A humorist is a person who writes or performs humorous material. The material written and/or performed by humorists tends to be more subtle and cerebral than the material created by stand-up comics and comedy writers. The intention is often to provoke wry smiles and amusement rather than outright belly laughs. This list contains only those humorists for whom there is a Wikipedia article.

Notable humorists include:

Aisha Tyler (''Talk Soup'')

Al Capp (''Li'l Abner'')

Al Clouston

Alan Coren

A.P. Herbert

Ambrose Bierce

Andy Borowitz

Andy Offutt Irwin

Anne Roumanoff

Art Buchwald

Artemus Ward

Aziz Nesin

Baba Ali

Bill Richardson

Bill Hicks

Bill Watterson

Bob & Ray

Bolesław Prus

Brian Unger (''The Unger Report'')

Bruce McCall

Arthur "Bugs" Baer

Calvin Trillin

Catherine Tate

Cecil Adams (''The Straight Dope'')

Chelsea Handler

Chris Kanik

Christian Lander

Christopher Buckley

Dave Barry

David Martin

David Rakoff

David Sedaris

Demetri Martin

Dick DeBartolo

Don Herold

Donald Jack

Don Marquis

Dorothy Parker

Doug Kenney

Dr. Seuss

Drew

E.B. White

Ebrahim Nabavi

Ed Subitzky

Ellis Weiner

Eric Nicol

Erma Bombeck

Evan Esar

Fran Lebowitz

Frank Zappa

Gad Elmaleh

Garrison Keillor

Gary Lautens

George Ade

George Carlin

George S. Kaufman

George Saunders

Guy Wetmore Carryl

H. Allen Smith

H. L. Mencken

Harvey Kurtzman

Helen Rowland

Henry Alford

Herb Shriner

Hugh Laurie

Hugleikur Dagsson

Ian Frazier

Ivor Cutler

İncili Çavuş

Jack Handey

James Finn Garner

James Thurber

Janey Godley

Jerome K. Jerome

Jimmy Carr

Joe Queenan

John Bingham Morton (pen name: Beachcomber)

John Hodgman

John O'Farrell

Jon Stewart

Jonathan Goldstein

Josh Billings

Justin Wilson

Kurt Vonnegut

Lennie Lower

Lewis Black

Lewis Burke Frumkes

Lewis Carroll

Lewis Grizzard

Linwood Barclay

Mark Shulman

Mark Twain

Marshall P. Wilder

Martin Lewis

Max Ferguson

Max Shulman

Merrill Markoe

Michael Frayn

Michael "Atters" Attree

Michael Flanders

Michael Gerber

Moin Akhter

Nasrettin Hoca

Nicolas Canteloup

Ogden Nash

Oscar Wilde

P. G. Wodehouse

P. J. O'Rourke

Patrick F. McManus

Paul B. Lowney

Paul Rhymer

Paul Rudnick

Petroleum V. Nasby

Raffaele Palma

Raymond Devos

Richard J. Needham

Ring Lardner

Robert Benchley

Robert Grossman

Roberta Beach Jacobson

Roger Price

Ron Sparks

Ronald Knox

Roy Blount, Jr.

Russell Baker

S. J. Perelman

Sarah Vowell

Scott Adams (''Dilbert'')

Scott Fivelson

Sholom Aleichem

Stefano Benni

Stephen Colbert

Stephen Fry

Stephen Leacock

Strickland Gillilan

Stuart McLean

Terry Pratchett

Thomas Bangs Thorpe

Tim Sample

Tom Bodett

Tom Lehrer

Tony Crowley

Veronica Geng

Victor Borge

Virginie Lemoine

W. Bruce Cameron

Walt Kelly (''Pogo'')

Wil Shriner

Will Cuppy

Will Ferguson

Will Rogers

William Combe

William Tenn

Woody Allen

Category:Lists of writers Category:Humorists

pt:Anexo:Lista de humoristas

Irwin Barker (June 13, 1956 – June 21, 2010) was a Canadian comedian and writer. He wrote for ''This Hour Has 22 Minutes'' and ''The Rick Mercer Report'', and was nominated for four Gemini Awards as a writer and one as stand-up performer for his 2005 performance at the Halifax comedy Festival. Barker was also nominated for three Writers’ Guild of Canada Screenwriter’s awards, and won the award in 2008. He was also a regular writer and contributor for CBC Radio's ''The Debaters''.

In June 2007, Barker was diagnosed with leiomyosarcoma, a rare type of terminal cancer. He joked that his doctor had given him twelve months to live, "but my lawyer says he can get it down to eight".

After his diagnosis, he was active as an inspirational speaker on how he used humour as a vital coping mechanism in his personal fight against cancer. He was a headline performer at numerous cancer fundraisers, as well as a keynote speaker for conferences dealing with cancer and palliative care.

His first year of cancer treatment was the subject of a CTV documentary entitled “That’s My Time.” The documentary debuted at the 2008 Atlantic Film Festival and was nationally televised in September 2008.

Reactions to Barker’s presentations on comedy and cancer were overwhelmingly positive. In Barker's own words. “Cancer has my body but not my spirit, and I’ll continue to make jokes, not so much about cancer, but in spite of it.”

