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season \Sea"son\, n. [OE. sesoun, F. saison, properly, the sowing time, fr. L. satio a sowing, a planting, fr. serere, satum, to sow, plant; akin to E. sow, v., to scatter, as seed.] 1. One of the divisions of the year, marked by alterations in the length of day and night, or by distinct conditions of temperature, moisture, etc., caused mainly by the relative position of the earth with respect to the sun. In the north temperate zone, four seasons, namely, spring, summer, autumn, and winter, are generally recognized. Some parts of the world have three seasons, -- the dry, the rainy, and the cold; other parts have but two, -- the dry and the rainy. [1913 Webster]
The several seasons of the year in their beauty. --Addison. [1913 Webster]
2. Hence, a period of time, especially as regards its fitness for anything contemplated or done; a suitable or convenient time; proper conjuncture; as, the season for planting; the season for rest. [1913 Webster]
The season, prime for sweetest scents and airs. --Milton. [1913 Webster]
3. A period of time not very long; a while; a time. [1913 Webster]
Thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season. --Acts xiii. 11. [1913 Webster]
4. That which gives relish; seasoning. [Obs.] [1913 Webster]
You lack the season of all natures, sleep. --Shak. [1913 Webster]
In season, in good time, or sufficiently early for the purpose.
Out of season, beyond or out of the proper time or the usual or appointed time. [1913 Webster] -
season \Sea"son\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seasoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Seasoning.] 1. To render suitable or appropriate; to prepare; to fit. [1913 Webster]
He is fit and seasoned for his passage. --Shak. [1913 Webster]
2. To fit for any use by time or habit; to habituate; to accustom; to inure; to ripen; to mature; as, to season one to a climate. [1913 Webster]
3. Hence, to prepare by drying or hardening, or removal of natural juices; as, to season timber. [1913 Webster]
4. To fit for taste; to render palatable; to give zest or relish to; to spice; as, to season food. [1913 Webster]
5. Hence, to fit for enjoyment; to render agreeable. [1913 Webster]
You season still with sports your serious hours. --Dryden. [1913 Webster]
The proper use of wit is to season conversation. --Tillotson. [1913 Webster]
6. To qualify by admixture; to moderate; to temper. "When mercy seasons justice." --Shak. [1913 Webster]
7. To imbue; to tinge or taint. "Who by his tutor being seasoned with the love of the truth." --Fuller. [1913 Webster]
Season their younger years with prudent and pious principles. --Jer. Taylor. [1913 Webster]
8. To copulate with; to impregnate. [R.] --Holland. [1913 Webster] -
season \Sea"son\, v. i. 1. To become mature; to grow fit for use; to become adapted to a climate. [1913 Webster]
2. To become dry and hard, by the escape of the natural juices, or by being penetrated with other substance; as, timber seasons in the sun. [1913 Webster]
3. To give token; to savor. [Obs.] --Beau. & Fl. [1913 Webster] - season n 1: a period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field; "he celebrated his 10th season with the ballet company"; "she always looked forward to the avocado season" 2: one of the natural periods into which the year is divided by the equinoxes and solstices or atmospheric conditions; "the regular sequence of the seasons" [syn: season, time of year] 3: a recurrent time marked by major holidays; "it was the Christmas season" v 1: lend flavor to; "season the chicken breast after roasting it" [syn: season, flavor, flavour] 2: make fit; "This trip will season even the hardiest traveller" [syn: season, harden] 3: make more temperate, acceptable, or suitable by adding something else; moderate; "she tempered her criticism" [syn: temper, season, mollify]
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The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest, and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying it as one of the mediterranean seas of the Atlantic Ocean. Alternatively, the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost lobe of the all-encompassing World Ocean.
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British Columbia
British Columbia (B.C.) (, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Crocus
Crocus (plural: crocuses, croci) is a genus of perennial flowering plants, native to a large area from coastal and subalpine areas of central and southern Europe (including the islands of the Aegean), North Africa and the Middle East, across Central Asia to western China.
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Indian ocean
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Manchester
Manchester () is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. In 2009, the population of the city was estimated to be 483,800, making it the seventh-most populous local authority district in England. Manchester lies within one of the UK's largest metropolitan areas; the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester had an estimated population of 2,600,100, the Greater Manchester Urban Area a population of 2,240,230, and the Larger Urban Zone around Manchester, the second-most-populous in the UK, had an estimated population in the 2004 Urban Audit of 2,539,100. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian.
