Coordinates	6°7′55″N1°13′22″N
{{infobox disease | name	Callus | Image Evolucion de un callo.jpg | Caption Examples of callus found on the toe | DiseasesDB | ICD10 | ICD9 | ICDO | OMIM | MedlinePlus | eMedicineSubj | eMedicineTopic | MeshID D002145 }}

A callus (or callosity) is an especially toughened area of skin which has become relatively thick and hard in response to repeated friction, pressure, or other irritation. Rubbing that is too frequent or forceful will cause blisters rather than allow calluses to form. Since repeated contact is required, calluses are most often found on feet because of frequent walking. Calluses are generally not harmful, but may sometimes lead to other problems, such as skin ulceration or infection.

Cause

Normally, a callus will form on any part of the skin exposed to friction over a long period of time. For example, people often develop calluses on the middle finger of their dominant hand due to writing with a pen or pencil. Another cause is from playing string instruments like the violin or the guitar; calluses will develop on the four left hand fingers used in holding the strings down to the fingerboard, and sometimes right hand fingers used for pizzicato or strumming. There are many activities that can result in the formation of a callus, and having one is sometimes viewed as a badge of honor. Activities that are notorious for causing calluses include (but are not limited to) playing musical instruments, martial arts, many sports (specifically racket sports), dancing (especially ballet) and wearing high heels. Tenpin bowlers will often develop calluses on their thumbs and occasionally their middle fingers from frequent bowling. Although often found on the foot (where the most pressure and friction are applied), calluses can occur anywhere on the body as a reaction to moderate, constant "grinding" pressure. It is the natural reaction of the palmar or plantar skin. Too much friction occurring too fast for the skin to develop a protective callus will cause blisters instead.

Biologically, calluses are formed by the accumulation of terminally differentiated keratinocytes in the outermost layer of skin. Though the cells of calluses are dead, they are quite resistant to mechanical and chemical insults due to extensive networks of cross-linked proteins and hydrophobic keratin intermediate filaments containing many disulfide bonds.

Sometimes a callus occurs where there is no rubbing or pressure. These hyperkeratoses can have a variety of causes. Some toxins, such as arsenic, can cause thick palms and soles. Some diseases, such as syphilis, can cause thickening of the palms and soles as well as pinpoint hyperkeratoses. There is a benign condition called ''keratosis palmaris et plantaris'', which produces corns in the creases of the fingers and non-weight bearing spaces of the feet. Some of this may be caused by actinic keratosis, which occurs due to overexposure to sun or with age and hormonal shifts.

Corns

A ''corn'' (or ''clavus'', plural ''clavi'') is a specially-shaped callus of dead skin that usually occurs on thin or glabrous (hairless and smooth) skin surfaces, especially on the dorsal surface of toes or fingers. They can sometimes occur on the thicker palmar or plantar skin surfaces. Corns form when the pressure point against the skin traces an elliptical or semi-elliptical path during the rubbing motion, the center of which is at the point of pressure, gradually widening. If there is constant stimulation of the tissue producing the corns, even after the corn is surgically removed, the skin may continue to grow as a corn.

The hard part at the center of the corn resembles a barley hare, that is, a funnel with a broad raised top and a pointed bottom. Because of their shape, corns intensify the pressure at the tip and can cause deep tissue damage and ulceration. The scientific name for a corn is ''heloma'' (plural ''helomata''). A hard corn is called a ''heloma durum'', while a soft corn is called a ''heloma molle''.

The location of soft corns tends to differ from that of hard corns. Hard corns occur on dry, flat surfaces of skin. Soft corns (frequently found between adjacent toes) stay moist, keeping the surrounding skin soft. The corn's center is not soft, however, but indurated.

The specific diagnostic workup and treatments for corns may differ substantially from other forms of calluses

Prevention

Corns and calluses are easier to prevent than to treat. When it is not desirable to form a callus, minimizing rubbing and pressure will prevent callus formation. Footwear should be properly fitted, gloves may be worn, and protective pads, rings or skin dressings may be used. People with poor circulation or sensation should check their skin often for signs of rubbing and irritation so they can minimize any damage.

