes, the embittered military wife in ''From Here to Eternity'' (1953), for which she received an Oscar nomination for Best Actress. The American Film Institute acknowledged the iconic status of the scene from that film in which she and Burt Lancaster make love on a Hawaii beach amidst the crashing waves. The organisation ranked it twentieth in its list of the 100 most romantic films of all time.

From then on, Kerr's career choices would make her known in Hollywood for her versatility as an actress, She portrayed a nun (''Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison''), a mama's girl (''Separate Tables''), and a governess (''The Chalk Garden'' and ''The Innocents''), but she also portrayed an earthy Australian sheep-herder's wife (''The Sundowners'') and lustful and beautiful screen enchantresses (''Beloved Infidel'', ''Bonjour Tristesse''). She also starred in comedies (''The Grass is Greener'' and ''Marriage on the Rocks'').

Among her most famous roles were Anna Leonowens in the film version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical ''The King and I'' (1956), and opposite Cary Grant in ''An Affair to Remember'' (1958). In 1966, the producers of ''Carry On Screaming!'' offered her a fee comparable to that paid to the rest of the cast combined, but she turned it down in favour of appearing in an aborted stage version of ''Flowers for Algernon''. In 1967, at the age of 46, she starred in ''Casino Royale'', achieving the distinction of being the oldest 'Bond Girl' in any James Bond film.

In 1969, pressure of competition from younger, upcoming actresses made her agree to appear nude in John Frankenheimer's ''The Gypsy Moths'', the only nude scene in Kerr's career. Concern about the parts being offered to her, as well as the increasing amount of nudity in films in general, led her to abandon film work at the end of the 1960s in favour of television and theatre work.

Theatre

As a stage actress, Deborah Kerr made her Broadway debut in 1953 in Robert Anderson's ''Tea and Sympathy'', for which she received a Tony Award nomination. Kerr repeated her role along with her stage partner John Kerr (no relation) in Vincente Minnelli's film adaptation of the drama. In 1955, Kerr won the Sarah Siddons Award for her performance in Chicago during a national tour of the play. In 1975, she returned to Broadway, creating the role of Nancy in Edward Albee's Pulitzer-winning play ''Seascape''.

The theatre, despite her success in films, was always to remain Kerr's first love, even though going on stage filled her with trepidation:

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Television

Deborah Kerr experienced a career resurgence in the early 1980s on television, when she played the role of the nurse (played by Elsa Lanchester in the 1957 film version) in ''Witness for the Prosecution''. Later, Kerr re-teamed with screen partner Robert Mitchum in ''Reunion at Fairborough''. This period also saw Kerr take on the role as the older version of the female tycoon, Emma Harte, in the adaptation of Barbara Taylor Bradford's ''A Woman of Substance''. For this performance, Kerr was nominated for an Emmy Award.

Personal life

Kerr's first marriage was to Royal Air Force Squadron Leader Anthony Bartley on 29 November 1945. They had two daughters, Melanie Jane (born 27 December 1947) and Francesca Ann (born 20 December 1951), who married the actor John Shrapnel. The Kerr-Bartley marriage was troubled, owing to Bartley's jealousy of his wife's fame and financial success, and because her career often took her away from home. Kerr and Bartley divorced in 1959. Her second marriage was to author Peter Viertel on 23 July 1960. In marrying Viertel, she acquired a stepdaughter, Christine Viertel. Although she long resided in Klosters, Switzerland and Marbella, Spain, she moved back to Britain to be closer to her own children as her health began to deteriorate. Her husband, however, continued to live in Marbella.

Some of Kerr's leading men have stated in their autobiographies that they had an affair or romantic fling with her. The actor Stewart Granger claimed that Kerr seduced him in the back of his chauffeur-driven car at the time he was making ''Caesar and Cleopatra'' (1945). Likewise Burt Lancaster claimed that he was romantically involved with her during the filming of ''From Here to Eternity'' (1953). There is no independent corroboration of either actor's claims.

Deborah Kerr died from the effects of Parkinson's disease on 16 October 2007 at the age of 86 in the English village of Botesdale, Suffolk. Peter Viertel died of cancer on 4 November 2007, less than three weeks later. At the time of Viertel's death, director Michael Scheingraber was filming the documentary ''Peter Viertel: Between the Lines'', which Scheingraber says will include reminiscences about events concerning Kerr and the American Academy Awards. The film is as yet (2010) unreleased.

Honours

Deborah Kerr was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1998, but was unable to accept the honour in person because of ill health. She was also honoured in Hollywood where, for her contributions to the motion picture industry, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 1709 Vine Street.

Deborah Kerr won a Golden Globe Award for "Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy" for ''The King and I'' in 1957, and a Henrietta Award for "World Film Favorite – Female". She was the first performer to win the New York Film Critics Circle Award for "Best Actress" three times (1947, 1957 and 1960).

Although she never won a BAFTA, Oscar or Cannes Film Festival award in a competitive category, all three academies gave her honorary awards. In 1984, she was awarded a Cannes Film Festival Tribute. In 1991, she received a BAFTA Special Award and in 1994, she received the Academy Honorary Award in recognition of "an artist of impeccable grace and beauty, a dedicated actress whose motion picture career has always stood for perfection, discipline and elegance".

Kerr has also never been honored with an in-depth biography or filmography that critically examines her unique artistry or her quiet, but fascinating life. Besides the biography by Eric Braun, there is only one other by entertainment journalist Michelangelo Capua, published in 2010, entitled simply: ''Deborah Kerr: A Biography''. However, the British Film Institute's Josephine Botting curated a "Deborah Kerr Season," which included almost 20 of her feature films as well as an exhibition of posters, other cinemabilia, and personal items on loan from Deborah Kerr's family, which took place in September and October 2010.

Award nominations

Deborah Kerr was nominated six times for the Academy Award for Best Actress: ''Edward, My Son'' (1949), ''From Here to Eternity'' (1953), ''The King and I'' (1956), ''Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison'' (1957), ''Separate Tables'' (1958) and ''The Sundowners'' (1960).

She was also nominated four times for the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress: ''The End of the Affair'' (1955), ''Tea and Sympathy'' (1956), ''The Sundowners'' (1961) and ''The Chalk Garden'' (1964).

She received one Emmy Award nomination in 1985 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Special for ''A Woman of Substance''. She was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama for ''Edward, My Son'' (1949), ''Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison'' (1957) and ''Separate Tables'' (1958).

Filmography

! Year	! Film	! Role	! Notes
		Bit (scenes deleted)	UK release
rowspan="2"		Jenny Hill	UK release
	Sally	UK release
rowspan="4"	''Penn of Pennsylvania''	Gulielma Maria Springett	U.S. title: ''Courageous Mr. Penn''
	Mary Brodie
''The Day Will Dawn''	Kari Alstad	U.S. title: ''The Avengers''
''A Battle for a Bottle''	Linda	Voice–animated short
	''The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp''	Edith Hunter/Barbara Wynne/Johnny Cannon	UK release
		Catherine Wilson	U.S. title: ''Vacation From Marriage''
	''I See a Dark Stranger''	Bridie Quilty	U.S. Title: ''The Adventuress'' New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress (and ''Black Narcissus'')
rowspan="3"	''Black Narcissus''	Sister Clodagh	UK release New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress (and ''I See a Dark Stranger'')
''The Hucksters''	Kay Dorrance
''If Winter Comes''	Nona Tybar
	''Edward, My Son''	Evelyn Boult
rowspan="2"	''Please Believe Me''	Alison Kirbe
	Elizabeth Curtis
		Lygia
rowspan="2"		Princess Flavia
	Joan Willoughby
rowspan="4"	''Young Bess''	Catherine Parr
''Dream Wife''	Effie
''From Here to Eternity''	Karen Holmes	Nominated—Academy Award for Best Actress
		Sarah Miles
rowspan="3"	''The Proud and Profane''	Lee Ashley
	Anna Leonowens	singing voice dubbed by Marni NixonGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated—Academy Award for Best Actress
''Tea and Sympathy''	Laura Reynolds
rowspan="3"	''Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison''	Sister Angela
''An Affair to Remember''	Terry McKay
	Gwinneth Livingston	Unbilled, dubbed voice of Suzy Parker in a few scenes
rowspan="2"		Anne Larsen
	Sibyl Railton-Bell
rowspan="3"		Diana Ashmore
	Grace Allingham
''Beloved Infidel''	Sheilah Graham
rowspan="2"	''The Sundowners''	Ida Carmody
''The Grass Is Greener''	Lady Hilary Rhyall
rowspan="2"	''The Naked Edge''	Martha Radcliffe	UK release
	Miss Giddens	UK release
rowspan="3"	''On the Trail of the Iguana''	Herself	UK promotional short subject
''The Chalk Garden''	Miss Madrigal
	Hannah Jelkes
	''Marriage on the Rocks''	Valerie Edwards	UK release
rowspan="2"		Agent Mimi / Lady Fiona McTarry
''Eye of the Devil''	Catherine de Montfaucon	UK release
	''Prudence and the Pill''	Prudence Hardcastle	UK release
rowspan="2"	''The Gypsy Moths''	Elizabeth Brandon	US release
	Florence Anderson	US release
	''BBC2 Playhouse''	Carlotta Gray	TV episode: "A Song at Twilight"
	Nurse Plimsoll
1984	''A Woman of Substance''	Emma Harte	UK TV mini-series
rowspan="2"	''The Assam Garden''	Helen	UK release
''Reunion at Farnborough''	Sally Wells Grant	UK television film
1986	''Hold the Dream''	Emma Harte	UK TV mini-series

