Screen may refer to:

Separation or partitioning [link]

Window screen, a wire mesh that covers a window opening

Fire screen, a device to put in front of a fireplace

Windbreak of trees or shrubs

Windshield (windscreen), protects the driver of a vehicle

Folding screen, a piece of decorative furniture

Rainscreen, in building construction

Rood screen, a partition in a church which separates the chancel from the nave

Smoke screen, smoke released in order to mask the movement or location of military units

Filtration/selection processes[link]

Screening, the process of identifying or selecting members of a population based on one or more selection criteria

Sieve, a mesh used to separate fine particles from coarse ones

Genetic screen, a procedure to identify a particular kind of phenotype

Mechanical screening, a unit operation in materials handling which separates product into multiple grades by particle size

Media display [link]

Display device, a cathode ray tube or liquid crystal display (LCD)

Computer monitor or display screen

Touchscreen, a display device that also takes input via embedded pressure sensors

Projection screen, a viewing surface

Television screen

Software [link]

GNU Screen, a computer program which multiplexes computer terminals

another name for "dynpro" in ABAP programs

Screen (image blending), a blending method for digital images

Arts [link]

Screen-printing (silk-screening), a method of printing

Big screen, a nickname associated with the motion picture industry

Split screen (filmmaking), a film composition paradigm in which multiple distinct film sequences are shown simultaneously and next to each other

Gaming [link]

Screen (bridge), a device used in some Bridge that visually separates partners at the table from each other

Screen (sports), when a player obstructs the vision or motion of another player

Media[link]

''Screen'' (journal), a film and television studies journal published by Oxford University Press

''Screen'' (magazine), a weekly entertainment magazine from India

Screenonline, online film and television magazine produced by the British Film Institute

Other [link]

Electronic page, an interface, scene, page, or group of content on an electronic display device

Pat Screen, Louisiana State University football player and Mayor-President of East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana

The conductive screen around the inner conductor(s) of an electrical cable, usually either foil or braided wire

See also[link]

ast:Pantalla ca:Pantalla (desambiguació) de:Screen es:Pantalla eo:Ekrano eu:Pantaila fr:Écran io:Skreno is:Skjár it:Schermo (disambigua) nl:Scherm ja:スクリーン (曖昧さ回避) no:Skjerm nn:Skjerm pl:Ekran ru:Экран simple:Screen sl:Ekran uk:Екран

Chroma key compositing, or chroma keying, is a special effects / post-production technique for compositing (layering) two images or video streams together, used heavily in many fields to remove a background from the subject of a photo or video - particularly the newscasting, motion picture and videogame industries. A color range in the top layer is made transparent, revealing another image behind. The chroma keying technique is commonly used in video production and post-production. This technique is also referred to as color keying, colour-separation overlay (CSO; primarily by the BBC), or by various terms for specific color-related variants such as green screen, and blue screen - chroma keying can be done with backgrounds of any color that are uniform and distinct, but green and blue backgrounds are more commonly used because they differ most distinctly in hue from most human skin colors and no part of the subject being filmed or photographed may duplicate a color used in the background. It is commonly used for weather forecast broadcasts, wherein the news presenter appears to be standing in front of a large map during live television newscasts, though in actuality it is a large blue or green background. When using a blue screen, different weather maps are added on the parts of the image where the color is blue. If the news presenter wears blue clothes, his clothes will also be replaced with the background video. A complementary system is used for green screens. Chroma keying is also used in the entertainment industry for special effects in movies and videogames. The advanced state of the technology and much commercially available computer software, such as Pinnacle Studio, Adobe Premiere, and dozens of other computer programs, makes it possible and relatively easy for the average home computer user to create videos using the "chromakey" function and easily affordable greenscreen or bluescreen kits.

History[link]

In filmmaking, a complex and time-consuming process known as "travelling matte" was used prior to the introduction of digital compositing. The blue screen and traveling matte method were developed in the 1930s at RKO Radio Pictures and other studios, and were used to create special effects for ''The Thief of Bagdad'' (1940). At RKO, Linwood Dunn used a travelling matte to create "wipes" – where there were transitions like a windshield wiper in films such as ''Flying Down to Rio'' (1933).

The development of the bluescreen is credited to Larry Butler, who won the Academy Award for special effects for ''The Thief of Bagdad''.

In 1950, Warner Brothers employee and ex-Kodak researcher Arthur Widmer began working on an ultra violet travelling matte process. He also began developing bluescreen techniques: one of the first films to use them was the 1958 adaptation of the Ernest Hemingway novella, ''The Old Man and the Sea'', starring Spencer Tracy.

The background footage is shot first and the actor or model is filmed carrying out their actions against a bluescreen. To simply place the foreground shot over the background shot would create a ghostly image over a blue-tinged background. The actor or model must be separated from the background and placed into a specially-made "hole" in the background footage. The bluescreen shot was first rephotographed through a blue filter so that only the background is exposed. A special film is used that creates a black and white negative image — a black background with a subject-shaped hole in the middle. This is called a 'female matte'. The bluescreen shot was then rephotographed again, this time through a red and green filter so that only the foreground image was cast on film, creating a black silhouette on an unexposed (clear) background. This is called a 'male matte'.

