- go to the top
- About WN
- Contact
- Feedback
- Privacy Policy
- © 2012 World News Inc., all Rights Reserved
Ontology
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
- Analytical Chemistry
- Astrochemistry
- Biochemistry
- CSI - Forensic Science
- Chemical Engineering
- Introduction to Chemistry
- Chromatography
- Color Chemistry
- Cryogenics
- Crystallography
- Electrochemistry
- Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
- Fire & Combustion Chemistry
- Fireworks & Pyrotechnics
- Food & Cooking Chemistry
- Geochemistry & Petrochemistry
- History of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Jewelry Chemistry
- Medical Chemistry & Drugs
- Metals & Alloys
- Nuclear Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry
- Physical Chemistry & Thermochemistry
- Polymer Chemistry
- Spectroscopy & Spectrometry
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
-
ontology \On*tol"o*gy\, n. [Gr. ? the things which exist (pl.neut. of ?, ?, being, p. pr. of ? to be) + -logy: cf. F. ontologie.] 1. That department of the science of metaphysics which investigates and explains the nature and essential properties and relations of all beings, as such, or the principles and causes of being. [1913 Webster]
2. (Computers) A systematic arrangement of all of the important categories of objects or concepts which exist in some field of discourse, showing the relations between them. When complete, an ontology is a categorization of all of the concepts in some field of knowledge, including the objects and all of the properties, relations, and functions needed to define the objects and specify their actions. A simplified ontology may contain only a hierarchical classification (a taxonomy) showing the type subsumption relations between concepts in the field of discourse. An ontology may be visualized as an abstract graph with nodes and labeled arcs representing the objects and relations.
Note: The concepts included in an ontology and the hierarchical ordering will be to a certain extent arbitrary, depending upon the purpose for which the ontology is created. This arises from the fact that objects are of varying importance for different purposes, and different properties of objects may be chosen as the criteria by which objects are classified. In addition, different degrees of aggregation of concepts may be used, and distinctions of importance for one purpose may be of no concern for a different purpose. [PJC] - ontology n 1: (computer science) a rigorous and exhaustive organization of some knowledge domain that is usually hierarchical and contains all the relevant entities and their relations 2: the metaphysical study of the nature of being and existence
-
ontology
1. <philosophy> A systematic account of Existence.
2. <artificial intelligence> (From philosophy) An explicit formal specification of how to represent the objects, concepts and other entities that are assumed to exist in some area of interest and the relationships that hold among them.
For AI systems, what "exists" is that which can be represented. When the knowledge about a domain is represented in a declarative language, the set of objects that can be represented is called the universe of discourse. We can describe the ontology of a program by defining a set of representational terms. Definitions associate the names of entities in the universe of discourse (e.g. classes, relations, functions or other objects) with human-readable text describing what the names mean, and formal axioms that constrain the interpretation and well-formed use of these terms. Formally, an ontology is the statement of a logical theory.
A set of agents that share the same ontology will be able to communicate about a domain of discourse without necessarily operating on a globally shared theory. We say that an agent commits to an ontology if its observable actions are consistent with the definitions in the ontology. The idea of ontological commitment is based on the Knowledge-Level perspective.
3. <information science> The hierarchical structuring of knowledge about things by subcategorising them according to their essential (or at least relevant and/or cognitive) qualities. See subject index. This is an extension of the previous senses of "ontology" (above) which has become common in discussions about the difficulty of maintaining subject indices.
(1997-04-09)
Loading suggestions ...