References

Works cited

Braun, Eric. ''Deborah Kerr''. St. Martin's Press, 1978. ISBN 0-312-18895-1.

Powell, Michael. ''A Life In Movies''. Heinemann, 1986. ISBN 0-434-59945-X.

Andrew, Penelope. "Deborah Kerr: An Actress in Search of an Author." ''Bright Lights Film Journal,'' May 2011, Issue #72. http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/72/72kerr_andrew.php, (c) Penelope Andrew, 2011.

External links

Deborah Kerr at Helensburgh Heroes

essay The Enigma of Deborah Kerr — Ephemera, media files and an essay about Ms. Kerr

55th Sydney Film Festival Deborah Kerr Retrospective ("From Kerr To Eternity" 2008)

Deborah Kerr Rhymes With Star, and What a Star She Was: She Deserves to be Remembered, Too (Huffington Post, 7 April 2008)

Deborah Kerr Tribute by Spanish director Pedro Almodóvar, whose ''Broken Embraces'' script was influenced by his reflections of the great international star at the time of her death (blogpedroalmodóvar, 25 March 2008)

Extensive collection of press articles from 1940s to 2000s, photo galleries and information on Deborah Kerr (April 2009)

Photographs and literature

Category:1921 births Category:2007 deaths Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:Deaths from Parkinson's disease Category:People from Helensburgh Category:Scottish film actors Category:Scottish stage actors Category:Scottish television actors

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Also see Warrior (disambiguation).

Name	Warrior
Names	WarriorThe Ultimate WarriorDingo WarriorBlade Runner RockJim "Justice" Hellwig
Height
Weight
Birth date	June 16, 1959
Birth place	Crawfordsville, Indiana
Billed	Parts UnknownQueens, New York (as The Dingo Warrior)
Trainer	Bill AndersonRick BassmanRed Bastien
Debut	November 28, 1985
Retired	June 25, 2008 }}

James Brian Hellwig (born June 16, 1959) is an American retired professional wrestler who notably performed under the ring names The Ultimate Warrior and Warrior. He is best known for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) from 1987 to 1991 and again in 1992 and 1996, and in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1998.

He won the WWF World Championship when he pinned Hulk Hogan in the main event of WrestleMania VI. Hellwig legally changed his name to Warrior in 1993. Warrior retired from professional wrestling in 1999 and embarked on a public speaking career. On June 25, 2008 he returned to wrestle Orlando Jordan in Barcelona, Spain defeating him in a match booked by the Italian Nu-Wrestling Evolution promotion. Warrior was described by World Wrestling Entertainment as having been "the ultimate archetype of strength and intensity", as well as having been "one of the most intense and physically impressive competitors to ever appear in the WWE". Warrior is currently a partner at Apax Partners, a multimedia investment practice.

Early life

Warrior was born as James Brian Hellwig. He was the eldest of five children and was raised by his mother (along with, later, his stepfather) after his father left his family when young James was 12. He spent a year at Indiana State University. It was also during this time he began to compete in amateur bodybuilding.

Bodybuilding career

Prior to his career in professional wrestling Hellwig was an amateur bodybuilder, competing in a number of NPC contests and winning the 1984 NPC Mr. Georgia crown. Hellwig started training with weights when he was 11 years old and has described himself as "the small, insecure kid who wasn't into any sports". He moved to California where, after seeing bodybuilder Robby Robinson, decided to take up the sport. His first contest took place in Florida where he placed 5th. Later, while he was attending Life University in Marietta, Georgia, he won the Junior Atlanta contest and placed 5th at the 1981 AAU Collegiate Mr. America. In 1983, he won the AAU Coastal USA, before taking the Mr. Georgia title the following year. His last bodybuilding contest was 1985's Junior USA's, which was won by future IFBB Pro, Ron Love. Hellwig finished 5th.

In 1985, after spending six weeks in California training for a bodybuilding contest, he was invited to join a group of bodybuilders – Garland Donoho, Mark Miller, and Steve "Flash" Borden – who were attempting to make the transition into professional wrestlers. Warrior accepted the invitation and abandoned his bodybuilding career and his plans to become a chiropractor.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1985–1986)

Hellwig began his professional wrestling career as Jim "Justice" Hellwig of Powerteam USA, the group of bodybuilders trained by Red Bastien and Rick Bassman.

Hellwig and Steve Borden, who would later go on to success as "Sting", formed a tag team known as the Blade Runners, with Hellwig changing his ring name to "Blade Runner Rock" and Borden changing his name to "Blade Runner Flash". Debuting in the Memphis, Tennessee-based Continental Wrestling Association (CWA) promotion, run by Jerry Jarrett, the team played baby faces at first, but fans were actually slow to take to the hulking duo in a territory that had featured sympathetic "good guy tag teams" like the Rock 'n' Roll Express and The Fabulous Ones. They were quickly turned heel as The Blade Runners. The Blade Runners went on to wrestle for the Mid-South Wrestling promotion, which became the Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF) in 1986. They were part of Eddie Gilbert's Hotstuff International group, before disbanding in 1986 when Hellwig left the UWF. Years later in a TNA interview when Steve Borden was asked about teaming with Hellwig, Borden referred to the relationship with Hellwig as being a "Tense year and when we parted ways it wasn't a friendly part".

World Class Championship Wrestling (1986–1987)

In 1986, Warrior debuted in the Dallas, Texas-based World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) promotion, where he wrestled for $50 a night. He claimed that he adopted the ring name "Dingo Warrior" after a member of the WCCW locker room remarked that he looked like "a warrior". Warrior formed a tag team with Lance Von Erich, and the duo began competing for the WCWA World Tag Team Championship. On November 17, 1986, Warrior and Von Erich defeated Master Gee (substituting for champion Buzz Sawyer) and Matt Borne to win the title. They held the Championship until December 1 of that year, when they lost to Al Madril and Brian Adias.

In 1987, Warrior began competing for the WCWA Texas Heavyweight Championship, losing to Bob Bradley in a tournament final on January 12. He won the title from Bradley on February 2 of that year. The title was held up in April 1987 after Warrior left the WCCW. He was reinstated as champion upon returning, but vacated it once more upon resigning from WCCW to join the World Wrestling Federation, where he adopted the ring name Ultimate Warrior. Warrior began appearing on house shows in June and was initially billed as The Dingo Warrior in house card promos by Gene Okerlund, but soon had his name modified. There is dispute over who created the Ultimate Warrior name. Bruce Prichard stated that Vince McMahon did not know what a "Dingo" Warrior would be, but because there was the "Modern Day Warrior" Kerry von Erich and the Road Warriors there should not be one more simple warrior, but The Ultimate Warrior. However, Warrior claims after one of his first matches, McMahon had him do a pretaped promo. It was there Vince said we want you to do Warrior, but we don't want Dingo. The Warrior then proceeded to cut the promo and stated that he was not this warrior or that warrior, he was The Ultimate Warrior.

In the late 1980s, while Warrior was still wrestling in Texas, he appeared in several TV ads for Westway Ford, a car dealership in Irving, Texas. Warrior interacted in full wrestling costume with Westway's wacky character, "Mean Joe Greed."