The background image is then rephotographed through the male matte, and the shot rephotographed through the female matte. An optical printer with two projectors, a film camera and a 'beam splitter' combines the images together one frame at a time. This part of the process must be very carefully controlled to ensure the absence of 'black lines'. During the 1980s, minicomputers were used to control the optical printer. For ''The Empire Strikes Back'', Richard Edlund created a 'quad optical printer' that accelerated the process considerably and saved money. He received a special Academy Award for his innovation.

One drawback to the traditional traveling matte is that the cameras shooting the images to be composited can't be easily synchronized. For decades, such matte shots had to be done "locked-down" so that neither the matted subject nor the background could shift their camera perspective at all. Later, computer-timed motion control cameras alleviated this problem, as both the foreground and background could be filmed with the same camera moves.

Petro Vlahos was awarded an Academy Award for his development of these techniques. His technique exploits the fact that most objects in real-world scenes have a color whose blue color component is similar in intensity to their green color component. Zbigniew Rybczyński also contributed to bluescreen technology.

For ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'', an ultraviolet light matting process was proposed by Don Lee of CIS and developed by Gary Hutzel and the staff of Image G. This involved a fluorescent orange backdrop which made it easier to generate a holdout matte, thus allowing the effects team to produce effects in a quarter of the time needed for other methods.

Some films make heavy use of chroma key to add backgrounds that are constructed entirely using computer-generated imagery (CGI). Performances from different takes can even be composited together, which allows actors to be filmed separately and then placed together in the same scene. Chroma key allows performers to appear to be in any location without even leaving the studio.

Computer development also made it easier to incorporate motion into composited shots, even when using handheld cameras. Reference-points can now be placed onto the colored background (usually as a painted grid, X's marked with tape, or equally spaced tennis balls attached to the wall). In post-production, a computer can use the references to adjust the position of the background, making it match the movement of the foreground perfectly. Modern advances in software and computational power have even eliminated the need to use grids or tracking marks – the software analyzes the relative motion of colored pixels against other colored pixels and solves the 'motion' to create a camera motion algorithm which can be used in compositing software to match the motion of composited elements to a moving background plate.

Weathermen often use a field monitor to the side of the screen to see where they are putting their hands. A newer technique is to project a faint image onto the screen.

Process[link]

The principal subject is filmed or photographed against a background consisting of a single color or a relatively narrow range of colors, usually blue or green because these colors are considered to be the furthest away from skin tone. The portions of the video which match the preselected color are replaced by the alternate background video. This process is commonly known as "keying", "keying out" or simply a "key".

Green is currently used as a backdrop more than any other color because image sensors in digital video cameras are most sensitive to green, due to the bayer pattern allocating more pixels to the green channel, mimicking the human eye's increased sensitivity to green light. Therefore, the green camera channel contains the least "noise" and can produce the cleanest key/matte/mask. Additionally, less light is needed to illuminate green, again because of the higher sensitivity to green in image sensors. Bright green has also become favored as a blue background may match a subject's eye color or common items of clothing, such as jeans, or a dark-navy suit.

Blue was used before digital keying became commonplace because it was necessary for the optical process, but it needed more illumination than green. However, it is also further in the visual spectrum from red, the predominant color in human skin.

The most important factor for a key is the color separation of the foreground (the subject) and background (the screen) – a bluescreen will be used if the subject is predominately green (for example plants), despite the camera being more sensitive to green light.

In analog color TV, color is represented by the phase of the chroma subcarrier relative to a reference oscillator. Chroma key is achieved by comparing the phase of the video to the phase corresponding to the preselected color. In-phase portions of the video are replaced by the alternate background video.

In digital color TV, color is represented by three numbers (red, green, blue). Chroma key is achieved by a simple numerical comparison between the video and the preselected color. If the color at a particular point on the screen matches (either exactly, or in a range), then the video at that point is replaced by the alternate background video.

Clothing[link]

A chroma key subject must not wear clothing similar in color to the chroma key color(s) (unless intentional), because the clothing may be replaced with the background video. An example of intentional use of this is when an actor wears a blue covering over a part of his body to make it invisible in the final shot. This technique can be used to achieve an effect similar to that used in the ''Harry Potter'' films to create the effect of an invisibility cloak. The actor can also be filmed against a chroma key background and inserted into the background shot with a distortion effect in order to create a cloak that is marginally detectable.

Difficulties emerge with bluescreen when a costume in an effects shot must be blue, such as Superman's traditional blue outfit. In the 2002 film ''Spider-Man'', in scenes where both Spider-Man and the Green Goblin are in the air, Spider-Man had to be shot in front of the greenscreen and the Green Goblin had to be shot in front of a bluescreen, because Spider-Man wears a costume which is red and blue in color and the goblin wears a costume which is entirely green in color. If both were shot in front of the same screen, one character would have been partially erased from the shot.

