A grape is a non-climacteric fruit, specifically a berry, and from the deciduous woody vines of the genus ''Vitis''. Grapes can be eaten raw or they can be used for making jam, juice, jelly, wine, grape seed extracts, raisins, vinegar, and grape seed oil.

History

The cultivation of the domesticated grape began 6,000-8,000 years ago in the Near East. Yeast, one of the earliest domesticated microorganisms, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the innovation of alcoholic drinks such as wine. First traces of red wine are seen in ancient Armenia where apparently, to date, the oldest winery was found, dating to around 4,000 BCE. By the 9th century CE the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes, and history attests to the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians and Romans growing purple grapes for both eating and wine production. The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in North America.

Native grapes belonging to various species of the ''Vitis'' genus proliferated in the wild across North America, and were a part of the diet of many Native Americans, but were considered by European colonists to be unsuitable for wine, who imported vitis vinifera varieties for that purpose.

Description

Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters of 15 to 300, and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of anthocyanins which are responsible for the color of purple grapes. Anthocyanins and other pigment chemicals of the larger family of polyphenols in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines. Grapes are also used in some kinds of confectionery. Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a prolate spheroid.

Grapevines

Most grapes come from cultivars of ''Vitis vinifera'', the European grapevine native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Minor amounts of fruit and wine come from American and Asian species such as:

''Vitis labrusca'', the North American table and grape juice grapevines (including the concord cultivar), sometimes used for wine, are native to the Eastern United States and Canada.

''Vitis riparia'', a wild vine of North America, is sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. It is native to the entire Eastern U.S. and north to Quebec.

''Vitis rotundifolia'', the muscadines, used for jams and wine, are native to the Southeastern United States from Delaware to the Gulf of Mexico.

''Vitis amurensis'' is the most important Asian species.

Juice

Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. In the wine industry, grape juice that contains 7-23 percent of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "must". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.

Distribution and production

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 75,866 square kilometres of the world are dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be reconstituted for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year. The following table of top wine-producers shows the corresponding areas dedicated to grapes for wine making: {|class="wikitable" !Country !Area dedicated |- | Spain | align="center"| 11,750 km² |- | France | align="center"| 8,640 km² |- | Italy | align="center"| 8,270 km² |- | Turkey | align="center"| 8,120 km² |- | United States | align="center"| 4,150 km² |- | Iran | align="center"| 2,860 km² |- | Romania | align="center"| 2,480 km² |- | Portugal | align="center"| 2,160 km² |- | Argentina | align="center"| 2,080 km² |- | Chile | align="center"| 1,840 km² |- | Australia | align="center"| 1,642 km² |- | Armenia | align="center"| 1,459 km² |- | Lebanon | align="center"| 1,122 km² |- |}

align=right align=right align=right align=right align=right align=right align=right align=right align=right

colspan=3	Top ten grape producers – 8 October 2009
Country	Production (Tonnes)	Footnote
Italy	8,519,418	F
China	6,787,081|| align=right>F
United States	6,384,090|| align=right | F
France	6,044,900|| align=right | F
Spain	5,995,300|| align=right | F
Turkey	3,612,781|| align=right | F
Iran	3,000,000|| align=right | F
Argentina	2,900,000|| align=right | F
Chile	2,350,000|| align=right | F
India	1,667,700|| align=right | F
	Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division

There are no reliable statistics that break down grape production by variety. It is believed that the most widely planted variety is Sultana, also known as Thompson Seedless, with at least 3,600 km². (880,000 acres) dedicated to it. The second most common variety is Airén. Other popular varieties include Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Grenache, Tempranillo, Riesling and Chardonnay.

Table and wine grapes

thumb|right|upright|Wine grapes on the vine Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either table or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make wine (wine grapes). While almost all of them belong to the same species, ''Vitis vinifera'', table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through selective breeding. Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes is usually around 15% sugar by weight.

Seedless grapes

Although grape seeds contain many nutrients, some consumers choose seedless grapes; seedless cultivars now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are vegetatively propagated by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction. It is an issue for breeders, who must either use a seeded variety as the female parent or rescue embryos early in development using tissue culture techniques.

There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being cultivars of ''Vitis vinifera''. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern Ontario.

An offset to the improved eating quality of seedlessness is the loss of potential health benefits provided by the enriched phytochemical content of grape seeds (see Health claims, below).

