name	World Health Organization منظمة الصحة العالمية 世界卫生组织 Organisation mondiale de la Santé Всемирная организация здравоохранения Organización Mundial de la Salud
image size	225px
type	Specialized agency of the United Nations
acronyms	WHO
headquarters	Geneva, Switzerland
head	Dr. Margaret Chan
num employees	8000
status	Active
established	7 April 1948
website
parent	ECOSOC
subsidiaries	}}

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland and is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations.

The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by all 61 countries of the United Nations by 22 July 1946, with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing on 24 July 1948. It incorporated the ''Office International d'Hygiène Publique'' and the League of Nations Health Organization. Since its creation, WHO has been responsible for playing a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. Its current priorities include communicable diseases, in particular, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis; the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases; sexual and reproductive health, development, and ageing; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; substance abuse; and drive the development of reporting, publications, and networking. WHO is responsible for the ''World Health Report'', a leading international publication on health, the worldwide World Health Survey, and World Health Day.

Its links with the IAEA and distribution of contraception have both proved controversial, as have guidelines on healthy eating and the 2009 flu pandemic.

History[link]

Establishment[link]

The League of Nations Health Organization was established following the First World War inside the League of Nations framework. Its efforts were hampered by the Second World War, during which UNRRA also played a role in international health initiatives. During the United Nations Conference on International Organization, references to health had been incorporated into the United Nations Charter.

In February 1946, the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations helped draft the constitution of the new body. The use of the word "world", rather than "international", emphasised the truly global nature of what the organization was seeking to achieve. The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by all 61 countries by 22 July 1946, which an article in ''Science'' described as "an historic day". It thus became the first specialised agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed. Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th member state. The first meeting World Health Assembly finished on 24 July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million (then GBP£1,250,000) for the 1949 year. Dr. Andrija Stampar was the Assembly's first president, and Dr. G. Brock Chisholm was appointed Director-General of WHO, having served as Executive Secretary during the planning stages. Its first priorities were malaria, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted infections, maternal and child health, nutrition and environmental hygiene. Its first legislative act was concerning the compilation of accurate statistics on the spread and morbidity of disease. The logo of the World Health Organization features the Rod of Asclepius as a symbol for healing.

Operational history[link]

WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex in 1947, and by 1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive (using the BCG vaccine) was under way. In 1955, the malaria eradication programme was launched, although it was later altered in objective. 1965 saw the first report on diabetes mellitus and the creation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. WHO moved into its headquarters building in 1966. The Expanded Programme on Immunization was started in 1974, as was the control programme into onchocerciasis – an important partnership between the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations Development Programme, and World Bank. In the following year, the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases was also launched. In 1976, the World Health Assembly voted to enact a resolution on Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, with a focus on community-driven care. The first list of essential medicines was drawn up in 1977, and a year later the ambitious goal of "health for all" was declared. In 1986, WHO started it global programme on the growing problem of HIV/AIDS, followed two years later by additional attention on preventing discrimination against sufferers and UNAIDS was formed in 1996. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was established in 1988.

In 1958, Professor Viktor Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR, called on the World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate smallpox, resulting in Resolution WHA11.54. At this point, 2 million people were dying from smallpox every year. In 1967, the World Health Organization intensified the global smallpox eradication by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort and adopted a new disease surveillance method. The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases. WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities. The WHO also helped contain the last European outbreak in Yugoslavia in 1972. After over two decades of fighting smallpox, the WHO declared in 1980 that the disease had been eradicated – the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort.

In 1998, WHO's Director General highlighted gains in child survival, reduced infant mortality, raised life expectancy and reduced rates of "scourges" such as smallpox and polio on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding. He, did, however, accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in this area had been slow. Cholera and malaria have remained problems since WHO's founding, although in decline for a large part of that period. In the twenty-first century, the Stop TB partnership was created in 2000, along with the UN's formulation of the Millennium Development Goals. The Measles initiative was formed in 2001, and credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68% by 2007. In 2002, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was drawn up to improve the resources available. In 2006, the organization endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for a global prevention, treatment and support plan to fight the AIDS pandemic.

Current projects[link]

Overall focus[link]

The WHO's constitution states that its objective "is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health."

WHO identifies its role as one of six main objectives:

providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed;

shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge;

setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation;

articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options;

providing technical support, catalysing change, and building sustainable institutional capacity; and

monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.