World Wrestling Federation (1987–1991)

As a World Wrestling Federation (WWF) performer, the Ultimate Warrior was known for his high-energy ring entrances, which featured him racing into the arena at full speed, bursting into the ring, and violently shaking the ropes up and down. He was also known for his distinctive pattern of face paint. His first feud was with Hercules Hernandez, who he defeated at WrestleMania IV. Warrior enjoyed two stints as WWF Intercontinental Champion, defeating The Honky Tonk Man (in 13 seconds at the first ever SummerSlam in 1988) and Rick Rude at SummerSlam 1989. The Warrior was heralded as the wrestler to become the biggest star of the 1990s, and the successor to Hulk Hogan, who had remained wrestling's biggest star throughout the 1980s. Following a few confrontations with Hogan, most notably at the 1990 Royal Rumble, the Warrior was written in as Hogan's opponent in the main event for WrestleMania VI at the SkyDome in Toronto, Ontario. The match was billed as "The Ultimate Challenge", as both Hogan's WWF World Championship and Warrior's WWF Intercontinental Championship were on the line. Warrior pinned Hogan after a Warrior Splash to become the first wrestler to hold the WWF World Championship and WWF Intercontinental Championship simultaneously. Warrior vacated the Intercontinental title, as WWF rules prohibited a wrestler from holding both singles titles.

After WrestleMania VI, Warrior continued to build his popularity with successful defenses against the likes of Haku, Mr. Perfect, Rick Rude and Ted DiBiase. "Macho King" Randy Savage was also introduced as a potential rival after interfering in a Saturday Night's Main Event title match at the behest of DiBiase. In January 1991, Warrior faced Sgt. Slaughter at the Royal Rumble. Slaughter's gimmick at the time was a traitor who had betrayed America by aligning himself with an (kayfabe) Iraqi military general, General Adnan. In the context of the Gulf War, this made Slaughter one of the most hated heels at the time. After rejecting an earlier request to grant a title shot to Savage, Sensational Sherri interjected herself in the Warrior's championship match to distract him. Her interference eventually led to a Savage sneak attack where he eventually struck Warrior over the head with a metal scepter, and Slaughter pinned Warrior to win the WWF World Championship. Warrior would go on to feud with Savage, and the rivalry culminated in a 'Career Ending' match at WrestleMania VII with the Warrior victorious, forcing Savage to retire.

The next chapter of Warrior's career was an encounter with The Undertaker, after Undertaker and his manager, Paul Bearer, locked Warrior in a coffin on the set of Bearer's ''Funeral Parlor''. WWF officials worked feverishly to break the casket open, finally revealing Warrior's seemingly lifeless body, and the torn fabric inside of the coffin indicating Warrior's desperate struggle to get out. Warrior was finally revived by the officials performing CPR. This led to Jake "The Snake" Roberts offering to give Warrior "the knowledge of the dark side" in order to prepare Warrior to take his revenge on the Undertaker. This involved Roberts giving Warrior three "tests" shown on WWF TV in consecutive weeks. For the first test, Roberts locked Warrior inside of a coffin for a second time.

For the second test, Warrior was "buried alive" by Roberts. For the third test, the Warrior entered a room full of snakes, to find "the answer" in a chest in the middle of the room. However, waiting inside the chest was a King Cobra, which (kayfabe) bit Warrior in the face. As Warrior weakened from the effects of the cobra's strike, Roberts was joined by the Undertaker and Paul Bearer, revealing the three were working together all along. Roberts then uttered, "Never trust a snake." The stage was now set for a feud between the Warrior and Roberts. However, the feud would never take place, as Warrior was involved in an alleged pay dispute with WWF owner Vince McMahon over the SummerSlam main event, where Warrior was teamed with Hulk Hogan in a handicap match against Sgt. Slaughter, Colonel Mustafa, and General Adnan. The WWF alleged that Warrior threatened to no show the event unless he was paid for his previous WrestleMania appearance. According to Vince McMahon, Warrior was paid that amount then fired immediately after SummerSlam.

Return to the WWF (1992)

With Hulk Hogan about to leave WWF in mid-1992, McMahon contacted Warrior about returning. He made his comeback at WrestleMania VIII (to rescue Hulk Hogan from a beat down at the hands of Sid Justice and Papa Shango). When he made his return, he looked smaller and his hair was shorter, leading to a rumor that Hellwig had died and it was a different person (hinting it was Kerry Von Erich) performing the character.

Upon his return, he received a degree of creative control over his bookings. One storyline involved Papa Shango, a "witch doctor," cast a spell over Warrior, causing him to convulse and vomit in very odd colors, though Warrior says he hated that story and had no control over it. The Warrior was booked for a WWF Championship match against then-champion, "Macho Man" Randy Savage at SummerSlam in August 1992. The Warrior would win the match by count-out but not the title.

In November 1992 Warrior was scheduled to be the tag team partner of Randy "Macho Man" Savage, to be known as the ''Ultimate Maniacs'' to face Ric Flair and Razor Ramon at Survivor Series. However, weeks before the event, Warrior failed a drug test and according to Vince McMahon as stated on the Self Destruction Of The Ultimate Warrior DVD, the WWE released him immediately. At the time a rumor was spread that the Warrior himself asked for his release due to not wanting to be involved in a feud with Nailz, this was also disputed on the Self Destruction Of The Ultimate Warrior DVD.

Semi-retirement (1992–1996)

Between November 1992 and July 1995, Warrior was semi-retired. During his time away from the WWF, Warrior opened the short-lived "Warrior University", a professional wrestling school based in Scottsdale, Arizona.

In December 1992, he wrestled as the Dingo Warrior against Hercules Hernandez in Billerica, Massachusetts, for Killer Kowalski's International Wrestling Federation.

In 1993, Jim Hellwig played the role of "the swordsman" in the action movie Firepower.

In March 1995, World Championship Wrestling (WCW) introduced The Renegade as Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage's "ultimate weapon", using ring attire and mannerisms that closely resembled Warrior's and many people believe The Renegade either was the Warrior or that WCW pretended he was, neither of which is true. In July 1995, he returned to the ring for the National Wrestling Conference (NWC) promotion in Las Vegas, defeating The Honky Tonk Man. He had also wrestled a tour of Europe for Otto Wanz's Catch Wrestling Association (CWA) promotion.

Return to the WWF (1996)

After three and a half years spent mostly outside the wrestling limelight, Warrior returned to the WWF in March 1996, squashing Hunter Hearst Helmsley at WrestleMania XII. He made his first appearance on ''Monday Night Raw'' on April 8, where he gave an in-ring interview and credited the "voices" of the "warriors" (his name for members of the WWF audience) for his return; he was then interrupted by Goldust. Warrior challenged for Goldust's WWF Intercontinental Championship at In Your House 7; Warrior won the match by countout, but did not win the title. The following night on ''Monday Night Raw'', Warrior defeated Isaac Yankem. A rematch with Intercontinental Champion Goldust, on the May 27 edition of the show, ended in a double countout. Warrior defeated Jerry Lawler at the King of the Ring, and defeated Owen Hart by disqualification on the July 8 edition of ''Monday Night Raw''. Warrior was scheduled to team with Shawn Michaels and Ahmed Johnson to face Owen Hart, Davey Boy Smith, and Vader at In Your House 9 later that month, but the WWF terminated Warrior's contract when he took time off allegedly to grieve the death of his father. WWF owner Vince McMahon claimed that Warrior had not seen his father in ten years and did not care much for him; therefore, he did not take Warrior's excuse for missing bookings at face value. Warrior disputes McMahon's explanation, claiming that the real reason why he no showed those events was a breach of contract by McMahon, in which WWF sold Warrior's merchandise without giving him a percentage. He was replaced by Sycho Sid at In Your House 9.

World Championship Wrestling (1998)

WCW signed Warrior in 1998 and gave him a degree of creative control over his matches, He created a storyline where he formed a stable opposing Hogan's (now going under his heelish "Hollywood" gimmick) New World Order: the "One Warrior Nation." The acronym oWn (One Warrior Nation) was a play on the name nWo. Highlights of the storyline included Warrior kidnapping and "converting" The Disciple and frequent instances of "magic smoke" knocking out all of the nWo members except for Hollywood Hogan (and covering Warrior's movement through a trapdoor in the ring).

