Mathura मथुरा
—  City  —
Road in front of the Krishna Temple
Mathura
Coordinates: 27.45°29′N 77.72°43′E / 27.933°N 78.437°E / 27.933; 78.437Coordinates: 27.45°29′N 77.72°43′E / 27.933°N 78.437°E / 27.933; 78.437
Country	India
State	Uttar Pradesh
District	Mathura
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN	281 XXX
Telephone code	91(565)
Vehicle registration	UP-85
Website	mathura.nic.in

Mathura ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a city in the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located approximately 50 km north of Agra, and 145 km south-east of Delhi; about 11 kilometers from the town of Vrindavan and 22 kilometers from Govardhan. It is the administrative centre of Mathura District of Uttar Pradesh. During the ancient period, Mathura was an economic hub, located at the junction of important caravan routes. Today, it is a fast expanding city with over 2.5 million residents.

Mathura is the birthplace of Lord Krishna at the centre of Braj or Brij-bhoomi, called Shri Krishna Janma-Bhoomi, literally: 'Lord Krishna's birth place'. The Keshav Dev Temple was built in ancient times on the site of Krishna's legendary birthplace (an underground prison). According to the Mahabharata and Bhagavata Purana epics, Mathura was the capital of the Surasena Kingdom, ruled by Kansa the maternal uncle of Shri Krishna.

History[link]

Ancient Indian (Bharata) cities and Places (Title and location names are in English.)

Krishna temple in Mathura.

A painting of ghats of Mathura, 1883.

Mathura has an ancient history. According to the Archeological Survey of India plaque at the Mathura Museum, the city is mentioned in the oldest Indian epic, the Ramayana. In the epic, the Ikshwaku prince Shatrughna slays a demon called Lavanasura and claims the land. Afterwards, the place came to be known as Madhuvan as it was thickly wooded, then Madhupura and later Mathura. The demon that Shatrughan killed in Ramayana, Lavanasura was the progeny of a devout king Madhu who gets Lord Shiva's Trident in a boon in the Puranas. The Puranas ascribe the founding of the city to Ayu, the son of Pururavas and the celestial nymph Urvashi. The city might also have got its name from a famous Yadav king Madhu who reigned around 1,600 BCE.^{[citation needed]}

In the 6th century BCE Mathura became the capital of the Surasena mahajanapada.^[1] The city was later ruled by the Maurya empire (4th to 2nd centuries BCE) and the Sunga dynasty (2nd century BCE). It may have come under the control of Indo-Greeks some time between 180 BCE and 100 BCE. It then reverted to local rule before being conquered by the Indo-Scythians during the 1st century BCE. Archaeological evidence seems to indicate that, by 100 BCE, there was a group of Jains living in Mathura [Bowker].^{[citation needed]}

Mathuran art and culture reached its zenith under the Kushan dynasty which had Mathura as one of their capitals, the other being Purushapura (Peshawar). The dynasty had kings with the names of Kujula Kadphises, Kanishka, Huvishka and Vasudeva. All the Kushans were patrons of Buddhism except Vasudeo,^{[citation needed]} mentioned on coins as Bazodeo. Kanishka even hosted the third Buddhist council, the first two being hosted by Ajatshatru and Ashoka the Great. The headless statue of Kanishka is in the Mathura Museum.

Megasthenes, writing in the early 3rd century BCE, mentions Mathura as a great city under the name Μέθορα (Méthora).^[2]

The Indo-Scythians (aka Sakas or Shakas) conquered the area of Mathura over Indian kings around 60 BCE. One of their satraps was Hagamasha, who was in turn followed by the Saka Great Satrap Rajuvula.^{[citation needed]}

The findings of ancient stone inscriptions in Maghera, a town 17 km from Mathura, provide historical artifacts giving more details on this era of Mathura.^[3] The opening of the 3 line text of these inscriptions are in Brahmi script and were translated as: "In the 116th year of the Greek kings..."^[4][5]