The 2012–2013 budget further identified thirteen areas among which funding was distributed:

To reduce the health, social and economic burden of communicable diseases

To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis

To prevent and reduce disease, disability and premature death from chronic noncommunicable diseases, mental disorders, violence and injuries and visual impairment To reduce morbidity and mortality and improve health during key stages of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the neonatal period, childhood and adolescence, and improve sexual and reproductive health and promote active and healthy ageing for all individuals

To reduce the health consequences of emergencies, disasters, crises and conflicts, and minimize their social and economic impact

To promote health and development, and prevent or reduce risk factors for health conditions associated with use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substances, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity and unsafe sex

To address the underlying social and economic determinants of health through policies and programmes that enhance health equity and integrate pro-poor, genderresponsive, and human rights-based approaches

To promote a healthier environment, intensify primary prevention and influence public policies in all sectors so as to address the root causes of environmental threats to health

To improve nutrition, food safety and food security throughout the life-course and in support of public health and sustainable development

To improve health services through better governance, financing, staffing and management, informed by reliable and accessible evidence and research

To ensure improved access, quality and use of medical products and technologies

To provide leadership, strengthen governance and foster partnership and collaboration with countries, the United Nations system, and other stakeholders in order to fulfil the mandate of WHO in advancing the global health agenda

To develop and sustain WHO as a flexible, learning organization, enabling it to carry out its mandate more efficiently and effectively

WHO aims to eradicate polio. In addition, the WHO has also promoted road safety. Each year, the organization marks World Health Day focusing on a specific health promotion topic, timed to match the anniversary of WHO's founding. Recent themes have been drug resistance (2011) and ageing (2012). As part of the United Nations, the World Health Organization supports work towards the Millennium Development Goals. Of the eight Millennium Development Goals, three – reducing child mortality by two-thirds, to reduce maternal deaths by three-quarters, and to halt and begin to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS – relate directly to WHO's scope; the other five inter-relate and have an impact on world health.

Data handling and publications[link]

The organization relies on contributions from renowned scientists and professionals to inform its work, such as the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization, the WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy, and the WHO Study Group on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice. WHO has also worked on global initiatives in surgery, including emergency and essential surgical care, trauma care, and safe surgery. The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist is in current use worldwide in the effort to improve patient safety.

WHO runs the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, targeted at improving health policy and systems. WHO aims to improve access to health research and literature in developing countries such as through the HINARI network. The organization has published tools for monitoring the capacity of national health systems and health workforces. The World Health Organization works to provide the needed health and well-being evidence through a variety of data collection platforms, including the World Health Survey covering almost 400,000 respondents from 70 countries, and the ''Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health'' (SAGE) covering over 50,000 persons over 50 years old in 23 countries. The ''WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems'' (WHO-AIMS), the ''WHO Quality of Life Instrument'' (WHOQOL), and the ''Service Availability and Readiness Assessment'' (SARA) provide guidance for data collection. Collaborative efforts between WHO and other agencies, such as through the Health Metrics Network, also aim to provide sufficient high-quality information to assist governmental decision making. WHO promotes the development of capacities in member states to use and produce research that addresses their national needs, including through the Evidence-Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet). The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/AMRO) became the first region to develop and pass a policy on research for health approved in September 2009.

The organization develops and promotes the use of evidence-based tools, norms and standards to support member states to inform health policy options. It oversees the implementation of the International Health Regulations, and publishes a series of medical classifications; of these, three are overreaching "reference classifications": the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD), the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI). Other international policy frameworks produced by WHO include the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (adopted in 1981), Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (adopted in 2003) and the Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel (adopted in 2010). The WHO regularly publishes a ''World Health Report'', its leading publication, including an expert assessment of a specific global health topic. Other publications of WHO include the ''Bulletin of the World Health Organization'', the ''Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal'' (overseen by EMRO), the ''Human Resources for Health'' (published in collaboration with BioMed Central), and the ''Pan American Journal of Public Health'' (overseen by PAHO/AMRO).

Structure[link]

The World Health Organization is a member of the United Nations Development Group.

Membership[link]

, the WHO has 194 member states, including the Cook Islands and Niue. , it also had two associate members, Puerto Rico and Tokelau. Non-members of the WHO include Liechtenstein and other states with limited diplomatic recognition. Several other entities have been granted observer status. Palestine is an observer as a "national liberation movement" recognised by the League of Arab States under United Nations Resolution 3118. The Holy See also attends as an observer, as does the Order of Malta. In 2010, the Republic of China was invited under the name of "Chinese Taipei".