Warrior only participated in three matches in WCW. The first was the War Games main event, where he and eight other wrestlers including Bret Hart, DDP and Stevie Ray competed for the #1 contender spot to the WCW World Heavyweight Championship at Fall Brawl, which Diamond Dallas Page won. On ''WCW Monday Nitro'', he teamed with Sting to defeat Hogan and Bret Hart by disqualification, a match in which he had little participation; he was tagged in for a short exchange with Hart, then singlehandedly chased several nWo members down the entry way, whipping them with Hogan's belt. The third was his loss to Hogan at Halloween Havoc, in what is considered by Eric Bischoff to be one of the worst Main Event pay-per-view wrestling matches ever. In the Halloween Havoc match, the timing of the maneuvers and hits was poor; an arm injury that Warrior received at WarGames further slowed the action. An attempt to "blind" Warrior with a fireball backfired when Hogan faced complications igniting a piece of flash paper, causing the fire to go up in Hogan's face instead. The match came to an end when Horace Hogan hit Warrior in the back with a chair while Eric Bischoff had referee Nick Patrick distracted. Hogan then scored the pinfall.

WCW claimed that attempts were made to save the storyline though Warrior has claimed in interviews and convention appearances that the only reason he was brought back was so Hogan could get a win over Warrior in return for Hogan's WrestleMania job. Warrior's last appearance in WCW was on the November 9, 1998 edition of ''Nitro'', when he came to the rescue of The Disciple who was being attacked by members of nWo. Warrior announced his retirement the following year.

Nu-Wrestling Evolution (2008)

During an April 19, 2008 Nu-Wrestling Evolution (NWE) event in Madrid, Spain, Warrior was presented with an award celebrating his professional wrestling career in front of over 15,000 attendees. During the presentation, NWE Heavyweight Champion Orlando Jordan mocked a fan of Warrior's, resulting in a heated argument between Warrior and Jordan. As a result of the exchange, a match between Warrior and Jordan was scheduled for June 25, 2008 in the Palau Municipal d'Esports de Badalona in Barcelona, marking Warrior's first match in nearly 10 years. After much hype, On June 25, he finally made his much anticipated return to pro wrestling when he faced Jordan for the NWE Heavyweight Championship. Warrior promoted the show on his website and trained with Rob Van Dam during the summer. Notably, the match lasted over 12 minutes - the Warrior did a top rope flying body press and a top rope superplex and defeated Jordan with his clothesline/shoulder tackle finish. After winning the match and the NWE Championship, Warrior spoke the crowd for a moment and immediately vacated the title.

Personal life

Warrior married Shari Lynn Tyree on October 2, 1982. The couple met in Dallas, Texas at the famous Million Dollar Saloon strip club where Shari was working at the time. They remained together for the majority of Warriors' WWF career before divorcing on March 22, 1991, two days before WrestleMania VII. Warrior married for the second time in 2000 to Dana. Together they have two daughters: Indiana Marin "Indy" Warrior (born 2000) and Mattigan Twain Warrior (born December 16, 2002)

Trademark and libel litigation

In 1993, Hellwig legally changed his name to Warrior. This one-word name appears on all legal documents pertaining to Warrior, and his children carry the Warrior name as their legal surname.

Warrior and the WWF engaged in a series of lawsuits and legal actions in 1996 and 1998, where both parties sought a declaration that they owned the characters, Warrior and Ultimate Warrior, under both contract and copyright law. The court ruled that Warrior was legally entitled to use the gimmick, costuming, face paint designs, and mannerisms of the "Warrior" character.

On September 27, 2005, WWE (formerly the WWF) released a DVD documentary focusing on Warrior's retrospective wrestling career, entitled ''The Self-Destruction of the Ultimate Warrior''. The DVD featured clips of his more notable feuds and matches along with commentary from WWE stars past and present (most of which are unflattering), with Triple H (by this point one of WWE's top main eventers and the husband of Vince McMahon's daughter Stephanie McMahon) adding that the squash match loss against Warrior at WrestleMania XII was his most embarrassing moment with the company. The DVD has provoked some controversy due to Warrior's own allegations of libel by WWE against him. Originally, Warrior was asked to help with the production of the DVD, but as he refused to work with WWE (citing he did not want to be associated with their promotion), there has been some resulting animosity between Warrior and WWE over the Warrior claiming bias on the part of WWE. In January 2006, Warrior filed another lawsuit against WWE in an Arizona court over the depiction of his wrestling career in ''The Self-Destruction of the Ultimate Warrior'' DVD. On September 18, 2009, Warrior's lawsuit in Arizona was dismissed.

Motivational speaking

Warrior formally retired from wrestling in 1999 and had a short-lived career as a conservative speaker and commentator, partnering with conservative spokesman Daniel Pinheiro, denouncing left-wing politics. In one instance, he mentioned that "queering doesn't make the world work" during a speech at the University of Connecticut. Warrior explained those comments on his website as meaning that the human race would die out if everyone were a homosexual.. Though he did not acknowledge the huge improbability of homosexuality causing the extinction of human life. He also, to no avail, could not stop a young man named Graham to stop smoking. It was one of his main failures outside of the ring as a motivational speaker.

Writing

In May 1996, Warrior began publishing a comic book, titled ''Warrior'', featuring himself as the main character. The series was co-written with Jim Callahan and illustrated by the Sharp Brothers. The title sold well for the first two months, before sales slowed down. The comic was canceled in early 1997.

Warrior maintains a blog on his personal website titled "Warrior's Machete", where he discusses his personal life, his personal views on politics, sexuality, patriotism, and his legacy as a wrestler, amongst other topics. There have been numerous instances where Warrior has used his blog to address his viewpoint on members of his wrestling past (Vince McMahon, Road Warrior Animal, The British Bulldog, Owen Hart, Hulk Hogan, Lex Luger); historical (Martin Luther King, George Washington) or religious figures (Jesus). Warrior depicts celebrities who were newsworthy at the time of his blog (Heath Ledger and Paris Hilton). Warrior occasionally references his respect for the Founding Fathers of the United States, and also enjoys books like Homer's "Odyssey" and James Allen "As A Man Thinketh". He recently started selling off "Weapons of Wisdom", inspirational 6×9 pieces of watercolor paper with drawings, quotes and doodles on them by the Warrior himself. He has also used the blog to post replies to letters from fans.

Legacy

Although Warrior's relationship with the WWE has been strained at times, the WWE, in more recent times, has recognized him as one of the Legends of the company. WWE described him as being "As devastating and intense as any Superstar who stepped through the ropes...", further saying that "The Ultimate Warrior may be the most enigmatic man to ever hold the WWE Championship." In a recent review of a fantasy match between John Cena and Warrior, the WWE described him as having been "One of the most recognizable Superstars in WWE history", and further spoke of his impact, describing how "The Ultimate Warrior brought Hulkamania to its knees on The Grandest Stage of Them All at WrestleMania VI, retired the Madness at WrestleMania VII and press slammed a slew of the greatest legends of his era." In WWE All Stars, in which Ultimate Warrior appears as one of the Legends, WWE stated that he was the "ultimate archetype of strength and intensity," and further stated that "without question, the Ultimate Warrior has etched his name in the pantheon of WWE greats".

Warrior appears in the Mattel Legends figures line in both Series 4 and Series 6. He was also chosen as one of six legends to be included in the Defining Moments series of action figures. Warrior further appears as a playable legend in WWE All Stars and WWE Legends of Wrestlemania.