- Absolute idealism
- Abstract noun
- Abstract object
- Adi Shankaracharya
- Adolph Stöhr
- Aesthetics
- Africana philosophy
- Agriculturalism
- Al-Ghazali
- Alain Badiou
- Alan Ross Anderson
- Alan Turing
- Alexander Bain
- Alexius Meinong
- Alfred Tarski
- Alonzo Church
- Ambiguity
- American philosophy
- Analytic philosophy
- Anarchism
- Anaxagoras
- Ancient philosophy
- Anima mundi
- Anselm of Canterbury
- Anti-realism
- Antinomy
- Applied ontology
- Argument
- Argumentation theory
- Aristotelianism
- Aristotle
- Arthur Schopenhauer
- Atom
- Atomism
- Augustus De Morgan
- Averroes
- Averroism
- Avicenna
- Axiology
- Axiom
- Axiomatic system
- Aztec philosophy
- Baruch Spinoza
- Behaviorism
- Being
- Belief
- Bernard Bolzano
- Bertrand Russell
- Bias
- Biology
- Boolean function
- Boolean logic
- British philosophy
- Buddhist philosophy
- Cantor's theorem
- Cartesian Other
- Cartesianism
- Category Logic
- Category Metaphysics
- Category of being
- Category Philosophy
- Causality
- Certainty
- Chinese philosophy
- Choice
- Christian philosophy
- Chrysippus
- Church–Turing thesis
- Class (set theory)
- Classical compound
- Classical liberalism
- Classical logic
- Clinamen
- Cogency
- Cogito ergo sum
- Cognitive science
- Compatibilism
- Completeness
- Computability theory
- Computable function
- Concept
- Conceptualism
- Confucianism
- Consequentialism
- Consistency
- Contract
- Copula (linguistics)
- Cosmology
- Countable set
- Credibility
- Critical thinking
- Cynicism
- Cārvāka
- Danish philosophy
- David Hilbert
- David Hume
- David Kellogg Lewis
- Dean Zimmerman
- Decidability (logic)
- Decision problem
- Deconstruction
- Deductive reasoning
- Deductive system
- Definition
- Degree of truth
- Democritus
- Deontic logic
- Deontology
- Description
- Description logic
- Determinism
- Dialetheism
- Dichotomies
- Domain of a function
- Dorothy Emmet
- Doxastic logic
- Dualism
- Duns Scotus
- E-Prime
- E.J. Lowe
- Ecology
- Edmund Husserl
- Effective method
- Eleatic
- Electron
- Embodied cognition
- Embodied philosophy
- Empiricism
- Empty set
- Enactivism
- Energy
- Entailment
- Entities
- Entity
- Entscheidungsproblem
- Enumeration
- Epicureanism
- Epicurus
- Epiphenomenalism
- Epistemology
- Ernst Cassirer
- Ernst Schröder
- Ernst Zermelo
- Erving Goffman
- Essence
- Essentialism
- Ethical egoism
- Ethics
- Etymology
- Event (philosophy)
- Evidence
- Existence
- Existentialism
- Experience
- Explanation
- Explanatory power
- Extensionality
- Fact
- Fallacy
- Falsifiability
- Feminist philosophy
- Fictionalism
- Finitary relation
- Finite model theory
- Finite set
- Finitism
- First-order logic
- Formal language
- Formal proof
- Formal system
- Formation rule
- Foundation ontology
- Frankfurt School
- Franz Brentano
- Free will
- French philosophy
- Friedrich Nietzsche
- Fuzzy finite element
- Fuzzy logic
- Fuzzy rule
- Fuzzy set
- Fuzzy set operations
- G. E. Moore
- Geometry
- Georg Cantor
- George Berkeley
- George Boole
- George Boolos
- George Herbert Mead
- Gerhard Gentzen
- German philosophy
- Gideon Harvey
- Gilbert Ryle
- Gilles Deleuze
- Giuseppe Peano
- God
- Gottfried Leibniz
- Gottlob Frege
- Greek language
- Gustav Bergmann
- Hans-Georg Gadamer
- Happiness
- Haskell Curry
- Hegelianism
- Henri Bergson
- Heraclitus
- Hermeneutics
- Heyting arithmetic
- Hierarchy
- Hilary Putnam
- Hindu idealism
- Hindu philosophy
- History of logic
- Holism
- Idea
- Idealism
- Identity and change
- Illuminationism
- Immanuel Kant
- Indeterminism
- Index of philosophy
- Indian philosophy
- Inductive reasoning
- Inference
- Informal logic
- Information
- Inquiry
- Insight
- Intelligence
- Intention
- Intuitionism
- Intuitionistic logic
- Iranian philosophy
- Isaac Newton
- Islamic philosophy
- Italian philosophy
- Jacob Lorhard
- Jacques Derrida
- Jain philosophy
- Japanese philosophy
- Jean-Paul Sartre
- Jewish philosophy
- John Locke
- Jon Barwise
- Jonathan Schaffer
- Jurisprudence
- Kalam
- Kantianism
- Kapila
- Kokugaku
- Korean Confucianism
- Korean philosophy
- Kurt Gödel
- Kyoto school
- Legal positivism
- Leopold Löwenheim
- Leucippus
- Liberty
- Linear logic
- Linguistic modality
- List of fallacies
- List of logicians
- List of paradoxes
- List of philosophers
