A citadel is a fortress protecting a town, sometimes incorporating a castle. The term derives from the same Latin root as the word "city", ''civis'', meaning citizen.

In a fortification with bastions, the citadel is the strongest part of the system, sometimes well inside the outer walls and bastions, but often forming part of the outer wall for the sake of economy. It is positioned to be the last line of defence should the enemy breach the other components of the fortification system. A citadel is also a term of the third part of a medieval castle, with higher walls than the rest. It was to be the last line of defence before the keep itself.

The oldest known structures which have served as citadels were built by the Indus Valley Civilization, where the citadel represented a centralised authority. The main citadel in Indus Valley was almost 12 meters tall. The purpose of these structures, however, remains debated. Though the structures found in the ruins of Mohenjo-daro were walled, it is far from clear that these structures were defensive against enemy attacks. Rather, they may have been built to divert flood waters.

In ancient Greece, the Acropolis (literally: "peak of the city"), placed on a commanding eminence, was important in the life of the people, serving as a refuge and stronghold in peril and containing military and food supplies, the shrine of the god and a royal palace. The most well-known is the Acropolis of Athens, but nearly every Greek city-state had one - the Acrocorinth famed as a particularly strong fortress. In a much later period, when Greece was ruled by the Latin Empire, the same strongpoints were used by the new feudal rulers for much the same purposes.

In various countries, the citadels gained a specific name such as "Kremlin" in Russia or "Alcazaba" in the Iberian Peninsula. In European cities, the term "Citadel" and "City Castle" are often used interchangeably. The term "tower" is also used in some cases such as the Tower of London and Jerusalem's (misnamed) Tower of David.

At various periods, and particularly during the Middle Ages, the citadel - having its own fortifications, independent of the city walls - was the last defence of a besieged army, often held after the town had been conquered. A city where the citadel held out against an invading army was not considered conquered. For example, in the 1543 Siege of Nice the Ottoman forces led by Barbarossa conquered and pillaged the town itself and took many captives - but the city castle held out, due to which the townspeople were accounted the victors (and took considerable pride in it).

Similarly, rebels who took power in the city but with the citadel still held by the former rulers could by no means regard their tenure of power as secure. One such incident played an important part in the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire. The Hellenistic garrison of Jerusalem and local supporters of the Seleucids held out for many years in the Acra citadel, making Maccabean rule in the rest of Jerusalem precarious. When finally gaining possession of the place, the Maccabeans pointedly destroyed and razed the Acra, though they constructed another citadel for their own use in a different part of Jerusalem.

As late as the 19th Century, a similar situation developed at Antwerp, where a Dutch garrison under General David Hendrik Chassé held out in the city's citadel between 1830 and 1832, while the city itself had already become part of the independent Belgium.

In time of war the citadel in many cases afforded retreat to the people living in the areas around the town. However, Citadels were often used also to protect a garrison or political power from the inhabitants of the town where it was located, being designed to ensure loyalty from the town which they defended.

For example Barcelona had a great citadel built in 1714 to intimidate the Catalans against repeating their mid 17th and early 18th century rebellions against the Spanish central government. In the 19th century, when the political climate had liberalised enough to permit it, the people of Barcelona had the citadel torn down, and replaced it with the city's main central park, the Parc de la Ciutadella. A similar example is the Citadella in Budapest, Hungary.

The attack on the Bastille in the French Revolution - though afterwards remembered mainly for the release of the handful of prisoners incarcerated there - was to considerable degree motivated by the structure being a Royal citadel in the midst of revolutionary Paris.

Similarly, after Garibaldi's overthrow of Bourbon rule in Palermo, during the 1860 Unification of Italy, Palermo's Castellamare Citadel - symbol of the hated and oppressive former rule - was ceremoniously demolished.

The Siege of the Alcázar in the Spanish Civil War, in which the Nationalists held out against a much larger Republican force for two months until relieved, shows that in some cases a citadel can be effective even in modern warfare; a similar case is the Battle of Huế, where an NVA division held the citadel of Huế for 26 days against roughly their own numbers of much better-equipped US and South Vietnamese troops.

The Citadelle of Quebec still survives as the largest citadel still in official military operation in North America after more than two hundred years of existence.

Naval term

A safe room on a vessel is called a citadel.