Raisins, currants and sultanas

thumb|right|RaisinsIn most of Europe, dried grapes are referred to as "raisins" or the local equivalent. In the UK, three different varieties are recognized, forcing the EU to use the term "Dried vine fruit" in official documents.

A ''raisin'' is any dried grape. While ''raisin'' is a French loanword, the word in French refers to the fresh fruit; ''grappe'' (from which the English ''grape'' is derived) refers to the bunch (as in ''une grappe de raisins'').

A ''currant'' is a dried Zante Black Corinth grape, the name being a corruption of the French ''raisin de Corinthe'' (Corinth grape). ''Currant'' has also come to refer to the blackcurrant and redcurrant, two berries unrelated to grapes.

A ''sultana'' was originally a raisin made from Sultana grapes of Turkish origin (known as Thompson Seedless in the United States), but the word is now applied to raisins made from either white grapes, or red grapes which are bleached to resemble the traditional sultana.

Health claims

French Paradox

Comparing diets among Western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, the incidence of heart disease remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the French Paradox, and is thought to occur from protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine. Apart from potential benefits of alcohol itself, including reduced platelet aggregation and vasodilation, polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol) mainly in the grape skin provide other suspected health benefits, such as:

Alteration of molecular mechanisms in blood vessels, reducing susceptibility to vascular damage

Decreased activity of angiotensin, a systemic hormone causing blood vessel constriction that would elevate blood pressure

Increased production of the vasodilator hormone, nitric oxide (endothelium-derived relaxing factor)

Although adoption of wine consumption is not recommended by some health authorities, a significant volume of research indicates moderate consumption, such as one glass of red wine a day for women and two for men, may confer health benefits. Emerging evidence is that wine polyphenols like resveratrol provide physiological benefit whereas alcohol itself may have protective effects on the cardiovascular system.

Resveratrol

Grape phytochemicals such as resveratrol (a polyphenol antioxidant), have been positively linked to inhibiting any cancer, heart disease, degenerative nerve disease, viral infections and mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease.

Protection of the genome through antioxidant actions may be a general function of resveratrol. In laboratory studies, resveratrol bears a significant transcriptional overlap with the beneficial effects of calorie restriction in heart, skeletal muscle and brain. Both dietary interventions inhibit gene expression associated with heart and skeletal muscle aging, and prevent age-related heart failure.

Resveratrol is the subject of several human clinical trials, among which the most advanced is a one year dietary regimen in a Phase III study of elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Synthesized by many plants, resveratrol apparently serves antifungal and other defensive properties. Dietary resveratrol has been shown to modulate the metabolism of lipids and to inhibit oxidation of low-density lipoproteins and aggregation of platelets.

Resveratrol is found in wide amounts among grape varieties, primarily in their skins and seeds which, in muscadine grapes, have about one hundred times higher concentration than pulp. Fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram.

Anthocyanins and other phenolics

Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols (i.e. catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties. Total phenolic content, a laboratory index of antioxidant strength, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. It is these anthocyanins that are attracting the efforts of scientists to define their properties for human health. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.

Red wine may offer health benefits more so than white because potentially beneficial compounds are present in grape skin, and only red wine is fermented with skins. The amount of fermentation time a wine spends in contact with grape skins is an important determinant of its resveratrol content. Ordinary non-muscadine red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L, depending on the grape variety, because it is fermented with the skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol. By contrast, a white wine contains lower phenolic contents because it is fermented after removal of skins.

Wines produced from muscadine grapes may contain more than 40 mg/L, an exceptional phenolic content. In muscadine skins, ellagic acid, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and trans-resveratrol are major phenolics. Contrary to previous results, ellagic acid and not resveratrol is the major phenolic in muscadine grapes.

The flavonols syringetin, syringetin 3-O-galactoside, laricitrin and laricitrin 3-O-galactoside are also found in purple grape but absent in white grape.

Seed constituents

Since the 1980s, biochemical and medical studies have demonstrated significant antioxidant properties of grape seed oligomeric proanthocyanidins. Together with tannins, polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids, these seed constituents display inhibitory activities against several experimental disease models, including cancer, heart failure and other disorders of oxidative stress.

Grape seed oil from crushed seeds is used in cosmeceuticals and skincare products for many perceived health benefits. Grape seed oil is notable for its high contents of tocopherols (vitamin E), phytosterols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, oleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.