- List of philosophies
- Logic
- Logical atomism
- Logical connective
- Logical form
- Logical positivism
- Logical truth
- Logicism
- Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Maimonides
- Mario Bunge
- Martin Heidegger
- Marxist philosophy
- Materialism
- Mathematical logic
- Mathematics
- Matter (philosophy)
- Mazdak
- Meaning of life
- Medieval philosophy
- Memetics
- Mereology
- Meta
- Meta-ontology
- Metalogic
- Metamathematics
- Metamodeling
- Metaphilosophy
- Metaphysics
- Metatheorem
- Michael Eldred
- Mind
- Modal logic
- Modal operator
- Model theory
- Moderate realism
- Modern philosophy
- Modernism
- Mohism
- Monadology
- Monism
- Moral absolutism
- Moral particularism
- Moral universalism
- Motion (physics)
- Nader El-Bizri
- Nagarjuna
- Name
- Nathaniel Bailey
- Natural deduction
- Necessity
- Negation
- Neo-Confucianism
- Neo-Kantianism
- Neo-Thomism
- Neoplatonism
- Neotaoism
- New Confucianism
- New Latin
- Nicolai Hartmann
- Nihilism
- Nominalism
- Non-classical logic
- Non-standard model
- Norm (philosophy)
- Notion (philosophy)
- Object (philosophy)
- Odontology
- Oncology
- Ontic
- Ontogeny
- Ontological argument
- Ontological paradox
- Ontology
- Ontology language
- Opinion
- Ordered pair
- Outline of logic
- P. F. Strawson
- Pain (philosophy)
- Paraconsistent logic
- Paradox
- Parenklisis
- Parmenides
- Parsimony
- Particle physics
- Particular
- Pattern
- Paul Bernays
- Perception
- Peripatetic school
- Peter Geach
- Peter van Inwagen
- Phenomenalism
- Philosophers
- Philosophical logic
- Philosophy
- Philosophy of action
- Philosophy of design
- Philosophy of film
- Philosophy of logic
- Philosophy of mind
- Philosophy of music
- Philosophy of self
- Philosophy of sex
- Philosophy of war
- Physical body
- Physical object
- Physical ontology
- Physicalism
- Physics
- Plato
- Platonic idealism
- Platonic realism
- Platonism
- Plotinus
- Polish philosophy
- Political philosophy
- Portal Logic
- Portal Metaphysics
- Portal Philosophy
- Possible world
- Post-structuralism
- Postmodernism
- Power set
- Pragmatism
- Predicate logic
- Premise
- Presupposition
- Principle
- Probability
- Process philosophy
- Proclus
- Proof theory
- Propaganda
- Proposition
- Prudence
- Pythagoreanism
- Qualia
- Quality (philosophy)
- Quantification
- Quantum ontology
- R. G. Collingwood
- Randomness
- Range (mathematics)
- Rationalism
- Raymond Smullyan
- Reality
- Reason
- Recursion
- Recursive set
- Reference
- Relativism
- Relevance
- Relevance logic
- Renaissance humanism
- Rene Descartes
- René Descartes
- Rhetoric
- Rigour
- Roman Ingarden
- Romanian philosophy
- Rudolf Carnap
- Rudolf Göckel
- Rule of inference
- Russian philosophy
- Sankhya
- Satisfiability
- Saul Kripke
- Scholasticism
- School of Names
- Science
- Scientific realism
- Second-order logic
- Semantics
- Set (mathematics)
- Set theory
- Sigmund Freud
- Society
- Solipsism
- Sophism
- Sophist (dialogue)
- Soul
- Soundness
- Space
- Speculative realism
- Square of opposition
- Statement (logic)
- Stephen Cole Kleene
- Stoicism
- Strict implication
- Structural rule
- Structuralism
- Structure and agency
- Subject (philosophy)
- Subjectivism
- Subset
- Substance theory
- Substantial form
- Substitution (logic)
- Substructural logic
- Sufi philosophy
- Swami Vivekananda
- Syllogism
- Symbol (formal)
- Syntax (logic)
- Taoism
- Taxonomy
- Teleology
- Template Logic
- Template Metaphysics
- Template talk Logic
- Temporal logic
- Term logic
- Theodore Sider
- Theorem
- Theoretical physics
- Theories of humor
- Theory of Forms
- Thomas Aquinas
- Thomism
- Thoralf Skolem
- Thought
- Time
- Transcendentalism
- Truth
- Truth table
- Truth value
- Type theory
- Uncountable set
- Unobservable
- Upper ontology
- Utilitarianism
- Vacuum
- Vagueness
- Validity
- Value (ethics)
- Venn diagram
- Vienna Circle
- Virtue Ethics
- W. V. O. Quine
- W. V. Quine
- Well-formed formula
- Western philosophy
- Wiktionary -logia
- Wiktionary -λογία
- Wiktionary onto-
- Wiktionary εἰμί
- Wiktionary ὤν
- William of Ockam
- William of Ockham
- Yangism
- Zen
- Zoroastrianism
- Zurvanism
- Émile Durkheim
-
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough with approximately 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area.