See also

Bijela Tabija (English: White Bastion) is a citadel overlooking the historic core of Sarajevo - National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Citadel Počitelj overlooking the historic village Počitelj and with it constitute architectural whole - National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Gradačac Castle is a citadel, also a palace of Husein "Dragon Of Bosnia" Gradaščević who was renowned 19th century military Bosnian Captain, overlooking the historic core of Gradačac - National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bab Ksiba Southern gateway to the Kasbah, Marrakesh, first Citadel to the Sultans of Morocco

Alcazaba a term for Moorish citadels in Spain

Casbah/Kasbah a synonym

El Morro

Arx (Roman)

Citadel of Arbil

Citadelle Laferrière built by King Henry I of Haiti

Citadelle de Forcalquier

Acropolis

Kremlin

Alcázar

Acra (fortress)

Antwerp citadel in 1830-32

Citadel of Salah Ed-Din

Brest Fortress

Edinburgh Castle

Dublin Castle

Prague Castle

Tower of London

Tower of David (Jerusalem)

Kars#Kars Citadel

Uzhhorod Castle

Samuil's Fortress, Ohrid

Spandau Citadel

Suomenlinna (Finland)

Rocca (architecture)

Cadmea

Presidio

References

Category:Fortification by type Category:Military strategy

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name	Anna Nalick
background	solo_singer
birth name	Anna Christine Nalick
born	March 30, 1984
origin	Glendora, California, United States
instrument	Vocals, Guitar, Piano
genre	Pop
occupation	Singer-songwriter
years active	2003–present
label	ColumbiaEpic
website	www.annanalick.com
notable instruments	Vocals, Guitar, Piano }}

Anna Christine Nalick (born March 30, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter. Her debut album, ''Wreck of the Day'', featuring her first radio hit, "Breathe (2 AM)", was released on April 19, 2005. Nalick left her label under Sony in 2009 after a falling-out surrounding the release of her second album. On March 2, 2011, Nalick announced her new album "Broken Doll and Odds and Ends" to be released May 2011, but after several delays, the album was released on June 5.

Biography

Anna Nalick-Marie Lou key memory of her childhood is the fifth grade math class where she would stop paying attention and instead rewrite the lyrics to a Cranberries song. She grew up in a family where two of the grandparents had performed on Broadway, and where her parents exposed her to a number of different artists, including Elvis Presley and Led Zeppelin. Nalick also considers Billie Holiday, Jeff Buckley, John Mayer, U2, and Fiona Apple to be some of her early influences and inspirations. She also cited other influences as Tori Amos, Blind Melon, and Stevie Ray Vaughan, in a 2005 interview.

In another interview, Nalick recalls showing off her talents to her third grade teacher, who then remarked that she'd end up "one day on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''." Nalick did perform in 2005 on the Tonight Show, making sure to invite the teacher to the audience.

Nalick initially decided to go to college before pursuing her dream of music, continuing to record her songs on a Rainbow Brite cassette recorder. But she soon met a photography professor, who had a student with parents in the music business. Nalick agreed to pass along a low-fidelity six-song demo tape, and soon enough, was introduced to Christopher Thorn and Brad Smith, the founding members of Blind Melon now turned production team, as well as Eric Rosse, best known for his production work for Tori Amos. In October 2003, putting her college plans on hold, she signed on with Columbia Records. Nalick went into the studio with Thorn, Smith and Rosse as producers, together with mix-engineer Mark Endert (Fiona Apple, Maroon 5, and Gavin DeGraw). She recorded with a group of musicians that included Smith on bass, Thorn on guitar, Rosse and Zak Rae on keyboards, Lyle Workman and Stuart Mathis on guitar, Joey Waronker and Matt Chamberlain on drums. The result was her album ''Wreck of the Day'', released two years later.

2004-2006: ''Wreck of the Day''

Anna Nalick's first single from her ''Wreck of the Day'' album was "Breathe (2 AM)", which peaked at #45 U.S. and went 3x Platinum on the Billboard Hot 100, and went huge on Adult Contemporary and Adult Top 40. It was heavily played on AAA and Hot AC stations across the U.S., along with light airplay on Pop stations, and Nalick became one of 2005's biggest newcomers. Her video for the track got very heavy airplay on VH1 and some MTV airplay as well. At the time of the writing, ''Wreck of the Day'' has sold over 615,000 copies with a gold certification from the RIAA, and a #20 peak on the Billboard 200. In New Zealand, ''Wreck of The Day'' reached the Top 15 albums on the Top 40 Albums Chart.

In the fall of 2005, Nalick released "In the Rough". The single was moderately successful, charting on the Billboard Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks at #15. Her album sales only slightly increased after the release of "In the Rough", perhaps because the previous single had been released almost a full year before.

Her first single from ''Wreck of the Day'', "Breathe (2 AM)", experienced a resurgence on worldwide charts following a highly prominent appearance in a ''Grey's Anatomy'' episode (As We Know It), aired February 12, 2006. Other episodes of the show have featured the acoustic songs 'Catalyst' and 'Wreck of the Day' from the same album. The title track has also been featured on the show ''One Tree Hill''.

In 2006, the album was re-released with three new songs and re-recording of the title track that was released as the album's third and final single. With little promotion and no video, the song only managed to chart on the Adult Top 40 spending two weeks at number 39 and one week at number 40 before falling off the chart.