He died in Toronto on June 21, 2010.

References

External links

Official Website

Irwin Barker on ComedyNightLife.com

Category:1956 births Category:2010 deaths Category:Canadian comedians Category:Canadian screenwriters Category:Cancer deaths in Ontario

name	Erma Bombeck
birth name	Erma Fiste
birth date	February 21, 1927
birth place	Bellbrook, Ohio
death date	April 22, 1996
death place	San Francisco, California
occupation	Novelist, columnist
nationality	American
citizenship	United States
period	1965 to 1996
spouse	Bill Bombeck
children	Betsy, Andrew, Matthew
portaldisp	}}

Erma Louise Bombeck (born Erma Fiste; February 21, 1927 – April 22, 1996) was an American humorist who achieved great popularity for her newspaper column that described suburban home life from the mid-1960s until the late 1990s. Bombeck also published 15 books, most of which became best-sellers.

From 1965 to 1996, Erma Bombeck wrote over 4,000 newspaper columns chronicling the ordinary life of a midwestern suburban housewife with broad, and sometimes eloquent humor. By the 1970s, her columns were read, twice weekly, by thirty million readers of the 900 newspapers of the U.S. and Canada.

Early life

Erma Fiste was born in Bellbrook, Ohio. She grew up in a working-class family in Dayton, Ohio. Her father, Cassius Fiste, was the city crane operator; her mother's name was also Erma. Erma lived with her elder paternal half-sister, Thelma.

Erma began elementary school one year earlier than usual for her age, in 1932, and became an excellent student and an avid reader. She particularly enjoyed the popular humor writers of the time. After Erma's father died in 1936, she moved, with her mother, into her grandmother's home. In 1938 her mother remarried, to Albert Harris (a moving van owner). Erma practiced tap dance and singing, and was hired by a local radio for a children's revue for eight years.

Formative years

In 1940, Erma entered Emerson Junior High School, and began writing a humorous column for its newspaper, ''The Owl''. In 1942, Bombeck entered Parker (now Patterson) Vocational High School, where she wrote a serious column, mixing in bits of humor.

In 1942, Erma began to work at the ''Dayton Herald'' as a copygirl, sharing her full-time assignment with a girlfriend. In 1943, for her first journalistic work, Erma interviewed Shirley Temple, who visited Dayton, and the interview became a newspaper feature.

Erma completed high school in 1944. Then, to earn a college scholarship fund, she worked for a year as a typist and stenographer, for the ''Dayton Herald'' and several other companies, and did minor journalistic assignments (obituaries, etc.) for the ''Dayton Herald'' as well.

Using the money she earned, Erma enrolled in Ohio University at Athens in 1946. However, she failed most of her literary assignments and was rejected for the university newspaper. She left after one semester, when her funds ran out.

Erma later enrolled in the Roman Catholic University of Dayton. She lived in her family home and worked at Rike's Store, a department store, where she wrote humorous material for the company newsletter. In addition, she worked two part-time jobs - a termite control accountant at an advertising agency and as a public relations person at the local YMCA. While in college, her English professor, Fr. Tom Price, commented to Erma about her great prospects as a writer, and she began to write for the university publication, ''The Exponent''. Erma graduated in 1949, with a degree in English. She became a life-long active contact for the University — helping financially and participating personally — and became a lifetime trustee of the institution in 1987.

In 1949, Erma also converted to Catholicism, from the United Brethren church, and married Bill Bombeck, a former fellow student of the University of Dayton, who was a veteran of the World War II Korean front. His subsequent profession would be that of educator and school supervisor. Bombeck remained active in the Church the rest of her life.

Housewife column

Early journalism

Erma Bombeck stayed on as a ''Dayton Journal Herald'' reporter, in the women's section, writing both its feature stories and a humorous housekeeping column, "Operation Dustrag." Bombeck also interviewed Eleanor Roosevelt and Mamie Eisenhower.

Housewife (1954–1964)

The Bombecks were told by doctors that having a child was improbable, so they adopted a girl, Betsy, in 1953. Erma decided to become a full-time housewife, and relinquished her career as a journalist. During 1954, Erma nevertheless wrote a series of humorous columns in the ''Dayton Shopping News''.

Despite the former difficult diagnoses, Erma Bombeck gave birth to a son, Andrew, in 1955. The Bombeck family moved to Centerville, Ohio, into a tract housing development, and were neighbors to the young Phil Donahue. Away from her previous journalistic career, Bombeck initiated an intense period of homemaking, which lasted 10 years, and had her second son, Matthew, in 1958.

"At Wit's End" (1965)

In 1964, Erma Bombeck resumed her writing career for the local ''Kettering-Oakwood Times'', with weekly columns which yielded $3 each. She wrote in her small bedroom, over a rustic table of a plank top with two supports of cinder block.

In 1965, the ''Dayton Journal Herald'' requested new humorous columns as well, and Bombeck agreed to write two weekly 450-word columns for $50. After three weeks, the articles went into national syndication through the Newsday Newspaper Syndicate, into 36 major U.S. newspapers, with three weekly columns under the title "At Wit's End".

