Polystylism is the use of multiple styles or techniques in literature, art, film, or, especially, music, and is a postmodern characteristic.

Some prominent contemporary polystylist composers include Peter Maxwell Davies, Michael Colgrass, Lera Auerbach, Sofia Gubaidulina, George Rochberg, Alfred Schnittke, Django Bates, Alexander Zhurbin, Lev Zhurbin and John Zorn. However, Gubaidulina, among others, has rejected the term as not applicable to her work. Polystylist composers from earlier in the twentieth century include Charles Ives and Eric Satie. Among literary figures, James Joyce has been referred to as a polystylist.

Though perhaps not the original source of the term, the first important essay on the subject is Alfred Schnittke's essay "Polystylistic Tendencies in Modern Music (1971)" The composers cited by Schnittke as those who make use of polystylism are Alban Berg, Luciano Berio, Pierre Boulez, Edison Denisov, Hans Werner Henze, Mauricio Kagel, Jan Klusak, György Ligeti, Carl Orff, Arvo Pärt, Krzystof Penderecki, Henri Pousseur, Rodion Shchedrin, Dmitri Shostakovich, Sergei Slonimsky, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Igor Stravinsky, Boris Tishchenko, Anton Webern, and Bernd Alois Zimmermann.

See also

21st-century classical music

Postmodern music

Eclecticism

Eclecticism in music

Bricolage

Collage

References

Category:Postmodern art Category:Musical techniques

ja:多様式主義 pl:Polistylizm pt:Poliestilismo uk:Полістилізм

Coordinates	12°58′0″N77°34′0″N
name	Yitzhak Yedid
born	September 29, 1971
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
origin	Jerusalem, Israel
genre	JazzClassical
associated acts	}}

Yitzhak Yedid () (1971- ) is an Israeli Australian composer of classical music and jazz pianist.

Biography

Yitzhak Yedid was born on September 29, 1971 in Jerusalem, Israel. His family immigrated from Syria. He studied at the Rubin Academy of Music and the New England Conservatory in Boston with Ran Blake and Paul Bley in 1997 and 1998. Yedid lives in Australia.

Music career

In 1999 Yedid released his first CD, Compositions for Solo Piano, for the Musa label. This led to an invitation to perform in Scandinavia as the guest of the pianist Michael Smith, and to a joint recital in Sweden with the pianist Roland Pontinen. In 2001, Yedid’s second recording, Inner Outcry, was released, also for Musa. Yedid was commissioned to compose the suite Tachanun for the opening of “The Third Stream” festival in Vienna, Austria, in 2002. This composition has been performed many times in Israel including at the Kfar Blum Chamber Music Festival.

Myth of the Cave was commissioned by German record label Between the Lines. It was released in 2002. The five-movement piece has been performed at festivals in Germany and Austria, at the Vancouver International Jazz Festival in Canada and at the Tel Aviv Jazz Festival in Israel. It is based on Plato's allegory of the cave, about cave dwellers imprisoned in near-darkness since birth whose sense of reality is distorted. One of them escapes to the outside world, reports on what he has seen and is put to death for his revelations.

In 2003 Yedid composed Passions and Prayers - Sextet in homage to Jerusalem for Between the Lines. It is a technically complex and conceptually melancholy composition that premiered at the 2004 Israel Festival. The CD released in August 2005.

Reflections upon Six Images was commissioned for the Third Stream Festival in Vienna Austria in 2004. The music depicts the union and division of images, colors, textures, styles and cultures inspired by the world of the imagination. The composition was performed at the Vienna festival in September 2004 and at the Etnakhta concert series in November 2004 in Israel. The CD was released at the end of 2005.

In 2005, Yedid composed the Oud Bass Piano Trio, performed at the Sibiu, Festival in Romania, as well as in Australia, Canada, and the U.S. in May and September 2005. In 2002, he joined Israeli jazz saxophonist Abatte Barihun to form the duo Ras Deshen. They recorded their maiden album on September 2002, which featured a blend of Ethiopian music and Free improvisation jazz.

Musical style and influences

Yedid says his music is influenced by Arabic music. "When I was a child I went to the Syrian synagogue, where you hear all the melodies in the Arabic scales. I'm using microtonals in my compositions, and also using the Hassidic and Orthodox Jewish scales. This is all with free jazz and classical music, in equal parts."

