| Seattle |
| — City — |
| City of Seattle |
|
|
|
|
| Nickname(s): The Emerald City, Seatown, Rain City, Jet City, Gateway to Alaska, Gateway to The Pacific, Queen City |
Location of Seattle in
King County and Washington |
|
Location in the United States
|
| Coordinates: 47°36′35″N 122°19′59″W / 47.60972°N 122.33306°W / 47.60972; -122.33306Coordinates: 47°36′35″N 122°19′59″W / 47.60972°N 122.33306°W / 47.60972; -122.33306 |
| Country |
 United States |
| State |
Washington |
| County |
King |
| Incorporated |
December 2, 1869 |
| Government |
| • Mayor |
Michael McGinn |
| • City Council |
List of councilors |
| Area |
| • City |
142.5 sq mi (369.2 km2) |
| • Land |
83.87 sq mi (217.2 km2) |
| • Water |
58.67 sq mi (152 km2) |
| • Metro |
8,186 sq mi (21,202 km2) |
| Elevation |
0–520 ft (0–158 m) |
| Population (April 1, 2010)[1][2][3][4] |
| • City |
608,660 (US: 23rd) |
| • Density |
7,361/sq mi (2,842/km2) |
| • Urban |
2,712,205 |
| • Metro |
3,439,809 (US: 15th) |
| • Demonym |
Seattleite |
| Time zone |
PST (UTC-8) |
| • Summer (DST) |
PDT (UTC-7) |
| ZIP codes |
- 98101, 98102, 98103, 98104, 98105, 98106, 98107, 98108, 98109, 98110, 98111, 98112, 98113, 98114, 98115, 98116, 98117, 98118, 98119, 98121, 98122, 98124, 98125, 98126, 98127, 98129, 98131, 98132, 98133, 98134, 98136, 98138, 98139, 98141, 98144, 98145, 98146, 98148, 98151, 98154, 98155, 98158, 98160, 98161, 98164, 98165, 98166, 98168, 98170, 98171, 98174, 98175, 98177, 98178, 98181, 98184, 98185, 98188, 98190, 98191, 98194, 98195, 98198, 98199
|
| Area code(s) |
206 |
| FIPS code |
53-63000[6] |
| GNIS feature ID |
1512650[7] |
| Website |
www.Seattle.gov |
Seattle (pronounced /siːˈætɫ̩/ (
listen) see-AT-əl or /siːˈæɾɫ̩/) is the county seat of King County, in the U.S. state of Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country.[8] The city is a major coastal seaport situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 114 miles (183 km) south of the Canada–United States border. In 2010, Seattle was the sixth busiest port in the United States, serving as a major gateway for trade with Asia.[9]
The Seattle area had been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent white settlers.[10] Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and renamed "Seattle" in 1853, after Chief Seattle of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.
Logging was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush. By 1910, Seattle was one of the 25 largest cities in the country.[11] However, the Great Depression severely damaged the city's economy. Growth returned during and after World War II, due partially to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The city developed as a technology center in the 1980s. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and internet companies led to an economic revival, which increased the city's population by 50,000 between 1990 and 2000. More recently, Seattle has become a hub for "green" industry and a model for sustainable development.
Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, there were nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs along Jackson Street in the current Chinatown/International District. The jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock legend Jimi Hendrix and the rock music style known as "grunge,"[12] which was made famous by local groups Melvins, Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, and Pearl Jam. In more recent years, Seattle has been known for indie rock and indie dance music.
Archaeological excavations suggest that humans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years.[10] By the time the first European settlers arrived in the area, the people (subsequently called the Duwamish tribe) occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay.[13][14][15]
The first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest.[16]
In 1851, a large party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River; they formally claimed it on September 14, 1851.[17] Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party.[18] Members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28, 1851.[19] The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon and landed on Alki point during a rainstorm on November 13, 1851.[19]
First Avenue at Columbia Street, c. 1870
After a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and founded the village of "Dewamps" or "Duwamps" on the site of present day Pioneer Square.[19] Charles Terry and John Low remained at the original landing location and established a village they initially called "New York", but renamed "New York Alki" in April 1853, from a Chinook word meaning, roughly, "by and by" or "someday".[20] For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, but in time Alki was abandoned and its residents moved across the bay to join the rest of the settlers.[21]
David Swinson ("Doc") Maynard, one of Duwamps's founders, was the primary advocate to rename the village "Seattle" after Chief Sealth ("Seattle") of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.[22][23][24] The term, "Seattle", appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23, 1853, when the first plats for the village were filed. In 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14, 1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of trustees managing the city. Two years later, after a petition was filed by most of the leading citizens, the Legislature disincorporated the town. In 1867, a young French Canadian Catholic priest named Francis X. Prefontaine arrived in Seattle and decided to establish a parish there. During 1868–69 he built the church by raising the money at fairs in the Puget Sound area and doing much of the work himself, and in 1869 he opened Seattle’s first Catholic church at Third Avenue and Washington Street, on the site where the present-day Prefontaine Building stands. The town of Seattle remained a mere precinct of King County until late 1869 when a new petition was filed and the city was re-incorporated with a Mayor-council government.[19][25] The corporate seal of the City of Seattle carries the date "1869."
Seattle's first
streetcar, at the corner of Occidental and Yesler, 1884. All of the buildings visible in this picture were destroyed by fire five years later.
Seattle has a history of boom and bust cycles, as is common to cities near areas of extensive natural and mineral resources. Seattle has risen several times economically, then gone into precipitous decline, but it has typically used those periods to rebuild solid infrastructure.[26]
The first such boom, covering the early years of the city, was fueled by the lumber industry. (During this period the road now known as Yesler Way was nicknamed "Skid Road",[27] after the timber skidding down the hill to Henry Yesler's sawmill. This is considered a possible origin for the term which later entered the wider American lexicon as Skid Row.)[26] Like much of the American West, Seattle saw numerous conflicts between labor and management, as well as ethnic tensions that culminated in the anti-Chinese riots of 1885–1886.[28] This violence was caused by unemployed whites who determined to drive the Chinese from Seattle (anti-Chinese riots also occurred in Tacoma). In 1900, Asians were 4.2% of the population.[29] Martial law was declared, and federal troops were brought in to put down the disorder. Nevertheless, the economic success in the Seattle area was so great that when the Great Seattle fire of 1889 destroyed the central business district, a far grander city center rapidly emerged in its place.[30] Finance company Washington Mutual, for example, was founded in the immediate wake of the fire.[31] This boom was followed by the construction of a park system, designed by the Olmsted brothers' landscape architecture firm.[26] However, the Panic of 1893 hit Seattle hard.[32]
The second and most dramatic boom and bust resulted from the Klondike Gold Rush, which ended the depression that had begun with the Panic of 1893; in a short time, Seattle became a major transportation center. On July 14, 1897, the S.S. Portland docked with its famed "ton of gold", and Seattle became the main transport and supply point for the miners in Alaska and the Yukon. Few of those working men found lasting wealth, however; it was Seattle's business of clothing the miners and feeding them salmon that panned out in the long run. Along with Seattle, other cities like Everett, Tacoma, Port Townsend, Bremerton, and Olympia, all in the Puget Sound region, became competitors for exchange, rather than mother-lodes for extraction, of precious metals.[34] The boom lasted well into the early part of the 20th century and funded many new Seattle companies and products. In 1907, 19-year-old James E. Casey borrowed $100 from a friend and founded the American Messenger Company (later UPS). Other Seattle companies founded during this period include Nordstrom and Eddie Bauer.[31] The Gold Rush era culminated in the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, which is largely responsible for the layout of today's University of Washington campus.[35]
A shipbuilding boom in the early part of the 20th century became massive during World War I, making Seattle somewhat of a company town; the subsequent retrenchment led to the Seattle General Strike of 1919, the first general strike in the country.[36] A 1912 city development plan by Virgil Bogue went largely unused. Seattle was mildly prosperous in the 1920s but was particularly hard hit in the Great Depression, experiencing some of the country's harshest labor strife in that era. Violence during the Maritime Strike of 1934 cost Seattle much of its maritime traffic, which was rerouted to the Port of Los Angeles.[37]
Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies. His activities soon expanded, and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Between Pantages and his rival John Considine, Seattle was for a while the western United States' vaudeville mecca. B. Marcus Priteca, the Scottish-born and Seattle-based architect, built several theaters for Pantages, including some in Seattle. The theaters he built for Pantages in Seattle have been either demolished or converted to other uses, but many other theaters survive in other cities of the USA, often retaining the Pantages name; Seattle's surviving Paramount Theatre, on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater.
War work again brought local prosperity during World War II, this time centered on Boeing aircraft. The war dispersed the city's numerous Japanese-American businessmen due to the Japanese American internment. After war, the local economy dipped. It rose again with Boeing's growing dominance in the commercial airliner market.[38] Seattle celebrated its restored prosperity and made a bid for world recognition with the Century 21 Exposition, the 1962 World's Fair.[39] Another major local economic downturn was in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Many people left the area to look for work elsewhere, and two local real estate agents put up a billboard reading "Will the last person leaving Seattle – Turn out the lights."[40]
Seattle remained the corporate headquarters of Boeing until 2001, when the company separated its headquarters from its major production facilities; the headquarters were moved to Chicago.[41] The Seattle area is still home to Boeing's Renton narrow-body plant (where the 707, 720, 727, and 757 were assembled, and the 737 is assembled today) and Everett wide-body plant (assembly plant for the 747, 767, 777, and 787). The company's credit union for employees, BECU, remains based in the Seattle area, though it is now open to all residents of Washington.