Background[link]

Blue is generally used for both weather maps and special effects because it is complementary to human skin tone. The use of blue is also tied to the fact that the blue emulsion layer of film has the finest crystals and thus good detail and minimal grain (in comparison to the red and green layers of the emulsion.) In the digital world, however, green has become the favored color because digital cameras retain more detail in the green channel and it requires less light than blue. Green not only has a higher luminance value than blue but also in early digital formats the green channel was sampled twice as often as the blue, making it easier to work with. The choice of color is up to the effects artists and the needs of the specific shot. In the past decade, the use of green has become dominant in film special effects. Also, the green background is favored over blue for outdoors filming where the blue sky might appear in the frame and could accidentally be replaced in the process. Although green and blue are the most common, any color can be used. Red is usually avoided due to its prevalence in normal human skin pigments, but can be often used for objects and scenes which do not involve people.

Occasionally, a magenta background is used, as in some software applications where the magenta or fuchsia key value #FF00FF is sometimes referred to as "magic pink".

With better imaging and hardware, many companies are avoiding the confusion often experienced by weather presenters, who must otherwise watch themselves on a monitor to see the image shown behind them, by lightly projecting a copy of the background image onto the blue/green screen. This allows the presenter to accurately point and look at the map without referring to monitors.

A newer technique is to use a retroreflective curtain in the background, along with a ring of bright LEDs around the camera lens. This requires no light to shine on the background other than the LEDs, which use an extremely small amount of power and space unlike big stage lights, and require no rigging. This advance was made possible by the invention of practical blue LEDs in the 1990s, which also allow for emerald green LEDs.

There is also a form of color keying that uses light spectrum invisible to human eye. Called Thermo-Key, it uses infrared as the key color, which would not be replaced by background image during postprocessing.

Even lighting[link]

The biggest challenge when setting up a bluescreen or greenscreen is even lighting and the avoidance of shadow, because it is best to have as narrow a color range as possible being replaced. A shadow would present itself as a darker color to the camera and might not register for replacement. This can sometimes be seen in low-budget or live broadcasts where the errors cannot be manually repaired. The material being used affects the quality and ease of having it evenly lit. Materials which are shiny will be far less successful than those that are not. A shiny surface will have areas that reflect the lights making them appear pale, while other areas may be darkened. A matte surface will diffuse the reflected light and have a more even color range. In order to get the cleanest key from shooting greenscreen it is necessary to create a value difference between the subject and the greenscreen. In order to differentiate the subject and screen a two-stop difference can be used, either by making the greenscreen two stops higher than the subject or vice versa.

Sometimes a shadow can be used to create a special effect. Areas of the bluescreen or greenscreen with a shadow on them can be replaced with a darker version of the desired background video image, making it look like the person casting the shadow is actually casting a shadow on the background image instead.

Another common, related, problem is lighting the subjects in a manner that is complementary to the scene being keyed in behind. Attention has to be paid to matching the direction of lighting and the color balance in the background. Any spill of the chroma key color will make the result look unnatural. Even a difference in the focal length of the lenses used can affect the success of chroma key.

Exposure[link]

Another challenge for bluescreen or greenscreen is proper camera exposure. Underexposing or overexposing a colored backdrop can lead to poor saturation levels. In the case of video and digital cinema cameras, underexposed images can contain high amounts of noise, as well. The background must be bright enough to allow the camera to create a bright and saturated image.

Programming[link]

There are several different quality- and speed-optimized techniques for implementing color keying in software.

In most versions, a function ''f''(''r'', ''g'', ''b'') → ''α'' is applied to every pixel in the image. α (alpha) has a meaning similar to that in alpha compositing techniques. ''α'' ≤ 0 means the pixel is the green screen, ''α'' ≥ 1 means the pixel is in the foreground object. Values between 0 and 1 indicate a pixel that is partially covered by the foreground object. A usable green screen example, which matches how chroma key was done on an optical printer, is ''f''(''r'', ''g'', ''b'') = ''K₀'' * ''b'' − ''K₁'' * ''g'' + ''K₂'' (''K_0..2'' are user-adjustable constants, 1 is a good initial guess for all of them).

Often the software does screen spill removal from the colors as well as figure out the alpha. This may be a separate function ''g''(''r'', ''g'', ''b'') → (''r'', ''g'', ''b''), a very simple green screen example is ''g''(''r'', ''g'', ''b'') → (''r'', ''min''(''g'', ''b''), ''b''). Or ''f'' is changed to return (''r'', ''g'', ''b'', ''a'') all at once, this is useful if part of the calculation is shared.

Most keyers use far more complicated functions. A popular approach is to describe a closed 3D surface in RGB space and determine the signed distance the point (''r'', ''g'', ''b'') is from this surface, or to find the distance the point (''r'', ''g'', ''b'') is between two closed nested surfaces. It is also very common for ''f''() to depend on more than just the current pixel's color, it may also use the (''x'', ''y'') position, the values of nearby pixels, the value from reference images, and values from user-drawn masks.

A different class of algorithm tries to figure out a 2D path that separates the foreground from the background. This path can be the output, or the image can be drawn by filling the path with ''α'' = 1 as a final step. An example of such an algorithm is the use of active contour. Most research in recent years has been into these algorithms.