Bombeck quickly became a popular humorist nationwide. Beginning in 1966, she began doing lectures for a $15,000 fee in the various cities where her columns appeared. In 1967, her newspaper columns were compiled and published by Doubleday, under the title of ''At Wit's End.'' And after a humorous appearance on Arthur Godfrey's radio, she became a regular radio guest on his show.

Diversified production

Success (1970s)

Aaron Priest, a Doubleday representative, became Bombeck's loyal agent. By 1969, 500 U.S. newspapers featured her "At Wit's End" columns, and she was also writing for ''Good Housekeeping Magazine'', ''Reader's Digest'', ''Family Circle'', ''Redbook'', ''McCall's'', and even ''Teen'' magazine. Bombeck and her family moved to Phoenix, Arizona, to a lavish hacienda on a hilltop in Paradise Valley.

By 1978, 900 U.S. newspapers were publishing Bombeck's column.

McGraw-Hill (1976)

In 1976, McGraw-Hill published Bombeck's ''The Grass Is Always Greener Over The Septic Tank'', which became a best-seller. In 1978, Bombeck arranged both a million-dollar contract for her fifth book, ''If Life Is a Bowl of Cherries, What Am I Doing in the Pits?'' and a 700-thousand-copy advance for her subsequent book, ''Aunt Erma's Cope Book'' (1979).

Television

At the invitation of television producer Bob Shanks, Bombeck participated in ABC's Good Morning America from 1975 until 1986. She began doing brief commentaries which were recorded at Phoenix, and eventually did both gag segments and important interviews.

For several years, Bombeck was occupied with multiple writing and TV projects. In 1978, she failed with the television pilot of ''The Grass is Always Greener'' on CBS. In 1980, then Bombeck wrote and produced her own show, the also unsuccessful ''Maggie'', for ABC. It aired for just four months (eight episodes) to poor reviews; nevertheless the show meant that Bombeck was becoming quickly overworked, returning from Los Angeles to Phoenix only during weekends. Bombeck was offered a second sitcom attempt but she declined.

The Equal Rights Amendment (1978)

In 1978, Bombeck was involved in the Presidential Advisory Committee for Women, particularly for the final implementation of the Equal Rights Amendment, with the ERA America organization's support. Bombeck was strongly criticized for this by conservative figures, and some U.S. stores reacted by removing her books. In 1972, the Equal Rights Amendment was proposed by the United States Congress to the states. Congress specified a seven-year period for ratification. Under Article V of the United States Constitution, ratification by at least three-fourths of the states is necessary, but at the end of the seven-year period, only 35 states had ratified, or three less than the required three-fourths. Bombeck expressed dismay over this development.

Great popularity (1980s)

By 1985, Erma Bombeck's three weekly columns were being published by 900 newspapers in the U.S. and Canada, and were also being anthologized into a series of best-selling books. She was also making twice-weekly ''Good Morning America'' appearances. Bombeck belonged to the American Academy of Humor Columnists, along with other famous personalities. During the 1980s, Bombeck's annual earnings ranged from $500,000 to $1 million a year.

Death

Erma Bombeck had been diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease (a congenital defect) when she was 20 years old, but managed to live most of her life without any problems from it. She had a mastectomy in 1992 after being diagnosed with breast cancer and in 1996, she was brought to a San Francisco hospital for a kidney transplant, which was performed on April 3. However, complications developed and she died on April 22.

Her remains are interred in the Woodland Cemetery, Dayton, Ohio, under a large rock from the Phoenix desert.

Books

''At Wit's End'', Doubleday, 1967.

''Just Wait Until You Have Children of Your Own'', Doubleday, 1971. Written with Bil Keane.

''I Lost Everything in the Post-Natal Depression'', Doubleday, 1974.

''The Grass is Always Greener Over the Septic Tank'', McGraw-Hill, 1976.

''If Life is a Bowl of Cherries, What Am I Doing in the Pits?'', McGraw-Hill, 1978.

''Aunt Erma's Cope Book'', McGraw-Hill, 1979.

''Motherhood: The Second Oldest Profession'', 1983.

''Family — The Ties that Bind ... and Gag!'', 1987.

''I Want to Grow Hair, I Want to Grow Up, I Want to Go to Boise: Children Surviving Cancer'', 1989. American Cancer Society's Medal of Honor in 1990. (Profits from the publication of this book were donated to a group of health-related organizations.)

''When You Look Like Your Passport Photo, It's Time to Go Home'', 1991.

''A Marriage Made in Heaven ... or Too Tired For an Affair'', 1993

''All I Know About Animal Behavior I learned in Loehmann's Dressing Room'', ISBN 0060177888 HarperCollins 1995

'' Forever, Erma: Best-Loved Writing From America's Favorite Humorist''

Quotes

"Insanity is hereditary. You can catch it from your kids."

"My second favorite household chore is ironing. My first one being hitting my head on the top bunk bed until I faint."

"There's nothing sadder in this world than to awake Christmas morning and not be a child."

"If a man watches three football games in a row, he should be declared legally dead."

"Mothers-in-law who wear a black armband to the wedding are expendable."

"The only reason I would take up jogging is so I could hear heavy breathing again."

"Ironed Sheets are a health hazard."