WHO Member States appoint delegations to the World Health Assembly, WHO's supreme decision-making body. All UN Member States are eligible for WHO membership, and, according to the WHO web site, "other countries may be admitted as members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the World Health Assembly."

In addition, the UN observer organizations International Committee of the Red Cross and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have entered into "official relations" with WHO and are invited as observers. In the World Health Assembly they are seated along the other NGOs.

Assembly and Executive Board[link]

The World Health Assembly is the legislative and supreme body of WHO. Based in Geneva, it typically meets yearly in May. It appoints the Director-General every five years, and votes on matters of policy and finance of WHO, including the proposed budget. It also reviews reports of the Executive Board and decides whether there are areas of work requiring further examination. The Assembly elects 34 members, technically qualified in the field of health, to the Executive Board for three-year terms. The main functions of the Board are to carry out the decisions and policies of the Assembly, to advise it and to facilitate its work.

Regional offices[link]

[[File:World Health Organisation regional offices.svg|thumb|Regional offices and regions of the WHO: ]]

The regional divisions of WHO were created between 1949 and 1952, and are based on article 44 of WHO's constitution, which allowed the WHA to "establish a [single] regional organization to meet the special needs of [each defined] area". Many decisions are made at regional level, including importance discussions over WHO's budget, and in deciding the members of the next assembly, which are designated by the regions.

Each region has a Regional Committee, which generally meets once a year, normally in the autumn. Representatives attend from each member or associative member in each region, including those states that are not fully recognised. For example, Palestine attends meetings of the Eastern Mediterranean region. Each region also has a regional office. Each Regional Office is headed by a Regional Director, who is elected by the Regional Committee. The Board must approve such appointments, although as of 2004, it had never overruled the preference of a regional committee. The exact role of the board in the process has been a subject of debate, but the practical effect has always been small. Since 1999, Regional Directors serve for a once-renewable five-year term.

Each Regional Committee of the WHO consists of all the Health Department heads, in all the governments of the countries that constitute the Region. Aside from electing the Regional Director, the Regional Committee is also in charge of setting the guidelines for the implementation, within the region, of the health and other policies adopted by the World Health Assembly. The Regional Committee also serves as a progress review board for the actions of WHO within the Region.

The Regional Director is effectively the head of WHO for his or her Region. The RD manages and/or supervises a staff of health and other experts at the regional offices and in specialized centres. The RD is also the direct supervising authority—concomitantly with the WHO Director-General—of all the heads of WHO country offices, known as WHO Representatives, within the Region.

+Regional Offices of WHO
Region	Headquarters	!Notes	!Website
Africa	Brazzaville, Republic of Congo	AFRO includes most of Africa, with the exception of Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Tunisia, Libya, Somalia and Morocco (all fall under EMRO).	AFRO
Europe	Copenhagen, Denmark.	EURO includes most of Europe and Israel.	EURO
South-East Asia	New Delhi, India		SEARO
Eastern Mediterranean	Cairo, Egypt	EMRO includes the countries of Africa that are not included in AFRO, as well as the countries of the Middle East, except for Israel. Pakistan is served by EMRO.	EMRO
Western Pacific	Manila, Philippines.	WPRO covers all the Asian countries not served by SEARO and EMRO, and all the countries in Oceania. South Korea is served by WPRO.	WPRO
The Americas	Washington D.C., USA.	Also known as the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and covers the Americas.	AMRO

People[link]

{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:10px; width:30%;" |+Former Directors-General of WHO |- !Name !Years of tenure |- |Brock Chisholm |1948–1953 |- |Marcolino Gomes Candau |1953–1973 |- |Halfdan T. Mahler |1973–1988 |- |Hiroshi Nakajima |1988–1998 |- |Gro Harlem Brundtland |1998–2003 |- |Lee Jong-wook |2003–2006 |- |Anders Nordström* |2006 |- |colspan=2|*Acting Director-General following the death of Lee Jong-wook while in office |} The head of the organization is the Director-General, appointed by the World Health Assembly. The current Director-General is Margaret Chan, who was appointed on 9 November 2006. On 18 January 2012, Chan was nominated by the WHO's Executive Board for a second term. If confirmed by the World Health Assembly in May 2012, Dr Chan will remain Director-General until the end of June 2017.