Concord grape juice

Commercial juice products from Concord grapes have been applied in medical research studies, showing potential benefits against the onset stage of cancer, platelet aggregation and other risk factors of atherosclerosis, loss of physical performance and mental acuity during aging and hypertension in humans.

Grape toxicity in dogs

Grapes can cause renal failure in dogs. See the main article on grape and raisin toxicity in dogs.

Religious significance

In the Bible, grapes are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm (). Instructions concerning wine are given in the book of Proverbs and in the book of Isaiah, such as in and . tell of the use of wine during Jewish feasts. Grapes were also significant to both the Greeks and Romans, and their God of agriculture, Dionysus, was linked to grapes and wine, being frequently portrayed with grape leaves on his head. Grapes are especially significant for Christians, who since the Early Church have used wine in their celebration of the Eucharist. Views on the significance of the wine vary between denominations. In Christian art, grapes often represent the blood of Christ, such as the grape leaves in Caravaggio’s ''John the Baptist''.

Use in religion

Grape juice, because of its non-alcoholic content, is commonly used by those Christians who oppose the partaking of alcoholic beverages, as the "cup" or "wine" in the Lord's Supper.

The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine ''literally'' become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as transsubstantiation. Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the Tradition set by the early Christian Church. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt. In some circumstances, a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for the consecration, however this is extremely rare and typically requires sufficient impetus to warrant such a dispensation, such as personal health of the priest.

Although alcohol is permitted in Judaism, grape juice is sometimes used as an alternative for kiddush on Shabbat and Jewish holidays and it has the same blessing as wine. Many authorities maintain that grape juice must be capable of turning into wine naturally in order to be used for kiddush. Common practice, however, is to use any kosher grape juice for kiddush.

Gallery

See also

Annual growth cycle of grapevines

List of grape varieties

Drakshasava

Sources

Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (pdf)

Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation.

;Footnotes

Further reading

Creasy, G.L. / Creasy, L.L. (2009). ''Grapes'' (Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI. ISBN 9781845934019

External links

Taxonomic listings for Vitis genus, US Department of Agriculture, Germplasm Resources Information Network

safecrop.org, Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Grapevine Downy and Powdery Mildew]

Nutrition information for grapes

Botanical and Nutritional Information

Information on virus diseases of wine grapes

Viticulture on www.extension.org

Category:Vitaceae Category:Viticulture

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:''Not to be confused with David LaChapelle.''

Birth name	David Khari Webber Chappelle
Birth date	August 24, 1973
Birth place	Washington, D.C., U.S.
Medium	Stand-up, television, film
Nationality	American
Religion	Islam
Active	1987–present
Genre	Satire/political satire, improvisational comedy, observational comedy, surreal humor, sketch comedy, black comedy, blue comedy
Subject	Racism, race relations, American politics, African American culture, pop culture, recreational drug use, human sexuality, morality
Influences	Richard Pryor, Eddie Murphy, Mel Blanc, Chris Rock
Signature	Dave Chapelle Signature.svg
Spouse	Elaine Chappelle (2001-present) 3 children
Notable work	Himself and Various in Chappelle's ShowHimself in Dave Chappelle's Block PartyAchoo in Robin Hood: Men in TightsThurgood Jenkins in Half Baked }}

David Khari Webber "Dave" Chappelle (; born August 24, 1973) is an American comedian, screenwriter, television/film producer, actor, and artist. Chappelle began his film career in the film ''Robin Hood: Men in Tights'' in 1993 and continued to star in minor roles in the films ''The Nutty Professor'', ''Con Air'', and ''Blue Streak''. His first lead role in a film was in ''Half Baked'' in 1998. In 2003, he became widely known for his popular sketch comedy television series, ''Chappelle's Show'', which ran until his abrupt retirement from the show in 2005. Several "lost episodes" were aired in 2006, and the show still plays in syndication on several television networks despite the relatively small number of episodes compared to most American syndicated television programs. Chappelle is ranked forty-third in Comedy Central Presents: 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of All Time.

Early life

Chappelle was born David Khari Webber Chappelle in Washington, D.C. on August 24, 1973. His father, William David Chappelle III, was a professor at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio. His mother, Yvonne (née Reed), was a professor at Howard University, Prince George's Community College, and the University of Maryland and is also a Unitarian Universalist minister. Chappelle grew up in Silver Spring, Maryland and attended Woodlin Elementary School. During young Chappelle's formative years, his comic inspiration came from various comedians, particularly Eddie Murphy and Richard Pryor.

