Name | Old English |
---|---|
Nativename | Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc |
Familycolor | Indo-European |
Region | England (except the extreme southwest and northwest), parts of modern Scotland south-east of the Forth, and the eastern fringes of modern Wales. |
Extinct | mostly developed into Middle English by the 13th century |
Fam2 | Germanic |
Fam3 | West Germanic |
Fam4 | Anglo-Frisian |
Script | Runic, later Latin alphabet (Old English variant). |
Iso2 | ang|iso3ang |
Notice | IPA}} |
Old English (''Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc'') or Anglo-Saxon is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in parts of what are now England and southeastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. What survives through writing represents primarily the literary register of Anglo-Saxon.
It is a West Germanic language and is closely related to Old Frisian. Old English had a grammar similar in many ways to Classical Latin, and was much closer to modern German than modern English in most respects, including its grammar. It was fully inflected with five grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), two grammatical numbers (singular and plural) and three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). First and second person personal pronouns also had dual forms for referring to groups of two people, in addition to the usual singular and plural forms. The instrumental case was somewhat rare and occurred only in the masculine and neuter singular; it could typically be replaced by the dative. Adjectives, pronouns and (sometimes) participles agreed with their antecedent nouns in case, number and gender. Finite verbs agreed with their subject in person and number.
Nouns came in numerous declensions (with deep parallels in Latin, Ancient Greek and Sanskrit). Verbs came in nine main conjugations (seven ''strong'' and two ''weak''), each with numerous subtypes, as well as a few additional smaller conjugations and a handful of irregular verbs. The main difference from other ancient Indo-European languages, such as Latin, is that verbs can be conjugated in only two tenses (vs. the six "tenses" — really tense/aspect combinations — of Latin), and have no synthetic passive voice (although it did still exist in Gothic).
Note that gender in nouns was grammatical, as opposed to the natural gender that prevails in modern English. That is, the grammatical gender of a given noun did not necessarily correspond its natural gender, even for nouns referring to people. For example, ''sēo sunne'' (the Sun) was feminine, ''se mōna'' (the Moon) was masculine, and ''þat wīf'' "the woman/wife" was neuter! (Compare modern German ''die Sonne'', ''der Mond'', ''das Weib''.) Pronominal usage could reflect either natural or grammatical gender, when it conflicted.
From the 9th century, Old English experienced heavy influence from Old Norse, a member of the related North Germanic group of languages.
Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of common Ingvaeonic or "North-Sea Germanic" from the 5th century. Anglo-Saxon literacy develops after Christianisation in the late 7th century. The oldest surviving text of Old English literature is ''Cædmon's Hymn'', composed between 658 and 680. There is a limited corpus of runic inscriptions from the 5th to 7th centuries, but the oldest coherent runic texts (notably Franks Casket) date to the 8th century.
The history of Old English can be subdivided in:
The Old English period is followed by Middle English (12th to 15th century), Early Modern English (ca. 1480 to 1650) and finally Modern English (after 1650).
The third and largest single transfer of Latin-based words happened after the Norman Conquest of 1066, when an enormous number of Norman words began to influence the language. Most of these Oïl language words were themselves derived from Old French and ultimately from classical Latin, although a notable stock of Norse words were introduced or re-introduced in Norman form. The Norman Conquest approximately marks the end of Old English and the advent of Middle English.
One of the ways the influence of Latin can be seen is that many Latin words for activities came to also be used to refer to the people engaged in those activities, an idiom carried over from Anglo-Saxon but using Latin words. This can be seen in words like ''militia'', ''assembly'', ''movement'', and ''service''.
The language was further altered by the transition away from the runic alphabet (also known as ''futhorc'' or fuþorc) to the Latin alphabet, which was also a significant factor in the developmental pressures brought to bear on the language. Old English words were spelled, more or less, as they were pronounced. Often, the Latin alphabet fell short of being able to adequately represent Anglo-Saxon phonetics. Spellings, therefore, can be thought of as best-attempt approximations of how the language actually sounded. The "silent" letters in many Modern English words were pronounced in Old English: for example, the ''c'' and ''h'' in ''cniht'', the Old English ancestor of the modern ''knight'', were pronounced. Another side-effect of spelling Old English words phonetically using the Latin alphabet was that spelling was extremely variable. A word's spelling could also reflect differences in the phonetics of the writer's regional dialect. Words also endured idiosyncratic spelling choices of individual authors, some of whom varied spellings between works. Thus, for example, the word ''and'' could be spelt either ''and'' or ''ond''.