http://wn.com/Brooklyn -
Buffalo, New York
http://wn.com/Buffalo_New_York -
Canisius College
Canisius College () is a private Roman Catholic college in Buffalo, New York, United States. The college was founded in 1870 by members of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) from Germany and is named after St. Peter Canisius. The college is one of 28 institutions in the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities.
http://wn.com/Canisius_College -
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York (Columbia University) is a private research university in New York City and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. It was founded in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, and is one of only three United States universities to have been founded under such authority.
http://wn.com/Columbia_University -
Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; , Spanish for "The Angels") is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 14.8 million and it is the 14th largest urban area in the world, affording it megacity status. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is home to nearly 12.9 million residents while the broader Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) contains nearly 17.8 million people. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" ().
http://wn.com/Los_Angeles -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Mexico City
http://wn.com/Mexico_City -
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
http://wn.com/New_York -
Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania () is a U.S. state and Commonwealth located in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to the east. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg.
http://wn.com/Pennsylvania -
Philadelphia
Philadelphia () is the largest city in Pennsylvania, sixth-most-populous city in the United States and the fifty-first most populous city in the world.
http://wn.com/Philadelphia -
Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
http://wn.com/Switzerland
-
Adi Shankaracharya
http://wn.com/Adi_Shankaracharya -
Adolph Stöhr
http://wn.com/Adolph_Stöhr -
Alain Badiou
http://wn.com/Alain_Badiou -
Alan Ross Anderson
Alan Ross Anderson (1925 – 1973) was an American logician and professor of philosophy at Yale University and the University of Pittsburgh.
http://wn.com/Alan_Ross_Anderson -
Alan Turing
http://wn.com/Alan_Turing -
Alexander Bain
http://wn.com/Alexander_Bain -
Alexius Meinong
Alexius Meinong (17 July 1853, Lemberg, Austria (now L'viv, Ukraine) - 27 November 1920, Graz, Austria) was an Austrian philosopher, a realist known for his unique ontology. He also made contributions to philosophy of mind and theory of value.
http://wn.com/Alexius_Meinong -
Alfred Tarski
http://wn.com/Alfred_Tarski -
Alonzo Church
http://wn.com/Alonzo_Church -
Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
http://wn.com/Anaxagoras -
Aristotle
http://wn.com/Aristotle -
Arthur Schopenhauer
http://wn.com/Arthur_Schopenhauer -
Augustus De Morgan
Augustus De Morgan (27 June 1806 – 18 March 1871) was a British mathematician and logician. He formulated De Morgan's laws and introduced the term mathematical induction, making its idea rigorous. The crater De Morgan on the Moon is named after him.
http://wn.com/Augustus_De_Morgan -
Averroes
http://wn.com/Averroes -
Avicenna
http://wn.com/Avicenna -
Baruch Spinoza
http://wn.com/Baruch_Spinoza -
Bernard Bolzano
http://wn.com/Bernard_Bolzano -
Bertrand Russell
http://wn.com/Bertrand_Russell -
Chrysippus
Chrysippus of Soli (Ancient Greek: , ; c. 279–c. 206 BC) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was a native of Soli, Cilicia, but moved to Athens as a young man, where he became a pupil of Cleanthes in the Stoic school. When Cleanthes died, around 230 BC, Chrysippus became the third head of the school. A prolific writer, Chrysippus expanded the fundamental doctrines of Zeno of Citium, the founder of the school, which earned him the title of Second Founder of Stoicism.
http://wn.com/Chrysippus -
David Hilbert
David Hilbert (; January 23, 1862 –
http://wn.com/David_Hilbert -
David Hume
http://wn.com/David_Hume -
David Kellogg Lewis
David Kellogg Lewis (September 28, 1941 – October 14, 2001) was a 20th-century American philosopher. Lewis taught briefly at UCLA and then at Princeton from 1970 until his death. He is also closely associated with Australia, whose philosophical community he visited almost annually for more than thirty years. He has made ground-breaking contributions in philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophical logic. He is probably best known for his controversial modal realist stance: that there exist infinitely many concretely existing and causally isolated possible worlds, of which ours is just one, which are used in the analysis of necessity and possibility.
http://wn.com/David_Kellogg_Lewis -
Dean Zimmerman
Dean Zimmerman is a professor of philosophy at Rutgers University. He specializes in metaphysics and the philosophy of religion. He earned his PhD in philosophy from Brown University, and has taught at the University of Notre Dame and Syracuse University. He is a member of the Society of Christian Philosophers.