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
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A winter storm is an event in which the dominant varieties of precipitation are forms that only occur at cold temperatures, such as snow or sleet, or a rainstorm where ground temperatures are cold enough to allow ice to form (i.e. freezing rain). In temperate continental climates, these storms are not necessarily restricted to the winter season, but may occur in the late autumn and early spring as well. Very rarely, they may form in summer, though it would have to be an abnormally cold summer, such as the summer of 1816 in the Northeast United States of America. In many locations in the Northern Hemisphere, the most powerful winter storms usually occur in March (such as the 1993 Superstorm) and, in regions where temperatures are cold enough, April.
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Bad Astronomer
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Celts
The Celts ( or , see names of the Celts) were a diverse group of tribal societies in Iron Age and Roman-era Europe who spoke Celtic languages.
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Season of the Witch (2011)
"Season of the Witch (2011)" Actors
- Nicolas Cage
- Ron Perlman
- Stephen Campbell Moore
- Claire Foy
- Ulrich Thomsen
- Stephen Graham
- Christopher Lee
- Robert Sheehan
"Season of the Witch (2011)" Director
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The Dodos The Season
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:17
- Published: 06 Aug 2009
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
=( album : visiter Somewhere in between this ocean and mountainside I have this dream I think of it still sometimes I know it's just the season I sense no time or reason The sky falls down; it's evening The feeling goes; it's leaving Miles until this desert brings me back to your face Those eyes you know I think of them still sometimes But you're away in Eden And I'm still here the heathen This times for real, we're even We do this for the season I cross the sand without your hand I go back to where you and I began and I was yours and you were mine things seem so soon to say goodbye I hope you're well as I am fine I keep to myself where I go where I lie I woke up in a cave No air no light no shade when did things turn this way? I miss you on certain days
http://wn.com/The_Dodos_The_Season
geography seasons
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:52
- Published: 30 Mar 2007
- Updated: 08 Jul 2012
A movie about cause of seasons changes
http://wn.com/geography_seasons
4 Seasons in a Year (kids song)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Published: 28 Mar 2010
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
A song about the 4 seasons of the year... For those familiar w/ my other songs, this one's in the same vein as "12 months!" Enjoy!
http://wn.com/4_Seasons_in_a_Year_kids_song
Donovan - Season of the Witch
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Published: 18 Oct 2008
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Donovan - Season of the Witch (1966)
http://wn.com/Donovan_Season_of_the_Witch
The Zombies-Time Of The Season
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Published: 02 Jul 2009
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
thank you everyone for all these views. keep spreading the love and give everyone the chance to be "experienced"
http://wn.com/The_Zombies-Time_Of_The_Season
Westlife - Seasons In The Sun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Published: 03 Oct 2009
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Music video by Westlife performing Seasons In The Sun. (C) 1999 BMG Video, a division of BMG Entertainment International UK & Ireland Ltd.
http://wn.com/Westlife_Seasons_In_The_Sun
'Season of the Witch' Trailer HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Published: 16 Nov 2010
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
For more info on 'Season of the Witch' visit: www.hollywood.com
http://wn.com/'Season_of_the_Witch'_Trailer_HD
What Causes Earth's Seasons?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Published: 02 Nov 2006
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
It's a hot time for some cool science. And I'm telling you, you won't find a better visual for how seasons occur. This'll clear it up.
http://wn.com/What_Causes_Earth's_Seasons?
Seasons In The Sun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Published: 09 Oct 2007
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
www.westlife.co.uk Unbreakable - The Greatest Hits Vol I Follow Westlife on Twitter on twitter.com Follow Westlife on Facebook on facebook.com
http://wn.com/Seasons_In_The_Sun
The Veer Union - Seasons
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Published: 26 Nov 2009
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Music video by The Veer Union performing Seasons. (C) 2008 Universal Motown Records, a division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
http://wn.com/The_Veer_Union_Seasons
Rabbit season, duck season
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Published: 19 May 2010
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Rabbit season or duck season?