Yedid's music contains a mix of elements. He says: "I'm dealing with very classical things, also with jazz and folk things--but it's not classical and it's not jazz and it's not folk. I'm using various techniques, like a painter who's trying to use all the materials he knows about. I'm trying to bring all these different elements together. My music is like a story--it's like a film or a play."

Works

Compositions

"Out to Infinity" (2008)

:Harp Solo commissioned by the '2009 international harp contest' a duty piece for the 50th anniversary of the contest.

"Visions, Fantasies and Dances" (2007)

:String Quartet commissioned by IBA music, 2006 :Premier performance: March, 2008, Jerusalem Concert Hall

"Nine images for Violin Cello and Piano" (2006)

:Piano trio commissioned by IBA music, 2006

"Chagall Project" (2006)

:Seven Solo Piano pieces inspired by Marc Chagall

"Since my Soul Loved"(2005)

:Piano Quintet, in four movements, commissioned by Etnachta Concert Series, 2004

"Oud-Bass-Piano Trio" (2005)

:Trio for Oud, Double Bass and Piano, in five movements commissioned by the Oud International Festival, 2005

"Psalms" (2004)

:Three Singers, Ethiopian folk Dancer, Alto, Bass and Piano

"Reflections Upon Six Images" (2004)

:Quartet for Clarinet, Viola, Double Bass and Piano, in six parts.

"Passions & Prayers, Sextet in Homage to Jerusalem" (2003)

:Sextet for, Horn, Clarinet/Bass Clarinet, Trombone, Viola, Double Bass and Piano, in Five Movements.

"Myth of the Cave" (2002)

:Trio for, Clarinet/ Bass Clarinet, Double Bass and Piano, in five movements. :* "Ras Deshen" (2002) :For Voice, Krar, Piano

"Tachanun" (2001)

:Trio for Piano, Double Bass and Percussions. Suite In one movement

"Tachanun"- Solo Piano version (2000)

:Suite in one movement commissioned by Vienna Music Gallery Festival, Austria 2003

"Full Moon Fantasy" (1998)

:Solo Piano compositions commissioned by Musa records 1999

Publications

2008: Analysis of "Out to Infinity"

2007: Oud Bass Piano Trio - New music incorporating a spectrum of contemporary and ancient styles. Sibiu Festival booklet (Romania), Vienna Festival booklet (Austria), International Oud Festival booklet.

2006: Analysis of "Since my soul Loved" Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA), Israel

2005: Analysis of "Oud-Bass-Piano Trio" IBA channel, Israel

2005: "Psalms", Ethiopian tradition Kessim Liturgy Liner notes. Confederation House Program.

2004: Analysis of "Reflections Upon Six Images" IBA channel

2003: Analysis of "Passions & Prayers, Sextet in Homage to Jerusalem" CD Liner notes and Israel Festival program.

2002: Myth and Music, Allegory of the Cave, CD Liner notes, Vienna New Music Festival Booklet and

2001: Analysis of "Tachanun" (2001) WMG, Austria

Discography

2008 : Oud Bass Piano Trio"

Mikhail Maroun- Oud Ora Boasson- Double- Bass Yitzhak Yedid- Piano

2006 : "Reflections upon six Images"

François Houle- Clarinet/Bass Clarinet Gal Hai- Viola Ora Boasson- Double- Bass Yitzhak Yedid- Piano

2005 : "Passions & Prayers, Sextet in Homage to Jerusalem"

Alon Reuven - horn Orit Orbach - clarinet & bass clarinet Yaron Ouzana – trombone Galia Hai - viola Ora Boasson - double bass Yitzhak Yedid - piano

2003 : "Myth of the Cave"

François Houle- Clarinet/Bass Clarinet Ora Boasson- Double- Bass Yitzhak Yedid- Piano

2002 : "Ras Deshen"

Abate Berihuen- Voice ans Saxophones Fentahon Malessa- Krar Yitzhak Yedid- Piano

2002 : DVD: "Tahanun Suite"

Recorded live at Israel Chamber music Festival August, 2001.