The second major source of loanwords to Old English were the Scandinavian words introduced during the Viking invasions of the 9th and 10th centuries. In addition to a great many place names, these consist mainly of items of basic vocabulary, and words concerned with particular administrative aspects of the Danelaw (that is, the area of land under Viking control, which included extensive holdings all along the eastern coast of England and Scotland).
The Vikings spoke Old Norse, a language related to Old English in that both derived from the same ancestral Proto-Germanic language. It is very common for the intermixing of speakers of different dialects, such as those that occur during times of political unrest, to result in a mixed language, and one theory holds that exactly such a mixture of Old Norse and Old English helped accelerate the decline of case endings in Old English.
Apparent confirmation of this is the fact that simplification of the case endings occurred earliest in the north and latest in the southwest, the area farthest away from Viking influence. Regardless of the truth of this theory, the influence of Old Norse on the English language has been profound: responsible for such basic vocabulary items as ''sky'', ''leg'', the pronoun ''they'', the verb form ''are'', and hundreds of other words.
The four main dialectal forms of Old English were Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish, and West Saxon. Each of those dialects was associated with an independent kingdom on the island. Of these, all of Northumbria and most of Mercia were overrun by the Vikings during the 9th century. The portion of Mercia that was successfully defended and all of Kent were then integrated into Wessex.
After the process of unification of the diverse Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in 878 by Alfred the Great, there is a marked decline in the importance of regional dialects. This is not because they stopped existing; regional dialects continued even after that time to this day, as evidenced both by the existence of Middle and Modern English dialects later on, and by common sense—people do not spontaneously adopt another dialect when there is a sudden change of political power.
However, the bulk of the surviving documents from the Anglo-Saxon period are written in the dialect of Wessex, Alfred's kingdom. It seems likely that with consolidation of power, it became necessary to standardise the language of government to reduce the difficulty of administering the more remote areas of the kingdom. As a result, documents were written in the West Saxon dialect. Not only this, but Alfred was passionate about the spread of the vernacular, and brought many scribes to his region from Mercia to record previously unwritten texts.
The Church was affected likewise, especially since Alfred initiated an ambitious programme to translate religious materials into English. To retain his patronage and ensure the widest circulation of the translated materials, the monks and priests engaged in the programme worked in his dialect. Alfred himself seems to have translated books out of Latin and into English, notably Pope Gregory I's treatise on administration, ''Pastoral Care''.
Because of the centralisation of power and the Viking invasions, there is little or no written evidence for the development of non-Wessex dialects after Alfred's unification.
Thomas Spencer Baynes claimed in 1856 that, due to its position at the heart of the Kingdom of Wessex, the relics of Anglo-Saxon accent, idiom and vocabulary were best preserved in the Somerset dialect.
! | bilabial consonant>Bilabial | labiodental consonant>Labiodental | dental consonant>Dental | alveolar consonant>Alveolar | postalveolar consonant>Postalveolar | palatal consonant>Palatal | velar consonant>Velar | glottal consonant>Glottal |
The sounds marked in parentheses in the chart above are allophones: is an allophone of occurring after and when geminated is an allophone of occurring before and are allophones of respectively, occurring between vowels or voiced consonants are allophones of occurring in coda position after front and back vowels respectively is an allophone of occurring after a vowel, and, at an earlier stage of the language, in the syllable onset.
{|class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan=2 | Monophthongs ! colspan=2 | Short ! colspan=2 | Long |- ! Front ! Back ! Front ! Back |- | Close | align=center | | align=center | | align=center | | align=center | |- | Mid | align=center | | align=center | | align=center | | align=center | |- | Open | align=center | | align=center | | align=center | | align=center | |}
The front mid rounded vowels occur in some dialects of Old English, but not in the best attested Late West Saxon dialect.
{|class="wikitable" |- ! Diphthongs ! Short (monomoraic) ! Long (bimoraic) |- | First element is close | align=center | | align=center | |- | Both elements are mid | align=center | | align=center | |- | Both elements are open | align=center | | align=center | |}
Old English was first written in runes (''futhorc'') but shifted to a (minuscule) half-uncial script of the Latin alphabet introduced by Irish Christian missionaries from around the 9th century. This was replaced by insular script, a cursive and pointed version of the half-uncial script. This was used until the end of the 12th century when continental Carolingian minuscule (also known as ''Caroline'') replaced the insular.