As prosperity began to return in the 1980s, the city was stunned by the Wah Mee massacre in 1983, when 13 people were killed in an illegal gambling club in the International District, Seattle's Chinatown.[42] Beginning with Microsoft's 1979 move from Albuquerque, New Mexico to nearby Bellevue, Washington,[43] Seattle and its suburbs became home to a number of technology companies including Amazon.com, RealNetworks, McCaw Cellular (now part of AT&T Mobility), VoiceStream (now T-Mobile USA), and biomedical corporations such as HeartStream (later purchased by Philips), Heart Technologies (later purchased by Boston Scientific), Physio-Control (later purchased by Medtronic), ZymoGenetics, ICOS (later purchased by Eli Lilly and Company) and Immunex (later purchased by Amgen). This success brought an influx of new citizens with a population increase within city limits of almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000,[44] and saw Seattle's real estate become some of the most expensive in the country.[45] Many of the Seattle area's tech companies remain relatively strong, but the frenzied dot-com boom years ended in early 2001.[46][47]
Downtown Seattle and a ferry at the Central Waterfront.
Seattle in this period attracted widespread attention as home to these many companies, but also by hosting the 1990 Goodwill Games[48] and the APEC leaders conference in 1993, as well as through the worldwide popularity of grunge, a sound that had developed in Seattle's independent music scene.[49] Another bid for worldwide attention—hosting the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999—garnered visibility, but not in the way its sponsors desired, as related protest activity and police reactions to those protests overshadowed the conference itself.[50] The city was further shaken by the Mardi Gras Riots in 2001, and was literally shaken the following day by the Nisqually Earthquake.[51]
The UK consulting firm Mercer, in a 2011 assessment "conducted to help governments and major companies place employees on international assignments", ranked Seattle 48th worldwide in quality of living; the survey factored in political stability, personal freedom, sanitation, crime, housing, the natural environment, recreation, banking facilities, availability of consumer goods, education, and public services including transportation.[52]
Panorama of Seattle as seen from the
Space Needle: a nearly 360-degree view that includes (from left) Puget Sound, Queen Anne Hill, Lake Union, Capitol Hill, downtown Seattle, Elliott Bay, and West Seattle.
With a total area of 83.9 square miles, Seattle lies in the geographical co-ordinates of 47.37 North latitude and 122.20 West longitude. The topography of Seattle is hilly. Seattle lies on seven hills including Capitol Hill, First Hill, West Seattle, Beacon Hill, Magnolia, Denny Hill and Queen Anne. The Kitsap and the Olympic peninsulas along with the Olympic mountains lie to the west of Puget Sound, while the Cascade Range and Lake Sammamish lie to the east of Lake Washington. The lush green forests and the numerous water bodies have provided livelihood for many hunting and gathering communities.
Downtown Seattle is bounded by Elliott Bay (lower left), lower Broadway (from upper left to lower right), Yesler Way (lower right), and Denny Way (obscured by clouds).
Seattle is located between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) to the west and Lake Washington to the east. The city's chief harbor, Elliott Bay, is an inlet of Puget Sound. To the west, beyond Puget Sound, are the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula; to the east, beyond Lake Washington and the eastside suburbs, are Lake Sammamish and the Cascade Range. Lake Washington's waters flow to Puget Sound through the Lake Washington Ship Canal (consisting of two man-made canals, Lake Union, and the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks at Salmon Bay, ending in Shilshole Bay).
The sea, rivers, forests, lakes, and fields surrounding Seattle were once rich enough to support one of the world's few sedentary hunter-gatherer societies. The surrounding area lends itself well to sailing, skiing, bicycling, camping, and hiking year-round.[53] [54]
The city itself is hilly, though not uniformly so.[55] Like Rome, the city is said to lie on seven hills;[56] the lists vary, but typically include Capitol Hill, First Hill, West Seattle, Beacon Hill, Queen Anne, Magnolia, and the former Denny Hill. The Wallingford, Mount Baker, and Crown Hill neighborhoods are technically located on hills as well. Many of the hilliest areas are near the city center, with Capitol Hill, First Hill, and Beacon Hill collectively constituting something of a ridge along an isthmus between Elliott Bay and Lake Washington.[57] The break in the ridge between First Hill and Beacon Hill is man-made, the result of two of the many regrading projects that reshaped the topography of the city center.[58] The topography of the city center was also changed by the construction of a seawall and the artificial Harbor Island (completed 1909) at the mouth of the city's industrial Duwamish Waterway. The highest point within city limits is at High Point in West Seattle, roughly located near 35th Ave SW and SW Myrtle St. Other notable hills include Crown Hill, View Ridge/Wedgwood/Bryant, Maple Leaf, Phinney Ridge, Mt. Baker Ridge, and Highlands/Carkeek/Bitterlake.
Boats gather on
Lake Union in preparation for the July 4 fireworks show.
North of the city center, Lake Washington Ship Canal connects Puget Sound to Lake Washington. It incorporates four natural bodies of water: Lake Union, Salmon Bay, Portage Bay, and Union Bay.
Due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire, Seattle is in a major earthquake zone. On February 28, 2001, the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually earthquake did significant architectural damage, especially in the Pioneer Square area (built on reclaimed land, as are the Industrial District and part of the city center), but caused no fatalities.[59] Other strong quakes occurred on January 26, 1700 (estimated at 9 magnitude), December 14, 1872 (7.3 or 7.4),[59] April 13, 1949 (7.1),[60] and April 29, 1965 (6.5).[61] The 1949 quake caused eight known deaths, all in Seattle;[60] the 1965 quake caused three deaths in Seattle directly, and one more by heart failure.[61] Although the Seattle Fault passes just south of the city center, neither it[62] nor the Cascadia subduction zone has caused an earthquake since the city's founding. The Cascadia subduction zone poses the threat of an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or greater, capable of seriously damaging the city and collapsing many buildings, especially in zones built on fill.[63]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 142.5 square miles (369 km2),[64] 83.9 square miles (217 km2) of which is land and 58.7 square miles (152 km2) water (41.16% of the total area).
Downtown Seattle averages 71 clear (sunny) days a year, with most of those days occurring between May and September
[65]
Seattle's climate is usually described as temperate marine, with fairly mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers. Like much of the Pacific Northwest, according to the Köppen climate classification it falls within a cool, dry-summer subtropical zone (Csb), with 'cool'-summer Mediterranean characteristics.[66] Other climate classification systems, such as Trewartha, place it firmly in the Oceanic zone (Do).[67]
Temperature extremes are moderated by adjacent Puget Sound, the greater Pacific Ocean, and Lake Washington. The region is largely denied Pacific storms by the Olympic Mountains and Arctic air by the Cascade Range. Despite being on the margin of the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains, the city has a misleading reputation for frequent rain.[68] This reputation comes from the frequency of precipitation in the winter. In an average year, more than 0.01 in/0.3 mm of precipitation falls on 150 days. It is cloudy 201 days and partly cloudy 93 days.[65] The location of official weather and climatic records, the Seattle-Tacoma (nicknamed Sea-Tac) International Airport, is located about 12 miles south of downtown in the city of SeaTac, and records more cloudy days and fewer partly cloudy days per year.[69] For this reason, official weather and climatic records do not actually reflect the weather and climate conditions of the city proper.
At 944mm (37.49 in.), in reality, the city receives less precipitation annually than New York City (1201 mm, 47.28 in.), Atlanta (1290 mm, 50.79 in.), Boston (1055 mm, 41.53 in.), Baltimore (1038 mm, 40.87 in.), Portland, Maine (1128 mm, 44.41 in.), Jacksonville, Florida (1304 mm, 51.34 in.), and most cities on the Eastern Seaboard of the U.S. Seattle was also not listed in a study that revealed the 10 rainiest cities in the continental United States. This is due largely to Seattle's dry summers, which result in statistically moderate annual accumulations. However, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Climatic Data Center, Seattle is becoming wetter; the current annual rainfall average of 37.49 inches reflects an increase of .42 inches.[70] Seattle receives the largest amount of rainfall of any major (pop > 250,000) U.S. city in November, and is in the top 10 through Winter, but is in the lower half of all cities June–September. Thunderstorms are rare. Seattle reports thunder on just seven days per year[71] For comparison, Fort Myers, Florida reports thunder on 93 days per year Kansas City 52, and New York City 25.
There are occasional downpours. One downpour occurred on December 2–4, 2007, when sustained hurricane-force winds and widespread heavy rainfall associated with a strong "Pineapple Express" event occurred in the greater Puget Sound area and the western parts of Washington and Oregon. People blamed heavy rain and strong winds for several power outages and at least four deaths. Interstate 5 at Chehalis, Washington was flooded and closed for almost two days. Precipitation totals exceeded 14 inches (356 mm) in some areas with winds topping out at 130 mph (209 km/hr) along coastal Oregon. [72] It became the second wettest event in Seattle history when a little over 5 inches (130 mm) of rain fell on Seattle in a 24 hour period. People claim the rain indirectly led to five deaths and widespread flooding and damage.[73]
Early spring, late fall, and winter are frequently characterized by drizzle. Winters are cool and wet with average lows in the mid 30s °F (2–4 °C) on winter nights. Colder weather does sometimes occur. Summers are fairly dry and warm by comparison, with average daytime highs around 74 °F (23 °C). Hotter weather occurs during some summer days. Seattle's hottest official recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009;[74] the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950.[75] Eastern suburbs of Seattle, such as Bellevue and Issaquah, are typically even hotter when the temperature soars above 80 °F (27 °C), due to their location closer to downslope winds from the Cascade Mountains and further from Puget Sound; on Seattle's recorded hottest day of July 29, 2009, parts of south Bellevue, Renton, and Issaquah peaked at 110 °F (43 °C).[76]
Between October and May, Seattle is mostly or partly cloudy six out of every seven days
[65]
| Seattle |
| Climate chart (explanation) |
| J |
F |
M |
A |
M |
J |
J |
A |
S |
O |
N |
D |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Average max. and min. temperatures in °F |
| Precipitation totals in inches |
|
| Metric conversion |
| J |
F |
M |
A |
M |
J |
J |
A |
S |
O |
N |
D |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Average max. and min. temperatures in °C |
| Precipitation totals in mm |
|
Eighty miles (130 km) to the west, the Hoh Rain Forest in Olympic National Park on the western flank of the Olympic Mountains receives an annual average rainfall of 142 inches (361 cm). Sixty miles to the south of Seattle, the state capital Olympia, which is out of the rain shadow, receives an annual average rainfall of 52 inches (132 cm).