The Mathura lion capital, an Indo-Scythian sandstone capital in crude style, dated to the 1st century CE, describes in kharoshthi the gift of a stupa with a relic of the Buddha, by Queen Nadasi Kasa, the wife of the Indo-Scythian ruler of Mathura, Rajuvula. The capital also mentions the genealogy of several Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura.^{[citation needed]}

Rajuvula apparently eliminated the last of the Indo-Greek kings, Strato II, around 10 CE, and took his capital city, Sagala.^{[citation needed]}

The Mathura Lion Capital inscriptions attest that Mathura fell under the control of the Sakas. The inscriptions contain references to Kharaosta Kamuio and Aiyasi Kamuia. Yuvaraja Kharostes (Kshatrapa) was the son of Arta, as is attested by his own coins.^[6]

Arta is stated to be brother of King Moga or Maues.^[7] Princess Aiyasi Kambojaka, also called Kambojika, was the chief queen of Shaka Mahakshatrapa Rajuvula. Kamboja presence in Mathura is also verified from some verses of the epic, the Mahabharata, which are believed to have been composed around this period.^[8] This may suggest that Sakas and Kambojas may have jointly ruled over Mathura and Uttar Pradesh. It is revealing that the Mahabharata verses only attest the Kambojas and Yavanas as the inhabitants of Mathura, but do not make any reference to the Sakas.^{[citation needed]}

The Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura are sometimes called the "Northern Satraps", as opposed to the "Western Satraps" ruling in Gujarat and Malwa. After Rajuvula, several successors are known to have ruled as vassals to the Kushans, such as the "Great Satrap" Kharapallana and the "Satrap" Vanaspara, who are known from an inscription discovered in Sarnath, and dated to the 3rd year of Kanishka (c 130 CE), in which they were paying allegiance to the Kushans.^[9]

Mathura served as one of the Kushan Empire's two capitals from the first to the third centuries. The Mathura Museum has the largest collection of redstone sculptures in Asia, depicting many famous Buddha figurines.

Fa Xian mentions the city, as a centre of Buddhism about A.D. 400; while his successor Xuanzang, who visited the city in 634 CE, which he mentions as Mot'ulo, and said that it contained twenty Buddhist monasteries and five Brahmanical temples.^[10] Later, he went east to Thanesar, Jalandhar in the eastern Punjab, before climbing up to visit predominantly Theravada monasteries in the Kulu valley and turning southward again to Bairat and then Mathura, on the Yamuna river.^[11]

The city was sacked and many of its temples destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1018 and again by Sikandar Lodhi, who ruled the Sultanate of Delhi from 1489 to 1517.^[12][13]

Sikander Lodhi earned the epithet of 'But Shikan', the 'Destroyer of Hindu deities'. The Keshav Dev Temple was partially destroyed by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, who built the city's Jami Masjid (Friday mosque) believed to be on the Kishnajanmabhoomi.^{[citation needed]} It was won over from the Mughals by the Jat kings of Bharatpur but subsequently the area was passed on to the Marathas who constructed a garbh-griha shrine sharing the wall of mosque. The garbh-griha mandir is a small underground temple which houses black moorti of Laddu-Gopal. The ambience of this Krishnajanmbhoomi mandir has been made to resemble that of Prison cell. A noteworthy fact about this garbh-griha is that the wall just behind Laddu-Gopal belongs to Mosque which was constructed by Aurangzeb after destroying the ancient Keshav Dev temple. The bigger Krishna shrine, better known as Dwarkadeesh temple is a few metres away from what is believed to be the actual birthplace of Krishna, was built in 1815 by Seth Gokuldas Parikh, Treasurer of Gwalior.^{[citation needed]}

Mathura, India

Among the "seven holy cities of India"[link]

Moreover, Mathura is one of the seven most holy places for Hindus in India where Varanasi is considered as the holiest of the seven holy cities.