2001 : "Inner Outcry"

Vlad Nedelin- Percussions Ora Boasson- Bass Yitzhak Yedid- Piano

1999 : "Full Moon Fantasy"

Live radio broadcasts

2008: IBA, Israel. Live recording concert of "Visions, Fantasies & Dances" & "Myth of the Cave"

2007: IBA, Israel. Live recording concert of "Nine Images for Violin Cello & Piano"

2006: Vilnius Radio, Lithuania. Live recording concert for Radio and Television of "Myth of the Cave"

2005: Sibiu, Romania. Live recording concert for Radio and Television of "Oud-Bass-Piano Trio"

IBA, Israel. Live recording concert of "Since My Soul Loved"

IBA, Israel. Live recording concert of "Oud-Bass-Piano Trio"

Baltimore University, U.S.A. Live recording concert of "Oud-Bass-Piano Trio"

2004: IBA, Israel. Live recording concert of "Reflections Upon Six Images"

IBA, Israel. Live recording concert of "Myth of the Cave"

2003: Tel Aviv Festival. Recording to television of "Ras Deshen"

2001: Chamber Music Festival, Galile. Recording to television of "Tachanun"

References

External links

Yitzhak Yedid website

[ AllMusic]

Maelstrom

Category:1971 births Category:Living people Category:Israeli musicians Category:Israeli composers Category:Israeli pianists Category:People from Jerusalem Category:New England Conservatory alumni Category:Israeli expatriates in Australia

de:Yitzhak Yedid fr:Yitzhak Yedid he:יצחק ידיד lt:Yitzhak Yedid ja:イツハク・イエディッド pt:Yitzhak Yedid

Arvo Pärt (born 11 September 1935; ) is an Estonian classical composer and one of the most prominent living composers of sacred music. Since the late 1970s, Pärt has worked in a minimalist style that employs his self-made compositional technique, tintinnabuli. His music also finds its inspiration and influence from Gregorian chant.

Pärt was born in Paide, Järva County, Estonia. A prolonged struggle with Soviet officials led him to emigrate with his wife and their two sons in 1980. He lived first in Vienna, Austria, where he took Austrian citizenship, and then re-located to Berlin, Germany. He returned to Estonia around the turn of the 21st century and now lives in Tallinn.

Musical development

Familiar works by Pärt are ''Cantus In Memoriam Benjamin Britten'' for string orchestra and bell (1977) and the string quintet "Fratres I" (1977, revised 1983), which he transcribed for string orchestra and percussion, the solo violin "Fratres II" and the cello ensemble "Fratres III" (both 1980).

Pärt is often identified with the school of minimalism and, more specifically, that of mystic minimalism or holy minimalism. He is considered a pioneer of the latter style, along with contemporaries Henryk Górecki and John Tavener. Although his fame initially rested on instrumental works such as ''Tabula Rasa'' and ''Spiegel im Spiegel'', his choral works have also come to be widely appreciated.

Pärt's musical education began at age seven. He began attending music school in Rakvere, where his family lived. By the time he reached his early teen years, Pärt was writing his own compositions. While studying composition with Heino Eller at the Tallinn Conservatory in 1957, it was said of him that "he just seemed to shake his sleeves and notes would fall out."

In this period of Estonian history, Pärt was unable to encounter many musical influences from outside the Soviet Union except for a few illegal tapes and scores. Although Estonia had been an independent Baltic state at the time of Pärt's birth, the Soviet Union occupied it in 1940 as a result of the Soviet-Nazi Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact; and the country would then remain under Soviet domination—except for the three-year period of German wartime occupation—for the next 51 years.

Musical oeuvre

Pärt's oeuvre is generally divided into two periods. His early works ranged from rather neo-classical styles influenced by Shostakovich, Prokofiev, and Bartók. He then began to compose using Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique and serialism. This, however, not only earned the ire of the Soviet establishment, but also proved to be a creative dead-end. When early works were banned by Soviet censors, Pärt entered the first of several periods of contemplative silence, during which he studied choral music from the 14th to 16th centuries. In this context, Pärt's biographer, Paul Hillier, observed that "He had reached a position of complete despair in which the composition of music appeared to be the most futile of gestures, and he lacked the musical faith and will-power to write even a single note."

The spirit of early European polyphony informed the composition of Pärt's transitional Third Symphony (1971); and thereafter, he immersed himself in early music, re-investigating the roots of Western music. He studied plainsong, Gregorian chant, and the emergence of polyphony in the European Renaissance.

