General view of the Expo 2008 site

Expo 2008 was an international exposition held from Saturday, 14 June to Sunday, 14 September 2008 in Zaragoza, Spain, with the theme of "Water and Sustainable Development". The exposition was placed in a meander of the river Ebro. It was coordinated by the Bureau of International Expositions, the organization responsible for sanctioning World's Fairs.

Zaragoza, host city for the International Exposition, is the administrative and financial capital of the autonomous community of Aragon and Spain's fifth most populous city. Zaragoza was elected the host city of Expo 2008 on 16 December 2004 by the BIE, beating Thessaloniki (Greece) and Trieste (Italy).

The exhibition’s most emblematic buildings were the Water Tower, a 80-metre-high transparent building designed by Enrique de Teresa to evoke a drop of water, Zaha Hadid's Bridge Pavilion, and the river aquarium. The exposition site also hosted several events, including a daily parade by Cirque du Soleil called The Awakening of the Serpent.

Aside from the countries, non-government organizations and private companies took part in Expo 2008, always with the idea of water and sustainable development. Prior to the event, the Expo 2008 host committee estimated that the expo event could generate 135 million euros in receipts for admission to the exhibition centre.

Spaces and exhibitions[link]

Thematic pavilions[link]

Bridge pavilion[link]

View of Bridge Pavilion, inside.

The Bridge Pavilion^[1] was one of the most emblematic buildings of Expo 2008. Designed by Zaha Hadid, it was built in two levels with the shape of a gladiolus opening and closing. It joins the neighbourhood of La Almozara and the Expo site with a central island in the river Ebro.

The Bridge Pavilion hosted the exposition Water – a unique resource, designed by Ralph Appelbaum Associates, which tried to present water as a universal human right, to inform visitors how water is a unique resource and to explain water management procedures and encourage citizen participation.

Water tower[link]

Water Tower

The Water Tower^[2] was another emblematic building of Expo 2008 and its vertical icon. Designed by Enrique de Teresa, it is 76 metres high with 10,400 accessible square metres. On the top floor, there is a 720-square-metre panoramic bar with fantastic views over Zaragoza. Inside the tower there is a 23-metre-high sculpture called Splash, which represents a splash of water, "the arrival of life on our planet". The Splash sculpture, based on dynamic simulation systems, was designed by Mona Kim, Todd Palmer, Olga Subirós and Simon Taylor from Program Collective.^[3][4]

The Water Tower hosted the exposition Water for life where "audiovisual media and lighting play a key role in the way the contents are communicated".

Aquarium[link]

River Aquarium

This thematic pavilion,^[5] which remained in operation after the expo,^{[citation needed]} is the biggest freshwater aquarium in Europe, with 300 species of fauna from rivers around the world in 60 tanks or terrariums. Rivers represented are:

• The Nile: It contains species of the great African lakes. It also has crocodiles and an exhibition on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea.
• The Mekong: In this river visitors will find species of the Himalayas, gardens from the river's lower course, the Pacific Ocean and coral reefs.
• The Amazon river: It is divided into three different areas. The first of them is the Amazon jungle with its coconut trees and mangroves. The second area is about the Amazon forest while the third area is the mangrove swamp with an exhibition on the Atlantic Ocean.
• The Murray-Darling river: This exhibition begins in the flooded regions and goes through desert areas. It finishes with a video exhibition about birds.
• The Ebro: It is also represented in two areas. The first area is a mountain cave and the second is the course of the river. There will also be an exhibition on the Mediterranean sea.
• The "World River": It represents the past, when "all the continents were united as a single island surrounded by ocean".

Thematic squares[link]

Thirst[link]

View of the Water Tower

This thematic square employed mirrors, audiovisual projections and combinations of light and sound to create optical illusions.^[6] It was 46.7 metres in diameter, covering a total area of 1,640 square metres (820 of them were the exposition area).

Igloo of salt[link]

Designed by Cloud 9 / Enric Ruiz-Geli, this plaza's architecture was that of an enigmatic building. It was an inflatable structure covered with salt that reflected the sun's rays and lit up at night as if it had stored all of the necessary energy to continue to function.