WHO employs 8,500 people in 147 countries. In support of the principle of a tobacco-free work environment the WHO does not recruit cigarette smokers. The organization has previously instigated the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2003.

The WHO operates "Goodwill Ambassadors", members of the arts, sport or other fields of public life aimed at drawing attention to WHO's initaitves and projects. There are currently five Goodwill Ambassadors (Jet Li, Nancy Brinker, Peng Liyuan, Yohei Sasakawa and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra) and a further ambassador associated with a partnership project (Craig David).

Country and liaison offices[link]

The World Health Organization operates 147 country offices in all its regions. It also operates several liaison offices, including those with the European Union, United Nations and a single office covering the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. It also operates the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyons, France, and the WHO Centre for Health Development in Kobe, Japan. Additional offices include those in Pristina; the West Bank and Gaza; the US–Mexican Border Field Office in El Paso; the Office of the Caribbean Program Coordination in Barbados; and Northern Micronesia office. There will generally be one WHO country office in the capital, occasionally accompanied by satellite-offices in the provinces or sub-regions of the country in question.

The country office is headed by a WHO Representative (WR). , the only WHO Representative outside Europe to be a national of that country was for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ("Libya"); all other staff were international. Those in the Region for the Americas, they are referred to as PAHO/WHO Representatives. In Europe, WHO Representatives also serve as Head of Country Office, and are nationals with the exception of Serbia; there are also Heads of Country Office in Albania, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Uzbekistan. The WR is an internationally experienced physician or other health professional, not a national of that country, who holds diplomatic rank and is due privileges and immunities similar to those of an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. The WR is member of the UN system country team which is coordinated by the UN System Resident Coordinator.

The country office consists of the WR, and several health and other experts, both foreign and local, as well as the necessary support staff. The main functions of WHO country offices include being the primary adviser of that country's government in matters of health and pharmaceutical policies.

International liaison offices serve largely the same purpose as country offices, but generally on a smaller scale. These are often found in countries that want WHO presence and cooperation, but do not have the major health system flaws that require the presence of a full-blown country office. Liaison offices are headed by a liaison officer, who is a national from that particular country, and place without diplomatic immunity.

Financing and partnerships[link]

The WHO is financed by contributions from member states and outside donors. , the largest annual assessed contributions from member states came from the United States ($110 million), Japan ($58 million), Germany ($37 million), United Kingdom ($31 million) and France ($31 million). The combined 2012–2013 budget has proposed a total expenditure of $3,959 million, of which $944 million (24%) will come from assessed contributions. This represented a significant fall in outlay compared to the previous 2009–2010 budget, adjusting to take account of previous underspends. Assessed contributions were kept the same. Voluntary contributions will account for $3,015 million (76%), of which $800 million is regarded as highly or moderately flexible funding, with the remainder tied to particular programmes or objectives.

In recent years, the WHO's work has involved increasing collaboration with external bodies. , a total of 473 NGOs had some form of partnership with WHO. There were 189 partnerships with international non-governmental organization (NGO) in formal "official relations" – the rest being considered informal in character. Partners include the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation.

Controversies[link]

IAEA – Agreement WHA 12–40 [link]

In 1959, the WHO signed Agreement WHA 12–40 with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which somehave claimed prevents the WHO from independently researching the effects on human health of radiation caused by the use of nuclear power, for examples after nuclear disasters in Chernobyl and Fukushima. The agreement states that the WHO recognises the IAEA as having responsibility for peaceful nuclear energy without prejudice to the roles of the WHO of promoting health. However, the following paragraph adds: "whenever either organization proposes to initiate a programme or activity on a subject in which the other organization has or may have a substantial interest, the first party shall consult the other with a view to adjusting the matter by mutual agreement." The nature of this statement has led some pressure groups and activists to believe that the WHO is restricted in its ability to investigate events and prevent further catastrophes, and thus believe WHO must regain what they see as "independence".

Condom promotion, religion and AIDS[link]

In 2003, the WHO denounced the Roman Curia's health department's opposition to the use of condoms, saying: "These incorrect statements about condoms and HIV are dangerous when we are facing a global pandemic which has already killed more than 20 million people, and currently affects at least 42 million." , the Catholic Church remains opposed to increasing the use of contraception to combat HIV/AIDS. At the time, the World Health Assembly President, Guyana's Health Minister Leslie Ramsammy, condemned Pope Benedict's call, saying he was trying to "create confusion" and "impede" proven strategies in the battle against the disease.