The letter ðæt ‹ð› (called ''eth'' or ''edh'' in modern English) was an alteration of Latin ‹d›, and the runic letters thorn ‹þ› and wynn ‹ƿ› are borrowings from futhorc. Also used was a symbol for the conjunction ''and'', a character similar to the number seven (, called a Tironian note), and a symbol for the relative pronoun ''þæt'', a thorn with a crossbar through the ascender (›). Macrons over vowels were rarely used to indicate long vowels. Also used occasionally were abbreviations for following ''m''’s or ''n''’s. All of the sound descriptions below are given using IPA symbols.
Additionally, modern editions often distinguish between a velar and palatal ‹c› and ‹g› with diacritic dots above the putative palatals: , . The ''wynn'' symbol is usually substituted with ‹w›. Macrons are usually found in modern editions to indicate putative long vowels, while they are usually lacking in the originals. In older printed editions of Old English works, an acute accent mark was used to maintain cohesion between Old English and Old Norse printing.
The alphabetical symbols found in Old English writings and their substitute symbols found in modern editions are listed below:
! Symbol !! Description and notes | |
! a | Short . Spelling variations like ‹land› ~ ‹lond› "land" suggest it may have had a rounded allophone before in some cases) |
! ā | Long . Rarely found in manuscripts, but usually distinguished from short ‹a› in modern editions. |
! æ | Short . Before 800 the digraph ‹ae› is often found instead of ‹æ›. During the 8th century ‹æ› began to be used more frequently was standard after 800. In 9th century Kentish manuscripts, a form of ‹æ› that was missing the upper hook of the ‹a› part was used. Kentish ‹æ› may be either or although this is difficult to determine. |
! | Long . Rarely found in manuscripts, but usually distinguished from short ‹æ› in modern editions. |
! b | Represented . Also represented in early texts before 800. For example, the word "sheaves" is spelled ‹scēabas› in an early text but later (and more commonly) as ‹scēafas›. |
! c | Except in the digraph (orthography) |
! cg | (the surface pronunciation of [[geminate ); occasionally also for |
! d | Represented . In the earliest texts, it also represented but was soon replaced by ‹ð› and ‹þ›. For example, the word meaning "thought" (lit. mood-i-think, with -i- as in "handiwork") was written ‹mōdgidanc› in a Northumbrian text dated 737, but later as ‹mōdgeþanc› in a 10th century West Saxon text. |
! ð | Represented and its allophone . Called ''ðæt'' in Old English (now called eth in Modern English), ‹ð› is found in alternation with thorn ‹þ› (both representing the same sound) although it is more common in texts dating before Alfred. Together with ‹þ› it replaced earlier ‹d› and ‹th›. First attested (in definitely dated materials) in the 7th century. After the beginning of Alfred's time, ‹ð› was used more frequently for medial and final positions while ‹þ› became increasingly used in initial positions, although both still varied. Some modern editions attempt to regularise the variation between ‹þ› and ‹ð› by using only ‹þ›. |
! e | Short . |
! | Either Kentish or although this is difficult to determine. A modern editorial substitution for a form of ‹æ› missing the upper hook of the ‹a› found in 9th century texts. |
! ē | Long . Rarely found in manuscripts, but usually distinguished from short ‹e› in modern editions. |
! ea | Short ; after , sometimes or . |
! ēa | Long . Rarely found in manuscripts, but usually distinguished from short ‹ea› in modern editions. After , sometimes . |
! eo | Short ; after , sometimes |
! ēo | Long . Rarely found in manuscripts, but usually distinguished from short ‹eo› in modern editions. |
! f | and its allophone |
! g | and its allophone ; and its allophone (when after ‹n›). In Old English manuscripts, this letter usually took its insular G |
! h | and its allophones . In the combinations ‹hl›, ‹hr›, ‹hn›, ‹hw›, the second consonant was certainly voiceless. |
! i | Short . |
! ī | Long . Rarely found in manuscripts, but usually distinguished from short ‹i› in modern editions. |
! ie | Short ; after , sometimes . |
! īe | Long . Rarely found in manuscripts, but usually distinguished from short ‹ie› in modern editions. After , sometimes . |
! k | (rarely used) |
! l | |
! m | |
! n | and its allophone |
! o | Short . |
! ō | Long . Rarely found in manuscripts, but usually distinguished from short ‹o› in modern editions. |
! oe | Short (in dialects with this sound). |
! ōe | Long (in dialects with this sound). Rarely found in manuscripts, but usually distinguished from short ‹oe› in modern editions. |
! p | |
! qu | A rare spelling of , which was usually written as (= ‹cw› in modern editions). |
! r | ; the exact nature of is not known. It may have been an [[alveolar approximant as in most modern accents, an alveolar flap , or an alveolar trill . |
! s | and its allophone . |
! sc | or occasionally . |
! t | |
! th | Represented in the earliest texts but was soon replaced by ‹ð› and ‹þ›. For example, the word meaning "thought" was written ‹mōdgithanc› in a 6th century Northumbrian text, but later as ‹mōdgeþanc› in a 10th century West Saxon text. |
! þ | An alternate symbol called thorn (letter) |
! u | and in early texts of continental scribes. The ‹u› was eventually replaced by outside of the north of the island. |
! uu | in early texts of continental scribes. Outside of the north, it was generally replaced by . |
! ū | Long . Rarely found in manuscripts, but usually distinguished from short ‹u› in modern editions. |
! w | . A modern substitution for . |
! | Runic ''[[wynn''. Represents , replaced in modern print by ‹w› to prevent confusion with ‹p›. |
! x | (but according to some authors, ) |
! y | Short . |
! | Long . Rarely found in manuscripts, but usually distinguished from short ‹y› in modern editions. |
! z | . A rare spelling for ‹ts›. Example: "best" is rarely spelled ‹bezt› for more common ‹betst›. |
Doubled consonants are geminated; the geminate fricatives ‹ðð›/‹þþ›, ‹ff› and ‹ss› cannot be voiced.