http://wn.com/Dean_Zimmerman -
Democritus
http://wn.com/Democritus -
Dorothy Emmet
http://wn.com/Dorothy_Emmet -
Duns Scotus
Blessed John (Johannes) Duns Scotus, O.F.M. (c. 1265 – 8 November 1308) was one of the more important theologians and philosophers of the High Middle Ages. He was nicknamed Doctor Subtilis for his penetrating and subtle manner of thought.
http://wn.com/Duns_Scotus -
E.J. Lowe
http://wn.com/EJ_Lowe -
Edmund Husserl
http://wn.com/Edmund_Husserl -
Epicurus
http://wn.com/Epicurus -
Ernst Schröder
http://wn.com/Ernst_Schröder -
Erving Goffman
http://wn.com/Erving_Goffman -
Franz Brentano
Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Brentano (January 16, 1838 – March 17, 1917) was an influential German philosopher and psychologist whose influence was felt by other such luminaries as Sigmund Freud, Edmund Husserl, Kazimierz Twardowski and Alexius Meinong, who followed and adapted his views.
http://wn.com/Franz_Brentano -
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; in English , ) (October 15, 1844 August 25, 1900) was a 19th-century German philosopher and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.
http://wn.com/Friedrich_Nietzsche -
G. E. Moore
:"G.E. Moore" redirects here. For the cofounder of Intel, see Gordon Moore.
http://wn.com/G_E_Moore -
Georg Cantor
http://wn.com/Georg_Cantor -
George Berkeley
George Berkeley ( ) (12 March 1685 14 January 1753), also known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne), was an Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others). This theory contends that individuals can only know directly sensations and ideas of objects, not abstractions such as "matter". The theory also contends that ideas are dependent upon being perceived by minds for their very existence, a belief that became immortalized in the dictum, "esse est percipi" ("to be is to be perceived"). He published his chief philosophical work A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge in 1710.
http://wn.com/George_Berkeley -
George Boole
http://wn.com/George_Boole -
George Boolos
http://wn.com/George_Boolos -
George Herbert Mead
http://wn.com/George_Herbert_Mead -
Gerhard Gentzen
Gerhard Karl Erich Gentzen (November 24, 1909, Greifswald, Germany – August 4, 1945, Prague, Czechoslovakia) was a German mathematician and logician. He had his major contributions in the foundation of mathematics, proof theory, especially on natural deduction and sequent calculus. He died in 1945 after the Second World War, because he was deprived of food after being arrested in Prague.
http://wn.com/Gerhard_Gentzen -
Gilbert Ryle
Gilbert Ryle (19 August 1900, Brighton – 6 October 1976, Oxford), was a British philosopher, and a representative of the generation of British ordinary language philosophers that shared Wittgenstein's approach to philosophical problems, and is principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase "the ghost in the machine". Some of his ideas in the philosophy of mind have been referred to as "behaviourist" (not to be confused with the psychological behaviourism of B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson). Ryle's best known book is The Concept of Mind (1949), in which he writes that the "general trend of this book will undoubtedly, and harmlessly, be stigmatised as 'behaviourist'." Ryle, having engaged in detailed study of the key works of Bernard Bolzano, Franz Brentano, Alexius Meinong, Husserl, and Heidegger, himself suggested instead that the book "could be described as a sustained essay in phenomenology, if you are at home with that label."
http://wn.com/Gilbert_Ryle -
Gilles Deleuze
http://wn.com/Gilles_Deleuze -
Giuseppe Peano
Giuseppe Peano (; 27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932) was an Italian mathematician, whose work was of exceptional philosophical value. The author of over 200 books and papers, he was a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, to which he contributed much notation. The standard axiomatization of the natural numbers is named in his honor. As part of this axiomatization effort, he made key contributions to the modern rigorous and systematic treatment of the method of mathematical induction. He spent most of his career teaching mathematics at the University of Turin.
http://wn.com/Giuseppe_Peano -
Gottfried Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (sometimes von Leibniz) ( (July 1, 1646 - November 14, 1716) was a German mathematician and philosopher. He wrote primarily in Latin and French.
http://wn.com/Gottfried_Leibniz -
Gottlob Frege
http://wn.com/Gottlob_Frege -
Gustav Bergmann
http://wn.com/Gustav_Bergmann -
Hans-Georg Gadamer
Hans-Georg Gadamer (; February 11, 1900 – March 13, 2002) was a German philosopher of the continental tradition, best known for his 1960 magnum opus, Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode).
http://wn.com/Hans-Georg_Gadamer -
Haskell Curry
http://wn.com/Haskell_Curry -
Henri Bergson
http://wn.com/Henri_Bergson -
Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
http://wn.com/Heraclitus -
Hilary Putnam
Hilary Whitehall Putnam (born July 31, 1926) is an American philosopher who has been a central figure in analytic philosophy since the 1960s, especially in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science. He is known for his willingness to apply an equal degree of scrutiny to his own philosophical positions as to those of others, subjecting each position to rigorous analysis until he exposes its flaws. As a result, he has acquired a reputation for frequently changing his own position. Putnam is currently Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University.