In a September 2006 ''Q'' magazine interview, Britney Spears said she wished she had written Nalick's "Breathe (2 AM)". Two months later, Nalick took honors as "AC Female Artist of the Year" at the New Music Awards, beating out Sheryl Crow. According to her official website, Nalick was so convinced that Crow would win the award that she kicked back and relaxed, removing her shoes. When her name was called, she ran to the stage shoeless to make sure that she was able to have enough time for her acceptance speech.

A clip from the single, "Satellite" from ''Wreck of the Day'' is often played on the Satellite Sisters radio show. ''Wreck of the Day'' was also featured during Season 2, Episode 20 of the television show ''Joan of Arcadia''.

2007-current: ''Shine - EP'', Interruption, Comeback, ''Broken Doll & Odds and Ends''

On May 11, 2007, the first indication of Nalick writing her second album appeared on her website. Few updates were given after that. The only other song to be released during this "era" was a track on the Desperate Housewives compilation CD entitled "Band of Gold".

On January 28, 2008, Nalick premiered her first single off the new album, "Shine", on AOL music's page. The EP "Shine" was released March 25, 2008. It featured the title single, a cover of Red Hot Chili Peppers' song "Breaking the Girl", and acoustic renditions of Nalick's best-known tracks.

On July 12, 2008, it was reported that ''Broken Doll'' was to be the title of Nalick's second album. The album was originally scheduled for release in the summer of 2008; however, a falling-out with Epic Records resulted in the album being scrapped. Little was heard from Nalick until the summer of 2010.

In August 2010, Nalick made a comeback announcement on her Facebook profile, accompanied by new photographs revealing a bold new look; it was revealed that she had left Sony in 2009 to be a free agent. She is currently independently making a record with producer Nathan Chapman (Taylor Swift, Jewel), with an expected release date in 2011. On August 25, 2010, Nalick premiered a new song, "The Lullaby Singer", on her official website. Nalick held five live performances - Hotel Café in Hollywood, California, for August 31, September 21, September 28, and October 5, 2010, and 3rd & Lindsley in Nashville, Tennessee, for September 9, 2010 - to accompany the comeback announcement.

Nalick continues to announce new shows and further developments of her new album, via her Facebook and Twitter feeds. She previewed two additional songs on her website as well: "Words" in November 2010, and "Break Me Open" on January 5, 2011. Nalick expects to have this album out in Spring 2012.

To make up for lost time, Nalick is set to release two albums in 2011. The first is a semi-acoustic album featuring some new songs, revisited tracks from her debut and unreleased "Broken Doll" album, and covers. Later in the year, her fully produced album of brand new material, featuring songs like "The Lullaby Singer", "Break Me Open", "Words", and "Walk Away" will be released.

On 2 March 2011, Nalick announced on her Facebook page the official name for the first upcoming album: ''Broken Doll & Odds and Ends'', a little variation from the one she announced before. It had been set for release in May 2011, but several unforeseen difficulties resulted in delays. ''Broken Doll & Odds and Ends'' was released on iTunes on 5 June 2011, with physical CD release happening at her Hotel Café show on 3 August 2011.

Nalick performed on Good Day Sacramento, singing "Walk Away" in honor of the people who died in 9/11.

Discography

Studio albums

Year	Album details	Peak chart positions		Music recording sales certification
		! width=40	! width=40
2005		* Released: April 19, 2005	* Label: [[Columbia Records	20	14		Recording Industry Association of America>US: Gold
2011		* Released: June 5, 2011	* Label: Nyctograph Records, Inc.	TBA	TBA		Recording Industry Association of America>US: N/A

Singles

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center; |- ! rowspan=2| Year ! rowspan=2| Single ! colspan=5| Peak chart positions ! rowspan=2| Album |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! width=35| US ! width=35| US Pop ! width=35| US AC ! width=35| US Adult ! width=35| NZ |- | rowspan=2| 2005 | align=left| "Breathe (2 AM)" | 45 | 31 | 4 | 6 | 37 | align=left rowspan=3| ''Wreck of the Day'' |- | align=left| "In the Rough" | — | — | — | 15 | — |- | 2006 | align=left| "Wreck of the Day" | — | — | — | 39 | — |- | 2008 | align=left| "Shine" | — | — | — | 30 | — | align=left| ''Shine EP'' |- | colspan="8" style="font-size:8pt"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart |- |}

References

External links

Anna Nalick's official site

Category:American pop singers Category:American female singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American female guitarists Category:Living people Category:1984 births Category:Musicians from California Category:American people of Russian descent Category:American musicians of Russian descent Category:People from the Greater Los Angeles Area Category:People from the San Gabriel Valley

de:Anna Nalick fr:Anna Nalick it:Anna Nalick nl:Anna Nalick pt:Anna Nalick ru:Налик, Энна sk:Anna Nalicková fi:Anna Nalick sv:Anna Nalick