"Laughter rises out of tragedy, when you need it the most, and rewards you for your courage."

"Dreams have only one owner at a time. That's why dreamers are lonely."

"When I stand before God at the end of my life, I would hope that I would not have a single bit of talent left, and could say, 'I used everything you gave me.'"

"In general, my children refused to eat anything that hadn't danced on TV."

"When humor goes, there goes civilization."

"Seize the moment. Think of all those women on the 'Titanic' who waved off the dessert cart."

"Never loan your car to anyone to whom you've given birth."

"The grass is always greener over the septic tank."

"A child needs your love more when he deserves it least."

"There is a thin line that separates laughter and pain, comedy and tragedy, humor and hurt."

"It takes a lot of courage to show your dreams to someone else."

"If you can laugh at it, you can live with it."

References

Erma in Bomburbia. Time Magazine cover story. (1984)

Full Biography of Dayton University

Encarta Encyclopedia (Archived 2009-10-31)

External links

Erma Bombeck Writers' Workshop

Erma Bombeck Online Museum

Erma Bombeck Writing Competition

Category:1927 births Category:1996 deaths Category:American columnists Category:American humorists Category:Writers from Ohio Category:People from Dayton, Ohio Category:University of Dayton alumni Category:Burials at Woodland Cemetery, Dayton Category:Deaths from surgical complications Category:People from Phoenix, Arizona

cs:Erma Bombeck de:Erma Bombeck pt:Erma Bombeck tl:Erma Bombeck

Theotokos (, transliterated Theotókos) is the Greek title of Mary, the mother of Jesus used especially in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Catholic Churches. Its literal English translations include ''God-bearer'' and ''the one who gives birth to God''. Less literal translations include Mother of God. Roman Catholics, Anglicans, and some Protestants use the title Mother of God more often than Theotokos. The Council of Ephesus decreed in 431 that Mary is Theotokos because her son Jesus is one person who is both God and man, divine and human.

Etymology and translation

Theotokos is a compound of two Greek words, Θεός ''God'' and τόκος ''parturition, childbirth''. Literally, this translates as ''God-bearer'' or ''the one who gives birth to God''; historian Jaroslav Pelikan translated it more precisely as "the one who gives birth to the one who is God". However, since many English-speaking Orthodox find this literal translation awkward, in liturgical use, ''Theotokos'' is often left untranslated, or paraphrased as ''Mother of God''. The latter title is the literal translation of a distinct title in Greek, Μήτηρ του Θεού (translit. ''Mētēr tou Theou''). ''Mother of God'' also accurately translates the Greek words Θεομήτωρ (translit. ''Theomētor''; also spelled Θεομήτηρ, translit. ''Theomētēr'') and Μητρόθεος (translit. ''Mētrotheos''), which are found in patristic and liturgical texts, e.g.

Λαβομένη η Θεοτόκος των εκ του αχράντου και παναμώμου αυτής θυσιαστηρίου σαρκωθέντα ζωοποιόν και ανέκφραστον άνθρακα ως λαβίδι ... επί τούτοις παρουσιασάμενος ο δίκαιος και τη προτροπή είξας της διακονησαμένης Θεώ προς ανθρώπους Θεομήτορος ... περιφανώς ιερά θεομήτωρ εξετέλει.

In many traditions, ''Theotokos'' was translated from the Greek into the local liturgical language:

! Language	! Translation(s)	! Transliteration
	والدة الاله	''Wālidat Alelah''
	Աստուածածին	''Astvadzatzin''
Bulgarian, Church Slavonic, Macedonian, Russian	Богородица	''Bogoroditsa''
		''Ti.Theotokós''
	ღვთისმშობელი	''Ghvtismshobeli''
Latin	''Deipara'' ''Dei genetrix'' ''Mater Dei''
	''Născătoare de Dumnezeu'' ''Maica Domnului''
	Богородица / Bogorodica Мајка Божија / Majka Božija	''Bogoroditza'' ''Mayka Bozhia''
	ܝܳܠܕܰܬ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ	''Yoldath Aloho''
	Богородиця Мати Божа	''Bohorodytsia'' ''Maty Bozha''
	Bogurodzica Matka Boska	''Bogurodsitsa'' ''Matka Boska''
	Bohorodička Matka Božia	''Bohorodichka'' ''Matka Bozhia''

Translation of the phrase ''mother of God''

Mother of God

The English term ''Mother of God'' is mostly used as an imprecise translation of ''Theotokos'', and frequently requires explanation. The other principal use of ''Mother of God'' has been as the precise and literal translation of Μήτηρ Θεού, a Greek term which has an established usage of its own in traditional Christian theological writing, hymnography, and iconography. In an abbreviated form ΜΡ ΘΥ it often is found on Eastern icons (see illustration above), where it is used to identify Mary.

A hymn normally sung as part of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom includes both titles in close proximity, in both cases referring to Mary, showing that the titles are not synonymous: "It is truly fitting to call you blessed, the ''Theotokos,'' ever-blessed and wholly pure and the ''Mother of our God'' (...", emphasis added.) The difference between the two terms is that the former, ''Theotokos'' explicitly refers to physical childbearing, while the latter, ''Mother of God'', describes a family relationship but not necessarily physical childbearing.