http://wn.com/Rabbit_season,_duck_season
The Zombies - Time of the Season
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Published: 12 Jul 2009
- Updated: 14 Jul 2012
Tha Good old 60's ;) 1'000'000 ! ! ! ! ! OMG :D Thanks! We didnt believe that :) 500'000 :D So Groovy Lycris : It's the time of the season When the love runs high In this time, give it to me easy And let me try With pleasured hands To take you and the sun to Promised lands To show you every one It's the time of the season for loving What's your name? (What's your name?) Who's your daddy? (Who's your daddy? He rich?) Is he rich like me? Has he taken (Has he taken) Any time (Any time to show) To show you what you need to live? Tell it to me slowly Tell you what? I really want to know It's the time of the season for loving What's your name? (What's your name?) Who's your daddy? (Who's your daddy? He rich?) Is he rich like me? Has he taken (Has he taken) Any time (Any time to show) To show you what you need to live? Tell it to me slowly Tell you what? I really want to know It's the time of the season for loving
http://wn.com/The_Zombies_Time_of_the_Season
Angry Birds Seasons - Year of the Dragon Animation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Published: 20 Jan 2012
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Fireworks popping, lanterns glowing, red envelopes bursting with money - it's Chinese New Year! This holiday is China's biggest and longest festival, a time for feasting with family and friends, setting off fireworks, and having fun. The Angry Birds are celebrating the start of the Year of the Dragon, but the piggies are trying to scare them away from their eggs! Luckily the Angry Birds have some help -- the Mighty Eagle has transformed into the fearsome Mighty Dragon! Become a Facebook fan: www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com Buy Angry Birds merchandise: shop.angrybirds.com Download Angry Birds Seasons - iPhone or iPod touch bit.ly - iPad bit.ly - Android Market bit.ly - Apps for Android on Amazon amzn.to - Blackberry Playbook bit.ly - Nokia bit.ly Play Angry Birds on Google Chrome: chrome.angrybirds.com
http://wn.com/Angry_Birds_Seasons_Year_of_the_Dragon_Animation
League of Legends - Season One CG Cinematic Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Published: 12 Jul 2010
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Play League of Legends FREE @ signup.leagueoflegends.com League of Legends is a competitive online game set in an imaginative world. Gamers take the role of a powerful Summoner, calling forth and controlling brave Champions in battle. League of Legends combines the best elements of session-based games with persistent elements of MMORPG's. Enter the Fields of Justice with your most trusted allies as you fight for your right to rule the world of Valoran. There is only one rule of law among those in the league: Winner rules all.
http://wn.com/League_of_Legends_Season_One_CG_Cinematic_Trailer
The Swell Season - "Low Rising"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Published: 04 Nov 2009
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Distributed by WMG The Swell Season's new album 'Strict Joy' in stores now!
http://wn.com/The_Swell_Season_Low_Rising
Nirvana - Seasons In The Sun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Published: 14 Apr 2006
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Nirvana
http://wn.com/Nirvana_Seasons_In_The_Sun
Game Of Thrones Season 2: "Seven Devils"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:47
- Published: 05 Mar 2012
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Catch the season 2 premiere of "Game Of Thrones" on Sunday, April 1st. For more on Game of Thrones, go to itsh.bo Watch Game of Thrones online at HBO GO® itsh.bo WithHBO GO, you can watch every episode of Game of Thrones on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers. Check out Game of Thrones on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com - #gameofthrones
http://wn.com/Game_Of_Thrones_Season_2_Seven_Devils
Vivaldi Four Seasons - I Musici 1988
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Published: 07 Aug 2006
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Summer excerpt. I also posted Autumn and Winter excerpts. www.flickr.com www.flickr.com
http://wn.com/Vivaldi_Four_Seasons_I_Musici_1988
Wipeout Season 4 : Best of ep. 1 to 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Published: 21 Feb 2011
- Updated: 14 Jul 2012
More Wipeouts here : www.youtube.com The best falls and failures from the WIPEOUT US TV show, fourth season (2011), from episode 1 to 3.
http://wn.com/Wipeout_Season_4_Best_of_ep_1_to_3
If You Need to Know the Seasons... (rap song for kids about the 4 seasons)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Published: 06 Aug 2010
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall... If you need to know the seasons, give me a call!