Seattle typically receives some snowfall on an annual basis but heavy snow is rare. Average annual snowfall, as measured at Sea-Tac Airport, is 8.1 inches (21 cm).[77] Single calendar-day snowfall of six inches or greater has occurred on only 15 days since 1948, and only once since February 17, 1990, when 6.8 inches of snow officially fell at Sea-Tac airport on January 18, 2012. This moderate snow event was officially the 12th snowiest calendar day at the airport since 1948 and snowiest since November 1985.[77] Much of the city of Seattle proper received somewhat lesser snowfall accumulations. Locations to the south of Seattle received more, with Olympia and Chehalis receiving 14 to 18 inches even before noon.[78] Another moderate snow event occurred from December 12–25, 2008, when over one foot of snow fell and stuck on much of the roads, causing widespread difficulties in a city not equipped for clearing snow. Seattle's daily record snowfall is 20 inches (51 cm) on January 13, 1950.[79] The largest snowstorm on record occurred from January 5–9, 1880, with snow drifting to 6 feet (1.8 m) in places at the end of the snow event. From January 31 to February 2, 1916, another heavy snow event occurred with 29 inches (74 cm) of snow on the ground by the time the event was over.[80]
A very sunny and dry climate typically dominates from May to late September. An average of 0.8 inches (20 mm) of rain falls in July and 1.0 inch (25 mm) in August. Summer thunderstorms are rare.[81]
The Puget Sound Convergence Zone is an important feature of Seattle's weather. In the convergence zone, air arriving from the north meets air flowing in from the south. Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle's west, then reunited to the east. When the air currents meet, they are forced upward, resulting in convection.[82] Thunderstorms caused by this activity can occur north and south of town, but Seattle itself rarely receives more weather than occasional thunder and small hail showers. The Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm in December 2006 is an exception that brought heavy rain and winds gusting up to 69 mph (111 km/h), not caused by the Puget Sound Convergence Zone.
One of many exceptions to Seattle's reputation as a damp location occurs in El Niño years, when marine weather systems track as far south as California and little precipitation falls in the Puget Sound area.[83] Since the region's water comes from mountain snow packs during the dry summer months, El Niño winters can not only produce substandard skiing but can result in water rationing and a shortage of hydroelectric power the following summer.[84]
| Climate data for Seattle (SeaTac Airport), 1981-2010 normals |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Record high °F (°C) |
64
(18) |
70
(21) |
78
(26) |
85
(29) |
93
(34) |
96
(36) |
103
(39) |
99
(37) |
98
(37) |
89
(32) |
74
(23) |
64
(18) |
103
(39) |
| Average high °F (°C) |
46.8
(8.2) |
49.6
(9.8) |
53.4
(11.9) |
58.1
(14.5) |
64.3
(17.9) |
69.6
(20.9) |
75.5
(24.2) |
75.9
(24.4) |
70.1
(21.2) |
59.3
(15.2) |
50.5
(10.3) |
45.3
(7.4) |
59.87
(15.48) |
| Average low °F (°C) |
36.8
(2.7) |
36.9
(2.7) |
39.3
(4.1) |
42.2
(5.7) |
47.3
(8.5) |
51.9
(11.1) |
55.6
(13.1) |
55.9
(13.3) |
52.1
(11.2) |
45.8
(7.7) |
40.0
(4.4) |
35.6
(2.0) |
44.95
(7.19) |
| Record low °F (°C) |
0
(−18) |
1
(−17) |
11
(−12) |
29
(−2) |
28
(−2) |
38
(3) |
43
(6) |
44
(7) |
35
(2) |
28
(−2) |
6
(−14) |
6
(−14) |
0
(−18) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) |
5.56
(141.2) |
3.50
(88.9) |
3.72
(94.5) |
2.71
(68.8) |
1.93
(49) |
1.56
(39.6) |
.70
(18) |
.88
(22.4) |
1.45
(36.8) |
3.48
(88.4) |
6.57
(166.9) |
5.35
(135.9) |
37.41
(950.2) |
| Snowfall inches (cm) |
1.3
(3.3) |
1.4
(3.6) |
.7
(1.8) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
1.1
(2.8) |
1.5
(3.8) |
5.9
(15) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) |
18.2 |
14.7 |
16.9 |
14.3 |
12.0 |
9.1 |
5.0 |
4.8 |
7.9 |
13.1 |
18.4 |
17.6 |
152.0 |
| Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) |
1.1 |
.7 |
.5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
.4 |
1.4 |
4.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours |
71.3 |
110.2 |
179.8 |
207.0 |
254.2 |
267.0 |
313.1 |
282.1 |
222.0 |
142 |
72.0 |
52.7 |
2,174.0 |
| Source no. 1: NOAA [85], Beautiful Seattle [86] |
| Source no. 2: HKO (sun only, 1961−1990) [87] |
Downtown Seattle includes a tightly packed financial district along with residential areas and a panoramic waterfront.
Seattle has grown through a series of annexations of smaller neighboring communities. On May 3, 1891, Magnolia, Wallingford, Green Lake, and the University District (then known as Brooklyn) were annexed.[88] The town of South Seattle was annexed on October 20, 1905.[89] Between January 7 and September 12, 1907, Seattle nearly doubled its land area by annexing six incorporated towns and areas of unincorporated King County, including Southeast Seattle, Ravenna, South Park, Columbia City, Ballard, and West Seattle.[90] Three years later, after having difficulties paying a $10,000 bill from the county, the city of Georgetown merged with Seattle.[91] Finally, on January 4, 1954, the area between N. 85th Street and N. 145th Street was annexed, including the neighborhoods of Pinehurst, Greenwood, Blue Ridge, Crown Hill, Broadview, Bitter Lake, Haller Lake, Maple Leaf, Lake City, View Ridge and Northgate.[92]
Former Seattle mayor Greg Nickels is among those who have called Seattle "a city of neighborhoods",[93][94] although the boundaries (and even names) of those neighborhoods are often open to dispute. For example, a Department of Neighborhoods spokeswoman reported that her own neighborhood has gone from "the 'CD' (Central District) to 'Madrona' to 'Greater Madison Valley' and now 'Madrona Park'.[94]
Over a dozen Seattle neighborhoods have Neighborhood Service Centers, originally known in 1972 as "Little City Halls"[95] and even more have their own street fair and/or parade during the summer months.[96] The largest of the city's street fairs feature hundreds of craft and food booths and multiple stages with live entertainment, and draw more than 100,000 people over the course of a weekend.[97] In addition, at least half a dozen neighborhoods have weekly farmers' markets, some with as many as fifty vendors.[98]
Additionally, Puget Sound Regional Council designates several areas of Seattle as urban centers, defined as "designated planning districts intended to provide a mix of housing, employment and commercial and cultural amenities in a compact form that supports transit, walking and cycling."[99] These urban centers may have the same name as a neighborhood but slightly different borders; for example, the Capitol Hill Urban Center is much smaller than the entire neighborhood.
Panoramic view from Kerry Park.
The Space Needle, dating from the Century 21 Exposition (1962), is Seattle's most recognizable landmark, having been featured in the logo of NBA sports team the Seattle SuperSonics, the MLS sports team the "Seattle Sounders", the television show Frasier and the backgrounds of the television series Dark Angel, Grey's Anatomy, The Killing and iCarly, and films such as It Happened at the World's Fair, Sleepless in Seattle, The Twilight Saga: Eclipse and "Love Happens". The fairgrounds surrounding the Needle have been converted into Seattle Center, which remains the site of many local civic and cultural events, such as Bumbershoot, Folklife, and the Bite of Seattle. Seattle Center plays multiple roles in the city, ranging from a public fair ground to a civic center, though recent economic losses have called its viability and future into question.[100] The Seattle Center Monorail was also constructed for Century 21 and still runs from Seattle Center to Westlake Center, a downtown shopping mall, a little over a mile to the southeast.
The Smith Tower was the tallest building on the West Coast from its completion in 1914 until the Space Needle overtook it in 1962.[101] The late 1980s saw the construction of Seattle's two tallest skyscrapers: the 76 story Columbia Center (completed 1985) is the tallest building in the Pacific Northwest[102] and the fourth tallest building west of the Mississippi River;[103] the Washington Mutual Tower (completed 1988) is Seattle's second tallest building.[104][105] Other notable Seattle landmarks include Pike Place Market, the Fremont Troll, the Experience Music Project and Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame (at Seattle Center), and the Seattle Central Library.
Starbucks has been at Pike Place Market since the coffee company was founded there in 1971. The first store is still operating a block south of its original location.[106]
The National Register of Historic Places has over 150 Seattle listings.[107] The city also designates its own landmarks.[108]
From 1869 until 1982, Seattle was known as the "Queen City".[109] Seattle's current official nickname is the "Emerald City", the result of a contest held in 1981;[110][111] the reference is to the lush evergreen forests of the area. Seattle is also referred to informally as the "Gateway to Alaska", "Rain City",[112] and "Jet City", the last from the local influence of Boeing. The Seattle area has also been called "The 206" in reference to the telephone area code. Seattle residents are known as Seattleites.