In wrestling

Finishing moves

Running splash, sometimes to a face down opponent, and usually preceded by a gorilla press drop

Signature moves

*Atomic drop

*Big boot

Leaping shoulder block

Multiple running clotheslines

*Scoop slam

*Vertical suplex

Entrance themes

*World Class Championship Wrestling

**"The Warrior" by Scandal (1986–1987)

*World Wrestling Federation

**"Unstable" by Jim Johnston (1987–1991, 1992, 1996)

*World Championship Wrestling

**"One Warrior Nation" (1998)

Championships and accomplishments

Nu-Wrestling Evolution

*NWE World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated

*PWI Comeback of the Year (1992)

*PWI Feud of the Year (1991) vs. The Undertaker

*PWI Match of the Year (1990) vs. Hulk Hogan at WrestleMania VI

PWI ranked him #101 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003

'''World Class Wrestling Association

WCWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

WCWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Lance Von Erich

World Wrestling Federation

WWF World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

WWF Intercontinental Championship (2 times)

'''World Wrestling Superstars

*WWS Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards

*Most Overrated (1989–1991)

*Readers' Least Favorite Wrestler (1989, 1990)

*Worst Feud of the Year (1989) vs. André the Giant

*Worst Feud of the Year (1992) vs. Papa Shango

*Worst Feud of the Year (1998) vs. Hulk Hogan

*Worst Worked Match of the Year (1989) vs. André the Giant on October 31

*Worst Worked Match of the Year (1998) vs. Hulk Hogan at Halloween Havoc

*Worst Wrestler (1988, 1998)

References

External links

UltimateWarrior.com

Official Website for Ultimate Warrior's One Warrior Nation

:* made in 2007 where he made a 2-part memorial to Randy Savage. ::* made in 2008 to promote his Barcelona match against Orlando Jordan. :*

Ultimate Warrior's WWE Alumni Profile

Official Merch Connection Inc. Warrior Merchandise Store

Official All In Merch Warrior Merchandise Store

Category:American bodybuilders Category:American motivational speakers Category:American professional wrestlers Category:People from Montgomery County, Indiana Category:1959 births Category:Living people

da:The Ultimate Warrior de:Warrior (Wrestler) et:Ultimate Warrior es:Warrior fr:Warrior (catcheur) hi:वॉरिअर (रेस्लर) it:Bryan James Hellwig he:ווריור (מתאבק) nl:James Hellwig ja:アルティメット・ウォリアー no:Warrior (fribryter) pl:Warrior (wrestler) pt:Warrior (lutador) ro:The Ultimate Warrior fi:Ultimate Warrior sv:Warrior (wrestlare) te:వారియర్ (మల్లయోధుడు) th:ดิ อัลติเมท วอร์ริเออร์

name	Tony Curtis
birth name	Bernard Schwartz
birth date	June 03, 1925
birth place	Bronx, New York
death date	September 29, 2010
death place	Henderson, Nevada
death cause	Cardiac arrest
nationality	American
education	The City College of New York
alma mater	The New School
years active	1948–2010
occupation	Actor
spouse	Janet Leigh (m.1951-1962; divorced) Christine Kaufmann (m.1963-1968; divorced) Leslie Allen (m.1968-1982; divorced) Lisa Deutsch (m.1993-1994; divorced) Jill Vandenberg (m.1998-2010; his death)
Children	6, including Kelly Curtis, Jamie Lee Curtis }}

Tony Curtis (born Bernard Schwartz; June 3, 1925 – September 29, 2010) was an American film actor whose career spanned six decades, but had his greatest popularity during the 1950s and early 1960s. He acted in more than 100 films in roles covering a wide range of genres, from light comedy to serious drama. In his later years, Curtis made numerous television appearances.

Although his early film roles were partly the result of his good looks, by the later half of the 1950s he became a notable and strong screen presence. He began proving himself to be a “fine dramatic actor,” having the range to act in numerous dramatic and comedy roles. In his earliest parts he acted in a string of "mediocre" films, including swashbucklers, westerns, light comedies, sports films, and a musical. However, by the time he starred in ''Houdini'' (1953) with his wife Janet Leigh, "his first clear success," notes critic David Thomson, his acting had progressed immensely.

He won his first serious recognition as a skilled dramatic actor in ''Sweet Smell of Success'' (1957) with co-star Burt Lancaster. The following year he was nominated for an Oscar for Best Actor in another drama, ''The Defiant Ones'' (1958). Curtis then gave what many believe was his best acting, in a completely different role, the comedy ''Some Like It Hot'' (1959). Thomson calls it an "outrageous film," and it was voted the number 1 funniest film in history from a survey done by the American Film Institute. It costarred Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe, and was directed by Billy Wilder. That was followed by Blake Edwards’ comedy ''Operation Petticoat'' (1959) with Cary Grant. They were both “frantic comedies,” and displayed "his impeccable comic timing." He often collaborated with Edwards on later films.

His most significant serious part came in 1968 when he starred in the true-life drama ''The Boston Strangler'', which some consider his "last major film role." The part reinforced his reputation as a serious actor with his "chilling portrayal" of serial killer Albert DeSalvo. He gained 30 pounds and had his face "rebuilt" with a false nose to look like the real DeSalvo.

Curtis was the father of actresses Jamie Lee Curtis and Kelly Curtis by his first wife, actress Janet Leigh.

Early life

Curtis was born Bernard Schwartz in the Bronx, one of three sons of Emanuel Schwartz and Helen Klein. His parents were Hungarian Jewish immigrants from Mátészalka, Hungary. Hungarian was Curtis' only language until he was five or six, postponing his schooling. His father was a tailor and the family lived in the back of the shop — the parents in one corner and Curtis and his brothers Julius and Robert in another. His mother once made an appearance as a participant on the television show ''You Bet Your Life'', hosted by Groucho Marx. Curtis said, "When I was a child, Mom beat me up and was very aggressive and antagonistic." His mother was later diagnosed with schizophrenia. His brother Robert was also institutionalized with the same mental illness.

When Curtis was eight, he and his brother Julius were placed in an orphanage for a month because their parents could not afford to feed them. Four years later, Julius was struck and killed by a truck. Curtis joined a neighborhood gang whose main crimes were playing hooky from school and minor pilfering at the local dime store. Aged 11, a friendly neighbor saved him from what he felt would have led to a life of delinquency by sending him to a Boy Scout camp where he was able to work off his energy and settle down. He attended Seward Park High School. At 16, he had his first small acting part in a school stage play.

Curtis enlisted in the United States Navy after the attack on Pearl Harbor and war was declared. After being inspired by Cary Grant's role in ''Destination Tokyo'' and Tyrone Power in ''Crash Dive'' (1943), he joined the Pacific submarine force. Curtis served aboard a submarine tender, the USS ''Proteus'' until the end of the Second World War. On September 2, 1945, Curtis witnessed the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay from his ship's signal bridge about a mile away.

Following his discharge from US Navy, Curtis attended City College of New York as a result of the G.I. Bill. He then studied acting at the The New School in Greenwich Village under the influential German stage director Erwin Piscator. Fellow contemporaries included Elaine Stritch, Walter Matthau, Bea Arthur, and Rod Steiger. While still at college, Curtis was discovered by Joyce Selznick, the notable talent agent, casting director, and niece of film producer David O. Selznick. He later claimed it was because he "was the handsomest of the boys."

In 1948, Curtis arrived in Hollywood aged 23. When he was placed under contract at Universal Pictures, he changed his name from Bernard Schwartz to Tony Curtis. The first name was from the novel ''Anthony Adverse'' and "Kurtz" from a surname in his mother's family. Although Universal Pictures taught him fencing and riding, in keeping with the cinematic themes of the era, Curtis admitted he was at first only interested in girls and money. Neither was he hopeful of his chances of becoming a major star. Curtis biggest fear was having to return home to the Bronx as a failure:

I was a million-to-one shot, the ''least'' likely to succeed. I wasn't low man on the totem pole, I was ''under'' the totem pole, in a sewer, tied to a sack.

Career

Curtis's uncredited screen debut came in ''Criss Cross'' (1949) playing a rumba dancer. In his second film, ''City Across the River'' (also in 1949), he was credited as "Anthony Curtis". Later, as "Tony Curtis", he cemented his reputation with breakthrough performances such as in the role of the scheming press agent Sidney Falco in ''Sweet Smell of Success'' (1957) with Burt Lancaster (who also starred in ''Criss Cross'') and an Oscar-nominated performance as a bigoted escaped convict chained to Sidney Poitier in ''The Defiant Ones''.

He did both screen comedy and drama, and became one of the most sought after stars in Hollywood. Curtis' comedies include ''Some Like It Hot'' (1959, although voice actor Paul Frees read his and Jack Lemmon's "Daphne" and "Josephine" dialogues), ''Sex and the Single Girl'' (1964) and ''The Great Race'' (1965), and his dramas included playing the slave Antoninus in Stanley Kubrick's ''Spartacus'' (1960) co-starring Kirk Douglas and Laurence Olivier, ''The Outsider'' (1961), the true story of WW II veteran Ira Hayes, and ''The Boston Strangler'' (1968), in which he played the self-confessed murderer of the film's title, Albert DeSalvo. The latter film was praised for Curtis' performance. He was also part of the all-star ensemble in Elia Kazan's 1976 drama ''The Last Tycoon''. Curtis was nominated for a Golden Globe for Supporting actor for his performance in Spartacus (1960) alongside co star Kirk Douglas.