Old English literature, though more abundant than literature of the continent before AD 1000, is nonetheless scant. In his supplementary article to the 1935 posthumous edition of Bright's ''Anglo-Saxon Reader'', Dr. James Hulbert writes:
In such historical conditions, an incalculable amount of the writings of the Anglo-Saxon period perished. What they contained, how important they were for an understanding of literature before the Conquest, we have no means of knowing: the scant catalogs of monastic libraries do not help us, and there are no references in extant works to other compositions....How incomplete our materials are can be illustrated by the well-known fact that, with few and relatively unimportant exceptions, all extant Anglo-Saxon poetry is preserved in four manuscripts.
Some of the most important surviving works of Old English literature are ''Beowulf'', an epic poem; the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', a record of early English history; the Franks Casket, an early whalebone artefact; and Caedmon's Hymn, a Christian religious poem. There are also a number of extant prose works, such as sermons and saints' lives, biblical translations, and translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers, legal documents, such as laws and wills, and practical works on grammar, medicine, and geography. Still, poetry is considered the heart of Old English literature. Nearly all Anglo-Saxon authors are anonymous, with a few exceptions, such as Bede and Caedmon.
{| cellspacing="10" |- ! Line || Original || Translation |- | [1] || Hwæt! wē Gār-Dena in ġeār-dagum, | What! We of Gare-Danes (lit. Spear-Danes) in yore-days, |- | [2] || þēod-cyninga, þrym ġefrūnon, | of thede(nation/people)-kings, did thrum (glory) frayne (learn about by asking), |- | [3] || hū ðā æþelingas ellen fremedon. | how those athelings (noblemen) did ellen (fortitude/courage/zeal) freme (promote). |- | [4] || Oft Scyld Scēfing sceaþena þrēatum, | Oft did Scyld Scefing of scather threats (troops), |- | [5] || monegum mǣġþum, meodosetla oftēah, | of many maegths (clans; cf. Irish cognate Mac-), of mead-settlements atee (deprive), |- | [6] || egsode eorlas. Syððan ǣrest wearð | [and] ugg (induce loathing in, terrify; related to "ugly") earls. Sith (since, as of when) erst (first) [he] worthed (became) |- | [7] || fēasceaft funden, hē þæs frōfre ġebād, | [in] fewship (destitute) found, he of this frover (comfort) aboded, |- | [8] || wēox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þāh, | [and] waxed under welkin (firmament/clouds), [and amid] worthmint (honour/worship) threed (thrived/prospered) |- | [9] || oðþæt him ǣġhwylc þāra ymbsittendra | oth that (until that) him each of those umsitters (those "sitting" or dwelling roundabout) |- | [10] || ofer hronrāde hȳran scolde, | over whale-road (''kenning'' for "sea") hear should, |- | [11] || gomban gyldan. Þæt wæs gōd cyning! | [and] yeme (heed/obedience; related to "gormless") yield. That was [a] good king! |}
A semi-fluent translation in Modern English would be:
Lo! We have heard of majesty of the Spear-Danes, of those nation-kings in the days of yore, and how those noblemen promoted zeal. Scyld Scefing took away mead-benches from bands of enemies, from many tribes; he terrified earls. Since he was first found destitute (he gained consolation for that) he grew under the heavens, prospered in honours, until each of those who lived around him over the sea had to obey him, give him tribute. That was a good king!