After his parents separated, Chappelle stayed in Washington with his mother while spending summers with his father in Ohio. In 1991, he graduated from Washington's Duke Ellington School of the Arts where he studied theatre arts.

Early work

Chappelle moved to New York City to pursue a career as a comedian. He gathered the courage to perform at Harlem's famed Apollo Theater in front of the infamous "Amateur Night" audience. The performance resulted in him being booed off the stage. Chappelle has described the experience as the moment that gave him the courage to continue his show business aspirations. He quickly made a name for himself in the New York comedy circuit, even performing in the city's parks. At the age of 19, Chappelle made his film debut as "Ahchoo" in Mel Brooks' ''Robin Hood: Men in Tights''. In the same year, Chappelle was offered the role of Benjamin Buford "Bubba" Blue in ''Forrest Gump''. Not realizing the effect this future Academy Award winner for Best Picture would have, and concerned about what seemed to be a racially demeaning character, he turned down the part. He has since admitted to regretting the decision. Chappelle played another supporting movie role in 1994's little-seen ''Getting In''. He attracted the attention of TV network executives and developed numerous pilots but none of them were picked up for series. In 1995, he made a guest appearance in an episode of ABC's highly rated sitcom ''Home Improvement''. The storyline had Chappelle and real-life friend comedian Jim Breuer ask Tim Taylor for advice on their girlfriends. The characters' single outing in the episode proved so popular that ABC decided to give them their own spin-off sitcom titled ''Buddies''. However, after taping a pilot episode, Jim Breuer was fired and replaced with actor Christopher Gartin. ''Buddies'' premiered in March 1996 to disappointing ratings. The show was cancelled after only four episodes out of thirteen that were produced. Nine years later, in May 2005, ten of the episodes were released on a single-disc DVD to capitalize on Chappelle's new-found fame.

After the failure of ''Buddies'', Chappelle starred in another pilot. According to Chappelle, the network was uncomfortable with the African-American cast and wanted white actors added. Chappelle resisted and subsequently accused the network of racism. Shortly after this incident, Chappelle's father died. Chappelle returned to Ohio and considered leaving the entertainment business.

He later appeared as a nightclub comedian in the 1996 comedy ''The Nutty Professor'' starring Eddie Murphy, one of his major comedic influences. He also had minor roles in 1997's ''Con Air''. He and Neal Brennan co-wrote the 1998 cult stoner film ''Half Baked'', Chappelle's first starring role, about a group of marijuana-smoking best friends trying to get their friend out of jail. That same year, he appeared in "Pilots and Pens Lost", a 1998 episode of ''The Larry Sanders Show'''s sixth season, in which he and the executives of the show's nameless television network satirized the treatment to which scriptwriters and show creators were subject, as well as the executives' knee-jerk tendencies toward racial stereotypes. In December of that year Chappelle appeared as Tom Hanks' friend and confidant in ''You've Got Mail''. In 1999, he appeared in the Martin Lawrence film ''Blue Streak''.

In 2000, Chappelle recorded his first HBO special, ''Dave Chappelle: Killin' Them Softly'', in Washington, DC. He followed this up with an appearance as "Conspiracy Brother" in the 2002 racial satire ''Undercover Brother''.

2003 - 2006 standup and ''Chappelle's Show''

In 2003, Chappelle debuted his own weekly sketch comedy show on Comedy Central called ''Chappelle's Show''. The show parodied many aspects of American culture including racial stereotypes, politics and pop culture. Along with comedy skits, the show also featured musical performances by mostly hip-hop and soul artists. Chappelle's pointed social and political commentary quickly helped the show garner critical and commercial success as well as controversy. Richard Pryor, one of Chappelle's comedic influences, was a fan of the show and stated that he had "passed the torch" to Chappelle. Chappelle received two Emmy nominations for the show. Additionally, the DVD set became the best-selling DVD of a television show to date, overtaking the previous best-selling, ''The Simpsons'' first season DVD. It had sold over 3 million copies. Due to the show's popularity, Comedy Central's parent company Viacom reportedly offered Chappelle a $55 million contract (giving Chappelle a share of DVD sales) to continue production of ''Chappelle's Show'' for two more years while allowing him to do side projects. Chappelle had stated that sketches are not his favorite form of comedy, and that the characteristics of the show's format were somewhat like short films.