See also[link]

Compositing

Federal Standard 1037C

Filmmaking

''Drew Carey's Green Screen Show''

Film production

Front projection effect

Live action

Matte (filmmaking)

Muslin

Optical printer

Primatte chromakey technology

Rear projection effect

Reverse bluescreen

Schüfftan process

Signal processing

Sodium vapor process

Special effects

Video switcher

Virtual set

References[link]

External links[link]

Building a Chroma Key on a low budget (Google Knol)

How Blue Screens Work

Stargate Studios Virtual Backlot Reel 2009 -- A demonstration of green screen scenes

Category:Film and video technology Category:Television terminology

bn:ক্রোমা কি bg:Син екран bar:Bluescreen-Technik ca:Croma cs:Greenscreen da:Chroma key de:Bluescreen-Technik es:Croma fr:Incrustation ko:크로마 키 id:Kunci kroma is:Blátjald it:Chroma key he:מסך כחול (קולנוע) hu:Bluebox technika ml:നിറപ്പൂട്ട് nl:Chroma key ja:ブルーバック no:Bluescreen pl:Blue box pt:Chroma key ru:Хромакей simple:Chroma key fi:Chroma key sv:Chroma key zh:色键

name	Diane Birch
background	solo_singer
birth date	January 24, 1983
origin	Michigan
instrument	Piano/Rhodes/Wurlitzer/Vocal
genre	Soul, blues
years active	2009—
label	S-Curve
website	}}

Diane Birch (born January 24, 1983) is an American singer-songwriter.

Early life[link]

Birch was born in Michigan and her father was a Seventh-day Adventist preacher whose work took him to several countries. As a child Birch lived with her family in Zimbabwe, South Africa and Sydney, Australia. When she was ten, her family returned to the United States of America, and settled in Portland, Oregon. Diane attended Portland Adventist Elementary School and later, Portland Adventist Academy.

Birch began studying piano using the Suzuki method at the age of seven and she listened to opera, classical and church music while growing up.

Career[link]

Birch moved to Los Angeles to compose music for films and instead played piano at the Beverly Hotel and L'Orangerie. Prince heard her perform at the Polo Lounge in 2006 and invited her to join him at his home for a music session with his band. Birch moved to London, signed a publishing contract and wrote most of the songs that appeared on her debut album.

In 2007, she moved to New York City after signing with Steve Greenberg's S-Curve Records.

Birch's debut album, ''Bible Belt'', was released in 2009 on S-Curve and received supportive reviews in ''Rolling Stone'', ''Paper Magazine'' and the Huffington Post.

In 2009 Birch appeared on the ''Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson'', ''Late Show with David Letterman'', the Carson Daly Show, Jimmy Kimmel, ''The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien'', ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno'' and the webcast, ''Live from Daryl's House''

Her song "Rise Up" was the Starbucks iTunes Pick of the Week in October 2009 and her song "Valentino" appeared in the movie ''Valentine's Day''.

In 2010 Birch was the opening act for Stevie Wonder at the "Hard Rock Calling Festival" in Hyde Park and Nîmes, France and Nick Jonas and the Administration. Birch performed shows in Osaka and Tokyo. In September, Birch released the single track "Gee Whiz It's Christmas" on Amazon and iTunes. Birch also co-wrote and sang the song "Too Soon to End" by Alain Clark. In December Birch released a digital only EP called ''The Velveteen Age''.

In addition to keyboards, Birch also plays guitar and the violin.

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

Year	Album details	Peak chart positions				! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
		2009	style="text-align:left;"				* First studio album	* Release date: May 19, 2009	S-Curve">Music recording sales certification
! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
2009	style="text-align:left;"			* First studio album	* Release date: May 19, 2009	S-Curve	87	77	26
2010				* with The Phenomenal Hand Clap Band	* Covers album	* Release date: December 7, 2010	S-Curve Records>S-Curve

Other appearances[link]

! Year	! Song	! Album
	"Valentino"
"Too Soon to End" (with Alain Clark)	"ColourBlind"

Singles[link]

Year	Single	Peak positions		Album
		! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"
2009		—	—
2010		—	—	''The Velveteen Age''
2011		—	—

Music videos[link]

! Year	! Title	! Director
2009		Moh Azima
		Dennis Liu
	Gavin Elder

References[link]

External links[link]

Diane Birch youtube channel

Diane Birch: The 'Bible Belt,' In Eclectic Song from National Public Radio

Diane Birch live in concert from NPR station WXPN

Diane Birch performs Rewind as part of Guardian How I wrote series

Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:American expatriates in Australia Category:American expatriates in South Africa Category:American expatriates in Zimbabwe Category:American female singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American pianists Category:American soul singers Category:Songwriters from Michigan

da:Diane Birch de:Diane Birch ko:다이앤 버치 ja:ダイアン・バーチ pt:Diane Birch sv:Diane Birch

birth date	November 29, 1976
birth place	Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
origin	Edmonds, Washington, U.S.
birth name	Anna Kay Faris
spouse
occupation	Actress, singer
years active	1991–present }}

Anna Kay Faris (; born November 29, 1976) is an American actress and singer. She is known for her starring role in the ''Scary Movie'' film series, as well as roles in ''The Hot Chick'' (2002), ''Lost in Translation'' (2003), ''Just Friends'' (2005), ''Brokeback Mountain'' (2005), ''Smiley Face'' (2007), ''The House Bunny'' (2008), ''Take Me Home Tonight'' (2011) and ''What's Your Number?'' (2011). She provided voice acting in the animated film ''Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs'' (2009) and was a special guest on the television hit series, ''Friends''.