Intermittent preventive therapy[link]

The aggressive support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for intermittent preventive therapy of malaria which included the commissioning of a report from the Institute of Medicine triggered a memo from the former WHO malaria chief Dr. Akira Kochi. Dr. Kochi wrote, “although it was less and less straightforward that the health agency should recommend IPTi, the agency’s objections were met with intense and aggressive opposition from Gates-backed scientists and the foundation”.

Diet and sugar intake[link]

Some of the research undertaken or supported by WHO to determine how people's lifestyles and environments are influencing whether they live in better or worse health can be controversial, as illustrated by a 2003 joint WHO/FAO report on nutrition and the prevention of chronic non-communicable disease, which recommended that sugar should form no more than 10% of a healthy diet. This report led to lobbying by the sugar industry against the recommendation, to which the WHO/FAO responded by including in the report the statement "The Consultation recognized that a population goal for free sugars of less than 10% of total energy is controversial", but also stood by its recommendation based upon its own analysis of scientific studies.

2009 influenza pandemic[link]

In 2007, the WHO organized work on pandemic influenza vaccine development through clinical trials in collaboration with many experts. A pandemic involving the H1N1 influenza virus was declared by Director-General Margaret Chan in April 2009.

By the post-pandemic period critics claimed the WHO had exaggerated the danger, spreading "fear and confusion" rather than "immediate information". Industry experts countered that the 2009 pandemic had led to "unprecedented collaboration between global health authorities, scientists and manufacturers, resulting in the most comprehensive pandemic response ever undertaken, with a number of vaccines approved for use three months after the pandemic declaration. This response was only possible because of the extensive preparations undertaken in during the last decade."

See also[link]

Global health

Global Mental Health

Health For All

Health promotion

Drinking water quality standards

Public health

High 5s Project, a patient safety collaboration

Healthy city / Alliance for Healthy Cities, an international alliance

Health Sciences Online, virtual learning resources

Open Learning for Development, virtual learning resources

References[link]

External links[link]

Category:Organizations established in 1948 Category:Organisations based in Geneva Category:Global health Category:United Nations specialized agencies Category:United Nations Development Group

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Health organizations vary in scope from municipal to global. The World Health Organization is a health organization of global scope. Organizations exist for all fields of health, such as medicine, health promotion, and health education.

:''This is a Chinese name; Fung is the maiden name and Chan is the married name.''

name	Margaret Chan陳馮富珍
nationality	(BN(O)) (United Nations Laissez-Passer)
order	7th Director-General of the World Health Organization
term start	4 January 2007
predecessor	Anders Nordström (Acting)
order1	4th Director of Health (Hong Kong)
term1	June 1994 ─ 20 August 2003
Predecessor1	Lee Shu-Hung
Successor1	Lam Ping-Yan
birth date	1947
birth place
spouse	David Chan
vicepresident	}}

Margaret Chan Fung Fu-chun, OBE, JP (born 1947 in Hong Kong) is the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO). Chan was elected by the Executive Board of WHO on 8 November 2006, and was endorsed in a special meeting of the World Health Assembly on the following day. Chan has previously served as Director of Health in the Hong Kong Government (1994-2003), representative of the WHO Director-General for Pandemic Influenza and WHO Assistant Director-General for Communicable Diseases (2003-2006).

Qualifications [link]

Margaret Chan was initially trained as a Home Economics teacher at the Northcote College of Education in Hong Kong. She then earned her B.A. degree in Home Economics and her M.D. degree at the University of Western Ontario in 1973 and 1977, respectively, as well as her MSc (Public Health) degree at the National University of Singapore in 1985. In 1997, she was given the distinction for the Fellowship of the Faculty of Public Health Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians of the United Kingdom and was also appointed as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II.

She joined the Hong Kong Government in December 1978 as a Medical Officer. In November 1989, she was promoted to Assistant Director of the Department of Health. In April 1992, she was promoted to Deputy Director and, in June 1994, was named the first female in Hong Kong to head the Department of Health. She left the Hong Kong Government in August 2003 after 25 years of service to join the World Health Organization.

