In Christian tradition the Four Evangelists are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, the authors attributed with the creation of the four Gospel accounts in the New Testament that bear the following titles:

Gospel according to Matthew

Gospel according to Mark

Gospel according to Luke

Gospel according to John

The gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are known as the Synoptic Gospels because they include many of the same stories, often in the same sequence. Convention has traditionally held the authors to have been two of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, John and Matthew, and two "apostolic men," Mark and Luke:

Matthew – a former tax collector who was called by Jesus to be one of the Twelve Apostles,

Mark – a follower of Peter and so an "apostolic man",

Luke – a doctor who wrote what is now the book of Luke to a friend Theophilus. Also believed to have written the book of Acts (or Acts of the Apostles) and a close friend of Paul of Tarsus,

John – a disciple of Jesus and possibly the youngest of his Twelve Apostles.

They are called evangelists, a word meaning people who proclaim good news, because their books aim to tell the good news of Jesus.

Evangelists' symbols

In iconography the evangelists often appear in Evangelist portraits derived from classical tradition, and are also frequently represented by the following symbols, which originate from the four "living creatures" that draw the throne-chariot of God, the Merkabah, in the vision in the Book of Ezekiel (Chapter 1) reflected in the Book of Revelation (4.6-9ff), though neither source links the creatures to the Evangelists. They are normally, but not invariably, all shown with wings like angels. The meanings accruing to the symbols grew over centuries, and were fully expressed by Rabanus Maurus, who set out three layers of meaning for the beasts, as representing firstly the Evangelists, secondly the nature of Christ, and thirdly the virtues required of a Christian for salvation:

Matthew the Evangelist, the author of the first gospel account is symbolized by a winged man, or angel. Matthew's gospel starts with Jesus' genealogy from Abraham; it represents Jesus' Incarnation, and so Christ's human nature. This signifies that Christians should use their reason for salvation. Mark the Evangelist, the author of the second gospel account is symbolized by a winged lion - a figure of courage and monarchy. Mark has John the Baptist preaching "like a lion roaring" at the beginning of his Gospel. It also represents Jesus' Resurrection (because lions were believed to sleep with open eyes, a comparison with Christ in the tomb), and Christ as king. This signifies that Christians should be courageous on the path of salvation. Luke the Evangelist, the author of the third gospel account (and the Acts of the Apostles) is symbolized by a winged ox or bull - a figure of sacrifice, service and strength. Luke's account begins with the duties of Zacharias in the temple; it represents Jesus' sacrifice in His Passion and Crucifixion, as well as Christ being High priest (this also represents Mary's obedience). The ox signifies that Christians should be prepared to sacrifice themselves in following Christ. John the Evangelist, the author of the fourth gospel account is symbolized by an eagle - a figure of the sky, and believed to be able to look straight into the sun. John starts with an eternal overview of Jesus the Logos and goes on to describe many things with a "higher" level than the other three (synoptic) gospels; it represents Jesus' Ascension, and Christ's divine nature. This represents that Christians should look on eternity without flinching as they journey towards their goal of union with God.

Each of the symbols is depicted with wings following the biblical sources first in Ezekiel 1-2, and in Revelation. The symbols are shown with, or in place of, the Evangelists in early medieval Gospel Books, and are the usual accompaniment to Christ in Majesty when portrayed during the same period, reflecting the vision in Revelations. They were presented as one of the most common motifs found on church portals and apses, as well as many other locations. When surrounding Christ, the figure of the man is usually at top left - above Christ's right hand, with the lion above Christ's left arm. Underneath the man is the ox and underneath the lion is the eagle. This both reflects the medieval idea of the order of "nobility" of nature of the beasts (man, lion, ox, eagle) and the text of Ezekiel 1.10. From the thirteenth century their use began to decline, as a new conception of ''Christ in Majesty'', showing the wounds of the Passion, began to be used. Sometimes in Evangelist portraits they appear to dictate to the writing evangelist. All four evangelists are all Jesus's disiciples.

Naming

Whilst Matthew is often cited as the "first Gospel account" – not only owing to its place in the canon but also in view of the patristic witness to this effect – most scholars of Scripture see the Gospel account of Mark as having been written first (arguing for a date around the year A.D. 65, and for Matthew around A.D. 80), also see Gospel. John's Gospel account was written around A.D. 90.

It has become customary to speak of "the Gospel of Matthew" ... "the Gospel of John", not least because it is shorter and rolls much more smoothly off the tongue; but it is worth noting that the ancient titles do not use the genitive of possession, but the preposition "according to", signifying that each evangelist sets forth the one "Gospel of God" according to his own capacity, but not in the sense of creating his own story.