{| cellspacing="10" style="white-space: nowrap;" |- ! Line || Original || Translation |- | [1] ||Fæder ūre þū þe eart on heofonum, | Father of ours, thou who art in heaven, |- | [2] || Sī þīn nama ġehālgod. | Be thy name hallowed. |- | [3] || Tōbecume þīn rīċe, | Come thy riche (kingdom), |- | [4] || ġewurþe þīn willa, on eorðan swā swā on heofonum. | Worth (manifest) thy will, on earth as also in heaven. |- | [5] || Ūrne ġedæġhwāmlīcan hlāf syle ūs tō dæġ, | Our daily loaf do sell (give) to us today, |- | [6] || and forgyf ūs ūre gyltas, swā swā wē forgyfað ūrum gyltendum. | And forgive us of our guilts as also we forgive our guilty |- | [7] || And ne ġelǣd þū ūs on costnunge, ac ālȳs ūs of yfele. | And do not lead thou us into temptation, but alese (release/deliver) us of (from) evil. |- | [8] || Sōþlīċe. | Soothly. |}
{| cellspacing="10" style="white-space: wrap;" |- ! Original || Translation |- | ¶ Cnut cyning gret his arcebiscopas and his leod-biscopas and Þurcyl eorl and ealle his eorlas and ealne his þeodscype, twelfhynde and twyhynde, gehadode and læwede, on Englalande freondlice. | ¶ Cnut, king, greets his archbishops and his lede'(people's)'-bishops and Thorkell, earl, and all his earls and all his ''people''ship, ''greater'' (having a 1200 shilling weregild) and ''lesser'' (200 shilling weregild), hooded(ordained to priesthood) and lewd(lay), in England friendly. |- |And ic cyðe eow, þæt ic wylle beon hold hlaford and unswicende to godes gerihtum and to rihtre woroldlage. |And I kithe(make known/couth to) you, that I will be [a] hold(civilised) lord and unswiking(uncheating) to God's rights(laws) and to [the] rights(laws) worldly. |- | ¶ Ic nam me to gemynde þa gewritu and þa word, þe se arcebiscop Lyfing me fram þam papan brohte of Rome, þæt ic scolde æghwær godes lof upp aræran and unriht alecgan and full frið wyrcean be ðære mihte, þe me god syllan wolde. | ¶ I nam(took) me to mind the writs and the word that the Archbishop Lyfing me from the Pope brought of Rome, that I should ayewhere(everywhere) God's love(praise) uprear(promote), and unright(outlaw) lies, and full frith(peace) work(bring about) by the might that me God would(wished) [to] sell'(give). |- | ¶ Nu ne wandode ic na minum sceattum, þa hwile þe eow unfrið on handa stod: nu ic mid godes fultume þæt totwæmde mid minum scattum. | ¶ Now, ne went(withdrew/changed) I not my shot(financial contribution, cf. Norse cognate in scot-free) the while that you stood(endured) unfrith(turmoil) on-hand: now I, mid(with) God's ''support'', that [unfrith] totwemed(separated/dispelled) mid(with) my shot(financial contribution). |- |Þa cydde man me, þæt us mara hearm to fundode, þonne us wel licode: and þa for ic me sylf mid þam mannum þe me mid foron into Denmearcon, þe eow mæst hearm of com: and þæt hæbbe mid godes fultume forene forfangen, þæt eow næfre heonon forð þanon nan unfrið to ne cymð, þa hwile þe ge me rihtlice healdað and min lif byð. |Tho(then) [a] man kithed(made known/couth to) me that us more harm ''had'' found(come upon) than us well liked(equalled): and tho(then) fore(travelled) I, meself, mid(with) those men that mid(with) me fore(travelled), into Denmark that [to] you most harm came of(from): and that[harm] have [I], mid(with) God's ''support'', afore(previously) forefangen(forestalled) that to you never henceforth thence none unfrith(breach of peace) ne come the while that ye me rightly hold(behold as king) and my life beeth. |}
;Clark Hall-Merritt
;Toronto
Category:Articles with images not understandable by color blind users Category:English languages English, Old