Seattle has been a regional center for the performing arts for many years. The century-old Seattle Symphony Orchestra is among the world's most recorded[113] and performs primarily at Benaroya Hall.[114] The Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet, which perform at McCaw Hall (opened 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center), are comparably distinguished,[115][116] with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of Richard Wagner[117][118] and the PNB School (founded in 1974) ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United States.[115] The Seattle Youth Symphony Orchestras (SYSO) is the largest symphonic youth organization in the United States.[119] The city also boasts lauded summer and winter chamber music festivals organized by the Seattle Chamber Music Society.[120]
The 5th Avenue Theatre, built in 1926, stages Broadway-style musical shows[121] featuring both local talent and international stars.[122] Seattle has "around 100" theatrical production companies[123] and over two dozen live theatre venues, many of them associated with fringe theatre;[124][125] Seattle is probably second only to New York for number of equity theaters[126] (28 Seattle theater companies have some sort of Actors' Equity contract).[123] In addition, the 900-seat Romanesque Revival Town Hall on First Hill hosts numerous cultural events, especially lectures and recitals.[127]
The
Moore Theatre has been a performing arts venue in Downtown Seattle since its construction in 1907.
Seattle is considered the home of grunge music[12] because it was home to artists such as Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, and Mudhoney, all of whom reached vast audiences in the early 1990s.[128] The city is also home to such varied musicians as avant-garde jazz musicians Bill Frisell and Wayne Horvitz, hot jazz musician Glenn Crytzer, rapper Sir Mix-a-Lot, smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G, Heart, heavy metal bands Queensrÿche, Demon Hunter, Metal Church, Nevermore, Himsa, and Sunn O))), as well as such poppier rock bands as Harvey Danger, Goodness, and The Presidents of the United States of America. Such musicians as Jimi Hendrix, Duff McKagan, Nikki Sixx, and Quincy Jones spent their formative years in Seattle.
Since the grunge era, the area has hosted a diverse and influential alternative music scene. The Seattle record label Sub Pop—the first to sign Nirvana and Soundgarden—has signed such non-grunge bands as Band of Horses, Modest Mouse, Murder City Devils, Sunny Day Real Estate, Death Cab for Cutie, The Postal Service, Iron and Wine, Flight of the Conchords, and Fleet Foxes. Seattle has also put out a number of hiphop artists, such as Blue Scholars, Macklemore, Fresh Espresso, and group Shabazz Palaces.[128]
Earlier Seattle-based popular music acts include the collegiate folk group The Brothers Four; The Wailers, a 1960s garage band; The Ventures, an instrumental rock band; pop Young Fresh Fellows and The Posies; pop-punk The Fastbacks; the well-traveled avant-rock of Sun City Girls; and the outright punk of The Fartz (later 10 Minute Warning), The Gits.[129]
Over the years, a number of songs have been written about Seattle.
Seattle annually sends a team of spoken word slammers to the National Poetry Slam and considers itself home to such performance poets as Buddy Wakefield, two-time Individual World Poetry Slam Champ;[130] Anis Mojgani, two-time National Poetry Slam Champ;[131] and Danny Sherrard, 2007 National Poetry Slam Champ and 2008 Individual World Poetry Slam Champ.[132] Seattle also hosted the 2001 national Poetry Slam Tournament. The Seattle Poetry Festival is a biennial poetry festival that (launched first as the Poetry Circus in 1997) has featured local, regional, national, and international names in poetry.[133]
The city also has movie houses showing both Hollywood productions and works by independent filmmakers.[134] Among these, the Seattle Cinerama stands out as one of only three movie theaters in the world still capable of showing three-panel Cinerama films.[135]
Additionally, the city is also home to the Seattle Polish Film Festival, ("SPFF") an annual film festival showcasing current and past films of Polish cinema.[136][137] The festival is produced by the Seattle-Gdynia Sister City Association and awards the Seattle Spirit of Polish Cinema awards as well as the Viewers Choice of Best Film.
As of 2010, Seattle has one major daily newspaper, The Seattle Times. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, known as the P-I, published a daily newspaper from 1863 to March 17, 2009 before switching to a strictly on-line publication. There is also the Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce,[138] and the University of Washington publishes The Daily, a student-run publication, when school is in session. The most prominent weeklies are the Seattle Weekly and The Stranger; both consider themselves "alternative" papers.[139] Real Change is a weekly street newspaper that is sold mainly by homeless persons as an alternative to panhandling. There are also several ethnic newspapers, including the Northwest Asian Weekly, and numerous neighborhood newspapers, including the North Seattle Journal.
Seattle is also well served by television and radio, with all major U.S. networks represented, along with at least five other English-language stations and two Spanish-language stations.[140] Seattle cable viewers also receive CBUT 2 (CBC) from Vancouver, British Columbia.
Non-commercial radio stations include NPR affiliates KUOW-FM 94.9 and KPLU-FM 88.5 (Tacoma). Other stations include KEXP-FM 90.3 (affiliated with EMP), community radio KBCS-FM 91.3 (affiliated with Bellevue College), and high school radio KNHC-FM 89.5, which broadcasts an electronic music radio format and is owned by the public school system and operated by students of Nathan Hale High School. Many Seattle radio stations are also available through Internet radio, with KEXP in particular being a pioneer of Internet radio.[141] Seattle also has numerous commercial radio stations, including KING-FM, one of the last commercial classical music stations in the United States.[140]
Seattle-based online magazines Worldchanging and Grist.org were two of the "Top Green Websites" in 2007 according to TIME.[142]
Seattle also has many online news media websites. The two largest are The Seattle Times and Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
210 cruise ship visits brought 886,039 passengers to Seattle in 2008.
[143]
Seattle Sheraton from Two Union Square
Among Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival,[144] Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout July and August (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations.[145][146][147] In the past, the Gay Pride parade and festival have been centered on Capitol Hill, but since 2006, festivities have been held city-wide, and the parade has followed a route downtown along 4th Avenue from the central shopping district to Seattle Center.[148]
Other significant events include numerous Native American pow-wows, a Greek Festival hosted by St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church in Montlake, and numerous ethnic festivals (many associated with Festál at Seattle Center).[149]
There are other annual events, ranging from the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show;[150] an anime convention, Sakura-Con;[151] Penny Arcade Expo, a gaming convention;[152] a two-day, 9,000-rider Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic,[153] and specialized film festivals, such as the Maelstrom International Fantastic Film Festival, the Northwest Asian-American Film Festival, Children's Film Festival Seattle, Translation: the Seattle Transgender Film Festival, and the Seattle Gay and Lesbian Film Festival.[154][155]
The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927, the first public art museum in Washington.[156] The Seattle Art Museum (SAM) opened in 1933; SAM opened a museum downtown in 1991 (expanded and reopened 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM).[157] SAM also operates the Olympic Sculpture Park (opened 2007) on the waterfront north of the downtown piers. The Frye Art Museum is a free museum on First Hill. Regional history collections are at the Loghouse Museum in Alki, Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, the Museum of History and Industry and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Industry collections are at the Center for Wooden Boats and the adjacent Northwest Seaport, the Seattle Metropolitan Police Museum, and the Museum of Flight. Regional ethnic collections include the Nordic Heritage Museum, the Wing Luke Asian Museum and the Northwest African American Museum. Seattle has artist-run galleries,[158] including 10-year veteran Soil Art Gallery,[159] and the newer Crawl Space Gallery.[160]
Woodland Park Zoo opened as a private menagerie in 1889, but was sold to the city in 1899.[161] The Seattle Aquarium has been open on the downtown waterfront since 1977 (undergoing a renovation 2006).[162] The Seattle Underground Tour is an exhibit of places that existed before the Great Fire.[163] There are also many community centers for recreation, including Rainier Beach, Van Asselt, Rainier, and Jefferson south of the Ship Canal and Green Lake, Laurelhurst, Loyal Heights north of the Canal, and Meadowbrook.[164]
Since the middle 1990s, Seattle has experienced significant growth in the cruise industry, especially as a departure point for Alaska cruises. In 2008, a record total of 886,039 cruise passengers passed through the city, surpassing the number for Vancouver, BC, the other major departure point for Alaska cruises.[165]
Seattle's professional sports history began at the start of the 20th century with the PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans, which in 1917 became the first American hockey team to win the Stanley Cup.[166] Today Seattle has three major professional sports teams: The National Football League's Seattle Seahawks, Major League Baseball's Seattle Mariners, and Major League Soccer's Seattle Sounders FC. Other sports teams include the 2004 and 2010 Women's National Basketball Association champions, Seattle Storm.[167] From 1967 to 2008 Seattle was also home to an NBA franchise, the Seattle SuperSonics, who were the 1978–79 NBA champions. The team relocated to Oklahoma City after the 2007–08 season and became the Oklahoma City Thunder.[168] Seattle was also home to a previous Major League Baseball franchise in 1969, the Seattle Pilots. The team relocated to Milwaukee and became the Milwaukee Brewers in 1970. The Seattle Thunderbirds are a major-junior hockey team that plays in one of the Canadian major-junior hockey leagues, the WHL (Western Hockey League). The Thunderbirds moved to nearby Kent, Washington during the 2008–2009 season.[169] The Seattle Sounders FC began play in Major League Soccer in 2009.[170]
The Major League Baseball All-Star game was held in Seattle twice, first at the Kingdome in 1979 and again at Safeco Field in 2001. That same year, the Seattle Mariners tied the all-time single regular season wins record with 116 wins. The NBA All-Star game was also held in Seattle twice, the first in 1974 at the Seattle Center Coliseum and the second in 1987 at the Kingdome.[171]
In 2006, CenturyLink Field hosted the 2005–06 NFL playoffs. In 2008, CenturyLink Field hosted the first game of the 2007–08 NFL playoffs, in which the Seahawks defeated the Washington Redskins, 35–14. CenturyLink Field also serves as the home field for the Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer. Seattle also boasts a strong history in collegiate sports. The University of Washington and Seattle University are NCAA Division I schools.