This themed plaza was designed according to Expo Zaragoza 2008's sustainability criteria: the use of PVC was avoided in electrical wiring, as well as tropical wood, synthetic varnish or solvent-based paints; taps made use of water-saving systems. Additionally, the frame was hired out to avoid having to demolish it once the expo was complete.

The use of EFTE in the building's three-layered roof made air conditioning unnecessary. One of the EFTE layers was silver-plated to refract light and prevent outside heat from penetrating the building; air in the inflatable components and a brine system irrigating them cooled the interior. All of this created a temperate building, meaning that the climate control system only needed to work against body heat produced by visitors and heat given off by equipment used in the exhibition. This way the organisers could make use of a system that was much more sustainable and inexpensive than conventional air conditioning.

Cities of water[link]

This square had no walls, so its contents were visible from outside.^[7] The exhibit was about water as an "urban resource" and a "natural element in the process of improving quality of life in cities".

Extreme water[link]

Channel of brave waters

This square symbolised the moment when a wave breaks on the beach.^[8] It was divided into two areas: the first was the sensorial area with 120 mobile seats where audiovisuals were projected; the second was the ideas area with interactive platforms, images and texts about water and its risks.

Oikos, water and energy[link]

This exhibit was about getting energy from water.^[9]

Shared water[link]

This thematic square^[10] showed visitors how political divisions affect the management of water.

Aquatic inspirations[link]

This square^[11] hosted the show El hombre vertiente, created by the Argentine Pichón Baldinu, six times a day.

Participants pavilion[link]

Country pavilions[link]

Main Street at Expo 2008

More than one hundred countries, plus dozens of companies and NGOs, participated in Expo 2008. The confirmed list had these 104 countries^[12] (arranged in alphabetical order):

Participants
Algeria	Andorra	Angola	Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina	Austria	Bahamas	Barbados
Belgium	Belize	Bolivia	Brazil
Bulgaria	Cameroon	Cape Verde	China
Colombia	Costa Rica	Croatia	Cuba
Cyprus	Denmark	East Timor	Dominica
Dominican Republic	Ecuador	Equatorial Guinea	Egypt
El Salvador	Ethiopia	France	Germany
Greece	Grenada	Guatemala	Guyana
Haiti	Honduras	Hungary	India
Indonesia	Italy	Jamaica	Japan
Jordan	Kazakhstan	Kenya	South Korea
Kuwait	Libya	Lithuania	Macedonia
Malaysia	Mali	Malta	Mauritania
Mexico	Monaco	Mongolia	Morocco
Mozambique	Namibia	Nepal	Netherlands
Nicaragua	Niger	Nigeria	Oman
Pakistan	Panama	Paraguay	Peru
Philippines	Poland	Portugal	Qatar
Romania	Russia	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Lucia	Saudi Arabia	Senegal	Slovakia
Solomon Islands	South Africa	Spain	Sudan
Suriname	Sweden	Switzerland	Tanzania
Thailand	Trinidad and Tobago	Tunisia	Turkey
Uganda	United Arab Emirates	Uruguay	Vanuatu
Vatican City	Venezuela	Vietnam	Yemen

The 17 autonomous communities of Spain and two autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla also participated, as did as the United Nations and the European Union.

The pavilions for official participants were divided into eight large buildings and into five differentiated eco-geographical areas within the Expo 2008 Exposition site. Those areas were:

• Islands and Coasts
• Oasis
• Ice and snow
• Temperate Forests
• Tropical Rainforests
• Mountains and High Plains
• Grasslands, Steppes and Savannahs
• Rivers and Flat plains

Spain Pavilion

Aragon Pavilion

The joint pavilions corresponding to the eco-geographic areas of Grasslands, Steppes and Savannahs, Tropical Rainforests and Islands and Coasts, were built by the organisers to house the pavilions of countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), respectively. The total surface area of the participating countries pavilions was 61,667 m².

Spain and the region of Aragon, as hosts, had their own separate pavilions. The Spain Pavilion was designed by Patxi Mangado, and the Aragon Pavilion, which resembled local basketweaving, by Daniel Olano.