Curtis appeared frequently on television; he co-starred with Roger Moore in the TV series ''The Persuaders!''. Later, he co-starred in ''McCoy'' and ''Vega$''. In the early 1960s, he was immortalized as "Stony Curtis," a voice-over guest star on ''The Flintstones''.

Throughout his life, Curtis enjoyed painting, and since the early 1980s, painted as a second career. His work commands more than $25,000 a canvas now. In the last years of his life, he concentrated on painting rather than movies. A surrealist, Curtis claimed "Van Gogh, [Paul] Matisse, Picasso, Magritte" as influences. "I still make movies but I'm not that interested in them any more. But I paint all the time." In 2007, his painting ''The Red Table'' was on display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. His paintings can also be seen at the Tony Vanderploeg Gallery in Carmel, California.

Curtis spoke of his disappointment at never being awarded an Oscar. In March 2006, Curtis received the Sony Ericsson Empire Lifetime Achievement Award. He also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and received the ''Ordre des Arts et des Lettres'' (Order of Arts and Letters) from France in 1995.

Personal life

Marriages and children

Curtis was married six times. His first wife was actress Janet Leigh, to whom he was married from 1951 to 1962, and with whom he fathered actresses Kelly and Jamie Lee Curtis. "For a while, we were Hollywood's golden couple," he said. "I was very dedicated and devoted to Janet, and on top of my trade, but in her eyes that goldenness started to wear off. I realized that whatever I was, I wasn't enough for Janet. That hurt me a lot and broke my heart."

The studio he was under contract with, Universal-International, generally stayed out of their stars' love lives. However, when they chose to get married, studio executives spent three days trying to talk him out of it, telling him he would be "poisoning himself at the box office." They threatened "banishment" back to the Bronx and the end of his budding career. In response, Curtis and Leigh decided to defy the studio heads and instead eloped and were married by a local judge in Greenwich Connecticut. Comedian and close friend Jerry Lewis came as a witness.

It was Leigh's third marriage. They divorced in 1962, and in 1963, Curtis married Christine Kaufmann, the 17-year old German co-star of his latest film, ''Taras Bulba.'' He stated that his marriage with Leigh had effectively ended "a year earlier". Curtis and Kaufmann had two daughters, Alexandra (born July 19, 1964) and Allegra (born July 11, 1966). They divorced in 1968. Kaufmann resumed her career, which she had interrupted during her marriage.

Curtis was also married to:

Leslie Allen (April 20, 1968 – 1982); divorced, two sons: Nicholas Curtis (1970–1994) and Benjamin Curtis (born May 2, 1973)

Lisa Deutsch (February 28, 1993 – 1994); divorced

Jill Vandenberg Curtis (November 6, 1998 – September 29, 2010; his death)

His last wife was 42 years his junior. They met in a restaurant in 1993 and married in 1998. "The age gap doesn't bother us. We laugh a lot. My body is functioning and everything is good. She's the sexiest woman I've ever known. We don't think about time. I don't use Viagra either. There are 50 ways to please your lover."

His son Nicholas (December 31, 1970 — April 2, 1994, with Leslie Allen) died of a heroin overdose at the age of 23. On his son's death, Curtis remarked, "You never get over that. The death of a child. No. Can't talk about it," and that it's "a terrible thing when a father loses his son."

According to the ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', Curtis, who had a problem with alcoholism and drug abuse, went though the treatment center of the Betty Ford Clinic in the mid 1980s, which was successful for him.

Philanthropy

Beginning in 1990, Curtis and his daughter Jamie Lee Curtis took a renewed interest in their family's Hungarian Jewish heritage, and helped finance the rebuilding of the "Great Synagogue" in Budapest, Hungary.(photo) The largest synagogue in Europe today, it was originally built in 1859 and suffered damage during World War II. In 1998, he also founded the Emanuel Foundation for Hungarian Culture, and served as honorary chairperson. The organization works for the restoration and preservation of synagogues and 1300 Jewish cemeteries in Hungary. He dedicated this to the 600,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust in Hungary and lands occupied by the Hungarian Army. He also helped promote Hungary's national image in commercials.

Books and appearances

In 1994, a mural featuring his likeness, painted by the artist George Sportelli, was unveiled on the Sunset Boulevard overpass of the Hollywood Freeway Highway 101 in California. The mural was relocated to Hollywood Blvd and Bronson Ave in Sept 2011.

In 2004, he was inducted into the University of Nevada, Las Vegas Hall of Fame. A street is named after him in the Sun City Anthem development in Henderson, Nevada.

In 2008, he was featured in the documentary ''The Jill & Tony Curtis Story'' about his efforts with his wife to rescue horses from slaughterhouses.

In October 2008, Curtis's autobiography ''American Prince: A Memoir'', was published. In it, he describes his encounters with other Hollywood legends of the time including Frank Sinatra and James Dean, as well as his hard-knock childhood and path to success. It was followed by the publication of his next book, ''The Making of Some Like it Hot: My Memories of Marilyn Monroe and the Classic American Movie'' (2009). Curtis shared his memories of the making of the movie, in particular about Marilyn Monroe, whose antics and attitude on the set made everyone miserable.

On May 22, 2009, Curtis apologized to the BBC radio audience after he used three profanities in a six-minute interview with BBC presenter William Crawley. The presenter also apologized to the audience for Curtis's "Hollywood realism". Curtis explained that he thought the interview was being taped, when it was in fact live.

Later years and death

In 1984 Curtis was rushed to hospital suffering from advanced cirrhosis as a result of his alcoholism and cocaine addiction. He then entered the Betty Ford Clinic and vowed to overcome his "various illnesses". He underwent heart bypass surgery in 1994.

Curtis nearly died when he contracted pneumonia in December 2006 and was in a coma for several days. As a result he used a wheelchair and could only walk short distances.

On July 8, 2010, Curtis, who suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), was hospitalized in Las Vegas after suffering an asthma attack during a book signing engagement in Henderson, Nevada, where he lived.

Curtis died at his Henderson home on September 29, 2010, of a cardiac arrest. In a release to the Associated Press, his daughter, actress Jamie Lee Curtis, stated:

"My father leaves behind a legacy of great performances in movies and in his paintings and assemblages. He leaves behind children and their families who loved him and respected him and a wife and in-laws who were devoted to him. He also leaves behind fans all over the world. He will be greatly missed."

He was interred at Palm Memorial Park Cemetery in Green Valley, Nevada on October 4, 2010. His memorial service was attended by his daughters, Jamie Lee Curtis and Kelly Curtis, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Rich Little, and Vera Goulet, Robert Goulet's widow. Investor Kirk Kerkorian, actor Kirk Douglas and singer Phyllis McGuire were among the honorary pallbearers.

Filmography

''Criss Cross'' (1949)

''City Across the River'' (1949)

''The Lady Gambles'' (1949)

''Take One False Step'' (1949) (scenes deleted)

''Johnny Stool Pigeon'' (1949)

''How to Smuggle a Hernia Across the Border'' (1949) (short subject)

''Woman in Hiding'' (1950)

''Francis'' (1950)

''I Was a Shoplifter'' (1950)

''Sierra'' (1950)

''Winchester '73'' (1950) (Credited as Anthony Curtis)

''Kansas Raiders'' (1950)

''The Prince Who Was a Thief'' (1951)

''Meet Danny Wilson'' (1952) (cameo)

''Flesh and Fury'' (1952)

''No Room for the Groom'' (1952)

''Son of Ali Baba'' (1952)

''Houdini'' (1953)

''The All-American'' (1953)

''Forbidden'' (1953)

''Beachhead'' (1954)

''Johnny Dark'' (1954)

''The Black Shield of Falworth'' (1954)

''Six Bridges to Cross'' (1955)

''So This Is Paris'' (1955)

''The Purple Mask'' (1955)

''The Rawhide Years'' (1955)

''The Square Jungle'' (1955)

''Trapeze'' (1956)

''Mister Cory'' (1957)

''Sweet Smell of Success'' (1957)

''The Midnight Story'' (1957)

''The Vikings'' (1958)

''Kings Go Forth'' (1958)

''The Defiant Ones'' (1958)

''The Perfect Furlough'' (1958)

''Some Like It Hot'' (1959)

''Operation Petticoat'' (1959)

''Who Was That Lady?'' (1960)

''The Rat Race'' (1960)

''Spartacus'' (1960)

''Pepe'' (1960) (cameo)

''The Great Impostor'' (1961)