http://wn.com/If_You_Need_to_Know_the_Seasons_rap_song_for_kids_about_the_4_seasons
Fucked Up - "Turn The Season"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Published: 08 Dec 2011
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
The third video from "David Comes To Life", out now: bit.ly Directed by Scott Cudmore (www.leblancandcudmore.com) Purchase "David Comes To Life" at iTunes bit.ly Purchase "David Comes To Life" at Amazon: bit.ly Purchase "David Comes To Life" at Rough Trade Shops (UK): bit.ly Full credits: Written & directed by Scott Cudmore Produced by Brendan Brady Photographed by Michael Leblanc Art directed by Zazu Myers & Sandy Miranda Styled by Corrina Allen Special fx by William Chang Camera assistant: Laurence Bortnick Executive producer: Michael Leblanc Production company: Leblanc + Cudmore (www.leblancandcudmore.com)
http://wn.com/Fucked_Up_Turn_The_Season
Seasons Song by Peter Weatherall
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Published: 07 May 2009
- Updated: 08 Jul 2012
From Peter Weatherall's Altogether English DVD + CD available from www.kidsinglish.com for US$7.99: Songs, animation and much more to make learning English fun and easy
http://wn.com/Seasons_Song_by_Peter_Weatherall
Learn English -the Seasons
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:15
- Published: 30 Jan 2007
- Updated: 02 Jul 2012
rnaudioproductions for www.ipodity.com www.allcast.co.uk An english speaker reads 'the Seasons of the year' rnaudioproductions for www.ipodity.com www.allcast.co.uk ipodity.com allcast.co.uk mp3 ipod download book audiobooks
http://wn.com/Learn_English_-the_Seasons
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photo: WN / Denise Yong
18 Jul 2012
Until recently Neanderthals, who disappeared between 30,000 and 24,000 years ago, were thought to be predominantly meat-eaters. However, evidence of dietary breadth is growing as more sophisticated...
photo: AP
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Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Wednesday mourned the death of yesteryear Bollywood superstar Rajesh Khanna....
photo: US Navy / MCS3 Cale Hatch
17 Jul 2012
The ship is part of the Fifth Fleet, which has increased its patrols in the Gulf region because of heightened tensions with Iran. Both the US and Iran have warned each other against provocative naval...
photo: AP / Oded Balilty
17 Jul 2012
Article by WN.com Guest Writer Gilad Atzmon Israeli Generals expressed dismay yesterday over a violent assault on a senior Air Force officer perpetrated by a gang of soldiers. Ynet reported yesterday...
photo: NASA
19 Jul 2012
The Petermann Glacier in northern Greenland has calved an iceberg twice the size of Manhattan, scientists say. Images from a Nasa satellite show the island breaking off a tongue of ice that extends at...
photo: AP / Mark Lennihan
19 Jul 2012
It's tough being a big bank these days. Morgan Stanley, the storied investment house, reported Thursday that its revenue was down sharply for April through June and its profit missed Wall Street...
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19 Jul 2012
Related topics LA TV ExaminerWilfredJason GannElijah Wood Advertisement If you haven't tuned into FX's very funny "Wilfred," it's not too late to start. The series, based on the critically acclaimed...
photo: AP / Jon Super
18 Jul 2012
• AmaZulu 0-1 Manchester United • Ferguson would be 'happy' if Berbatov stays at Old Trafford Manchester United's Paul Scholes, left, passes the ball past Amazulu's Kagiso Senamela. Photograph: Anesh...
Dayton Daily News
"Mad Men" — the TV drama that looks back to the 1960s — is looking ahead to...(size: 0.6Kb)
Yankees' Gardner to have season-ending surgery
20 Jul 2012
CNN
OAKLAND, Calif. (AP) -- New York Yankees left fielder Brett Gardner is scheduled for arthroscopic surgery on his troublesome right elbow next week, likely ending his season. The Yankees said Thursday night Gardner would have inflamed tissue removed in a procedure that will be performed by team...(size: 2.7Kb)
The Washington Times
NEW YORK (AP) - “Mad Men” _ the TV drama that looks back to the 1960s _ is looking ahead to possibly record bounty at the Emmys. The show earned a leading 17 Emmy nominations Thursday and the chance at a fifth best-drama award, which would make it the most-honored show of its type in...(size: 3.8Kb)
IMDb
For those who like HBO's The Newsroom, this could be sad news. E! News confirms that show creator...(size: 0.7Kb)
Duets Season Finale: The Winner Isâ¦
20 Jul 2012
IMDb
Just like its charming/ridiculous âexploding mirrorballâ logo and mid-2000s dance-club theme song,...(size: 0.7Kb)
Cardinals' Carpenter has season-ending surgery
20 Jul 2012
The Charlotte Observer
St. Louis, MO (Sports Network) - St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Chris Carpenter underwent neurogenic thoracic outlet surgery Thursday in Dallas, Texas. The anticipated time of rehabilitation...(size: 1.2Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
7:28 p.m. 6:40 p.m. 6:26 p.m. 5:56 p.m. 5:14 p.m. 4:54 p.m. 4:48 p.m. 4:38 p.m. 4:12 p.m....(size: 7.4Kb)
Yankees left fielder Brett Gardner to undergo elbow surgery next week, likely ending season
20 Jul 2012
The Washington Post
OAKLAND, Calif. — New York Yankees left fielder Brett Gardner is scheduled for arthroscopic surgery on his troublesome right elbow next week, likely ending his season. The Yankees said Thursday night Gardner would have...(size: 1.5Kb)
For other uses, see Season (disambiguation).