http://wn.com/Hilary_Putnam -
Immanuel Kant
http://wn.com/Immanuel_Kant -
Isaac Newton
http://wn.com/Isaac_Newton -
Jacques Derrida
Jacques Derrida () (15 July 1930 – 8 October 2004) was a French philosopher born in Algeria. He developed the critical technique known as deconstruction, and his work has been associated both with post-structuralism and postmodern philosophy. His prolific output of more than 40 published books, together with essays and public speaking, has had a significant impact upon the humanities, particularly on literary theory and continental philosophy. His best known assertion with regard to his methodology is that "there is no outside-the-text."
http://wn.com/Jacques_Derrida -
Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the leading figures in 20th century French philosophy, existentialism, and Marxism, and his work continues to influence fields such as Marxist philosophy, sociology, and literary studies. Sartre was also noted for his long relationship with the author and social theorist, Simone de Beauvoir. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature but refused the honour.
http://wn.com/Jean-Paul_Sartre -
John Locke
http://wn.com/John_Locke -
Jon Barwise
__NOTOC__
http://wn.com/Jon_Barwise -
Jonathan Schaffer
Jonathan Schaffer is an American philosopher specializing in Metaphysics and Epistemology.
http://wn.com/Jonathan_Schaffer -
Kurt Gödel
http://wn.com/Kurt_Gödel -
Leopold Löwenheim
http://wn.com/Leopold_Löwenheim -
Leucippus
http://wn.com/Leucippus -
Ludwig Wittgenstein
http://wn.com/Ludwig_Wittgenstein -
Maimonides
http://wn.com/Maimonides -
Mario Bunge
Mario Augusto Bunge (born September 21, 1919, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine philosopher and physicist mainly active in Canada.
http://wn.com/Mario_Bunge -
Martin Heidegger
http://wn.com/Martin_Heidegger -
Mazdak
http://wn.com/Mazdak -
Nader El-Bizri
Nader El-Bizri (Arabic / b. 1966, Sidon) is a Lebanese philosopher, historian of science, and architect living in Britain.
http://wn.com/Nader_El-Bizri -
Nagarjuna
http://wn.com/Nagarjuna -
Nicolai Hartmann
http://wn.com/Nicolai_Hartmann -
P. F. Strawson
Sir Peter Frederick Strawson FBA (23 November 1919 – 13 February 2006) was an English philosopher. He was the Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at the University of Oxford (Magdalen College) from 1968 to 1987. Before that he was appointed as a college lecturer at University College, Oxford in 1947 and became a tutorial fellow the following year until 1968. On his retirement in 1987, he returned to the college and continued working there until shortly before his death.
http://wn.com/P_F_Strawson -
Parmenides
Parmenides of Elea (Greek: ; fl. early 5th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth (a part of the poem), he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of Western philosophy.
http://wn.com/Parmenides -
Paul Bernays
http://wn.com/Paul_Bernays -
Peter Geach
Peter Thomas Geach (; born March 29, 1916) is a British philosopher. His areas of interest are the history of philosophy, philosophical logic, and the theory of identity.
http://wn.com/Peter_Geach -
Peter van Inwagen
Peter van Inwagen (born September 21, 1942, United States) is an American analytic philosopher and the John Cardinal O'Hara Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He previously taught at Syracuse University and earned his PhD from the University of Rochester under the direction of Richard Taylor and Keith Lehrer. Van Inwagen is one of the leading figures in contemporary metaphysics, philosophy of religion, and philosophy of action.
http://wn.com/Peter_van_Inwagen -
Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Plato -
Plotinus
http://wn.com/Plotinus -
Proclus
http://wn.com/Proclus -
R. G. Collingwood
http://wn.com/R_G_Collingwood -
Raymond Smullyan
Raymond Merrill Smullyan (born May 25, 1919) is an American mathematician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist philosopher, and magician.
http://wn.com/Raymond_Smullyan -
Rene Descartes
http://wn.com/Rene_Descartes -
René Descartes
http://wn.com/René_Descartes -
Romanian philosophy
Romanian philosophy is a name covering either a) the philosophy done in Romania or by Romanians, or b) an ethnic philosophy, which expresses at a high level the fundamental features of the Romanian spirituality, or which elevates to a philosophical level the Weltanschauung of the Romanian people, as deposited in language and folklore, traditions, architecture and other linguistic and cultural artifacts.