am:ጥንታዊ እንግሊዝኛ ang:Ænglisc sprǣc ar:إنجليزية عتيقة ast:Inglés antiguu bn:প্রাচীন ইংরেজি zh-min-nan:Kó͘ Eng-gí be:Старажытнаанглійская мова be-x-old:Стараангельская мова bar:Anglsaxische Sproch bg:Староанглийски език ca:Anglès antic cs:Stará angličtina da:Angelsaksisk de:Altenglische Sprache et:Vanainglise keel el:Αρχαία αγγλική γλώσσα es:Idioma anglosajón eo:Anglosaksa lingvo eu:Anglosaxoiera fa:زبان انگلیسی باستان fr:Vieil anglais fy:Aldingelsk gl:Inglés antigo glk:قدیمی اینگیلیسی ko:고대 영어 hi:एंग्लो-सैक्सॉन भाषा hr:Staroengleski jezik id:Bahasa Inggris Kuno os:Рагон англисаг æвзаг is:Fornenska it:Antico inglese he:אנגלית עתיקה ka:ძველი ინგლისური ენა sw:Kiingereza cha Kale lad:Lingua Anglo-saksona la:Lingua Anglica antiqua lt:Senoji anglų kalba hu:Óangol nyelv mk:Староанглиски јазик mi:Reo Ingarihi Inamata ms:Bahasa Inggeris Kuno nah:Huehcāuh Inglatlahtōlli nl:Oudengels ja:古英語 no:Gammelengelsk oc:Anglosaxon nds:Angelsassische Sprake pl:Język staroangielski pt:Inglês antigo ro:Limba engleză veche ru:Древнеанглийский язык sco:Auld Inglis leid simple:Old English sk:Anglosaština sl:Stara angleščina sr:Староенглески језик sh:Staroengleski jezik fi:Muinaisenglanti sv:Fornengelska ta:பண்டைய ஆங்கிலம் th:ภาษาอังกฤษโบราณ tr:Eski İngilizce uk:Давньоанглійська мова vls:Oudiengels zh:古英语This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
name | Eddie Izzard |
---|---|
birth name | Edward John Izzard |
birth date | February 07, 1962 |
birth place | Colony of Aden, Aden Protectorate (now Aden, Yemen) |
medium | Stand-up, Television, Film, Stage |
nationality | British |
active | 1987–present |
genre | Improvisational comedy,Observational comedy |
subject | World history, Celebrities, Religion, Language, Sex |
influences | Monty Python, Billy Connolly, Lenny Bruce, Steve Martin, Richard Pryor, Spike Milligan |
influenced | Harry Hill, Dara Ó Briain, Demetri Martin, Hal Sparks |
notable work | ''Live at the Ambassadors'' ''Definite Article'' ''Dress to Kill'' ''Glorious'' ''Circle'' ''Lenny Bruce'' in ''Lenny'' ''Wayne Malloy/Doug Rich'' in ''The Riches'' ''Roman Nagel'' in ''Ocean's Thirteen'' ''Erich Fellgiebel'' in ''Valkyrie'' ''Mr. Kite'' in ''Across the Universe'' |
website | eddieizzard.com |
Edward John "Eddie" Izzard (born 7 February 1962) is an English stand-up comedian and actor. His comedy style takes the form of rambling, whimsical monologue and self-referential pantomime.
Izzard's works include stand-up sets ''Unrepeatable'', ''Definite Article'', ''Glorious'', ''Dress to Kill'', ''Circle'', ''Sexie'' and ''Stripped''. He had a starring role in the television series ''The Riches'' as Wayne Malloy and has appeared in many motion pictures such as ''Ocean's Twelve'', ''Ocean's Thirteen'', ''Mystery Men'', ''The Cat's Meow'', ''Across the Universe'', The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian, and ''Valkyrie''.
He has cited his main comedy role model as Monty Python, and John Cleese once referred to him as the "Lost Python". In 2009, he completed 43 marathons in 51 days for Sport Relief in spite of having no prior history of long distance running.
He is also known for his transvestism.
In 1996, he got a part in his first United States-produced film, ''The Secret Agent,'' where he met and befriended Robin Williams. Williams already knew of Izzard's act, and discussed bringing his act to the United States. As a result, Izzard took ''Definite Article'' on a successful stint in New York City in the same year, and as a support act to Williams took ''Dress to Kill'' to San Francisco in 1998. His U.S. breakthrough came in 1999, when ''Dress to Kill'' was shown on the American television channel HBO, about a year or so after he performed the show on tour in the USA, UK and France. Suddenly, America was aware of Izzard, and the show went on to earn him two Emmy Awards in 2000 (for performance and writing).
