Dyeing is the process of adding color to textile products like fibers, yarns, and fabrics. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material. After dyeing, dye molecules have uncut Chemical bond with fiber molecules. The temperature and time controlling are two key factors in dyeing. There are mainly two classes of dye, natural and man-made.
For most of the thousands of years in which dyeing has been used by humans to decorate clothing, or fabrics for other uses, the primary source of dye has been nature, with the dyes being extracted from animals or plants. In the last 150 years, humans have produced artificial dyes to achieve a broader range of colors, and to render the dyes more stable to resist washing and general use. Different classes of dyes are used for different types of fiber and at different stages of the textile production process, from loose fibers through yarn and cloth to completed garments.
Acrylic fibers are dyed with basic dyes, Nylon and protein fibers such as wool and silk are dyed with acid dyes, polyester yarn is dyed with disperse dyes. Cotton is dyed with a range of dye types, including vat dyes, and modern synthetic reactive and direct dyes.
The term may also be applied to dyeing without the use of mordants to fix the dye once it is applied. Mordants were often required to alter the hue and intensity of natural dyes and improve their color fastness. Chromium salts were until recently extensively used in dying wool with synthetic mordant dyes. These were used for economical high color fastness dark shades such as black and navy. Environmental concern has now restricted their use, and they have been replaced with reactive and metal complex dyes which need no mordant.
The common dyeing process of cotton yarn with reactive dyes at package form is as follows: # The raw yarn is wound on a spring tube to achieve a package suitable for dye penetration. # These softened packages are loaded on a dyeing carrier's spindle one on another. # The packages are pressed up to a desired height to achieve suitable density of packing. # The carrier is loaded on the dyeing machine and the yarn is dyed. # After dyeing, the packages are unloaded from the carrier into a trolly. # Now the trolly is taken to hydro extractor where water is removed. # The packages are hydro extracted to remove the maximum amount of water leaving the desired color into raw yarn. # The packages are then dried to achieve the final dyed package.₪
After this process, the dyed yarn packages are packed and delivered.
If things go wrong in the dyeing process, the dyer may be forced to remove the dye already applied by a process that is normally known as stripping. This normally means destroying the dye with powerful reducing agents (sodium hydrosulphite) or oxidizing agents (hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite). The process often risks damaging the substrate (fiber). Where possible, it is often less risky to dye the material a darker shade, with black often being the easiest or last option.
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Name | Stephen King |
---|---|
Caption | Stephen King, February 2007 |
Pseudonym | Richard Bachman, John Swithen |
Birthdate | September 21, 1947 |
Birthname | Stephen Edwin King |
Birthplace | Portland, Maine, U.S. |
Occupation | Novelist, short story writer, screenwriter, columnist, actor, television producer, film director |
Genre | Horror, fantasy, science fiction, drama, gothic, genre fiction, dark fantasy |
Net worth | ? |
Notableworks | Carrie, The Shining, The Stand, It, and Misery |
Influences | Burton HatlenEdgar Allan PoeJohn D. MacDonaldDon RobertsonWilliam Faulkner |
Influenced | Peter DavidJ. J. AbramsDamon Lindelof which have been adapted into a number of feature films, television movies and comic books. As of 2011, King has written and published 49 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman, five non-fiction books, and nine collections of short stories. Many of his stories are set in his home state of Maine. |
Name | King, Stephen |
Alternative names | King, Stephen Edwin |
Short description | American author |
Date of birth | September 21, 1947 |
Place of birth | Portland, Maine, United States |
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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