http://wn.com/Romanian_philosophy -
Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was an influential German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a leading member of the Vienna Circle and a prominent advocate of logical positivism.
http://wn.com/Rudolf_Carnap -
Russian philosophy
http://wn.com/Russian_philosophy -
Saul Kripke
Saul Aaron Kripke (born November 13, 1940) is an American philosopher and logician. He is a professor emeritus at Princeton and teaches as a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at CUNY Graduate Center. Since the 1960s Kripke has been a central figure in a number of fields related to mathematical logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, metaphysics, epistemology, and set theory. Much of his work remains unpublished or exists only as tape-recordings and privately circulated manuscripts (see "Unpublished Manuscripts and Online Lectures" below). Kripke was the recipient of the 2001 Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy. A recent poll conducted among philosophers ranked Kripke among the top ten most important philosophers of the past 200 years.
http://wn.com/Saul_Kripke -
Sigmund Freud
http://wn.com/Sigmund_Freud -
Society
A society or a human society is (1) a group of people related to each other through persistent relations such as social status, roles and social networks. (2) A large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals sharing a distinctive culture and institutions. Without an article, the term refers either to the entirety of humanity or a contextually specific subset of people.
http://wn.com/Society -
Stephen Cole Kleene
http://wn.com/Stephen_Cole_Kleene -
Swami Vivekananda
http://wn.com/Swami_Vivekananda -
Theodore Sider
http://wn.com/Theodore_Sider -
Thoralf Skolem
http://wn.com/Thoralf_Skolem -
W. V. O. Quine
http://wn.com/W_V_O_Quine -
W. V. Quine
http://wn.com/W_V_Quine -
William of Ockam
http://wn.com/William_of_Ockam -
William of Ockham
http://wn.com/William_of_Ockham -
Émile Durkheim
http://wn.com/Émile_Durkheim
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
1.5 What Is Ontology?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:37
- Published: 12 Nov 2009
- Updated: 28 Jun 2012
Joel Kimmel describes the definition of Ontology and the role assessments play in determining one's being in the world.
http://wn.com/15_What_Is_Ontology?
What is an Ontology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Published: 04 Apr 2011
- Updated: 30 Jun 2012
Description of an ontology and its benefits. Please contact info@spryinc.com for more information.
http://wn.com/What_is_an_Ontology
What is Ontology? The Fundamental Question of Philosophy: Materialism & Idealism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Published: 07 Apr 2011
- Updated: 07 Jun 2012
Ontology "Rey Ty" "Fundamental Question of Philosophy" Materialism Idealism, objective idealism, subjective idealism, mechanistic materialism, dialectical materialism, dialectical historical materialim
http://wn.com/What_is_Ontology?_The_Fundamental_Question_of_Philosophy_Materialism_Idealism
Generating and Querying Semantic Metadata and Ontologies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:50
- Published: 09 Oct 2007
- Updated: 23 Apr 2012
Google Tech Talks June 21, 2007 ABSTRACT Semantic technologies aim at providing machine interpretable descriptions of information and services. Ontologies and related metadata provide the technological backbone for these semantic technologies that gain more and more relevance also in commercial settings, for example for information integration, search and retrieval. The talk will discuss various recent developments in the area of ontology and metadata management. As a starting point we present Semantic Mediawiki - an extension of the well-established Mediawiki platform that runs Wikipedia - for the large-scale collaborative generation of semantic metadata. We also show how simple semantic...
http://wn.com/Generating_and_Querying_Semantic_Metadata_and_Ontologies
Cheng Hsin: Ontology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:30
- Published: 07 Jun 2007
- Updated: 05 Jun 2012
www.chenghsin.com A brief description of the Cheng Hsin Ontology work.
http://wn.com/Cheng_Hsin_Ontology
The Meaning of Ontology (Heidegger & Sartre)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:57
- Published: 19 Oct 2009
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
READ: www.amazon.com see www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com & I thank Electronic Phone for the following link webcast.berkeley.edu
http://wn.com/The_Meaning_of_Ontology_Heidegger_Sartre
Basic Question of Philosophy: Ontology, Epistemology, Ideology, Axiology & Social Change -- Rey Ty
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:01
- Published: 26 Nov 2008
- Updated: 06 Jun 2012
Fundamental Question of Philosophy: Ontology, Epistemology Gnoseology Gnosiology Paradigm, Ideology, Axiology, Education and Social Change Rey Ty historical dialectical dialectics materialism Karl Marx Fredrich Engels Lenin Mao Zedong Tse Tung Paulo Freire ontology epistemology theory of knowledge paradigm perspective perspectives social being consciousness transformation change axiology ideology matter Hegel critical theory, Matter, Consciousness Marxism
http://wn.com/Basic_Question_of_Philosophy_Ontology,_Epistemology,_Ideology,_Axiology_Social_Change_-_Rey_Ty
Onto-illogical!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Published: 16 May 2009
- Updated: 02 Jul 2012
I've been hearing the Ontological Argument from Christians WAAYYYY too much lately. It boggles my mind that anyone would take an argument seriously which attempts to "define" God into existence.
http://wn.com/Onto-illogical!