Citizen's initiative pavilion[link]

This pavilion had the shape of a beacon,^[13] "a symbol of hope for the future of water in our world". It expressed the vitality of ordinary people and non-governmental organisations. The Beacon was situated by the Bridge Pavilion entrance.

Gold Prize award[link]

The Philippines, on 19 September 2008 won the "Gold Prize", the Expo's highest award for a participating country. The award noted the quality of the Philippine pavilion’s internal and external décor, consisting of 1,000 crystal-like bubble sand, as well as its functionality, which had supreme relevance to the exposition’s theme of “Water and Sustainable Development.” Tourism Secretary Joseph Ace Durano said “this recognition is truly well-deserved as our country’s wealthy aquatic life has been captured by the equally rich imagination of our fellowmen. While other countries utilized ultra modern technology, we chose to highlight more community-involved practices as well as natural land irrigation, aquatic recreation and marine resources preservation.” The Philippine pavilion's attractions included the meeting of the two mascots, Fluvi and Filippo, and “Filipinas Te Espera Nights,” a series of marketing events.^[14]

Shows[link]

Expo 2008 had a 93-day-long show programme with more than 3,400 acts from more than 350 companies and artists.

On the expo site, there were three shows called major events. They were:

Iceberg[link]

This show was intended to be the artistic part of the Opening Ceremony, although the flood of the river Ebro in the previous days forced plans to change, as the set was situated in the middle of the river. Nevertheless, the show was presented each night starting on 20 June.^[15] The Spanish director Calixto Bieito and the scenographer Alfons Flores were responsible for the set design while the music was by José Luis Romeo. The show had a huge iceberg with a minute human figure designed by the Catalan company FOCUS.

El hombre vertiente[link]

This show, created by the Argentine Pichón Baldinu, was the artistic part of the Opening Ceremony on 13 June 2008, in replacement of "Iceberg". It repeated six times throughout the day at the thematic square Water Inspirations.

The Awakening of the Serpent[link]

This water-themed parade took place every day at the Expo site as "The Awakening of the Serpent" wandered around the site. The parade's creative director was Jean François Brouchard and its artistic director Julien Gabriel. Canada's Cirque du Soleil participated with acrobats, actors, gymnasts, singers and musicians.

Bob Dylan & additional American artists[link]

Expo 2008 officially opened with a concert by Bob Dylan, the Official Artist of Expo 2008.

Additional American artists scheduled to perform on the evening entertainment stage included Patti Smith, Robert Cray, Keb Mo, Ruben Blades, Canadian Diana Krall, The Stray Cats, Los Lobos and Gloria Estefan. A performance by Philip Glass closed Expo 2008.

Mascot[link]

Fluvi and Ica next to El Pilar

The Expo 2008 mascot was Fluvi,^[16] a little male drop of water.

With his best friend Ica, the smallest drop of water, and Nico and Laurita, he fought against the pollution made by Sec and Raspa, the evil Negas.

Qatar issused a postage stamp miniature sheet commemorating Expo Zaragoza 2008, which pictured Fluvi.

After the Expo[link]

The exposition site and its facilities were planned thinking of their usage as a new extension of the city when the Expo finished in September 2008. The expectation^{[citation needed]} was that some the buildings would be rented or transferred to several institutions. The Aragon Pavilion was to be converted into the head office of a regional ministry, while the landmark buildings of the Expo, the Water Tower and the Bridge Pavilion, were expected to be purchased by local financial institutions. The Spanish Pavilion were expected to be used by the University of Zaragoza to set up a new school of architecture.

The international pavilions were to be remodelled and converted into offices so that the site would become the main business park in Zaragoza. This space was also to have recreational establishments and restaurants.

Other expectations were that a great part of the site would be used for shopping establishments and for the construction of a science park for businesses.