Depictions

See also

Gospel harmony

Authorship of the Johannine works

Tetramorph

Gospel

The Four Gospels

References

External links

The Four Evangelists in Stained Glass

Catholic Encyclopedia: Evangelist

PBS Frontline: The Story of the Storytellers

Category:Christian iconography Category:Articles about multiple people 4 Category:Canonical Gospels Category:New Testament people Category:Christian terms

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Paul Alfred Rubens (29 April 1875 – 5 February 1917) was an English songwriter and librettist for some of the most popular Edwardian musical comedies. Although he suffered from consumptive disease for nearly his entire adult life, Rubens contributed to the success of dozens of musicals.

Life and career

Rubens was born in Kensington, London, the eldest son of a successful German-born Jewish stockbroker, Victor Rubens, and Jenny Rubens, née Wallach. Rubens attended Winchester College and then studied law at University College, Oxford from 1895 to 1897. Rubens had begun writing songs for shows as early as age 10, and he continued in music and dramatic societies throughout school. He intended, at first, to practise law, but he soon gave it up to write songs for the stage, including for a production of ''Alice in Wonderland'', while still at Oxford, in which Lewis Carroll collaborated.

Early career

Rubens supplied lyrics and melodies for a number of successful musicals in the 1890s, beginning with "The Little Chinchilla" in the hit musical ''The Shop Girl'' (1894), sung by Ellaline Terriss at the Gaiety Theatre, London. Rubens was a talented melodist, but, lacking musical training, others had to supply the accompaniment for his songs. In the years that followed, he wrote songs for Arthur Roberts for ''Dandy Dan the Lifeguardsman'' (1898, "There's Just a Something Missing"); for ''Milord Sir Smith''; for ''Little Miss Nobody'' ("Trixie of Upper Tooting", "A Wee Little Bit of a Thing Like That", "We'll Just Sit Out", and "The People All Come to See Us"); and for the hit musical ''San Toy'' (1899, "Me Gettee Outee Velly Quick") for producer George Edwardes. During the same year, he wrote the play ''Young Mr Yarde'' (1898, with Harold Ellis) and co-wrote a burlesque, ''Great Caesar'' (1899, with George Grossmith, Jr.), which was produced on the West End, but both were failures.

In 1899, he wrote songs for ''L'amour mouillé'' and the international hit, ''Florodora'' (1899: "Inkling", "Tact", "When I Leave Town", "I Want to Marry a Man", "When an Interfering Person", "Queen of the Philippine Islands", and "When We're on the Stage"), which brought him wider fame. Edwardes quickly hired Rubens as an "additional material" writer, and Rubens supplied some of the most successful numbers in ''The Messenger Boy'' in 1900 ("Tell Me Pretty Maiden", "How I Saw the CIV", and "A Perfectly Peaceful Person"); ''The Toreador'' in 1901 ("Everybody's Awfully Good to Me"); ''A Country Girl'' in 1902 ("Two Little Chicks" and "Coo"); ''The Girl from Kays'' in 1902 ("I Don't Care"); ''The School Girl'' in 1903; ''The Cingalee'' in 1904 ("Sloe Eyes", "Make a Fuss of Me", "She's All Right", '"You and I and I and You", "Golly-wogs", and "Somethings Devilish Wrong"); ''The Blue Moon'' in 1905; and ''The Dairymaids'' by Robert Courtneidge (1906).

During this period, Rubens also wrote incidental music for the 1901 production of ''Twelfth Night'' at His Majesty's Theatre. He also wrote songs for ''The Medal and the Maid'' (1902, 'Consequences') and ''The School Girl'' (1903). Edwardes gave Rubens the opportunity to write the book, lyrics and some of the music for ''Three Little Maids'' (1902), which had London and international success; ''Lady Madcap'' (1904); and ''Mr. Popple of Ippleton'' (1905), a more sophisticated piece than many of Rubens' earlier musical comedies, which was later produced in America as ''Nobody Home'', with songs by Jerome Kern.

Later years

Frank Curzon then hired Rubens to write both the words and songs for musicals starring his wife, Isabel Jay (who had already starred in two of Rubens' shows), at the Prince of Wales Theatre, with exotic sets, elaborate costumes and a host of beautiful chorus girls. The first was ''Miss Hook of Holland'' in 1907, which turned out to be Rubens' most enduring success. Because of the progression of the consumptive illness from which he suffered most of his life, he needed the assistance of the director, Austen Hurgon, to finish the libretto. Rubens and Hurgon next wrote the disappointing ''My Mimosa Maid'' (1908) and the somewhat more successful ''Dear Little Denmark'' (1909).