Ayodhyā Mathurā Māyā Kāsi Kāñchī Avantikā I

Purī Dvārāvatī chaiva saptaitā moksadāyikāh II

- Garuḍa Purāṇa I XVI .14

A Kṣetra is a sacred ground, a field of active power, a place where Moksha, final release can be obtained. The Garuda Purana enumerates seven cities as giver of Moksha, They are Ayodhya, Mathura, Māyā, Kāsi, Kāñchī, Avantikā, Puri and Dvārāvatī.^[14]

Teen Lok Se Nyari Mathura : Maharishi Arvind Chaturvedi

Geography[link]

Mathura is located at 27°17′N 77°25′E / 27.28°N 77.41°E / 27.28; 77.41.^[15] It has an average elevation of 174 metres (570 feet).

Demographics[link]

As of 2011^[update] India census,^[16] Mathura had a population of 2,541,894. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Mathura has an average literacy rate of 72.65%, lower than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 84.39%, and female literacy is 58.93%. In Mathura, 15.61% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Transportation[link]

Rail[link]

Mathura is well connected by train from major cities in India such as New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Indore, Bhopal, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Ujjain, Rewa, Lucknow, Kanpur, Varanasi etc. City is served by four stations, Mathura Junction being the biggest one connecting to West, North and Southern India. Mathura Cantt connects to eastern Uttar Pradesh. Bhooteshwar serves for local trains for Delhi, Agra, Bharatpur and Alwar. Another station Krishnajanmabhoomi connects to Vrindavan via rail bus.

Road[link]

Mathura is well connected by road to the rest of Uttar Pradesh and India. NH 2 (Delhi-Howrah) Highway passes through the city which connects to National Highway 3 (to Mumbai), a part of it is known as Mathura Road, NH-11 (Agra to Bikaner) and NH-93 (Moradabad) are in Agra. Yamuna Expressway also connects to Mathura. City is served by Upsrtc, JNNURAM, Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, DTC, Chandigrah and Punjab state transports. Mathura depot (upsrtc) has 120 buses. Direct buses are available to Indore, Bhopal, Gwalior, Jaipur, Udaipur, Ajimer, Delhi, Chandigarh, Lucknow, Kanpur, Meerut,haridwar Rohtak and other cities. An intercity JnNURM bus facility also exists.

Air[link]

The city does not have an airport but a new airport is being built near Farah (Mathura Agra Road). Construction is in progress with plans to open in the next five^[when?] years with flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Ujjain and Varanasi.^{[citation needed]}

Tourism[link]

Pilgrimage to Buddha's Holy Sites
The Four Main Sites
Lumbini · Bodh Gaya Sarnath · Kushinagar
Four Additional Sites
Sravasti · Rajgir Sankissa · Vaishali
Other Sites
Patna · Gaya · Kosambi Kapilavastu · Devadaha Kesariya · Pava Nalanda · Varanasi
Later Sites
Sanchi · Mathura Ellora · Ajanta · Vikramshila Ratnagiri · Udayagiri · Lalitgiri Bharhut · Barabar Caves
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There are many place of historic and religious importance in Mathura and its neighbouring towns. Most of them are linked with Hindu heritage. Major places are listed here.

Major tourist sites[link]

• Shahi Masjid Eidgah
• Shahi Jama Masjid Chowkbazar.
• Keshav Dev Temple or Keshav Dev ji Mandir also known as Krishnajanmabhoomi.
• Jai Gurudev Ashram - Naam Yog Sadhna Mandir
• Dwarikadheesh Temple
• Shri Gopal Mandir, Chatta Bazar, Mathura.
• Holi Gate
• Durvasa Rishi Ashram
• Kans Tila
• Sri Keshavji Gaudiya Matha
• Vishram Ghat, a bath and worship place on the banks of river Yamuna is the main ghat in Mathura, central to 25 other ghats.
• Rangeshwar Mahadev Mandir
• Bhooteshwar Mahadev Mandir
• Mathura museum
• Birla Mandir
• Kans Khar Bazar (Place of Kans Vadh)
• Galteshwar Mahadev Mandir
• Mahavidhya Devi Mandir

Places of interest[link]

A very famous twin-city to Mathura is Vrindavan. As the home of Lord Krishna in his youth, the small town is host to a multitude of temples belonging to various sects of Hinduism proclaiming Lord Krishna in various forms and Avatars. Some of the most famous temples are Banke Bihari Temple, Rang ji Temple and Iskcon Temple.