The music that began to emerge after this period was radically different. This period of new compositions included ''Fratres'', ''Cantus In Memoriam Benjamin Britten'', and ''Tabula Rasa.'' Pärt describes the music of this period as tintinnabuli—like the ringing of bells. ''Spiegel im Spiegel'' (1978) is a well-known example which has been used in many films. The music is characterised by simple harmonies, often single unadorned notes, or triads, which form the basis of Western harmony. These are reminiscent of ringing bells. Tintinnabuli works are rhythmically simple and do not change tempo. Another characteristic of Pärt's later works is that they are frequently settings for sacred texts, although he mostly chooses Latin or the Church Slavonic language used in Orthodox liturgy instead of his native Estonian language. Large-scale works inspired by religious texts include ''St. John Passion'', ''Te Deum'', and ''Litany''. Choral works from this period include ''''Magnificat'''' and ''The Beatitudes''.

Of his popularity, Steve Reich has written: "Even in Estonia, Arvo was getting the same feeling that we were all getting .... I love his music, and I love the fact that he is such a brave, talented man .... He's completely out of step with the zeitgeist and yet he's enormously popular, which is so inspiring. His music fulfills a deep human need that has nothing to do with fashion." Pärt's music came to public attention in the West, largely thanks to Manfred Eicher who recorded several of Pärt's compositions for ECM Records starting in 1984.

Invited by Walter Fink, he was the 15th composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival in 2005 in four concerts. Chamber music included ''Für Alina'' for piano, played by himself, ''Spiegel im Spiegel'' and ''Psalom'' for string quartet. The chamber orchestra of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra played his ''Trisagion'', ''Fratres'' and ''Cantus'' along with works of Bach. The Windsbach Boys Choir and soloists Sibylla Rubens, Ingeborg Danz, Markus Schäfer and Klaus Mertens performed ''Magnificat'' and ''Collage über B-A-C-H'' together with two cantatas of Bach and one of Mendelssohn. The Hilliard Ensemble, organist Christopher Bowers-Broadbent, the Rostocker Motettenchor and the Hilliard instrumental ensemble, conducted by Markus Johannes Langer, performed a program of Pärt's organ music and works for voices (some a cappella), including ''Pari Intervallo'', ''De profundis'' and ''Miserere''.

A new composition, ''Für Lennart'', written for the memory of the Estonian President Lennart Meri, was played at his funeral service on 2 April 2006.

In response to the murder of the Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya in Moscow on 7 October 2006, Pärt declared that all his works performed in 2006–2007 would be in honour of her death: :''"Anna Politkovskaya staked her entire talent, energy and—in the end—even her life on saving people who had become victims of the abuses prevailing in Russia."''— Arvo Pärt

Pärt was honoured as the featured composer of the 2008 RTÉ Living Music Festival in Dublin, Ireland. He was also commissioned by Louth Contemporary Music Society to compose a new choral work based on St. Patricks Breastplate, which premiered in 2008 in Louth, Ireland. The new work is called ''The Deers Cry.'' This is the composer's first Irish commission, having its debut in Drogheda and Dundalk in February 2008.

His recent (2008) ''Symphony No. 4'' is named “Los Angeles” and was dedicated to Mikhail Khodorkovsky. It is Pärt's first symphony written in over 37 years, since 1971's ''Symphony No. 3''. It premiered in Los Angeles, California, at the Walt Disney Concert Hall on 10 January 2009, and has been nominated for a GRAMMY for Best Classical Contemporary Composition.

Selected works

Awards

1996 – American Academy of Arts and Letters Department of Music

1996 – Honorary Doctor of Music, University of Sydney

1998 – Honorary Doctor of Arts, University of Tartu

2003 – Honorary Doctor of Music, University of Durham

2008 – Léonie Sonning Music Prize

2010 – Honorary Doctor of Music, University of St Andrews

International Arvo Pärt Centre

The International Arvo Pärt Centre is being created in the Estonian village of Laulasmaa. The centre will include a research institute, an education and music centre, a museum, a publishing facility and an archive of the composer's works. It is planned to open in 2015.

References

Sources

Hillier, Paul. (1997). ''Arvo Pärt''. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 10-ISBN 0-198-16616-8; 13-ISBN 978-0-198-16616-0 (paper)

External links

Arvo Pärt biography and works on the UE website (publisher)

Arvo Pärt discography at Classical Net

Arvo Pärt Conference at Boston University

Complete Listing of Arvo Pärt's Works

Arvo Pärt – extensive site

arvopart.info – another comprehensive site with current news

David Pinkerton's Arvo Pärt archive – yet another extensive site, with some good analytical writing.