In 1999, after complaints that his act recycled jokes appearing on his DVDs, the BBC's consumer programme ''Watchdog'' investigated Izzard's live act. Izzard explained that like most comedy performers, he used some of his most successful routines in each show. Nonetheless, Izzard was issued a warning by the Department of Trade and Industry. Since then, Izzard has rarely performed his stand-up act on television, saying that it uses up material at too high a rate, whereas stage material can be continually re-used in front of different audiences for several months.
In 2005, Izzard used his rambling style to provide the voice-over for the British government's television advertisements promoting recycling. The tagline of the ads was "Recycle. The possibilities are endless!" Izzard also performed on stage with Scottish musician Midge Ure at Live8 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He played the piano on the song "Vienna".
In January 2006, the U.S. television network FX announced the production of a new drama series called ''The Riches'' (formerly ''Low Life''). Izzard and British actress Minnie Driver star as a married couple, Wayne and Dahlia Malloy, who have been part of a caravan of con-artist Irish travellers swindling their way across the U.S. with their children. After finding another family killed in a car accident, the Malloys assume their identities and start a new life as law-abiding suburbanites in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The youngest son has shown a preference for wearing girls' clothing, leading to some speculation that the role was based upon Izzard's experiences. Izzard has stated in several interviews that the character of Sam had been given transvestite tendencies long before he was cast as Wayne Malloy, but he has contributed his perspective to keep the character believable.
In 1998 Izzard appeared briefly on stage with the Monty Python team in ''The American Film Institute's Tribute to Monty Python'' (also referred to as ''Monty Python Live at Aspen''). He walked on stage with the five surviving Pythons and he was summarily escorted off by Eric Idle and Michael Palin as he attempted to participate in a discussion about how the group got together.
Izzard portrayed comedian Lenny Bruce in the 1999 production of Julian Barry's 1971 play ''Lenny''. In 2001, he replaced Clive Owen in Peter Nichols' 1967 play ''A Day in the Death of Joe Egg'' at the Comedy Theatre. Izzard and Victoria Hamilton then repeated their lead roles when the show was brought to Broadway in 2003, with The Roundabout Theatre Company production. The revival received four Tony Award nominations including Best Revival of a Play, Best Leading Actor and Actress for its stars Izzard and Hamilton in their Broadway debuts, and Best Direction for Laurence Boswell. In June 2010, Izzard replaced James Spader in the role of Jack Lawson in David Mamet's play ''Race'' on Broadway.
Izzard has appeared in numerous films, starting with 1996's ''The Secret Agent''. He has appeared as several real-life individuals, including Charlie Chaplin in ''The Cat's Meow'', actor Gustav von Wangenheim in ''Shadow of the Vampire'' and General Erich Fellgiebel in ''Valkyrie''. Other roles have included Mr. Kite in ''Across the Universe'', Lussurioso in ''Revengers Tragedy'' and criminal expert Roman Nagel in ''Ocean's Twelve'' and ''Ocean's Thirteen''. Voice work has included the titular It in ''Five Children and It'', Nigel in ''The Wild'' and the mouse warrior Reepicheep in ''The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian.'' He said in 2009 that he would not be reprising his role as Reepicheep and the role was ultimately played by Simon Pegg in ''The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader''.
Izzard appeared in the BBC science fiction miniseries ''The Day of the Triffids'' based on the 1951 novel, alongside Jason Priestley, Vanessa Redgrave, Joely Richardson, Dougray Scott and Brian Cox. He played Dr. Hatteras, a skeptical psychology professor, in the Showtime series ''United States of Tara''.
Among Izzard's comic talents are mimicry and mime. He portrays God as an authority figure using the voice of James Mason and casts Sean Connery as Noah; these impersonations appear in many of his performances. Izzard also imitates activities such as sawing wood, vacuum cleaning, and mowing the lawn, anthropomorphising the machines with accents and personalities. Successful impressions, such as his Scottish clarinet teacher, Mrs. Badcrumble, become running gags which recur in different shows. He tackles topics both contemporary and historic, including frequent re-imaginings of historical events which result in scenes like 'Cake or Death: Church of England runs the Inquisition', or 'Jesus Ministers to the Dinosaurs'.
When asked about his comedy style by George Stroumboulopoulos, host of CBC Television's talk show, ''The Hour'', Izzard described his use of history by saying,
"I just talk complete bullshit. The history, the politics, I noticed that no one was using history, so there's a lot of history lying about the place, and it's all free, and it's on Wikipedia! You know, I use Wikipedia like a crazy idiot, now. Then I take all this stuff, and I regurgitate it into a weird angle".