Strategic importance[link]

Mathura is the home for Indian I Corps (Strike Formation)^[17][18] within the Indian Army's Central Command, hosting Strike I Corps headquarters in a large classified area in the outskirts of the city known as Mathura Cantonment (Central Command itself has its headquarters at Lucknow). It hosts Strike Infantry units, Air Defence units, Armoured Divisions, Engineer brigades, Aritillery Units and classified units of Strategic Nuclear Command. Corps I is primarily responsible for western borders of India. In 2007 during Exercise Ashwamedha, all the armoured, artillery and infantry divisions performed a simulation of an overall NBC (nuclear-chemical-biological) environment. The aim was to show operational ability in high intensity, short duration and 'sudden' battles.^[19]

Industries[link]

One of the major contributors in the economy of Uttar Pradesh are Mathura Industries.^{[citation needed]} Mathura Oil Refinery located in the city is one of the biggest oil refineries of Asia.^{[citation needed]} This oil refinery of the Indian Oil Corporation is a highly technologically advanced oil refinery.^{[citation needed]} Silver polishing industry is another industry.^{[citation needed]} Textile printing industry that includes both sari-printing and fabric dyeing is another major industry of the region.^{[citation needed]} Apart from these other industries are water tap manufacturing units and other decorative and household items.^{[citation needed]} Mathura also is a big centre for production of cotton materials;prominent among them being pure white bleached cotton sarees for women and dhotis for men,and cotton niwar tapes for beds. It is also a hub for production of milk based sweet meats,prominent among them being mathura Pedas and burfis. Renowned as the place where rivers of milk flowed, Mathura till today boasts of Milk trading centres where you can buy any amount of fresh milk where rates vary every few minutes and are notified on a black board akin to stock prices.

Educational institutions[link]

R.C.A Girl's College is the premier institute for girls in the city. In modern times Mathura has become a hub of engineering colleges and universities.(G.l bajaj group of instituion, Rk education hub(gaurav kumar sharma me1009), GLA university and BSA College of engg and technology has been accorded as status of university)40 engineering & management colleges had been established in Mathura up to 12-12-2009.^{[citation needed]}

Mathura is home to the Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary University, the first of its kind in the state and the fourth in the country to be made independent veterinary universities.^[20] The University is located on the Mathura-Agra road, about 5 km from Mathura Junction. The main campus of the University is spread over a land area of 782.32 acres (3.1659 km²) in Mathura Cantt and about 1,400 acres (6 km²) at Madhurikund, about 20 km from the main campus.^{[citation needed]}

Culture[link]

Temple in Barsana, near Mathura, dedicated to the worship of Radha and Krishna. Being the birthplace of Lord Krishna, Mathura is an important Hindu pilgrimage site.

Mathura has contributed a lot towards Indian Culture through its rich heritage. The ethos of Mathura, and in fact the whole of Braj mandal is centered on Krishna and his tales. Mathura sees heightened activities during the major festivities dedicated to Krishna.

The Braj culture has been expressed widely through various practices.

Sanjhee is the colourful art of decorating the ground with flowers.

Rasiya is a tradition that is integral to Mathura’s culture. It is the tradition of folk-songs that describe the love of the divine couple Radha and Krshnaji. It is an inseparable part of the Holi celebrations and all other festive occasions at Mathura. (Dhulendi – Holi with drums (dholak), colours, etc. originated from Braj region hundreds of millennia before today.)

Raaslilas of Mathura have become an integral part of Indian Folklore. According to popular belief, Krshnaji had danced the Raas with gopis on banks of Yamuna river.

Charkula is a traditional folk dance of the Braj. In this dance, a woman balances a column of deepikas on her head and dances to the accompaniment of Rasiya songs by the menfolk.