Within the Christian tradition, ''Mother of God'' has not been understood, nor been intended to be understood, as referring to Mary as Mother of God ''from eternity'' — that is, as Mother of God the Father — but only with reference to the birth of Jesus, that is, the Incarnation. This limitation in the meaning of ''Mother of God'' must be understood by the person employing the term. To make it explicit, it is sometimes translated ''Mother of God Incarnate''.

However, those reading or hearing the English phrase ''Mother of God'' as a translation of a Greek text cannot — unless they know the Greek text in question, or obtain additional information — know whether the phrase is a literal translation of Μήτηρ Θεού or an imprecise rendering of Θεοτόκος or one its Latin equivalents or equivalents in other languages.

Theology

Theotokos specifically excludes the understanding of Mary as Mother of God in the eternal sense. Christians believe that God is the cause of all, with neither origin nor source, and is therefore without a mother or father, or any relation except for what is homoousian to Him: only the persons of the Holy Trinity. He is ontologically separate from all other beings, as Creator to creation. This stands in contrast to classical Greco-Roman religion in particular, where a number of goddesses appear as the physical mothers of other divinities which were considered gods in their own right (cf. polytheism).

On the other hand, most Christians believe God the Son is begotten of God the Father "from all eternity" (see Trinity and Nicene Creed), but is born "in time" of Mary. ''Theotokos'' thus refers to the Incarnation, when the Second Person of the Holy Trinity took on human nature in addition to his pre-existing divine nature, this being made possible through the cooperation of Mary.

Since mainstream Christians understand Jesus Christ as both fully God and fully human, they call Mary ''Theotokos'' to affirm the fullness of God's incarnation. The Council of Ephesus decreed, in opposition to those who denied Mary the title ''Theotokos'' ("the one who gives birth to God") but called her ''Christotokos'' ("the one who gives birth to Christ"), that Mary ''is'' ''Theotokos'' because her son Jesus is one person who is both God and man, divine and human. (Some Protestants still insist that Mary cannot be truly ''Theotokos'', but only ''Christotokos''.) Cyril of Alexandria wrote, "I am amazed that there are some who are entirely in doubt as to whether the holy Virgin should be called ''Theotokos'' or not. For if our Lord Jesus Christ is God, how is the holy Virgin who gave [Him] birth, not [''Theotokos'']?" (Epistle 1, to the monks of Egypt; PG 77:13B). Thus the significance of ''Theotokos'' lies more in what it says about Jesus than any declaration about Mary.

Within the Orthodox doctrinal teaching on the economy of salvation, Mary's identity, role, and status as ''Theotokos'' is acknowledged as indispensable, and is for this reason formally defined as official dogma. The only other Mariological teaching so defined is that of her virginity. Both of these teachings have a bearing on the identity of Jesus Christ. By contrast, certain other Marian beliefs which do not bear directly on the doctrine concerning the person of Jesus (for example, her sinlessness, the circumstances surrounding her conception and birth, her Presentation in the Temple, her continuing virginity following the birth of Jesus, and her death), which are taught and believed by the Orthodox Church (being expressed in the Church's liturgy and patristic writings), are nonetheless not formally defined by the Church, and belief in them is not a precondition for baptism.

Use of Theotokos in the early Christian Church

Many Fathers of the early Christian Church used the title ''Theotokos'' for Mary since at least the third century AD.

Origen (d. 254) is often cited as the earliest author to use ''Theotokos'' for Mary (Socrates, Ecclesiastical History 7.32 citing Origen's Commentary on Romans) but the text upon which this assertion is based may not be genuine.

Dionysius of Alexandria used ''Theotokos'' in about 250, in an epistle to Paul of Samosata.

Athanasius of Alexandria in 330, Gregory the Theologian in 370, John Chrysostom in 400, and Augustine all used ''Theotokos''.

Theodoret wrote in 436 that calling the Virgin Mary ''Theotokos'' is an apostolic tradition.

Third Ecumenical Council

The use of ''Theotokos'' was formally affirmed at the Third Ecumenical Council held at Ephesus in 431. The competing view, advocated by Patriarch Nestorius of Constantinople, was that Mary should be called ''Christotokos'', meaning "Birth-giver of Christ," to restrict her role to the mother of Christ's humanity only and not his divine nature.

Nestorius' opponents, led by Cyril of Alexandria, viewed this as dividing Jesus into two distinct persons, the human who was Son of Mary, and the divine who was not. To them, this was unacceptable since by destroying the perfect union of the divine and human natures in Christ, it sabotaged the fullness of the Incarnation and, by extension, the salvation of humanity. The council accepted Cyril's reasoning, affirmed the title ''Theotokos'' for Mary, and anathematised Nestorius' view as heresy. (See Nestorianism)

In letters to Nestorius which were afterwards included among the council documents, Cyril explained his doctrine. He noted that "the holy fathers... have ventured to call the holy Virgin ''[T]heotokos'', not as though the nature of the [W]ord or his divinity received the beginning of their existence from the holy Virgin, but because from her was born his holy body, rationally endowed with a soul, with which [body] the [W]ord was united according to the hypostasis, and is said to have been begotten according to the flesh" (Cyril's second letter to Nestorius).

