DVD region codes are a digital-rights management technique designed to allow film distributors to control aspects of a release, including content, release date, and price, according to the region. DVD video discs may be encoded with a region code restricting the area of the world in which they can be played.

The American DVD Copy Control Association in California requires that DVD-player manufacturers incorporate the regional-playback control (RPC) system – according to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, an Australian government agency.

There are six different official regions and two informal variations. DVDs may use one code, a combination of codes (Multi-Region), most codes (Region 0) or every code/no codes (Region All). The commercial DVD player specification requires that a player to be sold in a given place not play discs encoded for a different region; however, ''region-free'' DVD players are also commercially available. In addition, many DVD players can be modified to be ''region-free'', allowing playback of all discs.

Region codes and countries

!style="background:#f0f0f0"
0 Region 0" />	Informal term meaning "worldwide". Region 0 is not an official setting; discs that bear the region 0 symbol either have no flag set or have regions 1–6 flags set.
1 Region 1" />
2 Region 2" />
3 Region 3" />
4 Region 4" />	Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, South America, Australia, Oceania
5 Region 5" />
6 Region 6" />	People's Republic of China
7 Region 7" />	Reserved for future use (found in use on protected screener copies of MPAA-related DVDs and "media copies" of pre-releases in Asia)
8 Region 8" />	International venues such as aircraft, cruise ships, etc.
ALL Region ALL" />	Region ALL discs have all eight flags set, allowing the disc to be played in any locale on any player.

DVDs sold in the Baltic States use both region 2 and 5 codes. DVDs sold in Japan use the region 2 code, while Macau and Taiwan use the region 3 code. Hong Kong has historically used Region 3 and has added region 6 since the reunification, now using both.

Region 0 (playable in all regions except 7 and 8) is widely used by China and the Philippines. DVDs in Hispanophone Latin America use both the region 1 and region 4 codes. Most DVDs in India combine the region 2, region 4, and region 5 codes; Indian Disney discs contain only the region 3 code.

European region 2 DVDs may be sub-coded "D1" to "D4". "D1" are United Kingdom–only releases; "D2" and "D3" are not sold in the UK and Ireland; "D4" are distributed throughout Europe.

Any combination of regions can be applied to a single disc. For example, a DVD designated Region 2/4 is suitable for playback in Western Europe, Oceania, and any other Region 2 or Region 4 area. So-called "Region 0" and "ALL" discs are meant to be playable worldwide.

The term "Region 0" also describes the DVD players designed or modified to incorporate Regions 1–6, thereby providing compatibility with most discs, regardless of region. This apparent solution was popular in the early days of the DVD format, but studios quickly responded by adjusting discs to refuse to play in such machines. This system is known as "Regional Coding Enhancement". In turn, region-free players have all eight flags set, similar to Region ALL DVDs. Many also include RCE breaks, to skip repeating menus or bypass static images.

Region-code enhanced

Region-code enhanced, also known as just "RCE" or "REA", was a retroactive attempt to prevent the playing of one region's discs in another region, even if the disc was played in a region-free player. The scheme was deployed on only a handful of discs. The disc contained the main program material region coded as region 1. But it also contained a short video loop of a map of the world showing the regions, which was coded as region 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The intention was that when the disc was played in a non-region 1 player, the player would default to playing the material for its native region. This played the aforementioned video loop of a map, which was impossible to escape from, as the user controls were disabled.

However, the scheme was fundamentally flawed, as a region-free player tries to play a disc using the last region that worked with the previously inserted disc. If it cannot play the disc, then it tries another region until one is found that works. RCE could thus be defeated by briefly playing a "normal" region 1 disc, and then inserting the RCE protected region 1 disc, which would now play. RCE caused a few problems with genuine region 1 players.

, many "multi-region" DVD players defeat regional lockout and RCE by automatically identifying and matching a disc's region code and/or allowing the user to manually select a particular region. Some manufacturers of DVD players now freely supply information on how to disable regional lockout, and on some recent models, it appears to be disabled by default. Programs such as DVD Shrink are also capable of removing RCE protection, provided the operator knows what the region of the disc actually is. If the region is specified correctly, the copy will play in any region.

Purpose

There are many purposes that region coding can achieve, but the primary one is price discrimination, ''i.e.'', allowing the manufacturer to demand a higher price depending on what the market will allow. There is great disparity among the regions of the world in how much a person is willing to pay for a DVD. Price discrimination is especially applicable to DVDs, as the marginal cost of selling one DVD is relatively small, allowing the seller a great deal of flexibility in pricing.

Another purpose is controlling release dates. One of the traditions of movie marketing that the advent of home video threatened is the practice of releasing a movie (to theaters) later in some countries than in others. Video tapes were essentially regional anyway, since video tape formats had to match those of the encoding system used by television stations in that particular region, such as NTSC and PAL, although from early 1990s PAL machines increasingly offered NTSC playback. DVDs are less restricted in this sense, and region coding allows movie studios to better control the global release dates of DVDs. However, the fact that such classics as "Casablanca", which was released long before DVDs were even invented, are sold with region codes suggests that price discrimination plays a more important role than release dates do.