The language spoken in the Braj mandal is mainly Hindi which is spoken in a different dialect. This dialect is characteristic with the Braj region and known as Brajbhasha. Before Hindi and until past few centuries, Brajbhasha used to be the dominant language in literature.

See Also[link]

• Vrindavan
• Gokul

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Mathura-The Cultural Heritage. Edited by Doris Meth Srinivasan, published in 1989 by AIIS/Manohar.
• Bowker, John (2002). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Religions, p. 60.
• Konow, Sten. Editor. 1929. Kharoshthī Inscriptions with Exception of those of Asoka. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. II, Part I. Reprint: Indological Book House, Varanasi, 1969.
• Mukherjee, B. N. 1981. Mathurā and its Society: The Śaka-Pahlava Phase. Firma K. L. M. Private Limited, Calcutta.
• Sharma, R. C. 1976. Mathura Museum and Art. 2nd revised and enlarged edition. Government Museum, Mathura.
• Growse, F. S. 1882. " Mathura A District Memoir.
• Drake-Brockman, D. L. 1911. " Muttra A Gaztteer.
• The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathura, by Smith, Vincent Arthur, 1848-1920. (1901)

External links[link]

• Mathura City E-Portal
• Entry on Mathura in the Dictionary on Pali Proper Names

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mathura

• Mathura travel guide from Wikitravel

v t e Hindu holy cities India Char Dham Badrinath (Badrinath Temple) Dwarka (Dwarakadheesh Temple) Puri (Jagannath Temple) Rameswaram (Ramanathaswamy Temple) Ashtavinayaka Morgaon (Moreshwar) Lenyadri (Girijatmaj) Pali (Ballaleshwar) Mahad (Varadvinayak) Ranjangaon (Mahaganapati) Siddhatek (Siddhivinayak) Ozar (Vighneswar) Theur (Chintamani) Jyotirlinga Prabhas Patan (Somnath) Srisailam (Mallikājuna) Ujjain (Mahakaleshwar) Omkareshwar (Omkareshwar) Deogarh District (Vaidyanath) Bhorgiri (Bhimashankar) Rameswaram(Ramanathaswamy) Parali-Vaijanath(Nageshvara) Varanasi (Kashi Vishvanath) Trimbakeshwar (Trimbakeshwar) Kedarnath (Kedarnath) Daulatabad (near Grishneshwar) Others Allahabad Ambaji Arunachala Ayodhya Bhadrachalam Chidambaram Chitrakuta Dakor Deoghar Dharmasthala Gangotri Gaya Gokul Guruvayur Haridwar Jageshwar Kalahasti Kalighat Kanchipuram Kollur Madurai Mathura Nashik Nathdwara Pushkar Rishikesh Sabarimala Somnath Sringeri Srirangam Tirupati Tripunithura Udupi Vrindavan Yamunotri Nepal Kathmandu Janakpurdham Sri Lanka Kataragama

v t e Vishnu temples Thiruvananthapuram Tirumala Annavaram Dwaraka Tirumala Thiruvalla Varkala Simhachalam Srirangam Tripunithura Badrinath Kanchipuram Guruvayur Thirunelli Puri Udupi Srivilliputhur Tiruvallikeni Ambalappuzha Vishnupad Mandir Dwarka

It has been suggested that List of awards and nominations received by Vivek Oberoi be merged into this article or section. ([[Talk:<Vivek Oberoi>#Merger proposal|Discuss]]) Proposed since April 2012.

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2010)

Vivek Oberoi
Vivek Oberoi at Sailor Today Awards
Born	Vivek Anand Oberoi (1976-09-03) 3 September 1976 (age 35) Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Occupation	Film actor
Years active	2002–present
Spouse	Priyanka Alva Oberoi
Website
http://vivek-oberoi.com

Vivek Oberoi^[1] (born 3 September 1976) is an Indian actor. He is the son of Bollywood actor Suresh Oberoi and Yashodhara Oberoi.