After writing songs that made their way into several Broadway shows, Rubens supplied songs for a number of mostly successful later shows, beginning with Curzon's ''The Balkan Princess'' in 1910 (an international hit, also starring Jay). He then returned to Edwardes' theatres, where the departure of Ivan Caryll gave him the chance to write the songs for ''The Sunshine Girl'' in 1912, ''The Girl from Utah'' in 1913, ''After the Girl'' in 1914, ''Tina'' and ''Betty'', both in 1915, and ''The Happy Day'' in 1916. His best and most popular work from these years, however, is heard in his melodies and lyrics for ''Tonight's the Night'' (1914). After the outbreak of World War I, Rubens wrote a successful recruiting song called "Your King and Country Need You". Vesta Tilley often performed the song. Rubens' songs continued to be used at least into the 1920s. "The Gondola and the Girl" was part of the score of Irene Bordoni's 1924 production, ''Little Miss Bluebeard''.

Rubens met actress Phyllis Dare when she was cast in ''The Sunshine Girl'', and he wrote a number of songs for her. They began a relationship and ultimately became engaged, but Rubens who had suffered severe ill-health through virtually his whole career, became too sick to marry, and so the couple separated.

He retired to Cornwall and died in Falmouth, of tuberculosis, at the age of 41.

Notes

References

Gänzl, Kurt. ''The encyclopedia of the musical theatre'', 2 vols. (1994)

Gänzl, Kurt. ''The British musical theatre'', 2 vols. (1986)

Parker, J. ed. ''Who’s who in the theatre'', 6th ed. (1930)

Robertson, W. Graham. ''Time was: the reminiscences of W. Graham Robertson'' (1931)

Obituary: Paul Rubens, ''Musical Times'', Vol. 58, No. 889, 1 March 1917, p. 117.

''The Era'', 29 November 1902

External links

List of Broadway credits

Links to Midi files, lyrics and cast lists from 16 of Rubens' shows, among others

Category:1875 births Category:1917 deaths Category:English musical theatre lyricists Category:British musical theatre composers Category:English composers Category:Old Wykehamists Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford

et:Paul Rubens nl:Paul Alfred Rubens

Theobald Mathew (1790–1856), an Irish teetotalist reformer, popularly known as Father Mathew was born at Thomastown, near Golden, County Tipperary, on October 10, 1790.

He received his schooling in Kilkenny, then moved for a short time to Maynooth. From 1808 to 1814 he studied in Dublin, where in the latter year he was ordained to the priesthood. Having entered the Capuchin order, after a brief period of service at Kilkenny, he joined the mission in Cork.

Statues of Mathew stand on St. Patrick's Street, Cork by JH Foley (1864), and on O'Connell Street, Dublin by Mary Redmond (1893). __NOTOC__

Total Abstinence Society

The movement with which his name is associated began on 10 April 1838 with the establishment of the "Cork Total Abstinence Society" which relied on one enduring act of will to keep a person sober for life. It was called simply ''The Pledge''. It could be made by anybody, either with or without an alcohol problem.

Father Mathew did not believe in gradual approaches or temporary commitments. He advocated a promise that meant complete commitment. It did not bind like the vows of marriage, but the principle of permanent commitment was the same. Fr. Mathew understood that as long as the act of will continued, it could overcome all difficulties.

One simple commitment, encased in the words of the Total Abstinence Pledge, supposedly did the trick. The surroundings did not make much difference. One could take the pledge as a single individual or as one of a waiting line coming up in a parish, mobilized and brimming with enthusiasm for the occasion. However, Father Mathew arrived at this conclusion only after much prayer for guidance and after urging by others who proposed total abstinence over moderation.

}} In less than nine months no fewer than 150,000 names were enrolled as taking the Pledge. It rapidly spread to Limerick and elsewhere, and some idea of its popularity may be formed from the fact that at Nenagh 20,000 persons are said to have taken the pledge in one day, 100,000 at Galway in two days, and 70,000 in Dublin in five days. At its height, just before the Great Famine of 1845-48, his movement enrolled some 3 million people, or more than half of the adult population of Ireland. In 1844 he visited Liverpool, Manchester and London with almost equal success.