Treatment

Calluses and corns may go away by themselves eventually, once the irritation is consistently avoided. They may also be dissolved with keratolytic agents containing salicylic acid, sanded down with a pumice stone or filed down with a callus shaver, or pared down by a professional such as a podiatrist or a foot health practitioner.

Before 1937 (when commerce in medicinal cannabis was effectively banned by a federal law in the United States), topical corn remedies usually contained tincture of cannabis, whose antibacterial properties were an effective agent. In addition, the inclusion of cannabis provided the herbal green appearance expected by consumers of the day.

Diabetes

People with diabetes face special skin challenges. Because diabetes affects the capillaries, the small blood vessels which feed the skin, thickening of the skin with callus increases the difficulty of supplying nutrients to the skin. Callus formation is seen in high numbers of patients with diabetes and together with absent foot pulses and formation of hammer toe, this may be an early signs of individuals at an increased risk for foot ulcers.

The stiffness of a callus or corn, coupled with the shear and pressure that caused it, may tear the capillaries or adjoining tissue, causing bleeding within the callus or corn. Often, bleeding within a callus is an early sign of diabetes, even before elevated blood sugars may be noticed. Although the bleeding can be small, sometimes small pools of blood or hematoma are formed. The blood itself is an irritant, a foreign body within the callus that makes the area burn or itch. If the pool of blood is exposed to the outside, infection may follow. Infection may also lead to ulceration. Luckily, this process can be prevented at several places, Diabetic foot infections are the leading cause of diabetic limb amputation.

Other meanings

In botany, the term is also used to describe a condition of thickened surfaces of leaves or other plant parts. A callus also can refer to an undifferentiated plant cell mass grown on a culture medium, which can be put into a bioreactor to produce genetically identical cells.

See also

Hyperkeratosis

Callosity

Catagmatic

Zebibah

List of cutaneous conditions

Notes

Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 15th Edition, CL Thomas, M.D., M.P.H., editor, F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA, 1985.

The Merck Manual of Medical Information, Home Edition, R Berkow, M.D., et al., editors, Merck Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1997.

References

External links

MayoClinic.com - Corns and calluses

Category:Foot diseases Category:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors

de:Hornschwiele es:Callo fr:Cal (médecine) io:Kalo it:Callo nl:Eelt ja:胼胝 pl:Nagniotek pt:Calo sr:Жуљ fi:Liikavarvas sv:Hudvalk tr:Nasır

Coordinates	6°7′55″N1°13′22″N
name	Trip Lee
landscape	yes
background	solo_singer
birth name	William Lee Barefield III
birth date	December 17, 1987
origin	Dallas, Texas
instrument	voice
genre	Christian Hip hop, Christian rap, Crunk
years active	2005-present
label	Reach Records
associated acts	116 Clique
website
notable instruments	}}

William Lee Barefield III, better known by his stage name, "Trip Lee", is an American Christian rapper who is signed to Reach Records and has recorded both independently and as a founding member of the 116 Clique. Originally from Dallas, Texas, he now resides in Washington D.C.. He first gained recognition after appearing on the Reach Records website at the age of 16. His debut album, ''If They Only Knew'', was released in 2006. His second album, ''20/20'', was released on May 20, 2008 and performed well at the iTunes Music Store.

Biography

William Lee Barefield III, better known as Trip Lee, was born and raised in Dallas, TX. As a young boy, Lee had dreams of being a professional athlete or famous rapper, and he began to hone his lyrical skills at the age of 12. “I rapped about random stuff…how hot I was, how many girls I could pull,” Trip says. But upon giving his life to Christ, at age 14, his focus changed from fortune, fame, and women to serving and ministering the Gospel.

Lee slowly recognized that all of his life should be centered around Christ. “One day, I just decided, I’m only doing Christian hip hop. Rappers like Ambassador and Da Truth helped provide a model for how I would begin to do that,” he says. He also had an immense desire to learn and teach the Word of God, so he became a leader in his youth group and preached his first sermon at age 17.

In 2004, Lee met Lecrae at a concert; months later, after talking and building with each other, Lecrae began to disciple him. While still in high school, Lee was given the opportunity to pen a few devotionals for the Reach Records website that dealt with theological matters and showcased his spiritual maturity.