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A season is a subdivision of the year, marked by changes in weather, ecology, and hours of daylight. Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of revolution.[1] In temperate and polar regions, the seasons are marked by changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface, variations of which may cause animals to go into hibernation or to migrate, and plants to be dormant.
During May, June and July, the northern hemisphere is exposed to more direct sunlight because the hemisphere faces the sun. The same is true of the southern hemisphere in November, December and January. It is the tilt of the Earth that causes the Sun to be higher in the sky during the summer months which increases the solar flux. However, due to seasonal lag, June, July and August are the hottest months in the northern hemisphere and December, January and February are the hottest months in the southern hemisphere.
In temperate and subpolar regions, generally four calendar-based seasons (with their adjectives) are recognized: spring (vernal), summer (estival), autumn (autumnal) and winter (hibernal). However, ecologists mostly use a six season model for temperate climate regions that includes pre-spring (prevernal) and late summer (serotinal) as distinct seasons along with the traditional four (See Ecological Seasons).
In some tropical and subtropical regions it is more common to speak of the rainy (or wet, or monsoon) season versus the dry season, because the amount of precipitation may vary more dramatically than the average temperature. For example, in Nicaragua the dry season (November to April) is called 'summer' and the rainy season (May to October) is called 'winter', even though it is located in the northern hemisphere. In other tropical areas a three-way division into hot, rainy, and cool season is used. In some parts of the world, special "seasons" are loosely defined based on important events such as a hurricane season, tornado season or a wildfire season.
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Causes and effects[link]
Fig. 1
This is a diagram of the seasons. Regardless of the time of day (i.e. the Earth's rotation on its axis), the North Pole will be dark, and the South Pole will be illuminated; see also arctic winter. In addition to the density of incident light, the dissipation of light in the atmosphere is greater when it falls at a shallow angle.
This is a diagram of the seasons. Regardless of the time of day (i.e. the Earth's rotation on its axis), the North Pole will be dark, and the South Pole will be illuminated; see also arctic winter. In addition to the density of incident light, the dissipation of light in the atmosphere is greater when it falls at a shallow angle.
Main article: Effect of sun angle on climate
The seasons result from the Earth's axis being tilted to its orbital plane; it deviates by an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees. Thus, at any given time during summer or winter, one part of the planet is more directly exposed to the rays of the Sun (see Fig. 1). This exposure alternates as the Earth revolves in its orbit. Therefore, at any given time, regardless of season, the northern and southern hemispheres experience opposite seasons.
The effect of axis tilt is observable from the change in day length, and altitude of the Sun at noon (the culmination of the Sun), during a year.
Seasonal weather differences between hemispheres are further caused by the elliptical orbit of Earth. Earth reaches perihelion (the point in its orbit closest to the Sun) in January, and it reaches aphelion (farthest point from the Sun) in July. Even though the effect this has on Earth's seasons is minor, it does noticeably soften the northern hemisphere's winters and summers. In the southern hemisphere, the opposite effect is observed.
Seasonal weather fluctuations (changes) also depend on factors such as proximity to oceans or other large bodies of water, currents in those oceans, El Niño/ENSO and other oceanic cycles, and prevailing winds.
In the temperate and polar regions, seasons are marked by changes in the amount of sunlight, which in turn often causes cycles of dormancy in plants and hibernation in animals. These effects vary with latitude and with proximity to bodies of water. For example, the South Pole is in the middle of the continent of Antarctica and therefore a considerable distance from the moderating influence of the southern oceans. The North Pole is in the Arctic Ocean, and thus its temperature extremes are buffered by the water. The result is that the South Pole is consistently colder during the southern winter than the North Pole during the northern winter.