In June 2004, based on the popularity of the "Rick James" sketch, it was announced that Chappelle was in talks to portray Rick James in a biopic from Paramount Pictures (also owned by Viacom). James's estate disagreed with the proposed comical tone of the film and put a halt to the talks.

In 2004, Chappelle recorded his second comedy special, this time airing on Showtime - ''Dave Chappelle: For What It's Worth'', at San Francisco's Fillmore Auditorium.

Season three turbulence

In a June 2004 stand-up performance in Sacramento, California, Chappelle walked off the stage after berating his audience for constantly shouting "I'm Rick James, bitch!," which became a catchphrase from the popular "Rick James" sketch. After a few minutes, Chappelle returned and continued by saying, "The show is ruining my life." He stated that he disliked working "20 hours a day" and that the popularity of the show was making it difficult for him to continue his stand-up career, which was "the most important thing" to him. He also told the audience:

}}

Season 3 was scheduled to air on May 31, 2005, but in that month, Chappelle stunned fans and the entertainment industry when he abruptly left during production of the third season of ''Chappelle's Show'' and took a trip to South Africa. Chappelle has since stated that he was unhappy with the direction the show had taken.

}}

Return

In June 2005, Chappelle performed impromptu stand-up shows in Los Angeles. He then went on a tour that began in Newport, Kentucky, not far from his Ohio home. He also made a surprise appearance on HBO's ''Def Poetry'' where he performed two poems, titled ''Fuck Ashton Kutcher'' and ''How I Got the Lead on "Jeopardy!."'' He was interviewed for ''Inside the Actors Studio'' on December 18, 2005 at Pace University's Michael Schimmel Center for the Arts. The show premiered on February 12, 2006. Chappelle stated that the death of his father in 1998 had an impact on his decision to go to South Africa. By throwing himself into his work, he had not taken a chance to mourn his father's death. He also said the rumors that he was in drug or psychiatric treatment only persuaded him to stay in South Africa.

He continued:

Chappelle also said that he felt some of his sketches were "socially irresponsible." He singled out the "pixie sketch" in which pixies appear to people and encourage them to reinforce stereotypes of their races. In the sketch, Chappelle is wearing blackface and is dressed as a character in a minstrel show. According to Chappelle, during the filming of the sketch, a crew member was laughing in a way that made him feel uncomfortable and made him rethink the show. Chappelle said, "it was the first time I felt that someone was not laughing with me but laughing at me."

During these interviews, Chappelle did not rule out returning to ''Chappelle's Show'' to "finish what we started," but promised that he would not return without changes to the production, such as a better working environment. He also stated he would like to donate half of the DVD sales to charity. Chappelle expressed disdain at the possibility of his material from the unfinished third season being aired, saying that to do so would be "a bully move," and that he would not return to the show if Comedy Central were to air the unfinished material. On July 9, 2006, Comedy Central aired the first episode of ''Chappelle's Show: The Lost Episodes''. An uncensored DVD release of the episodes was made available on July 25.

2006 - ''Dave Chappelle's Block Party''

Chappelle was the star and producer of the Michel Gondry-directed documentary ''Dave Chappelle's Block Party'', which chronicles a Chappelle-hosted concert in the Clinton Hill neighborhood of Brooklyn on September 18, 2004. Several musical artists, including Kanye West, The Roots, Erykah Badu, Mos Def, Dead Prez and Jill Scott are featured in the movie both performing in the concert and in conversation off-stage. The most surprising highlight of the event was the "last minute" reunion of popular 1990s hip hop group The Fugees. Chappelle toured several cities in February and March 2006 to promote the film under the moniker "Block Party All-Stars featuring Dave Chappelle". Universal Pictures' genre division Rogue Pictures released the film in the United States on March 3, 2006.

2007 - present

In April 2007, Chappelle set a stand-up endurance record at the Laugh Factory Sunset Strip comedy club, beating comedian Dane Cook's record of 3 hours and 50 minutes. In December of the same year, Chappelle broke his own record with a time of 6 hours and 12 minutes. Cook reclaimed the record in January 2008, with a time of 7 hours. On November 19, 2009 Chappelle performed at the Laugh Factory in Los Angeles, where it was speculated that he would aim to take back the record. However, he was disqualified according to the club owner, after he left the stage, five hours into his routine.