Green Lake Park, popular among runners, contains a 2.7-mile (4.3 km) trail circling the lake.
Seattle's mild, temperate marine climate allows year-round outdoor recreation, including walking, cycling, hiking, skiing, snowboarding, kayaking, rock climbing, motor boating, sailing, team sports, and swimming.[172] In town, many people walk around Green Lake, through the forests and along the bluffs and beaches of 535-acre (2.2 km2) Discovery Park (the largest park in the city) in Magnolia, along the shores of Myrtle Edwards Park on the Downtown waterfront, along the shoreline of Lake Washington at Seward Park, along Alki Beach in West Seattle, or along the Burke-Gilman Trail. Also popular are hikes and skiing in the nearby Cascade or Olympic Mountains and kayaking and sailing in the waters of Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Strait of Georgia. In 2005, Men's Fitness magazine named Seattle the fittest city in the United States.[173]
Washington Mutual's last headquarters, the WaMu Center, (now the Chase Center and soon to be
Russell Investments Center) (center left) and its headquarters prior, Washington Mutual Tower (center right).
Seattle's economy is driven by a mix of older industrial companies, and "new economy" Internet and technology companies, service, design and clean technology companies. The city's gross metropolitan product was $231 billion in 2010, making it the 12th largest metropolitan economy in the United States.[174] The Port of Seattle, which also operates Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, is a major gateway for trade with Asia and cruises to Alaska, and is the 8th largest port in the United States in terms of container capacity.[175] Though it has been affected by the recent recession, Seattle has retained a comparatively strong economy, and remains a hotbed for start-up businesses, especially in green building and clean technologies: it was ranked as America's No. 1 "smarter city" based on its government policies and green economy.[176] February 2010, the city government committed Seattle to becoming North America's first "climate neutral" city, with a goal of reaching zero net per capita greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.[177]
Still, very large companies dominate the business landscape. Three companies on the 2008 Fortune 500 list of the United States' largest companies, based on total revenue are headquartered in Seattle: Internet retailer Amazon.com (#100), coffee chain Starbucks (#241), and department store Nordstrom (#270).[178] Other Fortune 500 companies popularly associated with Seattle are based in nearby Puget Sound cities. Warehouse club chain Costco (#29), the largest retail company in Washington, is based in Issaquah. Providence Health & Services, the largest health care system and the fifth largest employer, is based in Renton, Washington. Microsoft (#44) and Nintendo of America are located in Redmond. Weyerhaeuser, the forest products company (#147), is based in Federal Way. Finally, Bellevue is home to truck manufacturer PACCAR (#169), and to international mobile telephony giant T-Mobile's U.S. subsidiary, T-Mobile USA.[178] The city has a reputation for heavy coffee consumption;[179] coffee companies founded or based in Seattle include Starbucks,[180] Seattle's Best Coffee,[181][182] and Tully's.[183] There are also many successful independent artisanal espresso roasters and cafes.[179]
Prior to moving its headquarters to Chicago, aerospace manufacturer Boeing (#27) was the largest company based in Seattle. Its largest division is still headquartered in nearby Renton, and the company has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton, so it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area.[184] Former Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry in 2006. Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway, in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city, joining biotech companies Corixa (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline), Immunex (now part of Amgen), Trubion, and ZymoGenetics. Vulcan Inc., the holding company of billionaire Paul Allen, is behind most of the development projects in the region. While some see the new development as an economic boon, others have criticized Nickels and the Seattle City Council for pandering to Allen's interests at taxpayers' expense.[185] Also in 2006, Expansion Magazine ranked Seattle among the top 10 metropolitan areas in the nation for climates favorable to business expansion.[186] In 2005, Forbes ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels.[187]
Alaska Airlines, operating a hub at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, maintains its headquarters in the city of SeaTac, next to the airport.[188]
| Historical populations |
| Census |
Pop. |
|
%± |
| 1860 |
188 |
|
—
|
| 1870 |
1,151 |
|
512.2% |
| 1880 |
3,533 |
|
207.0% |
| 1890 |
42,837 |
|
1,112.5% |
| 1900 |
80,671 |
|
88.3% |
| 1910 |
237,194 |
|
194.0% |
| 1920 |
315,312 |
|
32.9% |
| 1930 |
365,583 |
|
15.9% |
| 1940 |
368,302 |
|
0.7% |
| 1950 |
467,591 |
|
27.0% |
| 1960 |
557,087 |
|
19.1% |
| 1970 |
530,831 |
|
−4.7% |
| 1980 |
493,846 |
|
−7.0% |
| 1990 |
516,259 |
|
4.5% |
| 2000 |
563,374 |
|
9.1% |
| 2010 |
608,660 |
|
8.0% |
| source:[189][190] |
According to the 2010 census, Seattle had a population of 608,660 and the racial composition was as follows:[191]
- White: 69.5% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 66.3%)
- Asian: 13.8% (4.1% Chinese, 2.6% Filipino, 2.2% Vietnamese, 1.3% Japanese, 1.1% Korean, 0.8% Indian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.3% Laotian, 0.2% Thai)
- Black or African American: 7.9%
- American Indian and Alaska Native: 0.8%
- Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.4%
- Other race: 2.4%
- Two or more races: 5.1%
- Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 6.6% (4.1% Mexican, 0.3% Puerto Rican, 0.2% Guatemalan, 0.2% Salvadoran, 0.2% Cuban)
Seattle's population has historically been predominantly white,[29] but the percentage of whites has been gradually declining. In 1960, whites comprised 91.6% of the city's population,[29] but by 2010 the percentage of whites had shrunk to 69.5%.[191] According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, approximately 78.9% of residents over the age of five spoke only English at home. People who spoke Asian languages at home made up 10.2% of the population—the largest percentage of non-English languages spoken at home—and Spanish was spoken by 4.5% of the population, while people who spoke other Indo-European languages made up 3.9% of the population. People who spoke other languages made up 2.5% of the population.[192]
Seattle has seen steady growth in racial and ethnic diversity. In recent decades, the city has seen a major increase in immigration, with the foreign-born population growing 40% between the 1990 and 2000 censuses.[193] According to a 2010 United States Census Bureau report, Seattle's 98118 zip code (in the Columbia City neighbourhood) was the most multicultural zip code in the United States.[194] The Chinese population in the Seattle area has origins in mainland China, Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, and Taiwan. The earliest Chinese-Americans that came in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were almost entirely from Guangdong province. The Seattle area is also home to a high Vietnamese population,[195] at over 55,000 residents, and over 30,000 Somali immigrants.[196] The Seattle-Tacoma area is also home to one of the largest Cambodian communities in the United States, enumerating about 19,000 Cambodian Americans,[197] as well as one of the largest Samoan communities in the mainland U.S., with over 15,000 people having Samoan ancestry.[198][191] The Seattle area also had the highest percentage of self-identified mixed-race people of any large metropolitan area in the United States, according to the 2000 United States Census Bureau.[199]
As of 1999, the median income of a city household was $45,736, and the median income for a family was $62,195. Males had a median income of $40,929 versus $35,134 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,306.[200] 11.8% of the population and 6.9% of families are below the poverty line. Of people living in poverty, 13.8% are under the age of 18 and 10.2% are 65 or older.[200]
It is estimated that King County has 8,000 homeless people on any given night, and many of those live in Seattle.[201] In September 2005, King County adopted a "Ten-Year Plan to End Homelessness", one of the near-term results of which is a shift of funding from homeless shelter beds to permanent housing.[202]
In recent years, the city has seen steady population growth, and has been faced with the issue of accommodating more residents. In 2006, after growing by 4,000 citizens per year for the previous 16 years, regional planners expected the population of Seattle to grow by 200,000 people by 2040.[203] However, former mayor Greg Nickels supported plans that would increase the population by 60%, or 350,000 people, by 2040 and worked on ways to accommodate this growth while keeping Seattle's single-family housing zoning laws.[203] The Seattle City Council later voted to relax height limits on buildings in the greater part of Downtown, partly with the aim to increase residential density in the city centre.[204] As a sign of increasing inner-city growth, the downtown population crested to over 60,000 in 2009, up 77% since 1990.[205]
Seattle also has a robust LGBT population. A 2006 study by UCLA indicated that the city has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita. With 12.9% of citizens polled identifying as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender, the city ranks second of all major U.S. cities, behind San Francisco and slightly ahead of Atlanta and Minneapolis.[206] Greater Seattle also ranks second among major U.S. metropolitan areas, with 6.5% of the population being LGBT.[207]
In addition, Seattle has a relatively high number of people living alone. According to the 2000 U.S. Census interim measurements of 2004, Seattle has the fifth highest proportion of single-person households nationwide among cities of 100,000 or more residents, at 40.8%.[208]
Seattle is a charter city, with a Mayor–Council form of government. Since 1911, Seattle's nine city councillors have been elected at large, rather than by geographic subdivisions.[209] The only other elected offices are the city attorney and Municipal Court judges. All city, county, and state offices are technically non-partisan.[210] Like most parts of the United States, government and laws are also run by a series of ballot initiatives (whereby citizens can pass or reject laws), referenda (whereby citizens can approve or reject legislation already passed), and propositions (where specific government agencies can propose new laws/tax increases directly to the people)
Seattle's political culture is strongly liberal and progressive, although there is a small libertarian movement within the metropolitan area.[211] It is one of the most liberal cities in the United States, with approximately 80% voting for the Democratic Party; only two precincts in Seattle—one in the Broadmoor community, and one encompassing neighboring Madison Park—had a majority of votes for Republican George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election. In addition, all precincts in Seattle voted for Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election, including the two precincts which had previously voted Republican in 2004.[211] In partisan elections for the Washington State Legislature and United States Congress, nearly all elections are won by Democrats.