Biography in MUSICMATCH Guide – Small biography and list of works.

''Arvo Pärt and the New Simplicity'' – text of a radio interview from 11 October 1998

Steve Reich about Arvo Pärt, in an interview with Richard Williams, ''The Guardian'', 2 January 2004

Spike Magazine Interview

Lancing College Commission 'Original' Claudio Records Recording in the presence of the composer – Review/Information

International Arvo Pärt Centre – most up-to-date info and more

Category:1935 births Category:20th-century classical composers Category:21st-century classical composers Category:Ballet composers Category:ECM artists Category:Composers for pipe organ Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Estonia Category:Estonian composers Category:Estonian film score composers Category:Living people Category:Minimalist composers Category:People from Paide Category:Postmodern composers Category:Postminimalist composers Category:Recipients of the Order of the National Coat of Arms, 1st Class Category:Recipients of the Order of the National Coat of Arms, 2nd Class Category:Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre alumni Category:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Protestantism

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Coordinates	12°58′0″N77°34′0″N
Name	Tania Leon
Birth place	Havana, Cuba May 14, 1943
Occupation	Composer / conductor
Nationality	Cuban-American
Awards	New York Governor’s Lifetime Achievement Award
class	"infobox"
Website	http://www.tanialeon.com/ }}

Tania León (born May 14, 1943 in Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban composer and conductor who has been recognized as an educator and advisor to arts organizations.

León's Music

León's opera ''Scourge of Hyacinths'', staged and designed by Robert Wilson with León conducting, has received over 22 performances in Germany, Switzerland, France and Mexico. Based on a radio play by Nobel Prize-winner Wole Soyinka it was commissioned in 1994 by the Munich Biennale, where it won the BMW Prize as best new opera. The aria Oh Yemanja from ''Scourge'' was recorded by Dawn Upshaw on her Nonesuch CD "The World So Wide".

León's orchestral work ''Desde...'' was premiered by the American Composers Orchestra in March 2001 in Carnegie Hall. Horizons, written for the NDR Symphony Orchestra of Hamburg premiered at the July 1999 Hammoniale Festival, with Peter Ruzicka conducting. In August 2000, Horizons had its U.S. premiere at the Tanglewood Contemporary Music Festival, Stefan Asbury conducting. León conducted the work with the Orchestre Symphonique de Nancy (France) in March 2002.

''Drummin''', a full-length cross-cultural work for indigenous percussionists and orchestra, was commissioned and premiered in 1997 by Miami Light Project and the New World Symphony. It opened the 1999 Hammoniale Festival, Hamburg.

Many of León's works have been recorded, including ''Batá'', by the Foundation Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by David Snell and produced by Sir George Martin; Indígena, a collection of León’s chamber music; ''Carabalí'' (and already ''Batá'') on the Louisville Orchestra’s First Edition Records; ''Rituál'', for solo piano, and her arrangement of Moises Simons' song ''El Manisero'' for Chanticleer.

In 1998 she was awarded the New York Governor’s Lifetime Achievement Award. She has received Honorary Doctorates from Colgate University and Oberlin College and awards from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, National Endowment for the Arts, Chamber Music America, NYSCA, Lila Wallace/Reader’s Digest Fund, ASCAP and Koussevitzky Foundation, among others. In 1998 she held the Fromm Residency at the American Academy in Rome.

León was a founding member and first Music Director of the Dance Theatre of Harlem establishing their Music Department, Music School and Orchestra. She instituted the Brooklyn Philharmonic Community Concert Series in 1978 and in 1994 co-founded the American Composers Orchestra Sonidos de las Americas Festivals as Latin American Music Advisor. From 1993 to 1997 she was New Music Advisor to Kurt Masur and the New York Philharmonic.

She has been guest conductor with the Beethovenhalle Orchestra, Bonn, the Gewandhausorchester, Leipzig, the Santa Cecilia Orchestra, Rome, the National Symphony Orchestra of South Africa, Johannesburg, the Netherlands Wind Ensemble, the Netherlands, and the New York Philharmonic, among others.