The cycle of seasons in the polar and temperate zones of one hemisphere is opposite to that in the other. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.
In the tropics, there is no noticeable change in the amount of sunlight. However, many regions (such as the northern Indian ocean) are subject to monsoon rain and wind cycles. A study of temperature records over the past 300 years[2][page needed] shows that the climatic seasons, and thus the seasonal year, are governed by the anomalistic year rather than the tropical year.
In meteorological terms, the summer solstice and winter solstice (or the maximum and minimum insolation, respectively) do not fall in the middles of summer and winter. The heights of these seasons occur up to seven weeks later because of seasonal lag. Seasons, though, are not always defined in meteorological terms.
Compared to axial tilt, other factors contribute little to seasonal temperature changes. The seasons are not the result of the variation in Earth’s distance to the sun because of its elliptical orbit.[3] Orbital eccentricity can influence temperatures, but on Earth, this effect is small and is more than counteracted by other factors; research shows that the Earth as a whole is actually slightly warmer when farther from the sun. This is because the northern hemisphere has more land than the southern, and land warms more readily than sea.[4] Mars however experiences wide temperature variations and violent dust storms every year at perihelion.[5]
Polar day and night[link]
Any point north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle will have one period in the summer when the sun does not set, and one period in the winter when the sun does not rise. At progressively higher latitudes, the maximum periods of "midnight sun" and "polar night" are progressively longer.
For example, at the military and weather station Alert located at 82°30′05″N 062°20′20″W, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island, Canada (about 450 nautical miles or 830 km from the North Pole), the sun begins to peek above the horizon for minutes per day at the end of February and each day it climbs higher and stays up longer; by 21 March, the sun is up for over 12 hours. On 6 April the sun rises at 0522 UTC and remains above the horizon until it sets below the horizon again on 21st of September at 0335 UTC. By October 13 the sun is above the horizon for only 1 hour 30 minutes and on October 14 it does not rise above the horizon at all and remains below the horizon until it rises again on 27 February.[6]
However, end of February is not first light. The sky has twilight, being a glow on the horizon, for increasing hours each day, for more than a month before the sun first appears with its disc above the horizon. From mid November to mid January, there is no twilight.
In the weeks surrounding 21 June, in the northern hemisphere, the sun is at its highest elevation, appearing to circle the sky there without going below the horizon. Eventually, it does go below the horizon, for progressively longer periods each day until around the middle of October, when it disappears for the last time until the following February. For a few more weeks, "day" is marked by decreasing periods of twilight. Eventually, from mid November to mid January, there is no twilight and it is continuously dark. In mid January twilight returns the first faint wash of twilight briefly touches the horizon (for just minutes per day), and then twilight increases in duration with pre-dawn brightness each day until sunrise at end of February and on 6 April the sun remains above the horizon until mid October.
Reckoning[link]
Meteorological[link]
Meteorological seasons are reckoned by temperature, with summer being the hottest quarter of the year and winter the coldest quarter of the year. Using this reckoning, the Roman calendar began the year and the spring season on the first of March, with each season occupying three months. In 1780 the Societas Meteorologica Palatina, an early international organization for meteorology, defined seasons as groupings of three whole months. Ever since, professional meteorologists all over the world have used this definition.[7] Therefore, in meteorology for the Northern hemisphere, spring begins on 1 March, summer on 1 June, autumn on 1 September, and winter on 1 December.
In Sweden and Finland, meteorologists use a definition for the seasons based on the temperature. Spring begins when the daily averaged temperature permanently rises above 0°C, summer begins when the temperature permanently rises above +10°C, summer ends when the temperature permanently falls below +10°C and winter begins when the temperature permanently falls below 0°C. "Permanently" here means that the daily averaged temperature has remained above or below the limit for seven consecutive days. This implies two things: first, the seasons do not begin at fixed dates but must be determined by observation and are known only after the fact; and second, a new season begins at different dates in different parts of the country.