Explaining his rejection of Nestorius' preferred title for Mary (''Christotokos''), Cyril wrote: "Confessing the Word to be united with the flesh according to the hypostasis, we worship one Son and Lord, Jesus Christ. We do not divide him into parts and separate man and God as though they were united with each other [only] through a unity of dignity and authority... nor do we name separately Christ the Word from God, and in similar fashion, separately, another Christ from the woman, but we know only one Christ, the Word from God the Father with his own flesh... But we do not say that the Word from God dwelt as in an ordinary human born of the holy virgin... we understand that, when he became flesh, not in the same way as he is said to dwell among the saints do we distinguish the manner of the indwelling; but he was united by nature and not turned into flesh... There is, then, one Christ and Son and Lord, not with the sort of conjunction that a human being might have with God as in a unity of dignity or authority; for equality of honor does not unite natures. For Peter and John were equal to each other in honor, both of them being apostles and holy disciples, but the two were not one. Nor do we understand the manner of conjunction to be one of juxtaposition, for this is insufficient in regard to natural union.... Rather we reject the term 'conjunction' as being inadequate to express the union... [T]he holy virgin gave birth in the flesh to God united with the flesh according to hypostasis, for that reason we call her ''Theotokos''... If anyone does not confess that Emmanuel is, in truth, God, and therefore that the holy virgin is ''Theotokos'' (for she bore in a fleshly manner the Word from God become flesh), let him be anathema." (Cyril's third letter to Nestorius)

Hymns

''Theotokos'' in often used in hymns to Mary in the Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Catholic and Oriental Orthodox churches. The most common is ''Axion Estin'' (''It is truly meet''), which is used in nearly every service.

Other examples include ''Beneath thy compassion'' dating from the third century, the ''Hail Mary'' in its Eastern form, and ''All creation rejoices'', which replaces ''Axion Estin'' at the Divine Liturgy on the Sundays of Great Lent.

Solemnity

In the Roman Catholic Church, the solemnity of Mary as Mother of God (Theotokos) is celebrated on 1 January, on the same day as the Octave of Christmas. Her maternity was celebrated on 11 October in pre-1970 versions of the General Roman Calendar, which some traditional Catholics still observe.

This solemnity comes from around 500 AD and was originally celebrated in the Eastern Churches.

Icons

See also

Eleusa icon

Hymns to Mary

List of Theotokos of St. Theodore icons

Notes

References

Cyril of Alexandria, ''On the Unity of Christ'', John Anthony McGuckin, trans. ISBN 0-88141-133-7

McGuckin, John Anthony, ''St. Cyril of Alexandria: The Christological Controversy'' (1994, and reprinted 2004) ISBN 0-88141-259-7 A full description of the events of Third Ecumenical Council and the people and issues involved.

Saint John of Shanghai and San Francisco,""The Orthodox Veneration of Mary, The Birth Giver of God"(2004, Sixth Printing, Third Edition). ISBN 0-938635-68-9

Ware, Bishop Kallistos, "The Orthodox Way" (1979, Revised Edition, 1995, and reprinted 1999). ISBN 0-913836-58-3

External links

Theotokos article on the ''Orthodox Wiki''

Resources on the Theotokos

Study of the Mother of the Lord the All-Holly Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary by St. Nectarios (in Greek)

Category:Marian dogmas Category:Titles of Mary Category:Eastern Orthodoxy Category:Eastern Orthodox theology Category:Eastern Catholicism Category:Oriental Orthodoxy Category:Eastern Orthodox icons Category:Christology Category:Feminist theology Category:Greek loanwords Category:Ancient Christian controversies Category:Christian terms

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name	John Henry Faulk
birth name	John Henry Faulk
birth date	August 21, 1913
birth place	Austin, Texas
death date	April 09, 1990
death place	Austin, Texas
death cause	Cancer
resting place	Oakwood Cemetery
nationality	American
alma mater	University of Texas at Austin
occupation	HumoristFolkloristActorRadio & TV personality
known for	Having Austin central library named in his honor
religion	Methodist
spouse	Harriet Elizabeth Wood ('Hally Wood") (m. 1940 div. 1947)Lynne SmithElizabeth Peake
children	Cynthia w/Hally WoodJohanna w/Lynne SmithEvelyn w/Lynne SmithFrank Dobie Faulk w/Lynne SmithJohn Henry Faulk III w/Elizabeth Peake
awards	}}

John Henry Faulk (August 21, 1913–April 9, 1990) from Austin, Texas was a storyteller and radio show host. His successful lawsuit against blacklisters of the entertainment industry helped to bring an end to the Hollywood blacklist.

Early life

John Henry Faulk was born in Austin, Texas on August 21, 1913, to Methodist parents Henry Faulk and his wife Martha Miner Faulk. John Henry had four siblings: Hamilton Faulk (1905–1905), Martha Stansbury (1908–2008), Mary Faulk Koock (1910–1996), and Texana Faulk Conn (1915–2006).