''The Outsider'' (1961), as Ira Hayes

''Taras Bulba'' (1962)

''40 Pounds of Trouble'' (1962)

''The List of Adrian Messenger'' (1963) (cameo)

''Captain Newman, M.D.'' (1963)

''Paris, When It Sizzles'' (1964) (cameo)

''Wild and Wonderful'' (1964)

''Goodbye Charlie'' (1964)

''Sex and the Single Girl'' (1964)

''The Great Race'' (1965)

''Boeing Boeing'' (1965)

''The Flintstones'' (1965) (voice)

''Chamber of Horrors'' (1966) (cameo)

''Not with My Wife, You Don't!'' (1966)

''Arrivederci, Baby!'' (1966)

''Don't Make Waves'' (1967)

''On My Way to the Crusades, I Met a Girl Who...'' (1968)

''Rosemary's Baby'' (1968) (voice)

''The Boston Strangler'' (1968)

''Monte Carlo or Bust'' (1969)

''You Can't Win 'Em All'' (1970)

''Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came?'' (1970)

''The Persuaders!'' (1971–1972)

''Mission: Monte Carlo'' (1974)

''Lepke'' (1975)

''The Count of Monte Cristo'' (1975)

''London Conspiracy'' (1976)

''The Last Tycoon'' (1976)

''Casanova & Co.'' (1977)

''Sextette'' (1978)

''The Manitou'' (1978)

''The Bad News Bears Go to Japan'' (1978)

''The Users'' (1978)

''Electric Light Orchestra'' ''Out of the Blue: Live at Wembley'' (1978)

''Double Take'' (1979)

''Title Shot'' (1979)

''Little Miss Marker'' (1980)

''It Rained All Night the Day I Left'' (1980)

''The Mirror Crack'd'' (1980)

''Moviola: The Scarlett O'Hara War'' (1980)

''Othello, the Black Commando'' (1982)

''Where Is Parsifal?'' (1983)

''BrainWaves'' (1983)

''The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal'' (1985) (documentary)

''Club Life'' (1985)

''Insignificance'' (1985)

''The Last of Philip Banter'' (1986)

''Murder in Three Acts'' (1986)

''Balboa'' (1986)

''The Passenger - Welcome to Germany'' (1988)

''Lobster Man From Mars'' (1989)

''Midnight'' (1989)

''Tarzan in Manhattan'' (1989)

''Walter & Carlo In America'' (1989)

''Prime Target'' (1991)

''Center of the Web'' (1992)

''Christmas in Connecticut'' (1992) (Yardley/John)

''Hugh Hefner: Once Upon a Time'' (1992) (documentary)

''Naked in New York'' (1993)

''The Mummy Lives'' (1993)

''A Century of Cinema'' (1994) (documentary)

''The Immortals'' (1995)

''The Celluloid Closet'' (1995) (documentary)

''Roseanne'' - TV Series (1996) (role as Hal, ballroom dance studio instructor)

''Hardball'' (1997)

''Brittle Glory'' (1997)

''Elvis Meets Nixon'' (1997)

''Alien X Factor'' (1997)

''Stargames'' (1998)

''Louis & Frank'' (1998)

''Play It to the Bone'' (1999) (cameo)

''Reflections of Evil'' (2002) (narrator)

''Where's Marty?'' (2006)

''The Blacksmith and the Carpenter'' (2007) (voice)

''David & Fatima'' (2008)

''The Jill & Tony Curtis Story'' (2008) (documentary feature)

References

Further reading

The book includes Tony Curtis's prose, poetry, and artwork.

External links

CBS news: Tony Curtis 1925-2010 video: 1.5 minutes

Biography and naval service from the California Center for Military History website

Tony Curtis' Famous Friends - slideshow by ''Life magazine''

2009 interview with Dodd Vickers for the Magic Newswire

2007 interview by Nick Thomas in ''Nevada Magazine''

Tony Curtis and Nehemiah Persoff talk about ''Some Like it Hot''

John Patterson, "Some like it very hot", ''The Guardian'', 18 April 2008

Alison Jackson, ''Some tormented Hollywood souls still like their gossip hot, Profile: Tony Curtis,'' ''Sunday Times'', 20 April 2008

Documentary film, ''The Jill & Tony Curtis Story''

Photographs and literature

Tony Curtis: Life and Times - slideshow by ''Life magazine''

''The Telegraph'' obituary

Interview by Michael Hainey for ''GQ Magazine''

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''Taras Bulba'' () is a romanticized historical novel by Nikolai Gogol. It tells the story of an old Zaporozhian Cossack, Taras Bulba, and his two sons, Andriy and Ostap. Taras’ sons studied at the Kiev Academy and return home. The three men set out on an epic journey to Zaporizhian Sich located in Ukraine, where they join other Cossacks and go to war against Poland.

Taras Bulba is Gogol’s longest short story. The work is non-fictional in nature with characters that are not exaggerated or grotesque as was common in Gogol's later work, though his characterizations of Cossacks are said by some scholars to be a bit exaggerated. This story can be understood in the context of the romantic nationalism movement in literature, which developed around a historical ethnic culture which meets the romantic ideal.

Plot (1842 revised edition)

Taras Bulba’s two sons, Ostap and Andriy, return home from an Orthodox seminary in Kiev. Ostap is the more adventurous, whereas Andriy has deeply romantic feelings of an introvert. While in Kiev, he fell in love with a young Polish noble girl, the daughter of the Governor of Dubno, but after a few meetings, he stopped seeing her when her family returned home. Taras Bulba gives his sons the opportunity to go to war. They reach the Cossack camp at the Zaporozhian Sich, where there is much merrymaking. Taras attempts to rouse the Cossacks to go into battle. He rallies them to replace the existing Hetman when the Hetman is reluctant to break the peace treaty.

They soon have the opportunity to fight the Poles, who rule all Ukraine west of the Dnieper River. The Poles are accused of atrocities against Orthodox Christians, in which they are aided by Jews. After killing many of the Jewish merchants at the Sich, the Cossacks set off on a campaign against the Poles. They besiege Dubno Castle. Surrounded by the Cossacks and short of supplies, the inhabitants begin to starve. One night a Tatar woman comes to Andriy and rouses him. He finds her face familiar and then recalls she is the servant of the Polish girl he was in love with. She advises him that all are starving inside the walls. He accompanies her through a secret passage starting in the marsh that goes into the monastery inside the city walls. Andriy brings loaves of bread with him for the starving girl and her mother. He is horrified by what he sees and in a fury of love, forsakes his heritage for the Polish girl.

Meanwhile, several companies of Polish soldiers march into Dubno to relieve the siege, and destroy a regiment of Cossacks. A number of battles ensue. Taras learns of his son’s forsaking his Cossack heritage from Yankel the Jew, whom he saved earlier in the story. During one of the final battles, he sees Andriy riding in Polish garb from the castle and has his men draw him to the woods, where he takes him off his horse. Taras then shoots his son from close range. Taras and Ostap continue fighting the Poles. Ostap is captured while his father is knocked out. When Taras regains his composure he learns that his son was taken away by the Poles. Yankel agrees to take him to Warsaw where Ostap is held captive, hiding Taras in a cart of bricks. Once in Warsaw a group of Jews help Yankel dress Taras as a German count. They go into the prison to see his Ostap, but a guard recognizes Taras as a Cossack. He lets them in and out only after being paid 100 gold pieces, and suggests they go to the Cossacks' execution the following day.

During the execution, Ostap does not make a single sound, even while being broken on the wheel, and only near the end calls out to his father, asking if he "can hear this?" Taras calls out that he can. Yankel turns to him terrified, but he had vanished. Taras returns home to find all of his old Cossack friends dead and younger Cossacks in their place. He goes to war again. The new Hetman wishes to make peace with the Poles, which Taras is strongly against, warning that the Poles are treacherous and will not honor their words. Failing to convince the Hetman, Taras takes his regiment away to continue the assault independently. As Taras predicted, once the new Hetman agrees to a truce, the Poles betray him and kill a number of Cossacks. Taras and his men continue to fight and are finally caught in a ruined fortress, where they battle until the last man is defeated.

Taras is nailed and tied to a tree and set aflame. Even in this state, he calls out to his men to continue the fight, claiming that a new Russian Tsar is coming who will rule the earth. The story ends with Cossacks on the Dniester River recalling the great feats of Taras and his unwavering Cossack spirit.