His work had a remarkable impact on the condition of the people in Ireland:

“The number of homicides, which was 247 in 1838, was only 105 in 1841. There were 91 cases of ‘firing at the person’ reported in 1837, and but 66 in 1841. The ‘assaults on police’ were 91 in 1837, and but 58 in 1841. Incendiary fires, which were as many as 459 in 1838, were 390 in 1841. Robberies, thus specially reported, diminished from 725 in 1837, to 257 in 1841. The decrease in cases of ‘robbery of arms’ was most significant; from being 246 in 1837, they were but 111 in 1841. The offence of ‘appearing in arms’ showed a favourable diminution, falling from 110 in 1837, to 66 in 1841. The effect of sobriety on ‘faction fights’ was equally remarkable. There were 20 of such cases in 1839, and 8 in 1841. The dangerous offence of ‘rescuing prisoners,’ which was represented by 34 in 1837, had no return in 1841!”

The number committed to gaol fell from 12,049 in 1839 to 7,101 by 1845. Sentences of death fell from 66 in 1839 to 14 in 1846, and transportations fell from 916 to 504 over the same period.

However, his campaign did have the unforeseen consequence of an increase in diethyl ether consumption, much more dangerous than alcohol, by those seeking intoxication without breaking their pledge. It also caused many breweries and distilleries to close.

Father Mathew in the United States

On July 2, 1849, New York welcomed Fr. Mathew. Mayor Woodhull, a non-Catholic, placed City Hall at his disposal. For two weeks the crowds besieging its chambers practically eliminated all city business. Vice-President Millard Fillmore was one of the callers. In Washington, President Zachary Taylor invited Fr. Mathew to dine at the White House. Congress gave the humble Capuchin friar its highest honors. The House unanimously admitted him to a seat on the floor of the House. The Senate admitted him within the bar of the Senate, an honor given previously only to Lafayette.

For two years, despite grave illness, Father Mathew blazed a trail of success across the United States. Boston, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Little Rock, New Orleans, and many places in Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Virginia, Delaware and other areas heard his exhortations and were won to the practice of total abstinence. Everywhere there were crowds and enthusiastic receptions.

When he left the USA in 1851, strong temperance societies carried on the work. “I thank heaven I have been instrumental in adding to the ranks of temperance over 600,000 in the United States,” he wrote. Mathew has a statue dedicated to him in Salem, Massachusetts.

Mathew, a high-profile visitor to the USA, found himself at the center of the Abolitionist debate. Many of his hosts were pro-slavery, and wanted assurances that their influential guest would not stray outside his remit of battling alcohol consumption. But Mathew had signed a petition against human bondage in 1842 when he had hosted former slave Frederick Douglass in his Cork home. Now however, in order to avoid upsetting his powerful American friends, he snubbed an invitation to publicly endorse Abolition, sacrificing his friendship with that movement.

Death

Fr. Mathew died on 8 December 1856 in Cobh (then known as Queenstown), County Cork after suffering a stroke. He is buried at St. Joseph's Cemetery, Cork city which he had himself established.

See also

Temperance organizations

References

J. F. Maguire, M.P., ''Father Mathew, a Biography'', (1863).

External links

Irish Capuchins

Frederick Douglass and the White Negro Fr Mathew is featured in this film on the relationship between Frederick Douglass and Ireland.

Category:Irish temperance activists Category:1790 births Category:1856 deaths Category:Capuchins Category:Irish Roman Catholic priests Category:People from County Tipperary

da:Theobald Mathew de:Theobald Mathew csb:Theobald Mathew sv:Theobald Mathew

Coordinates	45°30′″N73°40′″N
name	Kevin McNulty
birth date	December 08, 1955
birth place	Penticton, British Columbia, Canada }}

Kevin McNulty (born December 8, 1955) is a Canadian actor.

McNulty was born in Penticton, British Columbia, Canada. He has acted on three aviation movies: ''Falling from the Sky: Flight 174'' with William Devane, ''Final Descent'' with Robert Urich and ''Snakes on a Plane'' with Samuel L. Jackson. He had a supporting role to Roger Moore and Nancy Allen in Bill Condon's ''The Man Who Wouldn't Die'' (1995). McNulty also appeared in the 2009 remake of ''The Uninvited'' where he worked alongside ''A Series of Unfortunate Events'' ' Emily Browning. He also played The Reverend Roy Le Grange in the "Supernatural" TV episode "Faith"

In Popular Culture

In the Nostalgia Critic's review of ''The Neverending Story III'', Doug comments about McNulty looking like a pig who ate Vince Vaughn.

See also

Langara College

Studio 58

Robson Arms

External links

http://www.robsonarms.com/cast_kevin_mcnulty.php

Category:1955 births Category:Living people Category:People from Penticton Category:Canadian stage actors Category:Canadian film actors Category:Canadian television actors

fr:Kevin McNulty