Early life[link]

Faris was born in Baltimore, Maryland. Her mother, Karen (née Bathurst), is a former special education instructor, and her father, Jack Faris, is a sociologist who worked at the University of Washington and headed the Washington Biotechnology and Biomedical Association. She has a brother, Robert, who is also a sociologist and a professor at the University of California, Davis. Faris grew up in Edmonds, Washington. Her parents encouraged her to pursue acting when she was young, and she gave her first professional acting performance at age nine, at the Seattle Repertory Theater.

Film career[link]

Her first significant film role was in the independent production ''Lovers Lane'' (1999, as an ill-fated cheerleader). Her breakout role was in the horror film parody ''Scary Movie'' (2000). She gained further popularity after she received the role of the recurring character Erica, the mother whose twin babies are adopted by Chandler and Monica Bing, in the final season of the American sitcom ''Friends''. She also appeared in the critically acclaimed film ''Lost in Translation'', in which she plays an actress promoting an action movie. Faris appeared in the film ''Waiting...'', with Ryan Reynolds and Justin Long. In 2005, she appeared again with Reynolds in ''Just Friends'', playing a supporting role as a pop-diva singer named Samantha James. Faris's role as LaShawn Malone in ''Brokeback Mountain'' (2005) brought her to the attention of a much wider audience. Faris starred with Uma Thurman and Luke Wilson in the feature film ''My Super Ex-Girlfriend'' (2006). In 2007, she played in ''Mama's Boy'', with Jon Heder, Jeff Daniels and Diane Keaton and in 2007's ''Smiley Face'', with Adam Brody and John Cho. In 2008, she produced and starred in ''The House Bunny'', a film with Happy Madison Productions about a retired Playboy bunny. In the summer 2007 season of HBO's ''Entourage'', Faris guest-starred as herself. She also made an appearance as herself in a video on eatdrinkordie.com with Internet wine guru Gary Vaynerchuk.

Faris won the "Stoner of the Year" award at ''High Times'' magazine's Stony Awards, in Los Angeles, on October 13, 2007, for her role in ''Smiley Face''.

Faris co-starred as the cosmetic counter employee on whom Seth Rogen has a crush in Jody Hill's 2009 comedy, ''Observe and Report''. She received a MTV Movie Award nomination for Best Comedic Performance for her movie, ''The House Bunny''. After that, she, alongside Bill Hader, provided voices for the animated film ''Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs'' where she played weather reporter Sam Sparks. In 2010, Faris starred in ''Yogi Bear'', playing Rachel, a nature documentarian who follows the antics of a bear in fictional Jellystone Park.

In 2011, she appeared in the comedy ''Take Me Home Tonight'', playing Topher Grace's character's twin sister. She starred in ''What's Your Number?'', released in 2011. The film was a romantic comedy based on Karyn Bosnak’s book ''20 Times a Lady''.

In the media[link]

Faris has appeared on the covers of ''Raygun'', ''Playboy'', ''Self'', ''Cosmopolitan'', and other magazines. She was listed as No. 57, #39, and No. 42 in ''Maxim'' magazine's "Hot 100" in 2004, 2009, and 2010 respectively. In 2009, she was ranked No. 60 in ''FHM'''s "100 Sexiest Women in the World", and ranked No. 96 in 2010. ''Ask Men'' featured her as No. 78 on "100 Most Desirable Women in the World" in 2009.

In 2010, ''Cosmopolitan'' magazine named her "the Cosmo’s Fun Fearless Female of the Year" – stating that “She makes us laugh – and cringe – by pushing the limits of comedy in a way no other actress can."

Personal life[link]

During filming of the 1999 independent horror film, ''Lovers Lane'', Faris met her first husband, Ben Indra. They began dating in that year and were married in June 2004. She filed for divorce in April 2007, citing irreconcilable differences. As part of their divorce agreement, Faris agreed to pay Indra $900,000 in addition to other property and acting royalties. Her divorce was finalized in February 2008.

Faris met her second husband, actor Chris Pratt, on the set of ''Take Me Home Tonight''. They became engaged in January 2009, and married on July 9, 2009 in a small ceremony in Bali. In an interview, Faris said of Pratt, "He's awesome. He's a great, great guy. I feel really lucky."