Early life[link]

Born to a Punjabi father and a Tamil mother,^[2] Vivek attended Mayo college in Ajmer.^[3] At an actors' workshop in London he was spotted by the director of New York University who took Vivek off to New York, where he completed his Masters Degree in film acting.^[4] Vivek also worked as a script writer in India.^[5]

Career[link]

Vivek Oberoi made his debut with Ram Gopal Varma's film Company.^[6] He received Filmfare Awards for Best Debut as well as Best Supporting Actor. He then starred in the action films, Road and Dum. In Dum, he played the role of a man trying to become a part of Indian police but faces many troubles with a police inspector.

Next, he starred in Saathiya (2002) directed by Shaad Ali. The film was a big hit at the box office and earned him a Filmfare nomination in the Best Actor category. He starred in a comedy Masti (2004). In 2004, he also starred in Yuva . In 2005 he acted the title character in the film Kisna: The Warrior Poet.

In 2006, he appeared in Omkara, an adaptation of Shakespeare's play Othello.^[7] He played the character of Kesu, based on the character Michael Cassio in the original play. After seeing Oberoi's performance, Gulzar congratulated him.^[8]

In 2007, he acted as the gangster Maya Dolas in the multi-starrer, Shootout at Lokhandwala,

In 2008, Oberoi starred in Mission Istanbul, which was directed by Apoorva Lakhia and produced by Ekta Kapoor. He performed to the song Apun Ke Saath, produced for the film by Vikas Kohli, at the 2008 International Indian Film Academy Awards.^[9]

In 2009 he co-starred in Kurbaan

In 2010, he appeared in Prince, which received a good response from the crowd.^[10][11] In the same year, he appeared in Ram Gopal Varma's Rakht Charitra.^[12] Here he played the role of a south India politician Paritala Ravi.

Oberoi is slated to play the lead role in the film, Bloody Paki, that will be directed by Shaad Ali and Shiva and produced by Mani Ratnam.^[13] Vivek Oberoi signed a new film 'Kismat Love Paisa Dilli'.^[14] Vivek produced a film named "Watch Indian Circus" in 2011.^[15] The film got featured in 16th Busan Film festival which had thousands of people as the audience, in the age group of 16–40 years who voted the Film as the Best and made it win the Audience Choice Award for Best Film from 3000 films worldwide and amongst 380 films screened.In 16 years of the History of Busan, this is the First Indian Film to win this acclaimed and prestigious award. The Film has already received rave reviews from International Critics and reporters from Hollywood Reporter, Variety and Screen International.^[16]

Philanthropy[link]

Vivek Oberoi was awarded the Red and White Bravery Award in 2006 for helping re-build a village which was hit severely by the Tsunami. Oberoi, at the age of 28, was in Chennai when disaster struck and assembled six truckloads of relief supplies and also adopted a tsunami-ravaged village in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu.^[17] Oberoi and his family founded The Yashodhara Oberoi Foundation (YOF). Oberoi serves as the World Health Organization's anti-tobacco spokesperson. He is involved with several charities in Chennai and Mumbai. His work with Project Hope to bring relief to victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami earned him a Good Samaritan Award from Rotary International.^[18]

His philanthropic activities also include Project Devi, Cancer Patients Aid Association and Banyan, which works towards rehabilitating mentally challenged homeless women. In all, Vivek has donated about Rs 3 million (Rs 30 lakh) and helped raise Rs 25 million (Rs 250 lakh).^[19]

Personal life[link]

Vivek Oberoi previously got engaged to Gurpreet Gill in 2002. However, the couple broke up after sometime.^[20] He was also linked to Aishwarya Rai for some time, before they broke up. On 29 October 2010, Oberoi married Priyanka Alva, daughter of Karnataka minister Jeevaraj Alva, in Bangalore.^[21]

Awards[link]

Filmfare Awards

Winner

• 2010 - IIFA Green Global Award^[22]

Filmography[link]

Dubbing career[link]

In 2010, Vivek Oberoi has spoke over his own roles in Tamil for the Prince and Rakta Charitra films.

Dubbing Roles[link]

Live action films[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Vivek Oberoi at the Internet Movie Database
• Vivek Oberoi's official site

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