Faulk spent his childhood years in Austin in the noted Victorian house Green Pastures. A journalist acquaintance from Austin has written that the two of them came from "extremely similar family backgrounds -- the old Southern wealth with rich heritage and families dedicated to civil rights long before it was hip to fight racism."

Education and military service

Faulk enrolled in the University of Texas in 1932. He became a protégé of J. Frank Dobie, Walter Prescott Webb, and Roy Bedichek, enabling Faulk to hone his skills as a folklorist. He earned a Master's degree in Folklore, with his thesis "Ten Negro Sermons". He further began to craft his oratory style as a part-time English teacher at the University 1940–1942, relating Texas folk tales peppered with his gift of character impersonations.

He was originally unfit for service with the United States Army, due to an eye problem. In 1942, Faulk joined the Merchant Marine for a one-year stint. In 1943, Faulk spent the year in Cairo, Egypt serving the American Red Cross. World War II had caused the United States Army to relax its enlistment standards, and Faulk enlisted in 1944, serving at Camp Swift, Texas as a medic. It was during this time period Faulk also joined the American Civil Liberties Union.

Career

While a soldier at Camp Swift, Faulk began writing his own radio scripts. An acquaintance facilitated an interview for him at WCBS in New York City. The network executives were sufficiently impressed to offer him his own radio show. Upon his 1946 discharge from the Army, Faulk began his ''Johnny's Front Porch'' radio show for WCBS. The show featured Faulk's characterizations that he had been developing since his university years. Faulk eventually went to another radio station, but returned to WCBS for a four-hour morning talk show. ''The John Henry Faulk Show'' ran for six years. His radio successes provided opportunity for him to appear as himself on television, in shows like the 1951 Mark Goodson and William Todman game show ''It's News to Me'', hosted by John Charles Daly. He also appeared on '' Leave It to the Girls'' in 1953 and '' The Name's the Same'' in 1955.

Cactus Pryor met Faulk in the studios of KLBJ (then KTBC) where Faulk stopped by to thank Pryor for letting his mother hear his New York show. Pryor had been been "accidentally" broadcasting Faulk's radio show in Texas where Faulk was not otherwise heard. Although the broadcast happened repeatedly, Pryor always claimed he just hit the wrong button in the studio. Pryor visited Faulk at a Manhattan apartment he shared with Alan Lomax, and became introduced to the movers and shakers of the east coast celebrity scene of that era. When Pryor stood by Faulk during the blacklisting and tried to find him work, Pryor's children were harassed; a prominent Austin physician circulated a letter questioning Pryor's patriotism; an Austin attorney tried to convince Lyndon Johnson to discharge Pryor from the airwaves. The Pryor family and the Faulk family remained close and supportive of each other for the rest of Faulk's life.

In December 1955, Faulk was elected second vice president of the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, to Orson Bean's first vice president position and Charles Collingwood as the president of the union. Collingswood, Bean and Faulk were part of a middle-of-the-road slate of non-communist, anti-AWARE organization candidates that Faulk had helped draft. Twenty-seven of thirty-five vacant seats on the board went to the middle-of-the-road slate. Faulk's public position during the campaign had been that the union should be focused on jobs and security, not blacklisting of members.

In the '70's in Austin, he was also befriended by the young co-editor of the Texas Observer, Molly Ivins, and became an early supporter of hers.

Blacklist controversy

Faulk's radio career at CBS ended in 1957, a victim of the Cold War and the blacklisting of the 1950s. AWARE, Inc., a for-profit corporation inspired by Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy, offered a "clearance" service to major media advertisers and radio and television networks; for a fee, AWARE would investigate the backgrounds of entertainers for signs of Communist sympathy or affiliation.

In 1955 Faulk earned the ill will of the blacklisting organization when he and other members wrested control of their union, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists from officers under the backing of AWARE. In reprisal, AWARE labeled Faulk a Communist. When he discovered that AWARE was actively keeping radio stations from offering him employment, Faulk sought remuneration.

Several prominent radio personalities along with CBS News vice president Edward R. Murrow supported Faulk's earnest attempt to put an end to blacklisting. With financial backing from Murrow, Faulk engaged New York attorney Louis Nizer. Attorneys for AWARE, including McCarthy-committee counsel Roy Cohn, managed to stall the suit, which was originally filed in 1957, for five years. When the trial finally concluded in a New York courtroom, the jury had determined that Faulk should receive more compensation than he sought in his original petition. On June 28, 1962, the jury awarded him the largest libel judgment in history to that date — $3.5 million. An appeals court later lowered the amount to $500,000. Legal fees and accumulated debts erased the balance of the award.

Faulk's book, ''Fear on Trial'', published in 1963, tells the story of the experience. The book was remade into an Emmy award-winning TV movie in 1975 by CBS Television with William Devane portraying Faulk and George C. Scott playing Faulk's lawyer, Louis Nizer.

Other supporters in the blacklist struggle included radio pioneer and Wimberley, Texas native Parks Johnson and reporter and CBS television news anchor Walter Cronkite.