Chappelle again appeared on ''Inside the Actors Studio'' and in celebration of the show's 200th episode, he humorously interviewed the show's usual host, James Lipton. The episode aired on November 11, 2008.

Personal life

Chappelle lives with his wife Elaine, two sons, Sulayman and Ibrahim, and daughter Sonal, on a farm, just outside Yellow Springs, Ohio. He also owns several houses in Xenia, Ohio. Regarding his home in Yellow Springs, Ohio, Chappelle says, "Turns out you don't need $50 million to live around these parts, just a nice smile and a kind way about you. You guys are the best neighbors ever," he stated at a blues and jazz festival in the town in mid-September 2006. "That's why I came back and that's why I'm staying."

Chappelle is a Muslim, having converted to Islam in 1998. He told ''Time Magazine'' in a May 2005 interview, "I don’t normally talk about my religion publicly because I don’t want people to associate me and my flaws with this beautiful thing. And I believe it is beautiful if you learn it the right way."

Filmography

+ Actor
! Year	! Film	! Role	Notes
1992	''Def Comedy Jam''	Himself
1993	''Robin Hood: Men in Tights''	Ahchoo
1993	''Undercover Blues''	Ozzie
1995		Dave	One episode
1996		Reggie Warrington
1996	''Buddies (TV series)''	Dave Carlisle	Discontinued same year
1997	''Con Air''	Pinball
1998	''Half Baked''	Thurgood Jenkins / Sir Smoke-a-Lot
1998	''You've Got Mail''	Kevin Jackson
1999	''200 Cigarettes''	Disco Cabbie
1999	''Blue Streak''	Tulley
2000		Rusty P. Hayes
2002	''Undercover Brother''	Conspiracy Brother
2003–2006	''Chappelle's Show''	Himself and others
2005	''Inside the Actor's Studio''	Himself
2006	''Dave Chappelle's Block Party''	Himself	Documentary
2007		Himself	Documentary
2008	''Inside the Actor's Studio''	Himself

Discography

+ Actor
! Year	! Album	! Role	Notes
2000	Killin' Them Softly	Executive Producer	Stand Up
2004		Executive Producer	Stand Up

References

External links

Video of Anderson Cooper 360 Interview

Fresh Air Interview in 2004

Category:1973 births Category:American Muslims Category:African-American actors Category:African American comedians Category:African American television actors Category:American buskers Category:American cannabis activists Category:American film actors Category:American stand-up comedians Category:American television actors Category:Psychedelic drug advocates Category:American people of Ivorian descent Category:Living people Category:People from Silver Spring, Maryland Category:People from Washington, D.C. Category:Actors from Washington, D.C. Category:People from Yellow Springs, Ohio Category:African American Muslims Category:Converts to Islam

cs:Dave Chappelle da:Dave Chapelle de:David Chappelle es:Dave Chappelle fr:Dave Chappelle it:Dave Chappelle he:דייב שאפל nl:Dave Chappelle no:David Chappelle pl:Dave Chappelle pt:Dave Chappelle ru:Шапелл, Дэйв sq:Dave Chappelle fi:Dave Chappelle sv:Dave Chappelle

Da Vinci usually refers to Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Italian Renaissance polymath. It may also refer to:

Places

Leonardo da Vinci Airport - the main international airport in Fiumicino, Rome, Italy

Leonardo da Vinci High School - a New Technology High School in Davis, California

Leonardo da Vinci High School Buffalo, New York - a college prep school in Buffalo, New York.

Da Vinci (lunar crater) - a crater on the Moon

Da Vinci Research Park - a science park located in Brussels

Ships

''Leonardo da Vinci'' - a ''Conte di Cavour'' class battleship of the Italian navy

''Leonardo da Vinci'' - a ''Marconi'' class submarine of the Italian Navy.

SS ''Leonardo da Vinci'' - an ocean liner in service for Italian Line between 1960 and 1978.

GTS ''Da Vinci'' - a cruise ship owned by Club Cruise

Television

''Da Vinci's Inquest'' - a 1998 Canadian dramatic television series

* ''Da Vinci's City Hall'' - a 2005 spinoff of ''Da Vinci's Inquest''

Technology

Da Vinci Surgical System - a robotic surgery system

da Vinci Systems - Color Correctors

The da Vinci Project - a planned suborbital manned spacecraft

Texas Instruments DaVinci - a system-on-a-chip for digital video

Da Vinci Machine - a Sun Microsystems project aiming to prototype the extension of the Java Virtual Machine to add support for dynamic languages

Music

Da Vinci (band) - a Portuguese pop rock band

Da Vinci's Notebook - an American ''a cappella'' group.