Seattle is one of the most politically progressive cities in North America, with an overwhelming majority of voters supporting Democratic politicians; support for liberal issues such as same-sex marriage, reproductive rights, and gun control is largely taken for granted in local politics. Like much of the Pacific Northwest (which has the lowest rate of church attendance in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of atheism[212][213]), church attendance, religious belief, and political influence of religious leaders are much lower than in other parts of America.[214] Seattle also has a thriving alternative press, with the Web-based daily Seattle Post-Intelligencer, several other online dailies (including Publicola and Crosscut), The Stranger (an alternative, left-leaning weekly), and a number of issue-focused publications, including the nation's two largest online environmental magazines, Worldchanging and Grist.org.
Federally, Seattle is part of Washington's 7th congressional district, represented by Democrat Jim McDermott, elected in 1988 and one of Congress's most liberal members.[215]
Of the city's population over the age of 25, 53.8% (vs. a national average of 27.4%) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, and 91.9% (vs. 84.5% nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent.[216] A United States Census Bureau survey showed that Seattle had the highest percentage of college and university graduates of any major U.S. city.[217] The city was listed as the most literate of the country's sixty-nine largest cities in 2005 and 2006, the second most literate in 2007, after Minneapolis, and the most literate in 2008 in a tie with Minneapolis in studies conducted by Central Connecticut State University.[218]
University of Washington Quad in Spring
Seattle Public Schools desegregated without a court order[219] but continue to struggle to achieve racial balance in a somewhat ethnically divided city (the south part of town having more ethnic minorities than the north).[220] In 2007, Seattle's racial tie-breaking system was struck down by the United States Supreme Court, but the ruling left the door open for desegregation formulae based on other indicators (e.g., income or socioeconomic class).[221]
The public school system is supplemented by a moderate number of private schools: five of the private high schools are Catholic, one is Lutheran, and six are secular.[222]
Seattle is home to one of the United States's most respected public research universities, the University of Washington, as well as its professional and continuing education unit, University of Washington Educational Outreach. A study by Newsweek International in 2006 cited UW as the twenty-second best university in the world.[223] Seattle also has a number of smaller private universities including Seattle University and Seattle Pacific University, both founded by religious groups; universities aimed at the working adult, like City University and Antioch University; colleges, such as North Seattle Community College, Seattle Central Community College, and South Seattle Community College; and a number of arts colleges, such as Cornish College of the Arts, Pratt Fine Arts Center, and The Art Institute of Seattle. In 2001, Time magazine selected Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year, stating the school "pushes diverse students to work together in small teams".[224]
The University of Washington is consistently ranked among the country's top leading institutions in medical research, earning special merits for programs in neurology and neurosurgery. Seattle has seen local developments of modern paramedic services with the establishment of Medic One in 1970.[225] In 1974, a 60 Minutes story on the success of the then four-year-old Medic One paramedic system called Seattle "the best place in the world to have a heart attack".[226]
Three of Seattle's largest medical centers are located on First Hill. Harborview Medical Center, the public county hospital, is the only Level I trauma hospital serving Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho.[227] Virginia Mason Medical Center and Swedish Medical Center's two largest campuses are also located in this part of Seattle, including the Virginia Mason Hospital. This concentration of hospitals resulted in the neighborhood's nickname "Pill Hill".[228]
Located in the Laurelhurst neighborhood, Seattle Children's, formerly Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, is the pediatric referral center for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center has a campus in the Eastlake neighborhood and also shares facilities with the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington Medical Center. The University District is home to the University of Washington Medical Center which, along with Harborview, is operated by the University of Washington. Seattle is also served by a Veterans Affairs hospital on Beacon Hill, a third campus of Swedish in Ballard, and Northwest Hospital and Medical Center near Northgate Mall.
The first streetcars appeared in 1889 and were instrumental in the creation of a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of their lines. The advent of the automobile sounded the death knell for rail in Seattle. Tacoma–Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett–Seattle service came to an end in 1939, replaced by inexpensive automobiles running on the recently developed highway system. Rails on city streets were paved over or removed, and the opening of the Seattle trolleybus system brought the end of streetcars in Seattle in 1941. This left an extensive network of privately owned buses (later public) as the only mass transit within the city and throughout the region.[229]
King County Metro provides frequent stop bus service within the city and surrounding county, as well as a South Lake Union Streetcar line between the South Lake Union neighborhood and Westlake Center in downtown.[230] Seattle is one of the few cities in North America whose bus fleet includes electric trolleybuses. Sound Transit currently provides an express bus service within the metropolitan area; two Sounder commuter rail lines between the suburbs and downtown; and its Central Link light rail line, which opened in 2009, between downtown and Sea-Tac Airport gives the city its first rapid transit line that has intermediate stops within the city limits. Washington State Ferries, which manages the largest network of ferries in the United States and third largest in the world,[231] connects Seattle to Bainbridge and Vashon Islands in Puget Sound and to Bremerton and Southworth on the Kitsap Peninsula.[231]
According to the 2007 American Community Survey, 18.6% of Seattle residents used one of the three public transit systems that serve the city, giving it the highest transit ridership of all major cities without heavy or light rail prior to the completion of Sound Transit's Central Link line.[232][233] The city has also been described as the fourth most walkable city in the United States.[234]
Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, locally known as Sea-Tac Airport and located just south in the neighboring city of SeaTac, is operated by the Port of Seattle and provides commercial air service to destinations throughout the world. Closer to downtown, Boeing Field is used for general aviation, cargo flights, and testing/delivery of Boeing airliners.
The main mode of transportation, however, relies on Seattle's streets, which are laid out in a cardinal directions grid pattern, except in the central business district where early city leaders Arthur Denny and Carson Boren insisted on orienting their plats relative to the shoreline rather than to true North.[235] Only two roads, Interstate 5 and State Route 99 (both limited-access highways), run uninterrupted through the city from north to south. State Route 99 runs through downtown Seattle on the Alaskan Way Viaduct, which was built in 1953. However, due to damage sustained during the 2001 Nisqually earthquake the viaduct will be replaced by a tunnel in 2015 at a cost of US$4.25 billion.
From 2006 to 2008, transit ridership in Seattle went up by 23%,[citation needed] and many bus routes in the central part of the city are routinely forced to leave passengers because they are full. Seattle has the 12th worst traffic congestion of all American cities.[236]
The city has started moving away from the automobile and towards mass transit. In 2006, voters in King County passed proposition 2(Transit Now) which increased bus service hours on high ridership routes and paid for five Bus Rapid Transit lines called RapidRide.[237] After rejecting a roads and transit measure in 2007, Seattle-area voters passed a transit only measure in 2008 that increases ST Express bus service and extends the Link Light Rail system (currently 15.7 miles (25.3 km) with 3 miles (4.8 km) under construction) by over 30 miles, and expands and improves Sounder commuter rail service.[238] A light rail line from downtown heading south to the Seattle–Tacoma International Airport began service on December 19, 2009, giving the city its first rapid transit line with intermediate stations within the city limits. An extension north to the University of Washington is under construction as of 2010; and further extensions are planned to reach Lynnwood to the north, Des Moines to the south, and Bellevue and Redmond to the east by 2023.[239][240] Mayor Michael McGinn hopes to put another transit measure on the 2011 ballot to build light rail from Downtown Seattle to Ballard, Fremont, and West Seattle[241] after seeing a surprisingly large amount of support for it from its campaign (and now city's) policy forum.[citation needed]
A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Seattle the sixth most walkable of the fifty largest U.S. cities.[242]
Seattle Steam Company, one of Seattle's privately owned utility companies
Water and electric power are municipal services, provided by Seattle Public Utilities and Seattle City Light respectively. Other utility companies serving Seattle include Puget Sound Energy (natural gas, electricity); Seattle Steam Company (steam); Waste Management, Inc and CleanScapes, Inc. (curbside recycling and solid waste removal); and Verizon Communications, Century Link, and Comcast (telephone, Internet, and cable television).
Beer Sheva, Israel
Bergen, Norway
Cebu, Philippines
Chongqing, Republic of China
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Christchurch, New Zealand
Daejeon, South Korea
Galway, Ireland
Gdynia, Poland
Haiphong, Vietnam
Kobe, Japan
Limbe, Cameroon
Mazatlán, Mexico
Mombasa, Kenya
Nantes, France
Pécs, Hungary
Perugia, Italy
Reykjavík, Iceland
Sihanoukville, Cambodia
Surabaya, Indonesia
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Izmir, Turkey
[243]
- ↑ "Latest estimate: Seattle has 608,660 people". Puget Sound Business Journal. June 22, 2010. http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2010/06/21/daily9.html?ana=e_du_pap. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ↑ "Alphabetically sorted list of Census 2000 Urbanized Areas" (TXT). United States Census Bureau, Geography Division. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/ua2k.txt. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (CBSA-EST2008-01)" (CSV). United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090629040242/http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2008/CBSA-EST2008-01.csv. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Demographia World Urban Areas & Population Projections" (PDF). Demographia. April 2009. pp. 35, 91. http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf. Retrieved April 18, 2009.
- ↑ "Zip Code Lookup". USPS. http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
- ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ↑ "Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings: July 1, 2007 to July 1, 2008 (CBSA-EST2008-05)" (CSV). United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from the original on June 7, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090607011539/http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2008/CBSA-EST2008-05.csv. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
- ↑ "About Port of Seattle Home". Port of Seattle. http://www.portseattle.org/About/Pages/default.aspx. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Doree Armstrong (October 4, 2007). "Feel the beat of history in the park and concert hall at two family-friendly events". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/article/Feel-the-beat-of-history-in-the-park-and-concert-1251579.php. Retrieved November 1, 2007.