The Aquarium, as the largest freshwater aquarium in Europe, was expected to remain open for at least eleven years.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Expo 2008

• Official Expo 2008^{[dead link]}
• Bureau of International Expositions
• ExpoMuseum's Expo 2008 Page
• Polish Pavilion
• French Pavilion
• German Pavilion
• Danish Pavilion
• Japanese Pavilion
• Italian Pavilion
• Portuguese Pavilion
• Galician Pavilion
• Expo Zaragoza 2008 Emblematic Buildings & Pavilions from Aragon Guide .com
• Basic and Practice Information about Expo 2008
• Beacon official website
• The 21 metre tall Splash sculpture.
• An upgraded video-serie about the Expo2008

Coordinates: 41°40′12″N 0°54′05″W / 41.669899°N 0.901480°W / 41.669899; -0.901480

David Hayter
Hayter at Video Games Live in Los Angeles, September 21, 2006
Born	David Bryan Hayter (1969-02-06) 6 February 1969 (age 43) Santa Monica, California, United States
Other names	Sean Barker
Occupation	Voice actor, screenwriter, actor

David Hayter (born February 6, 1969) is a Canadian-American voice and screen actor and screenwriter. He is best known for providing the English voices of Solid Snake and Big Boss (Naked Snake) in the Metal Gear video game series, and for writing the screenplay for X-Men and co-writing the screenplay for The Scorpion King and X2. He also wrote a screenplay for Watchmen from the comic book series of the same name, which received an enthusiastic reception from the director and original illustrator. Earlier in his acting career, he played the lead role in the live-action Guyver: Dark Hero.

Early life[link]

Hayter was born in California to Canadian parents. He started acting at the age of 9. Hayter spent most of his childhood living around the world and at the age of 15, Hayter moved to Kobe in Japan where he graduated from the Canadian Academy, an international school, in 1987. After high school, he attended Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for two years until transferring to Ryerson University in Toronto, Canada where he stayed until the age of 20 when he moved to Hollywood.^[1] He did some live acting in the early 1990s, but became interested in voice acting after making a cameo appearance in an episode of the sitcom Major Dad, and later landed the role of Captain America in the popular 1994 Spider-Man animated series. He also provided the voice of Arsène Lupin III in the English version of the anime film The Castle of Cagliostro and the voice of Tamahome in the English version of the anime series Fushigi Yūgi.

[edit] Metal Gear Solid

In 1998, Hayter voiced protagonist Solid Snake in the highly successful video game Metal Gear Solid. He provided Snake's voice in later Metal Gear games such as Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty and Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes (which was a remake of Metal Gear Solid), and provided the voice for a closely related character, Naked Snake, a young Big Boss, in the prequels Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater and Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops. Most recently he has voiced Solid Snake (renamed Old Snake) in Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots and Naked Snake in the PSP game Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker. Also, he had a brief acting role in Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots during one of the beginning commercial propaganda scenes, starring as himself in the alternate reality of the Metal Gear world. In the scene, he wears the "Solid Eye", the technologically advanced eye patch that Old Snake wears throughout the game.

Hayter also provided the voice of Solid Snake for the character's guest appearance in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, a Wii fighting game unrelated to the Metal Gear series. Hayter is one of the few Metal Gear Solid actors to date to have played and beaten the Metal Gear games he's voiced in,^[2] while co-star Christopher Randolph has only played Metal Gear Solid.

According to an interview with Paul Eiding, Hayter gave up half of his own paycheck in order to bring back the cast of Metal Gear Solid for the remake, The Twin Snakes. This is the reason why the voice acting in The Twin Snakes was almost completely redone with the same voice actors, one of the few differences being the actor for Gray Fox, Greg Eagles, who was replaced by Rob Paulsen.^[3]

An interview with David Hayter by Game Informer in 2001, showed that Hayter wished for the then-unconfirmed Metal Gear Solid movie to be animated or made in CGI, possibly so he could provide the voice of Solid Snake. He also wished to be the screenwriter under the possible supervision of Hideo Kojima.^{[citation needed]}

His work with Metal Gear Solid has also led Hayter to other video game voices, such as characters in Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem, by Silicon Knights, who also developed Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes for the Nintendo GameCube.