As Director of Health of Hong Kong[link]

Her profile was raised by her handling, in those positions, of the 1997 H5N1 avian influenza outbreak and the 2003 SARS outbreak in Hong Kong. After the first victim of the H5N1, Chan first tried to reassure Hong Kong residents with her infamous statements like, "I ate chicken last night" or "I eat chicken every day, don't panic, everyone". When many more H5N1 cases appeared, she was criticised for misleading the public. In the end, she was credited for helping bring the epidemic under control by the slaughter of 1.5 million chickens in the region in the face of stiff political opposition.

Her performance during the SARS outbreak, which ultimately led to 299 deaths, attracted harsh criticism from the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and many SARS victims and their relatives. She was criticised by the Legislative Council for her passiveness, for believing in misleading information shared by the mainland authority, and did not act swiftly. On the other hand, the SARS expert committee established by the Hong Kong Government to assess its handling of the crisis, opined that the failure was not Chan's fault, but due to the structure of Hong Kong's health care system, in which the separation of the hospital authority from the public health authority resulted in problems with data sharing.

Tenure as WHO Director-General[link]

Appointed to the post in November 2006, her first term will run through to June 2012. On 18 January 2012, Chan was nominated by the WHO's Executive Board for a second term. If confirmed by the World Health Assembly in May 2012, Dr Chan's new term will begin on 1 July 2012 and continue until 30 June 2017.

Dr. Chan considers the "improvements in the health of the people of Africa and the health of women" to be the key performance indicator of WHO and she wants to focus WHO's attention on "the people in greatest need."

In February 2007, Chan provoked the anger of humanitarian and civil society groups by questioning the quality of generic medicines while on a visit to Thailand.

After a visit to North Korea in April 2010, Chan said malnutrition was a problem in the country but that North Korea's health system would be the envy of many developing countries because of the abundance of medical staff. She also noted there were no signs of obesity in the country, which is a newly emerging problem in other parts of Asia. Chan's comments marked a significant departure from that of her predecessor, Gro Harlem Brundtland, who said in 2001 that North Korea's health system was near collapse. The director-general's assessment was criticized, including in a ''Wall Street Journal'' editorial which called her statements "surreal." The editorial further stated, "Ms. Chan is either winking at the reality to maintain contact with the North or she allowed herself to be fooled."

References[link]

Further reading[link]

Dr Chan's CV (''Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China'')

Health, Welfare and Food Bureau, HK Government introduction

China's Margaret Chan says to work tirelessly for world health (''Peoples' Daily'' Online)

Bird flu expert set to lead WHO (BBC NEWS)

WHO Board Nominates Margaret Chan As Director General (''Wall Street Journal'' Online)

Who's Next at WHO? (''Time'' online's blog)

External links[link]

WHO website:

*Director-General's office

* Director-General: Dr Margaret Chan

Director-General election (2006)

* Director-General nomination (2012)

Category:Hong Kong doctors Category:University of Western Ontario alumni Category:World Health Organization officials Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire Category:1947 births Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians Category:Living people

Category:Women physicians Category:Public health and safety in Hong Kong

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Name	One Be Lo
Background	solo_singer
Alias
Birth name	Nahshid Sulaiman Birth Date November 7, 1976 (age 34)
Origin	Pontiac, Michigan
Genre	Alternative hip hop
Years active	1998–present
Label	MYX Music, Subterraneous, Fat Beats }}

Nahshid Sulaiman (born Ralond Scruggs) better known by his stage name One Be Lo is an alternative hip hop artist from Pontiac, Michigan. He is well respected for being one half of the former rap duo Binary Star, and has released a number of well-received solo albums. He is also a member of the World Champion B-boy crew, Massive Monkees.

Biography[link]

Early life and Binary Star[link]

Having grown up listening to the likes of KRS-One, A Tribe Called Quest, and Ice Cube, One Be Lo gained an interest in hip hop from an early age. In 1998, he created the hip hop group Binary Star with Senim Silla. They released two albums, Water World (1999) and Masters of the Universe (2000), before the group split up. One Be Lo cited "creative differences" as the main reason for their split.

In 2000, he started focusing more on his solo work. He also changed his stage name to One Be Lo, having been known as OneManArmy for his work with Binary Star. The name change was due to changes within himself and a potential legal dispute between a punk group with the same name.