Filmography[link]

+ Film credits
Title	Year	Role	Notes
''Eden''	1996	Dithy
! scope="row"	1999	Janelle Bay
''Scary Movie''	2000		{{ubl	Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss
''Scary Movie 2''	2001
! scope="row"	2002	Polly
''''	2002	April
''Winter Break''	2003	Justine
! scope="row"	2003	Kelly
''Scary Movie 3''	2003	Cindy Campbell
''Southern Belles''	2005	Belle
! scope="row"	2005	Serena
''Brokeback Mountain''	2005	Lashawn Malone	{{ubl
''Just Friends''	2005	Samantha James	{{ubl	Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss
''Scary Movie 4''	2006	Cindy Campbell
''My Super Ex-Girlfriend''	2006	Hannah Lewis	Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Fight (with Uma Thurman)
''Guilty Hearts''	2006	Jane Conelly
! scope="row"	2007	Jane F.
! scope="row"	2007	Nora Flanagan
''''	2008	Shelley Darlington	{{ubl	Also producer	Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance}}
''Frequently Asked Questions About Time Travel''	2009	Cassie
''Observe and Report''	2009	Brandi
! scope="row"	2009	Sam Sparks
''Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel''	2009	Jeanette Miller
! scope="row"	2010	Rachel Johnson
! scope="row"	2011	Wendy Franklin
''What's Your Number?''	2011	Ally Darling	Also executive producer
''Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked''	2011	Jeanette	Voice role
''Movie 43''	2012	Vanessa
! scope="row"	2012
! scope="row"	2013	Cindy Campbell
''LEGO''	2014	TBA	Voice role

+ Television credits
Title	Year	Role	Notes
''Deception: A Mother's Secret''	1991	Liz	TV movie
''King of the Hill''	2002–2004	Lisa / Stoned Hippie Chick / Teen Girl Hippie	{{ubl
''Friends''	2004	Erica	Season 10{{ubl			Episode 10.16: "The One with Rachel's Going Away Party">Episode 10.17: "The Last One: Part 1"
''Blue Skies''	2005	Sarah	TV movie
! scope="row"	2007	Herself	Season 4{{ubl	Episode 4.09: "The Young and the Stoned"		Episode 4.11: "No Cannes Do"}}
''Saturday Night Live''	2011	Herself	Host

Discography[link]

Title	Year	Album	Label
"Nobody Does It Better"	2003		Emperor Norton Records
"Forgiveness"	2005		New Line Records
"Love From Afar"	2005	''Just Friends'' (soundtrack)	New Line Records
"Just A Guy"	2005	''Just Friends'' (DVD)	New Line Records
"Old-Fashioned Girl"	2007		Lakeshore Records

References[link]

External links[link]

Onion A.V. Club interview

Category:1976 births Category:Actors from Maryland Category:Actors from Washington (state) Category:American child actors Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:Living people Category:People from Baltimore, Maryland Category:People from Seattle, Washington Category:University of Washington alumni Category:People from Edmonds, Washington

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Name	Nicki Minaj
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Onika Tanya Maraj
Birth date	December 08, 1982
Birth place	Saint James, Trinidad and Tobago
Origin	South Jamaica, Queens, New York, U.S.
Genre	Hip hop, R&B;, pop
Occupation	Rapper, singer-songwriter
Years active	2002–present
Label	Cash Money Records, Young Money Entertainment, Universal Republic Records, Universal Motown
Associated acts	Young Money
website	}}

Onika Tanya Maraj (born December 8, 1982), known by her stage name Nicki Minaj (), is a Trinidadian-born American musician. She was born in Saint James, Trinidad and Tobago and when she was 5 years of age she moved to the New York City borough of Queens, where she grew up.

After releasing three mixtapes between 2007 and 2009 and being signed to Young Money Entertainment in August 2009, Minaj released her debut album, ''Pink Friday'', in November 2010. It quickly became a commercial success, peaking at number one on the U.S. ''Billboard'' 200 and being certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) a month after its release. She became the first female solo artist to have seven singles on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 at the same time. Her second single, "Your Love", reached number 1 on the ''Billboard'' Hot Rap Songs chart, making Minaj the first female artist to top the chart unaccompanied since 2002. She also became the first female artist to be included on MTV's Annual Hottest MC List. Minaj was named the 2011 ''Rising Star'' by ''Billboard''. Her second studio album, ''Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded'' was released on April 3, 2012.

Early life[link]

Maraj was born in 1982 in Saint James, a suburb of Trinidad and Tobago's capital city Port of Spain. Her parents are of mixed Indian and Afro-Trinidadian ancestry and she lived in Saint James with her grandmother until age five, because her parents were looking for a place to live in the Queens borough of New York City at the time. Her mother would occasionally visit, and one day, when Minaj was five, her mother picked her up to move to Queens. According to Minaj, her father drank heavily, took drugs, and once tried to kill her mother by setting the house on fire.

She attended Elizabeth Blackwell Middle School 210, where she played the clarinet. She graduated from LaGuardia High School. At LaGuardia, a school specializing in music and the visual and performing arts, Minaj participated in the drama program. She had initially planned to sing at LaGuardia but lost her voice on the day of the audition.

Career[link]

2007–09: Mixtapes and Young Money[link]

Minaj released her first mixtape in 2007 after releasing ''Playtime Is Over'' with ''Dirty Money Records''. She released another mixtape on July 7, 2008, titled ''Sucka Free'', under the label ''Be''. On April 18, 2009, Minaj released a third mixtape and appeared in ''XXL'' magazine. She won the Female Artist of the Year award at the 2008 Underground Music Awards. Minaj released ''Beam Me Up Scotty'', another mixtape, in April 2009 under the label of ''Trapaholics Records''; it received positive coverage on both BET and MTV.