Film[link]

Hayter's first movie appearance was in Guyver: Dark Hero. In 2000 he wrote the screenplay for the movie version of X-Men, and then went on to co-write the screenplay for its sequel X2 with writing team Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris. Shortly after his work on X-Men, Hayter was hired to write and direct a project based on the heroine Black Widow. However, due to the limited success of similar themed films featuring female vigilante protagonists at the time, Marvel withdrew their offer to Hayter stating, "We don’t think it’s time to do this movie". Hayter's daughter Natasha, born whilst he was writing the Black Widow script, is named after the titular character.^[4]

Hayter also wrote an adaptation of the graphic novel Watchmen by Alan Moore and David Gibbons. Noted for being a harsh critic of translations of his works to film, Moore said of the script "David Hayter's screenplay was as close as I could imagine anyone getting to Watchmen. That said, I shan't be going to see it. My book is a comic book. Not a movie, not a novel. A comic book. It's been made in a certain way, and designed to be read a certain way."^[5] Hayter and writer Alex Tse shared credit on the finished screenplay. Tse drew "the best elements" from two of the project's previous drafts written by screenwriter Hayter.^[6] The script did not keep the contemporary atmosphere that Hayter created, but instead returned to the original Cold War setting of the Watchmen comic.^[7] Warner Bros. was amenable to the 1980s setting, and the director also added a title montage sequence to introduce the audience to the events of alternate history United States in that time period.^[8]

On April 12, 2011, it was announced that Hayter has been tapped to write the feature film screenplay for the science fiction/fantasy novel "Dragonflight" by Anne McCaffrey.^[9]

Filmography[link]

Acting roles[link]

• The Castle of Cagliostro (1979): Arsene Lupin III (2000 Manga Entertainment English dub)
• They Were Eleven (1986) (voice: English version)
• Wrath of the Ninja (1987) (OVA): Sakon Hayate (English Version)
• Gundam 0080: War In the Pocket (1989) (miniseries) Bernard Wiseman (English version)
• Présumé dangereux (1990)
• Giant Robo: The Animation (1991) (V) (English version)
• Moldiver (Morudaibâ) (1993): Hiroshi Ozora
• Major Dad (1993) (TV): Misha Sarotsky (guest appearance) "From Russia with Like" (Season 4 episode 17, 1993)
• Long Shadows (1994) (TV)
• Guyver 2: Dark Hero (1994): Sean Barker/Guyver
• Yu Yu Hakusho: The Movie (1994): Kurama (English version)
• Spider-Man: The Animated Series (1994): Captain America
• Rakusho! Hyper Doll (1995) (V) (English version)
• Street Fighter II V (1995) TV Series (English version)
• Fushigi Yūgi: The Mysterious Play - Reflections OVA 2: Tamahome/Taka
• Fushigi Yūgi: Memories First OVA (1996): Tamahome/Taka
• Fushigi Yūgi: Tamahome
• Drive (1997): Cop #1
• Burn (1998)
• Dual! Paralle lunlun monogatari (1999) TV Series (English version)
• Wild on the Set (2000) TV Series
• X-Men (2000): Museum Cop
• X-Men: Evolution (2000) TV Series: Captain America
• Howl's Moving Castle (2004) Additional voices

Voice Acting roles[link]

• Metal Gear Solid (1998): Solid Snake
• Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (2001): Solid Snake/Iroquois Pliskin
• Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem (2002): Roman Legionnaire I/Roman Legionnaire II/Angkor Thom guard
• Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater (2004): Naked Snake (Big Boss)
• Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes (2004): Solid Snake
• Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops (2006): Naked Snake (Big Boss)
• Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots (2008): Old Snake and Himself in the beginning videos
• Super Smash Bros. Brawl (2008): Solid Snake
• Metal Gear Solid Peace Walker (2010): Naked Snake (Big Boss)
• Star Wars: The Old Republic (2011): Jedi Knight (Male) class

Screenwriting[link]

• X-Men (2000) - writer
• The Scorpion King (2002) - co-writer
• X2: X-Men United (2003) - co-writer
• Watchmen (2009) - co-writer
• Lost Planet (2013) - writer

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• David Hayter at the Internet Movie Database
• David Hayter Geeks Out with NERDSociety
• 10 Questions: David Hayter at IGN
• This Week In Geek Interview with David Hayter
• Audio Interview (2010) with The Rafferty/Mills Connection podcast
• David Hayter Discusses Watchmen at AMCtv.com

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