Tania León has been the subject of profiles on ABC, CBS, CNN, PBS, Univision and independent films.

León has been a Visiting Lecturer at Harvard University, Visiting Professor at Yale University and the Musikschule in Hamburg. In 2000 she was named the Tow Distinguished Professor at the Conservatory of Music at Brooklyn College, where she has taught since 1985. Brooklyn College is one of the senior colleges of the City University of New York (CUNY), where she is also on the faculty of the CUNY Graduate Center, in Manhattan.

Works

Chamber Works

''A la Par'', piano and percussion

''Acana'', chamber orchestra

''Ascend'', brass ensemble

''Bele'', chamber orchestra

''De Color'', violin and marimba

''De Memorias'', woodwind quintet

''Dougla'', large mixed ensemble

''Drummin''' chamber orchestra

''entre nos'', clarinet, bassoon, piano

''Escencia'', string quartet

''Four Pieces for Cello'', violoncello solo

''Haiku percussion ensemble, large mixed ensemble

''Hechizos'', chamber orchestra

''Indigena'' large mixed ensemble

''Maggie Magalita,'' large mixed ensemble

''Paisanos Semos!'', guitar solo

''Parajota Delate'', mixed quintet

''Permutation Seven'', mixed sextet

''Pet's Suite'', flute and keyboard

''Saoko'', brass quintet

''sin normas ajenas'', large mixed ensemble

''Son Sonora'', flute and guitar

''The Beloved'', large mixed ensemble

''The Golden Windows'', large mixed ensemble

''Tones'', chamber orchestra

Orchestral Works

''Bata''

''Carabali''

''Concerto Criollo'', piano, solo timp and orchestra

''Desde…''

''Horizons''

''Kabiosile'', piano and orchestra

''Para Viola y Orquesta'', solo viola and orchestra

Vocal Works

''Batey'', vocal ensemble and instrumental ensemble

''De-Orishas'', vocal ensemble (6 to 12 singers)

''Drume Negrita'' mixed chorus

''El Manisero'', mixed chorus

''Ivo, Ivo'', high voice and ensemble

''Journey'', high voice and ensemble

''Oh Yemanja (Mother's Prayer)'', medium voice and ensemble

''Pueblo Mulato'', high voice and ensemble

''Singin' Sepia'', medium voice and ensemble

''Sol de Doce'', vocal ensemble (6 to 12 singers),

''To and Fro'' medium voice

Solo Piano

''Momentum''

''Ritual''

Opera

''Scourge of Hyacinths''

Interviews

''Tania León: What it Means to be an American Composer'' Tania León in conversation with Frank J. Oteri NewMusicBox August 1, 1999

Films

1993 - ''The Sensual Nature of Sound: 4 Composers - Laurie Anderson, Tania León, Meredith Monk, Pauline Oliveros''. Directed by Michael Blackwood.

References

External links

Tania León

Peermusic Classical: Tania Leon Composer's Publisher and Bio

Discography

NewMusicBox: Tania León in conversation with Frank J. Oteri, 1999

http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/chh/bio/leon_t.htm

Brooklyn College Conservatory of Music

Category:1943 births Category:Living people Category:Harvard University staff Category:21st-century classical composers Category:20th-century classical composers Category:Cuban composers Category:Opera composers Category:Brooklyn College faculty Category:Guggenheim Fellows

ru: Леон, Таня

Barbara Benary (born April 6, 1946) is an American composer and ethnomusicologist specializing in Indonesian and Indian music.

In 1976 she co-founded Gamelan Son of Lion with Philip Corner and Daniel Goode; she also constructed most of the group's instruments. Her major works have also included two shadow puppet operas: "Karna" and "The Story of Esther." She is married to the woodwind player and instrument designer Steven Silverstein.

References

''The Norton/Grove Dictionary of Woman Composers''. Julie Anne Sadie and Rhian Samuel. W.W. Norton & Co. 1995. pg 57

Barbara Benary bio

Rock Happens - Barbara Benary blasts beyond bygone bashfulness with brass and backbeat, The Village Voice, Kyle Gann, November 29, 2005.

Gamelan Son of Lion

Category:1946 births Category:American composers Category:20th-century classical composers Category:21st-century classical composers Category:Living people Category:Ethnomusicologists Category:Gamelan musicians Category:Women composers