In August 2009, Minaj signed a record deal with Young Money Entertainment, with distribution from Universal Motown Records, after fellow American rapper Lil Wayne discovered her and secured the record deal. She then had a solo rap verse in their single "BedRock," which became a commercial success, reaching number 2 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Minaj also appeared on "Roger That", which charted at number 56. The song, and in particular Minaj, received positive reviews from critics. Both songs were included in Young Money Entertainment's debut collaborative studio album ''We Are Young Money'', which was released in December 2009. The album charted in the top ten on the ''Billboard'' 200, reaching number 9 and later receiving a Gold Certification by the RIAA. She was then chosen by Mariah Carey to be featured on her single and music video for "Up Out My Face". Critics praised her collaboration for helping to maintain Carey's feminine image and providing a polite track for the female R&B; singer.

2010–11: ''Pink Friday''[link]

After a major record label bidding war, Young Money Entertainment announced on August 31, 2009 that Minaj had been released from a 360 deal with the label in which she retains and owns all of her 360 rights – including merchandising, sponsorships, endorsements, touring and publishing. In an interview with 95.8 Capital FM, Rihanna stated that after the two collaborated on "Raining Men" from her album ''Loud'' that the duo would be teaming up together for a possible second collaboration on Minaj's ''Pink Friday''. Hip-hop rap artist and producer Kanye West was also confirmed for the album. On August 3, 2010 Minaj revealed on a Ustream.tv channel that the album's name would be ''Pink Friday'', in reference to Black Friday.

''Pink Friday'' was released on November 19, 2010 in both standard and deluxe versions. A buzz single, "Massive Attack", was released in April. In August, Minaj released "Your Love" as the first official single from her debut album. The single peaked at 14 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, 7 on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs chart and topped the Rap Songs chart. Minaj became the first female artist to be included on MTV's Annual Hottest MC List and the first female artist to top the chart unaccompanied since 2002. In October 2010, Minaj became the first artist to have seven songs on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart simultaneously. Minaj released a joint single with The Black Eyed Peas front man, will.i.am titled, "Check It Out", which is Minaj's most successful single to date in Europe. "Right thru Me" was released September 24, 2010; the music video was released in late October. "Moment 4 Life" was released as the fourth single. The track featured Canadian rapper Drake and was released on December 7, 2010, becoming a success on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. The single peaked at number 5 on the Hot Rap Songs. The album gained a Platinum certification in the United States a month after the release. It was hinted by Simon Cowell that Minaj would join the judging panel of the American version of the ''The X Factor.'' Starting in June 2011, Minaj will be supporting ''Pink Friday'' by serving as an opening act along with Jessie and the Toy Boys and Nervo on Britney Spears' sixth concert tour, the Femme Fatale Tour, in support of her seventh studio album, ''Femme Fatale''. She also was featured on the official remix of Spears' track "Till the World Ends" along with Spears and singer Kesha, which charted at number 3 in the US in April 2011. "Super Bass" was released from ''Pink Friday'' in May 2011, the single charted within the top 10 in many countries including; United Kingdom, United States, Australia, Canada and more. The song gained positive reviews from critics. Minaj will voice a character in the 3D animated film, ''Ice Age: Continental Drift'', as an unknown character. Minaj is also featured on French DJ David Guetta's 2011 album, ''Nothing but the Beat'' on "Where Them Girls At" and "Turn Me On".

2011–present: ''Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded''[link]

Minaj's second studio album, ''Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded'', was first announced through Twitter in November 2011 and was released on April 2, 2012. It has spawned four promotional singles as of April 2012: Roman in Moscow (which didn't make the final cut of the album), "Stupid Hoe," "Roman Reloaded," and "Beez in the Trap." The album's first single, "Starships", was released on February 14. The album also had another single, Right by My Side. The album features collaborations with producers Hit-Boy, Dr. Luke, Rico Beats, Kenoe, RedOne and Oak. Cash Money A&R; Joshua Berkman told HitQuarters that Minaj was extremely particular about the beats and music she used saying: "She wouldn't just rap or sing on anything – I could give her a thousand tracks and she may only like one or two."

On February 12, 2012, Minaj debuted her song "Roman Holiday" at the 54th Grammy Awards. The exorcism-themed performance drew a mixed response online.

She was featured on Madonna's twelfth studio album, titled ''MDNA'', alongside M.I.A. on its lead single "Give Me All Your Luvin'", for which a music video has been directed by Megaforce. The trio performed the song for the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show. She was also featured on a song called "I Don't Give A", another track from the album.

Musical style and image[link]

Image[link]

In an interview with ''Vibe'' Minaj discussed her sexual image stating, "[w]hen I grew up I saw females doing certain things, and I thought I had to do that exactly. The female rappers of my day spoke about sex a lot... and I thought that to have the success they got, I would have to represent the same thing. When in fact I didn’t have to represent the same thing." In an interview with ''Interview'', Minaj commented on her sexual image again stating, "I made a conscious decision to try to tone down the sexiness, I want people—especially young girls—to know that in life, nothing is going to be based on sex appeal. You’ve got to have something else to go with that.” Minaj has a tattoo in Chinese characters that reads "" (''shangdi yu ni chang zai'') on her left arm, meaning, "God is always with you."