Thirdly, some titles are owned by different copyright holders in different territories. Region coding allows these copyright holders to protect their interests by preventing consumers from purchasing the same title from a region where the copyright is owned by a different company.

PAL/SECAM vs. NTSC

DVDs are also formatted for use on two conflicting regional television systems: 480i/60 Hz and 576i/50 Hz, which in analog contexts are often referred to as 525/60 (NTSC) and 625/50 (PAL/SECAM) respectively. Strictly speaking, NTSC, PAL and SECAM are all analog chroma-encoding formats which have no relevance in the digital domain (as evident in the conflation of PAL and SECAM, which are actually two distinct analog color systems). However, these terms continue to be used (improperly) as a method of identifying refresh rates and vertical resolution.

NTSC is the analog color TV format historically associated with Canada, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, Taiwan, United States and other countries. PAL is the analog color TV format historically associated with most of Europe, most of Africa, China, India, Australia, New Zealand, Israel, North Korea, and other countries (and Brazil, but using the refresh rate and resolution commonly associated with NTSC). Some DVD players only play discs identified as NTSC or PAL, while others can play both standards.

In general, it is easier for consumers in PAL countries to view NTSC DVDs than vice versa. Almost all DVD players sold in PAL countries are capable of playing both kinds of discs, and most modern PAL TVs can handle the converted signal. However, most NTSC players cannot play PAL discs, and most NTSC TVs do not accept 576i video signals. Those in NTSC countries, such as in North America, generally require both a region-free, multi-standard player and a multi-standard television to view PAL discs, or a converter box, whereas those in PAL countries generally require only a region-free player. There are also differences in pixel aspect ratio (720 × 480 vs. 720 × 576) and display frame rate (29.97 vs. 25). Again, NTSC discs can be played on most DVD systems worldwide, while PAL discs play on very few players outside of PAL/SECAM countries.

In most computer drives, users are allowed to change the region code up to five times. However, if the number of allowances reaches zero, the region last used will be permanent even if the drive is transferred to another computer. This limit is built into the drive's controller software, called firmware. Resetting the firmware count can be done with first- or third-party software tools, or by reflashing (see above) to RPC-1 firmware

Since some software does not work correctly with RPC-1 drives, there is also the option of reflashing the drive with a so-called auto-reset firmware. This firmware appears as RPC-2 firmware to software, but will reset the region changes counter whenever power is cycled, reverting to the state of a drive that has never had its region code changed.

Software DVD players

Most freeware and open source DVD players, such as VLC, ignore region coding. Most commercial players are locked to a region code, but can be easily changed with software.

Other software, known as DVD region killers, transparently remove (or hide) the DVD region code from the software player. Some can also work around locked RPC-2 firmware.

Circumvention

One can circumvent the region coding of a DVD by burning a copy that adds flags for all region codes, creating an all-region DVD. DVD backup software can do this, and can usually remove Macrovision, CSS, and disabled user operations (UOPs) as well.

In common region-locked DVDs (''not'' in RCE-DVDs), the region code is stored in the file "VIDEO_TS.IFO" (table "VMGM_MAT"), byte offsets 34 and 35. The eight regions each correspond to a value which is a power of 2: Region 1 corresponds to 1 (2⁰), Region 2 to 2 (2¹), Region 3 to 4 (2²), and so on through Region 8, which corresponds to 128 (2⁷). The values of each region that the disc is ''not'' encoded for are added together to give the value in the file. For example, a disc that is encoded for Region 1 but not Regions 2—8 will have the value 2+4+8+16+32+64+128=254. A disc encoded for Regions 1, 2 and 4 will have the value 4+16+32+64+128=244. A region-free or RCE-protected DVD will carry the value zero, since no regions are excluded.

Video game consoles

The Xbox, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles are all region-locked for DVD playback. The PlayStation 2 can be modified to have its regional-locking disabled through the use of modchips.

Blu-ray Disc region codes

Blu-ray Discs use a much simpler region-code system than DVD with only three regions, labeled A, B, and C.

Region A includes most North, Central and South American and Southeast Asian countries plus the Republic of China (Taiwan), Hong Kong, Japan and Korea.

Region B includes most European, African and southwest Asian countries plus Australia and New Zealand.

Region C contains the remaining central and south Asian countries, as well as the People's Republic of China and Russia.

Criticism and legal concerns

Region-code enforcement has been discussed as a possible violation of World Trade Organization free trade agreements or competition law. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has warned that DVD players that enforce region-coding may violate their Trade Practices Act. Under New Zealand copyright law, DVD region codes and the mechanisms in DVD players to enforce them have no legal protection. The practice has also been criticized by the European Commission which is currently investigating whether the resulting price discrimination amounts to a violation of EU competition law.