Other

Pierino da Vinci, sculptor, Leonardo's nephew

Giulietta da Vinci - fictional character from the 1999 James Bond film ''The World Is Not Enough''

Da Vinci Tower - a proposed 420-metre (1,378 ft), 80-floor tower in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Davinci Academy of Science and the Arts - a charter high school in Ogden, Utah.

Leonardo da Vinci programme

Da Vinci's Challenge - a board game

Da Vinci (restaurant) - Michelin starred restaurant in Maasbracht, Netherlands

See also

Vinci (disambiguation)

The Da Vinci Code (disambiguation) - the novel by Dan Brown and related items

ar:دا فينشي (توضيح) de:Da Vinci (Begriffsklärung) es:Da Vinci (desambiguación) fr:Da Vinci it:Da Vinci (disambigua) hu:Da Vinci (egyértelműsítő lap) nl:Da Vinci no:Da Vinci pt:Da Vinci ru:Леонардо да Винчи (значения)

name	Diana Krall
background	solo_singer
birth date	November 16, 1964
birth place	Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
instrument	VocalsPiano
genre	Jazz, traditional pop, bossa nova
occupation	SingerPianistSongwriter
years active	1990–present
label	Justin Time (1993)GRP (1995)Impulse (1995–2001)Verve (2002–present)
associated acts	Elvis Costello
website	DianaKrall.com
notable instruments	Steinway piano }}

Diana Jean Krall, OC, OBC (born November 16, 1964) is a Canadian jazz pianist and singer, known for her contralto vocals. She has sold more than 6 million albums in the US and over 15 million worldwide. On December 11, 2009, ''Billboard'' magazine named her the second Jazz artist of the 2000–09 decade, establishing her as one of the best-selling artists of her time. She is the only jazz singer to have eight albums debuting at the top of the ''Billboard Jazz Albums''. To date, she has won three Grammy Awards and eight Juno Awards. She also has earned nine gold, three platinum, and seven multi-platinum albums.

Professional career

In 1993, Krall released her first album, ''Stepping Out'', which she recorded with John Clayton and Jeff Hamilton. It caught the attention of producer Tommy LiPuma, who produced her second album, ''Only Trust Your Heart'' (1995).

Her third album, ''All for You: A Dedication to the Nat King Cole Trio'' (1996), was nominated for a Grammy and continued for 70 weeks in the ''Billboard'' jazz charts. ''Love Scenes'' (1997) quickly became a hit record with the trio of Krall, Russell Malone (guitar) and Christian McBride (bass).

In August 2000, Krall was paired on a 20-city tour with Tony Bennett. They were paired again for a song on the TV series ''Spectacle: Elvis Costello with...''

Orchestral arrangements by Johnny Mandel provided the background on ''When I Look In Your Eyes'' (1999). The band mix was kept, following arrangements on ''The Look of Love'' (2001) created by Claus Ogerman; this record achieved platinum status and reached the top 10 of the Billboard 200. The title track from the album, a cover of the ''Casino Royale'' standard popularized in the late 1960s by Dusty Springfield and Sérgio Mendes, reached number 22 on the adult contemporary chart.

In September 2001, Krall began a world tour. Her concert at the Paris Olympia was recorded and released as her first live record, ''Diana Krall - Live in Paris''. The album included covers of Billy Joel's "Just The Way You Are" (a hit on U.S. smooth jazz radio) and Joni Mitchell's "A Case Of You."

The 2001 movie ''The Score'' (U.S.A. and Germany) starring Robert De Niro and Marlon Brando, features a recording of Krall entitled: “I’ll Make It Up As I Go.” This song accompanies the film’s ending Credits (Chapter 12) and was composed by a fellow Canadian, David Foster.

After marrying Elvis Costello, she worked with him as a lyricist and started to compose her own songs, resulting in the album ''The Girl in the Other Room''. The album, released in April 2004, quickly rose to the top five in the United Kingdom and made the Australian top 40 album charts.

She also joined Ray Charles on his ''Genius Loves Company'' album in 2004 on the song, "You Don't Know Me". In late May 2007, Krall was featured in a Lexus ad campaign. She also sang, "Dream a Little Dream of Me" with piano accompaniment by pianist Hank Jones.