Differences between editions

The original 1835 edition reflects the Ukrainian context of the story. In response to critics who called his ''The Government Inspector'' "anti-Russian", and under pressure from the Russian government that considered ''Taras Bulba'' too Ukrainian, Gogol was forced to revise the book. The 1842 edition was expanded and rewritten to include Russian nationalist themes in keeping with the official tsarist ideology at the time, as well as the author's changing political and aesthetic views (later manifested in ''Dead Souls'' and ''Selected Passages from Correspondence with his Friends''). The changes included three new chapters and a new ending (in the 1835 edition, the protagonist is not burned at the stake by the Poles). The little-known original edition was translated into Ukrainian and made available to the Ukrainian audience only in 2005.

Depiction of Jews and Poles

Felix Dreizin and David Guaspari in their ''The Russian Soul and the Jew: Essays in Literary Ethnocentrism'' discuss "the significance of the Jewish characters and the negative image of the Ukrainian Jewish community in Gogol's novel "Taras Bulba," pointing out Gogol's attachment to anti-Jewish prejudices prevalent in Russian and Ukrainian culture." In Léon Poliakov's ''The History of Antisemitism'', the author states that "The 'Yankel' from ''Taras Bulba'' indeed became the archetypal Jew in Russian literature. Gogol painted him as supremely exploitative, cowardly, and repulsive, albeit capable of gratitude. But it seems perfectly natural in the story that he and his cohorts be drowned in the Dnieper by the Cossack lords. Above all, Yankel is ridiculous, and the image of the plucked chicken that Gogol used has made the rounds of great Russian authors." However, the famous brutality of the Cossack Khmelnytsky Uprising preceded Gogol's lifetime by about two hundred years and in Taras Bulba as in Gogol's work generally, his treatment of the Jews is realistic and sometimes sympathetic, as in the closing lines of "The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich." In Yiddish, that character in "The Two Ivans" is referred to as a "balagoola: a well known character in Yiddish literature. In his story "Viy," there is a reference to the Jewish Innkeeper, a common occupation for Jews within the Pale at that time and even a reference to the Talmud. There is no mass slaughter of Jews in Taras Bulba nor are they reviled by the narrator. There is a scene where Jews are thrown into a river, a scene where Taras Bulba visits the Jews and seeks their aid and reference by the narrator of the story that Jews are treated inhumanely Certainly Cossacks are portrayed as disparaging Jews in what is obviously serving as comic relief in the story.

Following the 1830–1831 November Uprising against the Russian imperial rule in the heartland of Poland – partitioned since 1795 – the Polish people became the subject of an official campaign of discrimination by the Tsarist authorities. "Practically all of the Russian government, bureaucracy, and society were united in one outburst against the Poles. The phobia that gripped society gave a new powerful push to the Russian national solidarity movement" – wrote historian Liudmila Gatagova. It was in this particular context, that in many of Russia's literary works and media of the time Hostility toward the Poles "associated with dark powers" became popular as part of the state policy, especially with the emergence of the Panslavist ideology accusing them of betraying the "Slavic family". According to sociologist and historian Prof. Vilho Harle, ''Taras Bulba'', published only four years after the rebellion, was a part of this anti-Polish propaganda effort. Inadvertently, Gogol's accomplishment became "an anti-Polish novel of high literary merit, to say nothing about lesser writers."

Adaptations in other media

The story was the basis of an opera by Ukrainian composer, Mykola Lysenko.

Czech composer Leoš Janáček's ''Taras Bulba'', a symphonic rhapsody for orchestra, was written in the years 1915–1918, inspired in part by the mass slaughter of World War I. The composition was first performed on 9 October 1921 by František Neumann, and in Prague on 9 November 1924 by Václav Talich and the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra.

The story has been made into several films, with varying degrees of success. The first silent adaptation was in 1909, directed by Aleksandr Drankov. The second, a 1935 German production, was directed by a Russian director Alexis Granovsky, with superb decor by Andrei Andreyev. A third, in 1936, was produced in Britain under the title ''The Rebel Son'', starring Harry Baur with a supporting cast of significant British actors. Another adaptation was made in the US in 1962, starring Yul Brynner and Tony Curtis and directed by J. Lee Thompson; this adaptation featured a significant musical score by Franz Waxman, which received an Academy Award nomination. Bernard Herrmann called it "the score of a lifetime". "The Ride to Dubno" has become a standard concert piece and has been recorded many times. "Sleighride" uses Schedryk, the Carol of the Bells, as a counterpoint to Waxman's own melody. The finale, an upbeat march as the Cossacks ride into Dubno, is based on a Ukrainian folk song.

A 2008 Russian movie directed by Vladimir Bortko, was commissioned by the Russian state TV and paid for totally by the Russian Ministry of Culture. It includes Ukrainian, Russian and Polish actors such as Bohdan Stupka (as Taras Bulba), Ada Rogovtseva (as Taras Bulba's wife), Igor Petrenko (as Andriy Bulba), Vladimir Vdovichenkov (as Ostap Bulba) and Magdalena Mielcarz (as a Polish noble girl) premiered in 2009. The movie was filmed at several locations in Ukraine such as Zaporizhia, Khotyn and Kamianets-Podilskyi during 2007. The screenplay used the 1842 "pro Russian" edition of the novel.

The 2010 Hindi movie ''Veer'' starring Salman Khan is an adaptation of ''Taras Bulba''.

In popular culture

Ernest Hemingway called ''Taras Bulba'' "One of the 10 greatest books of all time."

In Jane Smiley's 2007 novel ''Ten Days In The Hills'', the aging director, Max, is asked by a Russian oligarch to consider filming Taras Bulba.

Eugene Hütz, the Ukrainian-born singer and lyricist of the critically acclaimed New York Gypsy punk rock band Gogol Bordello, wrote the introduction for the Subculture Books Edition of ''Taras Bulba'', released in December 2008.

The villain in the premiere episode of Disney's animated series ''Darkwing Duck'' was named Taurus Bulba—a play on the book title and the fact that the character was an anthropomorphic bull.

''Taras'' was an early nom de guerre of Albanian Communist Enver Hoxha

Taras Boulba is the name of a Belgian IPA from the Belgian brewery Brasserie de la Senne.

On Steve Vai's album ''Fire Garden'', the last movement of The Fire Garden Suite is called "Taurus Bulba".

A fine Moscow Restauant, near Red Square, serving traditional Russian and Ukrainian food is called "Taras Bulba".

References and notes

External links

Taras Bulba 2008 theatrical trailer

Category:Novels by Nikolai Gogol Category:Historical novels Category:1835 novels Category:Cossacks Bulba, Taras Category:Anti-Catholic publications Category:Antisemitism in literature Category:Novels set in Ukraine Category:Ukraine in fiction

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Patricia Morrison (born January 14, 1962 in Los Angeles) is an American bass guitarist, singer and songwriter. She worked with The Bags, The Gun Club, The Sisters of Mercy, and The Damned.

Biography

She became a fixture of the Los Angeles, California punk rock scene in her mid-teens, and was a founding member of The Bags in 1976. She left that band and began Legal Weapon in 1981, releasing an EP called ''No Sorrow.''

She was invited to join The Gun Club in 1982. Morrison quit that group after her second tour with them, and formed another band called Fur Bible. They performed as the opening act for Siouxsie and the Banshees, and it was during this time Morrison was contacted by Andrew Eldritch, asking her to join The Sisters of Mercy. She performed on the 1986 album ''Gift'' (released under the group name The Sisterhood) and on The Sisters of Mercy's 1987 album ''Floodland''.

According to Jennifer Park:

The Sisters of Mercy song "Lucretia My Reflection" was written by Eldritch about Morrison. The lyrics compare her to the historial figure of Lucretia. She left the band in the early '90s, claiming money that was owed by Eldritch was not paid.

In 1994, Morrison released a solo album, ''Reflect on This''.

In 1996, she was invited to join The Damned after bassist Paul Gray was injured by a fan in concert. That same year Morrison married the Damned's lead singer Dave Vanian. After giving birth to Emily Vanian in 2004, Morrison retired from the Damned.

References

External links

Official Patricia Morrison website

Category:1962 births Category:Living people Category:American female singers Category:American rock bass guitarists Category:Female punk rock singers Category:Gothic rock musicians Category:The Damned members Category:The Sisters of Mercy members

de:Patricia Morrison es:Patricia Morrison it:Patricia Morrison pt:Patricia Morrison ru:Моррисон, Патриция