Personal life and death

In 1940 John Henry Faulk married Harriet Elizabeth("Hally") Wood, a music student of the University of Texas Fine Arts School whom Faulk married six weeks after meeting. The marriage ended in divorce in 1947, and the couple had one daughter, Cynthia Tannehill. Faulk's second marriage was to Lynne Smith, a New Yorker he had met in 1948 and also married about six weeks after meeting her. That marriage also ended in divorce, fallout from the blacklisting upheaval. Faulk and Smith had two daughters, Johanna and Evelyn, and one son Frank Dobie Faulk. In 1965, Faulk married Elizabeth Peake, and the marriage produced one son, John Henry Faulk III.

Celebrated Austin restaurateur Mary Faulk Koock (1910–1996) was John Henry's sister. His nephew, Mary's son, is actor Guich Koock.

John Henry Faulk died in Austin of cancer on April 9, 1990, and is buried at Oakwood Cemetery.

Awards and tributes

(1980) "The Ballad of John Henry Faulk", artist Phil Ochs, album ''The Broadside Tapes 1'', Folkways Records. (1983) Recipient of Paul Robeson Award. Award recognizes exemplification of principles by which Paul Robeson lived his life. (1995) John Henry Faulk Public Library, main branch of the Austin Public Library. Originally named Central Library when constructed in 1979, renamed to honor Faulk. John Henry Faulk Award, Tejas Storytelling Association, presented annually in Denton, Texas to the individual who has made a significant contribution to the art of storytelling in the Southwest.

Film and television credits

Film

''All the Way Home'' (1963), as Walter Starr

''The Best Man'' (1964), as Governor T.T. Claypoole

''Lovin' Molly'' (1974), as Mr. Grinsom

''The Texas Chain Saw Massacre'' (1974), as Storyteller

''Leadbelly'' (1976). as Governor Neff

''Trespasses'' (1986), as Doctor Silver

Television

''It's News to Me'' (1951–1954), Self

''Leave It to the Girls'' (3 Oct 1953), Self

''The Name's the Same'' (21 Feb 1955), Self

''For the People'' (1965), Episode "Seized, Confined and Detained", as Reynolds

''Fear on Trial'' (1975), Writer, Biopic of John Henry Faulk

''Hee Haw ''(1975–1982), Self

''Adam'' (1983), as as Strom Thurmond

''Cronkite Remembers'' (1997), Uncredited archive footage

Discography

''John Henry Faulk, recordings of Negro religious services. Part 1'' [sound recording] (July 1941) 47 sound discs : analog, 33 1/3 and 78 rpm; 12 in.

''John Henry Faulk recordings of Negro religious services. Part 2'' [sound recording] (Aug–Sept 1941) 42 sound discs : analog, 33 1/3 rpm ; 12 in.

''John Henry Faulk Texas recordings collection'' [sound recording] (Oct–Nov 1941) 33 sound discs : analog, 33 1/3 rpm ; 12 in.

''John Henry Faulk collection of Texas prison songs'' [sound recording] (1942) 10 sound discs : analog, 78 rpm ; 12 in. + documentation.

''John Henry Faulk and others, "Man-on-the-Street" interviews collection'' [sound recording] (1941) 6 sound discs : analog ; 16 in.; 15 sound discs : analog ; 12 in.

''American people speak on the war'' [sound recording] (1941) 1 sound disc (ca. 15 min.) : analog, 33 1/3 rpm ; 16 in.

''The people speak to the president, or, Dear, Mr. President'' [sound recording] (1942) 1 sound disc : analog, 33 1/3 rpm ; 16 in.

''CBS news with Stuart Metz''.[sound recording]. (13 May 1957) 1 sound tape reel (5 min.) : analog, 7 1/2 ips, full track, mono. ; 7 in

''John Henry Faulk show'' (13 May 1957) 1 sound tape reel (25 min.) : analog, 7 1/2 ips, full track, mono. ; 7 in

''Blacklist: a failure in political imagination'' [Sound recording] (1960) eel. 7 in. 3 3/4 ips. 1/2 track. cassette. 2 1/2 x 4 in

''Help unsell the war. American report'' [sound recording] (1972) 1 sound disc : analog, 33 1/3 rpm ; 12 in

''Selected radio programs from The Larry King show'' [sound recording] (1982–1985) 116 sound cassettes : analog

''African-American Slave Audio Recordings'' (2008)

Radio appearances and speeches

Faulk recorded his "Christmas Story" in 1974 for the NPR program "Voices in the Wind".

Faulk made speeches on the First Amendment and civil rights for many colleges and universities.

Bibliography

Plays

"Deep in the Heart" (one-man play)

"Pear Orchard, Texas" (one-man play)

Further reading

''John Henry Faulk Papers''. Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas at Austin.

Burton, Michael C. ''John Henry Faulk: The Making of a Liberated Mind: A Biography''. Austin: Eakin Press, 1993. ISBN 0-89015-923-8

References

Additional sourcing

External links

NPR John Henry Faulk's 'Christmas Story'

John Henry Faulk entry in IMDB

The Ballad of John Henry Faulk - lyrics by Phil Ochs

Tejas Story Telling John Henry Faulk Award

Category:1913 births Category:1990 deaths Category:Free speech activists Category:Hollywood blacklist Category:People from Austin, Texas Category:Writers from Texas Category:Burials at Oakwood Cemetery (Austin, Texas)

fr:John Henry Faulk