''Quiet Nights'', her latest album, was released on 31 March 2009.

Krall also produced Barbra Streisand's album ''Love Is the Answer'', released on 29 Sep 2009.

Personal life

Krall was born on November 16, 1964 in Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada. Her father played piano around the house and her mother sang in a community choir. She was playing piano herself at the age of four and playing jazz in a local restaurant at 15. She went to the Berklee College of Music in Boston on a scholarship before heading out to L.A. to play jazz. She returned to Canada to release her first album in 1993.

Krall lost her mother Adella to multiple myeloma in 2002, within months of also losing her mentors Ray Brown and Rosemary Clooney. Diana's only sibling, Michelle, is a former member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).

Krall and British musician Elvis Costello were married on December 6, 2003 at Elton John's estate outside London. Their twin sons, Dexter Henry Lorcan and Frank Harlan James, were born December 6, 2006 in New York City.

Honours

In 2000, she was awarded the Order of British Columbia. In 2003 she was given an honorary Ph.D. (Fine Arts) from the University of Victoria. In 2004, she was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame. In 2005, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

In 2008, Nanaimo Harbourfront Plaza was renamed Diana Krall Plaza.

She is an honorary board member of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation.

Discography

;Studio albums

1993: ''Stepping Out''

1995: ''Only Trust Your Heart''

1996: ''All for You: A Dedication to the Nat King Cole Trio''

1997: ''Love Scenes''

1999: ''When I Look in Your Eyes''

2001: ''The Look of Love''

2004: ''The Girl in the Other Room''

2005: ''Christmas Songs''

2006: ''From This Moment On''

2009: ''Quiet Nights''

;Others albums

2002: ''Live in Paris''

2007: ''The Very Best of Diana Krall''

2008: ''In Concert (Doing All Right)''

;DVDs

2002: ''Live in Paris''

2004: ''Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival''

2009: ''Live in Rio''

Filmography

+ List of television and films credits
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1999	''At First Sight''	Singer
1997—1998		Herself	"A Shot in the Dark" (Season 6, Episode 8, uncredited)"Ball N' Jane" (Season 7, Episode 4)
2001	''Jazz Seen: The Life and Times of William Claxton''	Herself	Documentary
2003	''Anything Else''	Herself
2003	''De-Lovely''	Musical Performer
2005	''Mississippi Rising''	Herself	TV documentary
2008—2009	''Spectacle: Elvis Costello with...''	Herself	"Tony Bennett" (Season 1, Episode 5)"Diana Krall Interviewed by Elton John" (Season 1, Episode 12)
2009		Torch Singer

Awards

Grammy Awards

The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. |- ||1996 |''All for You: A Dedication to the Nat King Cole Trio'' |Best Jazz Vocal Album | |- ||1997 |''Love Scenes'' |Best Jazz Vocal Album | |- |rowspan="3"|2000 |rowspan="3"|''When I Look in Your Eyes'' |Album of the Year | |- |Best Jazz Vocal Performance | |- |Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical (to Al Schmitt) | |- |rowspan="2"|2002 ||"Better Than Anything" |Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals | |- |''The Look of Love'' |Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical (to Al Schmitt) | |- ||2003 ||''Live in Paris'' |Best Jazz Vocal Album | |- ||2005 ||"I Should Care" |Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) | |- ||2007 ||''From This Moment On'' |Best Jazz Vocal Album | |- |rowspan="2"|2010 |rowspan="1"|''Yo-Yo Ma & Friends: Songs of Joy & Peace'' |Best Classical Crossover Album | |- |"Quiet Nights" |Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)(to Claus Ogerman)

|

References

External links

Diana Krall's official website

"The State of Jazz Vocals Today" by Ted Gioia, Jazz.com

Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Berklee College of Music alumni Category:Musicians from British Columbia Category:Canadian female singers Category:Canadian jazz pianists Category:Canadian contraltos Category:Canadian jazz singers Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Juno Award winners Category:Members of the Order of British Columbia Category:Officers of the Order of Canada Category:People from Nanaimo Category:Torch singers Category:Female jazz musicians Category:Smooth jazz singers Category:Impulse! Records artists Category:Verve Records artists Category:The Royal Conservatory of Music alumni Category:Crossover jazz singers Category:Mainstream jazz pianists

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