Solo career[link]

In January 2000, he established his own independent label called Subterraneous Records. This enabled him to release his own albums more easily, while also promoting a number of Michigan’s most promising producers and emcees. A year later, Subterraneous Records released ''WaterWorld Too'', a compilation featuring a number of artists from the label's roster. In the meantime, he continued to work on his solo material with producer Decompoze. In late 2002, One Be Lo decided to press limited copies of ''Project F.E.T.U.S.'' (For Everybody That Under Stands), a collection of songs that were not initially intended for release. This release was aimed to be a segue into One Be Lo’s official solo material, and has since proven to be a successful debut, appearing on the About.com top 10 rap albums of February 2007.

His first official solo album was released on Fat Beats in 2005. This was entitled ''S.O.N.O.G.R.A.M.'' (Sounds Of Nahshid Originate Good Rhymes And Music) and featured a number of fellow Michigan rappers such as Abdus Salaam and singer Ka Di. This was generally received well by critics, and many praised One Be Lo for his conscious and intelligent lyrics. This was followed by ''S.T.I.L.L.B.O.R.N.'' (Something To Interest Lo Listeners Beyond Original Recorded Networkings and Subterraneous/Trackezoids Invest Lost Lyrics Bringing Old Rhymes New), a mix CD of previously unreleased songs and remixes. His most recent project is R.E.B.I.R.T.H., receiving critical acclaim by many hip hop publications.

All of his solo albums have been leading up to his magnum opus, entitled ''L.I.F.E.'' (Lo Is For Everybody). His current project that he's working on, entitled 'B.A.B.Y.' (Being A Black Youth) is scheduled to be released in 2010 under the MYX Music record label. It is set to feature artists such as Freeway, Devin The Dude, Phonte of Little Brother, Royce Da 5'9", Zion I, Guilty Simpson, Jean Grae, Kam Moye (aka Supastition), Ro Spit (aka Octane), Illite and more. One Be Lo has appeared on the Warped Tour as well as toured with artists such as KRS-One and Zion I.

One Be Lo released the album L.A.B.O.R. (Language Arts Based On Reality) on September 6, 2011.

Rap style[link]

One Be Lo has crafted himself into what he describes as "the MC's MC". He is often praised for his clear delivery, precise rapping style and conscious lyrics, especially from fans of alternative hip hop. This was noted by Allmusic in their review of ''S.O.N.O.G.R.A.M.'', saying:

Discography[link]

Binary Star[link]

''Waterworld'' - 1999

''Masters of the Universe'' - 2000

Solo[link]

''WaterWorld Too'' - 2001

*''"Subterraneous"''

''Project: F.E.T.U.S.'' - 2002

* For Everybody That UnderStands

*''"OneBeLo" (later "OneBeLo aka OneManArmy")''

''S.O.N.O.G.R.A.M.'' - 2005

*Sounds Of Nahshid Originate Good Rhymes And Music

*''"One.Be.Lo also known as OneManArmy of Binary Star"''

''S.T.I.L.L.B.O.R.N.'' - 2005

*Something To Interest Lo Listeners Beyond Original Recorded Networkings; or

*Subterraneous/Trackezoids Invest Lost Lyrics Bringing Old Rhymes New

*''"One Be Lo & DJ Scene"''

''Project F.E.T.U.S. (2CD Re-Issue)'' - 2007

*For Everybody That UnderStands

*''"OneManArmy"''

''The R.E.B.I.R.T.H.'' - 2007

*Real Emcees Bring Intelligent Rhymes To Hip-Hop

*''"One Be Lo aka One Man Army"''

''L.A.B.O.R.'' - 2011

*Language Arts Based On Reality

*''"One Be Lo Soundtrack"''

''K​.​I​.​C​.​K. P​.​U​.​S​.​H.'' - 2012

*Keep It Cool Kid People Usually Show Hate

*''"One Be Lo Starring as Rahlo"''

''B.A.B.Y.'' - 2012

*Being A Black Youth

Official Mixtapes[link]

''S.T.I.L.L.B.O.R.N.'' - 2005

''Laborhood Part 1'' - 2011

''Laborhood Part 2'' - 2011

''Laborhood Part 3'' - 2012

See also[link]

Alternative hip hop

References[link]

External links[link]

Official web site

Unofficial web site

Myspace page

ItsHipHop.tv video interview

[ AllMusic.com page]

Category:African American rappers Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:African American Muslims Category:Converts to Islam

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