- ↑ "Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1910". U.S. Bureau of the Census. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab14.txt. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Heylin, Clinton (2007). Babylon's Burning: From Punk to Grunge. Conongate. p. 606. ISBN 978-1-84195-879-8.
- ↑ Greg Lange (October 15, 2000). "Seattle and King County's First White Settlers". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=1660. Retrieved October 14, 2007.
- ↑ "The people and their land". Puget Sound Native Art and Culture. Seattle Art Museum. c. July 4, 2003 per "Native Art of the Northwest Coast: Collection Insight". http://www.seattleartmuseum.org/learn/CDROM/SongStorySpeech/Content/SalishArtCulture.htm. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
- ↑ Crowley, Walt (March 13, 2003). "Native American tribes sign Point Elliott Treaty at Mukilteo on January 22, 1855.". HistoryLink.org Essay 5402. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=5402. Retrieved October 14, 2007.
- ↑ Vancouver, George, and John Vancouver (1801). A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world. London: J. Stockdale. ISBN 978-0-665-18642-4. http://books.google.com/?id=qwol8bPaYxsC&printsec=frontcover.
- ↑ Greg Lange (March 8, 2003). "Luther Collins Party, first King County settlers, arrive at mouth of Duwamish River on September 14, 1851.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=5390. Retrieved October 14, 2007.
- ↑ Greg Lange (December 16, 2000). "Collins party encounters Denny party scouts at Duwamish Head near future site of Seattle on September 27, 1851.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=2765. Retrieved October 14, 2007.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Crowley, Walt (August 31, 1998). "Seattle – a Snapshot History of Its Founding". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=303. Retrieved October 14, 2007.
- ↑ James R. Warren (October 23, 2001). "Seattle at 150: Charles Terry's unlimited energy influenced a city". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Seattle-at-150-Charles-Terry-s-unlimited-energy-1069610.php. Retrieved October 14, 2007.
- ↑ Greg Lange (March 28, 2001). "Charles Terry homesteads site of Alki business district on May 1, 1852.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=3142. Retrieved October 14, 2007.
- ↑ Thomas R. Speer, editor, ed. (July 22, 2004). "Chief Si'ahl and His Family". Duwamish Tribe. http://www.duwamishtribe.org/chiefsiahl.html. Retrieved October 14, 2007. , includes bibliography.
- ↑ Kenneth G. Watson (January 18, 2003). "Seattle, Chief Noah". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=5071. Retrieved October 14, 2007.
- ↑ Morgan, Murray (1982 (originally published 1951, 1982 revised and updated, first illustrated edition)). Skid Road: an Informal Portrait of Seattle. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-295-95846-0.
- ↑ Greg Lange; Cassandra Tate (November 4, 1998). "Legislature incorporates the Town of Seattle for the first time on January 14, 1865.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=168. Retrieved October 14, 2007.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Emmett Shear (Spring 2002). Seattle: Booms and Busts. Yale University. Author has granted blanket permission for material from that paper to be reused in Wikipedia. Now at s:Seattle: Booms and Busts.
- ↑ Junius Rochester (October 7, 1998). "Yesler, Henry L.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=286. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ↑ George Kinnear (January 1, 1911). "Anti-Chinese Riots At Seattle, Wn.. February 8, 1876". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_Riots_At_Seattle. Retrieved October 4, 2007. Kinnear's article originally appeared in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer and was later privately published in a small volume.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- ↑ Walt Crowley (January 25, 2003). "Seattle burns down in the Great Fire on June 6, 1889.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=5115. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Hard Drive to the Klondike: Promoting Seattle During the Gold Rush". National Park Service. February 18, 2003. Archived from the original on November 3, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071103062325/http://www.nps.gov/klse/hrs/hrs0.htm. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ↑ J. Kingston Pierce (November 24, 1999). "Panic of 1893: Seattle's First Great Depression.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=2030. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ↑ Greg Lange (January 14, 1999). "Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition's final day is on October 16, 1909.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=696. Retrieved November 6, 2007.
- ↑ Greg Lange (January 14, 1999). "Klondike Gold Rush". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=687. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ↑ Greg Lange (May 5, 2003). "Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition opens for a 138-day run on June 1, 1909.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=5371. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ↑ Patrick McRoberts (February 4, 1999). "Seattle General Strike, 1919, Part I". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=861. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ↑ BOLA Architecture + Planning & Northwest Archaeological Associates, Inc., Port of Seattle North Bay Project DEIS: Historic and Cultural Resources, Port of Seattle, April 5, 2005, p. 12-13 (which is p. 14-15 of the PDF). Retrieved July 25, 2008.
- ↑ "History of Seattle: The "Jet City" Takes Off". Seattle's Convention and Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061002171554/http://www.seeseattle.org/media/presskits/PKHistory.asp. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ↑ Alan J. Stein (April 18, 2000). "Century 21 – The 1962 Seattle World's Fair, Part I". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=2290. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ↑ Greg Lange (June 8, 1999). "Billboard appears on April 16, 1971, near Sea–Tac, reading: Will the Last Person Leaving Seattle—Turn Out the Lights.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=1287. Retrieved October 1, 2007. The real estate agents were Bob McDonald and Jim Youngren, as cited at Don Duncan, Washington: the First One Hundred Years, 1889–1989 (Seattle: The Seattle Times, 1989), 108, 109–110; The Seattle Times, February 25, 1986, p. A3; Ronald R. Boyce, Seattle–Tacoma and the Southern Sound (Bozeman, Montana: Northwest Panorama Publishing, 1986), 99; Walt Crowley, Rites of Passage: A Memoir of the Sixties in Seattle (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995), 297.
- ↑ Kristi Heim (March 21, 2006). "Chicago's got the headquarters, but Seattle's still Jet City, USA". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2002876673_boeingimage20.html. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ↑ Natalie Singer (September 7, 2006). "23 years haven't erased grief caused by Wah Mee Massacre". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003247239_wahmee07m.html. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ↑ "Information for Students: Key Events In Microsoft History". Microsoft Visitor Center Student Information. http://www.slideshare.net/Sammy17/key-events-in-microsoft-history. Retrieved October 1, 2005.
- ↑ Strategic Planning Office (April 12, 2001). "Decennial Population" (PDF). City of Seattle. http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/stellent/groups/pan/@pan/documents/web_informational/dpds_006755.pdf. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- ↑ Jane Hodges (August 20, 2005). "Seattle area "sticker shock" is a matter of perception". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/realestate/2002446059_homeprices21.html?syndication=rss&source=realestate.xml&items=7. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
- ↑ Lee Gomes (November 8, 2006). "The Dot-Com Bubble Is Reconsidered – And Maybe Relived". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB116294042194116133-tQxnyU5mE6PaQdO9xT1_uaFusQs_20061208.html. Retrieved October 4, 2007. Gomes considers the bubble to have ended with the peak of the March 2000 peak of NASDAQ.
- ↑ David M. Ewalt (January 27, 2005). "The Bubble Bowl". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2005/01/27/cx_de_0127bubblebowl.html. Retrieved October 4, 2007. Ewalt refers to the advertising on Super Bowl XXXIV (January 2000) as "the dot-com bubble's Waterloo".
- ↑ David Wilma (February 25, 2004). "Ted Turner's Goodwill Games open in Seattle on July 20, 1990.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5658. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ↑ Pray, D., Helvey-Pray Productions (1996). Hype!. Republic Pictures.
- ↑ David Wilma (March 1, 2000). "Protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO) continue on December 1, 1999.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2141. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ↑ "Double dose of woe strikes historic Seattle neighborhood". CNN. March 1, 2001. http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/03/01/quake.pioneersq/index.html. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
- ↑ "2011 Quality of Living survey". Mercer. November 29, 2011. http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
- ↑ "Chapter Three – Native American Cultures". The First Americans. Four Directions. http://www.fourdir.com/chapter_3_native_american_cultures.htm. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
- ↑ Howard Morphy (1999). "Traditional and modern visual art of hunting and gathering peoples". In Richard B. Lee. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers. Cambridge University Press. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-521-57109-8.
- ↑ Department of Transportation. "Highest Elevations in Seattle and The Twenty Steepest Streets in Seattle". City of Seattle. http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/steepest.htm. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
- ↑ Crowley, Walt (January 14, 2003). "Seattle's Seven Hills". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=4131. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
- ↑ Schulz, William H. (November 15, 2006). "Landslide susceptibility revealed by LIDAR imagery and historical records, Seattle, Washington" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. http://landslides.usgs.gov/docs/schulz/lidar_enggeo.pdf. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
- ↑ Peterson, Lorin & Davenport, Noah C. (1950), Living in Seattle, Seattle: Seattle Public Schools, p. 44.
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 Walt Crowley (March 2, 2001). "Earthquake registering 6.8 on Richter Scale jolts Seattle and Puget Sound on February 28, 2001". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3039. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Greg Lange (January 1, 2000). "Earthquake hits Puget Sound area on April 13, 1949". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2063. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Greg Lange (March 2, 2000). "Earthquake rattles Western Washington on April 29, 1965". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1986. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
- ↑ "Seattle Fault Zone – implications for earthquake hazards". United States Geological Survey. June 15, 2007. Archived from the original on September 16, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070916020028/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/pacnw/activefaults/sfz/sfzhaz.php. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
- ↑ Ray Flynn; Kyle Fletcher (July 2, 2002). "The Cascadia Subduction Zone – What is it? How big are the quakes? How Often?". University of Washington Department of Earth and Space Sciences. http://www.ess.washington.edu/SEIS/PNSN/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/cascadia_zone.html. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
- ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 National Climatic Data Center. "Cloudiness – Mean Number of Days". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/cldy.html. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
- ↑ Kottek, M.; J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated". Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259–263. DOI:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
- ↑ "3 Concept and classification". Global ecological zoning for the global forest resources assessment 2000. Rome: UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Forestry Department. 2001. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad652e/ad652e07.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ↑ "What Is The Olympic Rain Shadow?". KOMOTV.com. http://www.komonews.com/weather/faq/4306627.html. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- ↑ "Cloudiness – Mean Number of Days". National Climatic Data Center. http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/cldy.html.