Lee signed with Reach Records, and his debut album, ''If They Only Knew'', was released a few days after his high school graduation. His first full-length album introduced hip-hop fans to his distinct southern sound, unique delivery and gospel-saturated lyrics. That same year, he was also featured on the Dove Award-nominated, ''Jesus Muzik'' with label mate Lecrae.

His second album, ''20/20'', was released in 2008 and garnered much success, breaking into the Billboard Top 200 and reaching #11 on the Billboard Christian albums chart and #4 on the Gospel chart. Back with his third studio album, ''Between Two Worlds'', Lee offers a collection of reflections on life in a fallen world. His hope is that his reflections not only resonate with listeners, but also point to Jesus as the Hero.

Since his first album release, Trip has traveled the world doing concerts for thousands of listeners, and his last three summers have been spent on tours (national and international) with his Reach label mates. His Christ-centered hip-hop message has also built a platform for him among churches and other Christian organizations, which has led to numerous opportunities to preach and teach at conferences and other events.

Lee now resides in Washington D.C. with his wife. Lee’s unending desire is to proclaim the grace and beauty of Jesus Christ to anyone that will listen; ultimately, he hopes this journey will someday lead to pastoring a church.

Lee released two new singles "Brag On My Lord" and "King Like Mine", the latter featuring Alex Medina, on March 29, 2011.

Discography

Albums

;Solo

		Album details	Peak chart positions
	!		!	!	!	USGospel
2006				* First studio album	* Release date: May 26, 2006	* Label: Reach Records	-	-	-	-	-
2008	style="text-align:left;"			* Second studio album	* Release date: May 20, 2008	* Label: Reach Records	193	11	4	-	4
2010	style="text-align:left;"			* Third studio album	* Release date: June 22, 2010	* Label: Reach Records	58	1	8	10	1

;With the 116 Clique

''The Compilation Album'' (2005)

''The Compilation Album: Chopped & Screwed'' (2006)

''13 Letters'' (2007)

''Amped'' (2007)

Singles

;Solo

"The Invasion (Hero)" (featuring Jai)

"No Worries"

"Brag On My Lord"

"King Like Mine" (featuring Alex Medina)

;With 116 Clique

"Man Up Anthem"

;Guest Appearances

"In Ya Hood (Cypha Remix)" (Tedashii featuring Thi'sl, Json, Sho Baraka & Lecrae)

"We Did" (Tedashii)

"Jesus Muzik" (Lecrae)

"Holla At Me" (Everyday Process)

"The Last Cypha" (The Cross Movement feat. R-Swift, Everyday Process, Da' T.R.U.T.H. & FLAME)

"Price Tag" (Da' T.R.U.T.H.)

"Slow It Down (Simplify Your Life)" (Sho Baraka)

"What It Do" (Json featuring Titus)

"Checkin' For My God (Remix)" (The Ambassador featuring Lecrae)

"Fall Back" (Lecrae)

"I Been Redeemed" (FLAME)

"Ridaz" (J.R. feat. Da' T.R.U.T.H. & Iz-Real)

"I'm a Believer" (Tedashii featuring Soyé)

"Transformers" (Tedashii featuring Lecrae)

"Trumpet Blow" (Da' T.R.U.T.H.)

"Where Ya At" (Legacy Conference)

"Get Busy" (DJ Official)

"40 Deep" (Lecrae featuring Tedashii)

"Revolutionary Died" (Sho Baraka)

"The Rising" (Sho Baraka)

"Grace Amazing" (Jimmy Needham)

"Conversion" (Lamp Mode Recordings)

"We Can Be More (Gentlemen's Remix) (Sho Baraka featuring JR, Alex Medina & FLAME)

"Gentleness" (B3AR FRUIT)

"No One Greater" (PRo featuring Json)

Music Videos

;Solo

"Real Vision" (featuring Tedashii)

"The Invasion (Hero)" (featuring Jai)

;Guest Appearances

"Jesus Muzik" (Lecrae)

"Grace Amazing" (Jimmy Needham)

See also

116 Clique

Reach Records

References

External links

Reach Records

Category:1987 births Category:African American rappers Category:American Christians Category:American evangelicals Category:Religious activists Category:Hip hop singers Category:African American poets Category:East Coast hip hop musicians Category:Philadelphia Biblical University alumni Category:Cross Movement Records Category:Performers of Christian hip hop music Category:Musicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Category:Living people