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Astronomical[link]
The precise timing of the seasons as viewed by astronomers is determined by the exact times of transit of the sun over the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn for the solstices and the times of the sun's transit over the equator for the equinoxes. [9] For 2012 these times are:
| Equinoxes | Solstices |
|---|---|
| Mar 20, 05:14 UTC | June 20, 23:09 UTC |
| Sept 22, 14:49 UTC | Dec 21, 11:12 UTC |
The following diagram shows the relation between the line of solstice and the line of apsides of Earth's elliptical orbit. The orbital ellipse (with eccentricity exaggerated for effect) goes through each of the six Earth images, which are sequentially the perihelion (periapsis—nearest point to the sun) on anywhere from 2 January to 5 January, the point of March equinox on 20 or 21 March, the point of June solstice on 20 or 21 June, the aphelion (apoapsis—farthest point from the sun) on anywhere from 4 July to 7 July, the September equinox on 22 or 23 September, and the December solstice on 21 or 22 December.
In astronomical reckoning, the solstices and equinoxes ought to be the middle of the respective seasons, but, because of thermal lag, regions with a continental climate often consider these four dates to be the start of the seasons as in the diagram, with the cross-quarter days considered seasonal midpoints. The length of these seasons is not uniform because of the elliptical orbit of the earth and its different speeds along that orbit.[10]
From the March equinox it takes 92.75 days until the June solstice, then 93.65 days until the September equinox, 89.85 days until the December solstice and finally 88.99 days until the March equinox.
Because of the differences in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, it is no longer considered appropriate to use the northern-seasonal designations for the astronomical quarter days. The modern convention for them is: March Equinox, June Solstice, September Equinox and December Solstice. The oceanic climate of the Southern Hemisphere produces a shorter temperature lag, so the start of each season is usually considered to be several weeks before the respective solstice or equinox in this hemisphere, in other countries with oceanic climates, and in cultures with Celtic roots.
Ecological seasons[link]
Ecologically speaking, a season is a period of the year in which only certain types of floral and animal events happen (e.g.: flowers bloom—spring; hedgehogs hibernate—winter). So, if we can observe a change in daily floral/animal events, the season is changing.
Hot regions[link]
Hot regions have two seasons:
- Rainy season
- Dry season
Temperate areas[link]
Six seasons can be distinguished.[11] Mild temperate regions tend to experience the beginning of the hibernal season up to a month later than cool temperate areas, while the prevernal and vernal seasons begin up to a month earlier. For example, prevernal crocus blooms typically appear as early as February in mild coastal areas of British Columbia, the British Isles, and western and southern Europe. The actual dates for each season vary by climate region and can shift from one year to the next. Average dates listed here are for cool temperate climate zones in the Northern Hemisphere:
- Prevernal (ca.1 March–1 May)
- Vernal (ca.1 May–15 June)
- Estival (ca.15 June–15 August)
- Serotinal (ca.15 August–15 September)
- Autumnal (ca.15 September–1 November)
- Hibernal (ca.1 November–1 March)
Cold regions[link]
There are again only two seasons:
- Polar Day (spring and summer)
- Polar Night (autumn and winter)
Traditional season divisions[link]
Traditional seasons are reckoned by insolation, with summer being the quarter of the year with the greatest insolation and winter the quarter with the least. These seasons begin about four weeks earlier than the meteorological seasons and 7 weeks earlier than the astronomical seasons.
In traditional reckoning, the seasons begin at the cross-quarter days. The solstices and equinoxes are the midpoints of these seasons. For example, the days of greatest and least insolation are considered the "midsummer" and "midwinter" respectively.
This reckoning is used by various traditional cultures in the Northern Hemisphere, including East Asian and Irish cultures.[citation needed] In Iran, Afghanistan and some other parts of Middle East the beginning of the astronomical spring is the beginning of the new year which is called Nowruz.
So, according to traditional reckoning, winter begins between 5 November and 10 November, Samhain, 立冬 (lìdōng or rittou); spring between 2 February and 7 February, Imbolc, 立春 (lìchūn or risshun); summer between 4 May and 10 May, Beltane, 立夏 (lìxià or rikka); and autumn between 3 August and 10 August, Lughnasadh, 立秋 (lìqiū or risshū). The middle of each season is considered Mid-winter, between 20 December and 23 December, 冬至 (dōngzhì or touji); Mid-spring, between 19 March and 22 March, 春分 (chūnfēn or shunbun); Mid-summer, between 19 June and 23 June, 夏至 (xiàzhì or geshi); and Mid-autumn, between 21 September and 24 September, 秋分 (qiūfēn or shūbun).