Alter egos [link]

While growing up, Minaj's home life was often chaotic, with her parents constantly fighting. As a means of escape, she would create characters and live her life through them. In an interview with ''New York'' she stated, "To get away from all their fighting, I would imagine being a new person. 'Cookie' was my first identity – that stayed with me for a while. I went on to 'Harajuku Barbie,' then 'Nicki Minaj'. Fantasy was my reality."

On November 18, 2010, Minaj assumed a different alter-ego named "Nicki Teresa". Wearing a colorful scarf around her head, she went around as the "healer to her fans" as she visited them at The Garden of Dreams Foundation at Fuse studios in New York City. Minaj made an appearance on ''Lopez Tonight'' on December 6, 2010 and presented a different alter-ego for the Spanish-inspired occasion, named "Rosa" (pronounced Rrrrrosa).

In April 2012, Nicki was asked if Roman, Martha and Rosa come out in the bedroom saying “No, they don’t come out in the bedroom, but other people come out in the bedroom,” she told Big Boy during his “Backstage Breakfast,” adding, “And there’s only one person that would know who that personality is". Nicki did not name her alter-ego.

Roman Zolanski [link]

For her debut album, Minaj created another alter-ego named "Roman Zolanski". She stated that in songs like "Bottoms Up" with Trey Songz it is not Minaj rapping, but instead Roman Zolanski, and claims that Roman is her "twin brother". She claims that he was born inside her, out of rage, and becomes him when she is angry. She has also said 'He is a demon inside her'. Roman has been compared to Eminem's alter ego Slim Shady, and on the song "Roman's Revenge" from ''Pink Friday'', Minaj and Eminem collaborate, using these alter egos. On the collaboration, she said "The new album is going to have a lot of Roman on it ... And if you're not familiar with Roman, then you will be familiar with him very soon. He’s the boy that lives inside of me. He's a lunatic and he's gay and he'll be on there a lot." Roman also has a "mother" called "Martha Zolanski", who also appeared on the song Roman's Revenge, with a British accent. Martha appears in the video for "Moment 4 Life" where she appears to be Minaj's magical Godmother. In songs such as "All I Do Is Win (Remix)" it is Minaj rapping. Minaj stated that on her debut album, fans will get to "meet" Nicki, Roman and Onika.

Influences [link]

Minaj has stated that artists who have influenced her musical style include Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, Lil Wayne, Lauryn Hill, Jadakiss, Natasha Bedingfield, Foxy Brown, Lil' Kim and Missy Elliott. She was also inspired by Janet Jackson, Madonna, Britney Spears, Marilyn Monroe, Grace Jones, M.I.A. and Cyndi Lauper.

Personal life [link]

Nicki Minaj is a Christian, and on Christmas Day in 2011, she indicated her faith in Jesus by tweeting John 3:16. In addition, she states that after her father went to rehab and started attending church, "he got saved and started changing his life." Minaj states that her heroes are "God. And my mother."

While some songs and interviews have implied that Minaj is bisexual, she has said that she does not date nor have sex with women, but added in an interview with ''Out'' magazine, "I don’t date men either." In an interview with ''Vibe'' she commented, "I just embrace all people of all lifestyles and I don’t tell them they are bad people. And I say girls are beautiful and girls are sexy and they need to be told that, and if they don’t have anyone to tell them that and mean it, I’m gonna tell them that. But I feel like people always wanna define me and I don’t wanna be defined." She reiterated her dislike of being labeled in an interview with ''Out'', saying: "The point is, everyone is not black and white. There are so many shades in the middle, and you’ve got to let people feel comfortable with saying what they want to say when they want to say it."

During an interview in the May 2010 issue of ''Details'', Minaj was asked if she felt hip-hop was becoming more gay-friendly. She responded, "I think the world is getting more gay-friendly, so hip-hop is too. But it's harder to imagine an openly gay male rapper being embraced, people view gay men as having no street credibility. But I think we'll see one in my lifetime."

In July 2011, Minaj's cousin Nicholas Telemaque was murdered near his home in Brooklyn, New York City. Telemaque was referenced in Minaj's song "Champion" in her second studio album.

Discography [link]

''Pink Friday'' (2010)

''Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded'' (2012)

See also[link]

List of awards and nominations received by Nicki Minaj

References [link]

External links [link]

Category:Nicki Minaj Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:African American female singers Category:African American rappers Category:American musicians of Indian descent Category:Rappers from Long Island Category:American people of Trinidad and Tobago descent Category:Female rappers Category:Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni Category:Hip hop singers Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:People from Queens Category:People from Port of Spain Category:Rappers from New York City Category:Singers from New York City Category:Trinidad and Tobago emigrants to the United States Category:Trinidad and Tobago musicians Category:Trinidad and Tobago people of Dougla descent Category:Young Money Entertainment artists

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