''The Washington Post'' has highlighted how DVD region-coding has been a major inconvenience for frequent travelers, students of foreign languages, immigrants who want to watch films from their homeland and foreign film enthusiasts. Another criticism is that region-coding allows for local censorship. For example, the Region 1 DVD of the drama film ''Eyes Wide Shut'' (1999), directed by Stanley Kubrick, contains the digital manipulations necessary for the film to secure an MPAA R-rating, whereas these manipulations are not evident in non-Region 1 discs.

Another criticism is that certain shows have not been released at all in some countries. For example, ''Spider-Man: The Animated Series'' has only had an official DVD release in the United Kingdom on PAL region 2, and there are no plans to release the show elsewhere. As a result, fans of the series who don't live in region 2 countries require a region-free player to view the series, while most consumers in NTSC locations are required to buy a region-free, multi-standard player and either a compatible TV or a signal converter box alongside a region-free player. However, NTSC-region hardware capable of playing PAL discs is becoming increasingly common.

See also

Broadcast television systems

DVD Copy Control Association

Regional lockout

References

External links

DVD region information with regards to RCE from Home Theater Info

Region Coding - Explanations & Help from The DVDCodes Source

Amazon.co.uk DVD Regions guide

Category:Digital rights management Category:DVD Category:Self-censorship

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origin	London, UK
instrument	Vocals, guitar
genre	Folk, acoustic, indie
occupation	Singer, songwriter
years active	2008–present
label	Sandwich Emporium Records (2011-present)
associated acts	Nizlopi, Colour Of Sound, Luke Haines Power Trio
website
notable instruments	acoustic guitar
background	solo_singer }}

Jake Morley (born 1 August 1983) is a singer/songwriter based in north London. His unusual style of lap tapping, allowing him to tap, slap, and strum his guitar, has gained him many plaudits from both fans and critics.

Early life

Morley grew up in Mill Hill, London. He learned guitar at an early age and began writing songs whilst at Mill Hill County High School in north west London. After studying law at Nottingham University for three years, Morley returned to London and embarked on performing on the thriving open mic scene.

2008-2009

Morley began recording in 2008, and released of his first EP, ''This City'' later the same year. A popular artist on the London circuit, Morley played to increasingly larger crowds and in the summer of 2008 played the MS Calling charity gig at the 100 Club where he met double bassist, John Parker (formerly of Nizlopi), drummer Harry Mead and sound engineer Phill Brown (Bob Marley / Talk Talk / Faithless) who recorded and co-produced Morley's debut album. Also in attendance was Calum MacColl (Rokia Traore / Ronan Keating / Eddi Reader) who played guitar on and also co-produced the album.

Throughout 2009 Morley continued to play at various venues in London and the UK. During the summer of 2009 Morley released a track a week for free download culminating in a headline show at The Underbelly, Hoxton Square where he sold hand made E.P's containing all of the tracks released that summer.

2010 - Many Fish To Fry

In January 2010, Morley assembled a team of musicians and, along with Phill Brown and Calum MacColl, started recording ''Many Fish To Fry''. With recording, mixing and over dubs continuing for a few months, Morley returned to live performances in March.

In April 2010 secured a residency at Ronnie Scott's playing once a month all the way through to December.

Towards the end of 2010, Morley joined forces with Kerry Harvey-Piper, of Red Grape Records who took on the role of being his manager.

2011

2011 has been a busy year for Morley. His debut album ''Many Fish To Fry'' was released in February on his own independent label. After a short UK tour, Morley held his album launch party at London's Bush Hall, where his performance received much critical acclaim.

In March 2011, Morley's debut single 'Feet Don't Fail Me Now' was played on Dermot O'Leary's Saturday afternoon BBC Radio 2 show, with the DJ commenting after the track 'We like this a lot'. 'Feet Don't Fail Me Now' continued to be played throughout April on over 40 radio stations. On the 5th May Morley headlined the City Showcase after party at the 100 Club and straight after his set finished, he and his band rushed over to the BBC Radio 2 studios to perform a live set on Janice Long's show. Later that week, Janice Long recommended 'Feet Don't Fail Me Now' as the featured live track of the week on Jo Whiley's Radio 2 Live In Concert.

Most recently, 'Feet Don't Fail Me Now' was played by Chris Hawkins on his BBC 6 Music breakfast show.

YouTube

Morley has had success on YouTube with his self recorded video of the track getting over 25,000 views. The video was subsequently included in a Best Guitarist on the Web video created by ITN.

Reviews

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Luke Haines Power Trio

Morley plays bass guitar and Harry Mead plays drums in the live band of Luke Haines when the former leader of The Auteurs performs as "The Luke Haines Power Trio".

Discography

Extended plays

! Year	! Album
2008	''This City E.P''

Albums

! Year	! Album Details
2011	2011	''Many Fish To Fry''

Singles

rowspan="2"	Year	Single	Peakpositions		Album
2011	"Feet Don't Fail Me Now"	-	-	''Many Fish To Fry''

References

External links

MySpace

Facebook

Twitter

YouTube

Sandwich Emporium Records

Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:British singer-songwriters