In 2008, in his ''Stripped'' tour, Izzard began using Wikipedia itself as part of his stand-up act, reading from a live copy of an article and mocking Wikipedia's self-referential editorial style.
Traditionally, Izzard has focused on the creative possibilities of thinking through absurd situations in real time. He also turns much of the attention on himself and his personality, including his cross-dressing ("It is my manifest destiny to wear a dress on all seven continents"). Contemporary pop culture (Harry Potter, ''Star Wars'', etc.) is also a frequent subject, brought up both to critique its weaknesses and to enhance his anecdotes.
His bent towards the surreal even went so far as to produce a sitcom called Cows in 1997 for Channel 4, a live action comedy with actors dressed in cowsuits.
He has also campaigned unsuccessfully against the closure of the departments of Drama and Languages, Linguistics and Translation at the University of East Anglia, although the department of Drama was later reprieved. In 1998, Izzard was named in a list of the biggest private financial donors to the Labour Party. He appeared in a party political broadcast for the Labour Party in the run up to the 2005 general election. He donated nearly £10,000 to the party in 2008, appeared again in a party political broadcast for the 2009 European election and again in a 2010 election video entitled 'Brilliant Britain'. Izzard appeared in literature to support changing the British electoral system from first-past-the-post to alternative vote for electing Members of Parliament to the House of Commons in the Alternative Vote referendum in 2011.
On 20 July 2006, he received an honorary doctorate in Letters from the Faculty of Arts at the University of Sheffield, where he spent one year on an Accounting and Financial Management course in the early 80s. During his time at the University he established the now-defunct Alternative Productions Society in the Union of Students with the aim of promoting fringe-based arts. On 4 March 2010 he was elected as the Honorary President of the University of Sheffield Union of Students.
On 7 July 2007, Izzard was one of the presenters from the London leg of Live Earth. During an interview for the 2008 Stripped tour, Izzard spoke about becoming more active in European politics as well as running for political office in Europe within the next decade. Izzard added a stop in New Orleans during his 2008 ''Stripped'' tour. All proceeds from the performance of 23 June 2008 were donated to Neighborhood Housing Services of New Orleans.
Izzard ran his final marathon in five hours and 30 seconds, narrowly outside his projected time. However, had he not stopped and waited 20 minutes for his film crew to catch up with him he could have finished well under his target time. In March 2010, Izzard took part in the Sport Relief Mile event.
Following the completion of the marathon runs, Izzard has started training to take part in an Ironman Triathlon, saying he has become fascinated with fitness "because there's no point in throwing away all that training".
He keeps his romantic life private, saying one of the reasons is due to the wishes of his companions not wanting to become content for his show. Izzard dated Sarah Townsend, the director of the documentary ''Believe: The Eddie Izzard Story'', whom he first met while she was running a Fringe venue at the Edinburgh Festival in 1989.
Izzard speaks French and has performed stand up in French during his shows. He also speaks German and used it in the 2001 film ''All the Queen's Men''.
During the 1999 television special ''It's... the Monty Python Story'', which Izzard hosted, John Cleese said Izzard was the "Lost Python"; Izzard furthered that idea via his substitution for Graham Chapman in public performance of Python material with the rest of the original members of the troupe. He also made a cameo appearance in the Python reunion interview ''Monty Python Live At Aspen''.
In 2008, Izzard received the James Joyce Award of the Literary and Historical Society of UCD, Dublin, Ireland. In March 2010, the Students Union of the University of Sheffield overwhelmingly elected him their honorary President.
He has announced for future tours that a dollar out of each ticket sale will be appropriated to supplying Africa with contraceptives and other means of sexual protection.
Eddie Izzard Category:1962 births Category:People from Aden Category:Drama Desk Award winners Category:English atheists Category:English buskers Category:English comedians Category:English film actors Category:English voice actors Category:English television actors Category:English stand-up comedians Category:Cross-dressers Category:Living people Category:Old Eastbournians Category:Emmy Award winners Category:People educated at Oakleigh House School
ar:إدي آيزارد de:Eddie Izzard es:Eddie Izzard fa:ادی ایزارد fr:Eddie Izzard gv:Eddie Izzard id:Eddie Izzard it:Eddie Izzard he:אדי איזרד hu:Eddie Izzard nl:Eddie Izzard ja:エディー・イザード no:Eddie Izzard nn:Eddie Izzard pl:Eddie Izzard ru:Иззард, Эдди simple:Eddie Izzard fi:Eddie Izzard sv:Eddie Izzard tr:Eddie IzzardThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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