- ↑ "Our new 'normal' weather: wetter and warmer". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2015541919_climate08m.html. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ↑ Sperling, Bert; Peter Sander (2007). Cities Ranked and Rated. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-06864-9.
- ↑ "State of the Climate – National Overview – December 2007". National Climatic Data Center. 10/05/2010. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2007/12. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ↑ "5 Dead in Washington Storm". Kiro TV News. http://web.archive.org/web/20081122071056/http://www.kirotv.com/weather/14758195/detail.html. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ↑ "Seattle breaks record for hottest day ever – Seattle News". MyNorthwest.com. July 29, 2009. http://www.mynorthwest.com/?nid=11&sid=194392. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
- ↑ "Monthly Averages for Seattle, WA". The Weather Channel. http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/USWA0395. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- ↑ Current Weather. City of Issaquah, Washington
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 "National Weather Service Climate Information". National Weather Service. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=sew. Retrieved January 18, 2012.
- ↑ "National Weather Service Seattle - Public Information Statement (12:50pm, January 18, 2012)". National Weather Service. http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?wfo=sew&sid=SEW&pil=PNS. Retrieved January 18, 2012.
- ↑ "Seattle Weather Records". KOMOTV.com. http://www.komonews.com/weather/faq/4310942.html. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- ↑ "Snow and Other Weathers, Seattle and King County". HistoryLink, The Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=3681. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
- ↑ "Seattle Weather and Climate". http://www.cityofseattle.net/html/visitor/weather.htm. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- ↑ "What is the Puget Sound Convergence Zone?". KOMOTV.com. http://www.komotv.com/weather/faq/convergence_zone.asp. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- ↑ Randolph E. Schmid (October 10, 2006). "El Niño could cause Northwest drought, mild winter elsewhere, forecasters say". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003297665_webnino10.html. Retrieved November 1, 2007.
- ↑ Nick Perry (February 23, 2005). "Lack of snow may take toll". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002162116_snowpack27m.html. Retrieved November 1, 2007.
- ↑ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=sew. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
- ↑ "Seattle Normal/Record Temperature". BeautifulSeattle.com. http://www.beautifulseattle.com/tempstat.asp. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
- ↑ "Climatological Normals of Seattle". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/n_america/us/seattle_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
- ↑ Greg Lange (January 1, 1999). "Seattle doubles in size by annexing north-of-downtown communities on May 3, 1891.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2214. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
- ↑ Greg Lange (January 17, 1999). "Seattle annexes South Seattle on October 20, 1905.". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=731. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
- ↑ Greg Lange (January 1, 2000). "City of Seattle annexes six towns including Ballard and West Seattle in 1907.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1954. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
- ↑ David Wilma (February 10, 2001). "Georgetown (later a Seattle neighborhood) incorporates as a city on January 8, 1904.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2978. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
- ↑ David Wilma (October 12, 2005). "Seattle annexes the area north of N 85th Street to N 145th Street on January 4, 1954.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=7514. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
- ↑ Greg Nickels (July 2005). "Nickels Newsletter – July 2005". Archived from the original on October 25, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061025225457/http://seattle.gov/mayor/about/nicnewsJul05.htm. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ↑ 94.0 94.1 Jack Broom (October 5, 2002). "New Seattle map: There goes the neighborhood". Seattle Times. http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=map051&date=20021005. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ↑ Walt Crowley (May 9, 2001). "Seattle's Little City Halls". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=3270. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
- ↑ "Community Events". Archived from the original on June 25, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070625125907/http://www.seafair.com/events/community/. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
- ↑ Walt Crowley (May 11, 1999). "University District (Seattle) Street Fair is first held May 23 and 24, 1970". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1126. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ↑ For an overview of Seattle's neighborhood farmers markets see: "Markets". Neighborhood Farmers Market Alliance. http://www.seattlefarmersmarkets.org/markets. Retrieved October 11, 2007. For the scale of one of the larger markets (in the University District, see: "University District Farmers Market". Neighborhood Farmers Market Alliance. http://www.seattlefarmersmarkets.org/markets/u_district. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ↑ "Regional Growth Centers". Puget Sound Regional Council. http://www.psrc.org/growth/centers. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ↑ Kathy Mulady; Debera Carlton Harrell (April 24, 2006). "City looking to breathe new life into Seattle Center". The Seattle Times. http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/City-looking-to-breathe-new-life-into-Seattle-1201813.php. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
- ↑ Greg Lange (March 5, 2003). "Seattle's Smith Tower, tallest building west of Ohio, is dedicated on July 4, 1914.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5370. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
- ↑ David Wilma (August 25, 2005). "Columbia Center, tallest building in Pacific Northwest, opens doors on March 2, 1985.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2627. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
- ↑ Casey McNerthney (February 23, 2007). "Firefighters take 69 floors for leukemia". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.com/local/304900_climb23.html. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
- ↑ "Washington Mutual Tower opens in downtown Seattle in 1988.". HistoryLink. June 30, 2001. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3417. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
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- ↑ Examples of local talent are Billy Joe Huels (lead singer of the Dusty 45s starring in Buddy – The Buddy Holly Story and Sarah Rudinoff in Wonderful Town. National-level stars include Stephen Lynch in The Wedding Singer, which went on to Broadway and Cathy Rigby in Peter Pan
Misha Berson (February 11, 2006). "Eager-to-please new musical raids the '80s". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/theaterarts/2002797878_wedding11.html. Retrieved October 25, 2007.
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- ↑ Kingcounty.gov. Kingcounty.gov (2011-08-05). Retrieved on 2011-12-30.
- ↑ Future.soundtransit.org. Future.soundtransit.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-30.
- ↑ "Sound Transit: What you'll pay, what you'll get". Seattle Times. November 20, 2008. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/flatpages/local/2008proposition1guide.html. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
- ↑ Regional Transit System Plan. (PDF). soundtransit.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-30.
- ↑ Holden, Dominic Slog.thestranger.com. Slog.thestranger.com. December 22, 2009. Retrieved on 2011-12-30.
- ↑ "2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings". Walk Score. 2011. http://www.walkscore.com/rankings/. Retrieved Aug 28, 2011.
- ↑ Seattle sister cities. Seattle.gov. Retrieved on 2011-12-10.
- Jones, Nard (1972). Seattle. New York City: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-01875-3.
- Morgan, Murray (1982 (originally published 1951, 1982 revised and updated, first illustrated edition)). Skid Road: an Informal Portrait of Seattle. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-95846-0.
- Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, ed. (1998 (originally published 1994)). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-97366-1.
- Sale, Roger (1976). Seattle: Past To Present. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-95615-2.
- Speidel, William C. (1978). Doc Maynard: the man who invented Seattle. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. 196–197, 200. ISBN 978-0-914890-02-7.
- Speidel, William C. (1967). Sons of the profits; or, There's no business like grow business: the Seattle story, 1851–1901. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. 196–197, 200. ISBN 0-914890-00-X, ISBN 0-914890-06-9.
- Klingle, Matthew (2007). Emerald City: An Environmental History of Seattle. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11641-0.
- MacGibbon, Elma (1904). "Seattle, the city of destiny" (DJVU). Leaves of knowledge. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection. Shaw & Borden. OCLC 61326250. http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/publications%5Fdetail.aspx?p=63.
- Pierce, J. Kingston (2003). Eccentric Seattle: Pillars and Pariahs Who Made the City Not Such a Boring Place After All. Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87422-269-2.
- Sanders, Jeffrey Craig. Seattle and the Roots of Urban Sustainability: Inventing Ecotopia (University of Pittsburgh Press; 2010) 288 pages; the rise of environmental activism
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City of Seattle, Washington
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- Atlantic
- Ballard
- Beacon Hill
- Belltown
- Bitter Lake
- Blue Ridge
- Broadmoor
- Broadview
- Bryant
- Capitol Hill
- Cascade
- Central District
- Central Waterfront
- Cherry Hill
- Crown Hill
- Denny Regrade
- Denny-Blaine
- Downtown
- Eastlake
- First Hill
- Fremont
- Georgetown
- Green Lake
- Greenwood
- Harbor Island
- Hillman City
- Industrial District
- Interbay
- International District
- Lake City (Cedar Park, Matthews Beach, Meadowbrook, Olympic Hills, Victory Heights)
- Laurelhurst
- Leschi
- Lower Queen Anne
- Madison Park
- Madison Valley
- Madrona
- Madrona Valley
- Magnolia
- Montlake
- Mount Baker
- New Holly
- Northgate (Haller Lake, Licton Springs, Maple Leaf, Pinehurst)
- Phinney Ridge
- Pioneer Square
- Portage Bay
- Queen Anne
- Rainier Beach
- Rainier Valley (Brighton, Columbia City, Dunlap)
- Ravenna
- Roosevelt
- Sand Point
- Seward Park
- SoDo
- South Lake Union
- South Park
- Squire Park
- The Highlands
- University District
- University Village
- View Ridge
- Wallingford (Meridian, Northlake)
- Washington Park
- Wedgwood
- Westlake
- West Seattle
- Windermere
- Yesler Terrace
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17% 
Seattle 