Australia[link]
Main article: Indigenous Australian seasons
The indigenous people of Australia defined the seasons by what was happening to the plants, animals and weather around them. This led to each separate tribal group having different seasons, some with up to eight seasons each year. However, most modern Aboriginal Australians follow either four or six meteorological seasons, as do non-Aboriginal Australians.
The commonly followed dates are as follows: 1st day of March, June, September and December for the start of Autumn, Winter, Spring and Summer, respectively.
Celts[link]
The ancient Celts used a solar calendar, with the four Pagan agricultural festivals, Imbolc, Beltaine, Lughnasa and Samhain occurring on the cross-quarter days. Today, those festivals are celebrated on 1 February, May, August and November respectively.
China[link]
Chinese seasons are traditionally based on 24 periods known as solar terms, and begin at the midpoint of solstices and equinoxes.[12]
India[link]
In the Hindu calendar, there are six seasons or Ritu: Vasanta (Spring), Greeshma (Summer), Varsha (Monsoon) and Sharad (Autumn), Hemanta (pre-hibernal), Shishira (Winter).
The six seasons are ascribed to two months each of the twelve months in the Hindu calendar. The rough correspondences are:
| Hindu season | Start | End | Hindu Months |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vasanta | mid-March | mid-May | Chaitra, Vaishakha |
| Greeshma | mid-May | mid-July | Jyeshtha, Ashadha |
| Varsha | mid-July | mid-September | Shravana, Bhadrapada |
| Sharad | mid-September | mid-November | Ashwin, Kartika |
| Hemanta | mid-November | mid-January | Maargashirsha, Pausha |
| Shishira | mid-January | mid-March | Magh, Phalguna |
See also[link]
- Geocentric view of the seasons
- Indian Summer
- Perennial tea ceremony
- Months
- Persephone
- Risks and benefits of sun exposure
- Indigenous Australian seasons
References[link]
- ^ Khavrus, V.; Shelevytsky, I. (2010). "Introduction to solar motion geometry on the basis of a simple model". Physics Education 45 (6): 641. Bibcode 2010PhyEd..45..641K. DOI:10.1088/0031-9120/45/6/010. http://sites.google.com/site/khavrus/public-activities/SolarEng.
- ^ David Thomson, Science, April 1995
- ^ "Fundamentals of physical geography", PhysicalGeography.net, Ch. 6: Energy and Matter:(h) Earth-Sun Geometry, [1]
- ^ Phillips, Tony, "The Distant Sun (Strange but True: the Sun is far away on the 4th of July)," Science@NASA, downloaded 24 June 2006
- ^ Christian Ho, Nasser Golshan, and Arvydas Kliore, Radio Wave Propagation Handbook for Communication on and Around Mars, JPL Publication 02-5, pp. 59-60, downloaded 23 June 2006.
- ^ U.S. Naval Observatory
- ^ (Dutch) Begin van de lente (Start of Spring), KNMI (Royal Dutch Meteorology Institute), 2009-03-20, http://www.knmi.nl/cms/content/22141/begin_van_de_lente, retrieved 2009-03-20
- ^ a b P. D. Jones et. al.: SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE AND ITS CHANGES OVER THE PAST 150 YEARS, Figure 7 (Seite 24 von 28 der PDF-Datei)
- ^ quinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion, 2000-2020
- ^ "Astronomy Answers AstronomyAnswerBook: Seasons," Astronomical Institute, Utrecht University, downloaded 1 August 2008
- ^ Machael Allaby (1999). "A Dictionary of Zoology". http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-prevernal.html. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
- ^ Ross, Kelley L. "The Solar Terms and the Chinese 60 Year Calendar Cycle". friesian.com. http://www.friesian.com/chinacal.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
- Maris, Mihaela, St. Luchian School, Bacau, Romania, Seasonal Variations of the Bird Species, ref. ecological seasons pp. 195–196 incl. and pp. 207–209 incl.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Seasons |
- Australian Weather and Seasons
- When do the Seasons Begin? (from the Bad Astronomer)
- Solstice does not signal season's start (from The Straight Dope)
- Why the Earth has seasons article on h2g2.
- Aboriginal seasons of Kakadu
- Indigenous seasons (Australian Bureau of Meteorology)
- Mt Stirling Seasons
- The Lost Seasons
- Melbourne's six seasons
- The Lengths of the Seasons (numerical integration analysis)
- Earth distance vs tilt
- Tutorial on Earth/Sun Relations and Seasons
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