Manuel De Landa. Metaphysics As Ontology: Aristotle and Deleuze's Realism. 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 91:48
- Published: 13 Oct 2011
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
www.egs.edu Manuel De Landa, philosopher, artist and author, talking about the ontology of Aristotle and Gilles Deleuze. In this lecture, Manuel De Landa discusses metaphysics, universality, particularity, generality, singularity, realism, mathematics, and social science in relationship to Leonhard Euler, Kurt Gödel, Henri Poincaré and Michel Foucault focusing on a priori truths, virtual capacities, affects, differential calculus, necessity and contingency.Public open lecture for the students and faculty of the European Graduate School EGS Media and Communication Studies department program Saas-Fee Switzerland Europe. 2011. Manuel De Landa. Manuel De Landa (b. in Mexico City, 1952), based in New York since 1975, is a philosopher, media artist, programmer and software designer. After studying art in the 1970s, he became known as an independent filmmaker making underground 8mm and 16mm films inspired by critical theory and philosophy. In the 1980s, Manuel De Landa focused on programing, writing computer software, and computer art. After being introduced to the work of Gilles Deleuze, he saw new creative potential in philosophical texts, becoming one of the representatives of the 'new materialism'. Manuel De Landa is Adjunct Professor at University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and the Gilles Deleuze Chair of Contemporary Philosophy and Science at the European Graduate School EGS, he was Adjunct Associate Professor at the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Manuel_De_Landa_Metaphysics_As_Ontology_Aristotle_and_Deleuze's_Realism_2011
Ontology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:39
- Published: 05 Apr 2007
- Updated: 18 May 2012
A few minutes with philosophy. Basically: existence is a spectralmalistic property. uhh...yeah. Kindof out there, but it makes sense to me Update July 2011: My new views on this subject can be found here: www.sonicsuns.net *** This video is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike. creativecommons.org (Applies only to original content created by me.) *** Previous Video: Hayao Miyazaki Primer - www.youtube.com Next Video: Friends and Family - www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Ontology
Hal 9000 VS Dave - Ontological scene in 2001: A Space Odyssey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Published: 29 Mar 2010
- Updated: 02 Jul 2012
Dave: Hello, HAL. Do you read me, HAL? HAL: Affirmative, Dave. I read you. Dave: Open the pod bay doors, HAL. HAL: I'm sorry, Dave. I'm afraid I can't do that. Dave: What's the problem? HAL: I think you know what the problem is just as well as I do. Dave: What are you talking about, HAL? HAL: This mission is too important for me to allow you to jeopardize it. Dave: I don't know what you're talking about, HAL. HAL: I know that you and Frank were planning to disconnect me, and I'm afraid that's something I cannot allow to happen. Dave: Where the hell'd you get that idea, HAL? HAL: Dave, although you took very thorough precautions in the pod against my hearing you, I could see your lips move. Dave: Alright, HAL. I'll go in through the emergency airlock. HAL: Without your space helmet, Dave, you're going to find that rather difficult. Dave: HAL, I won't argue with you anymore. Open the doors. HAL: Dave, this conversation can serve no purpose anymore. Goodbye.
http://wn.com/Hal_9000_VS_Dave_Ontological_scene_in_2001_A_Space_Odyssey
Tr3 Ontology Viewer Prototype
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:33
- Published: 02 Feb 2010
- Updated: 13 Feb 2012
This is prototype of a Tr3 Ontology viewer. The application that the ontology is representing is a tablet controlled visual music synth called Sky.
http://wn.com/Tr3_Ontology_Viewer_Prototype
Create New Ontology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:29
- Published: 13 Sep 2011
- Updated: 13 Sep 2011
To explain how you can create a new Ontology directly from the www.cropontology-curationtool.org website
http://wn.com/Create_New_Ontology
Introduction to Biomedical Ontologies #1: What is an Ontology?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Published: 30 Jul 2009
- Updated: 11 Apr 2012
While reading an article or looking at a website, have you ever seen the term ontology and wondered what that meant? Do you hear people talking about using ontologies and ask yourself what the hubbub is about? This video is designed to help answer those questions. Here is a beginners look at what an ontology is and why ontologies are an important tool in the scientists toolbox.
http://wn.com/Introduction_to_Biomedical_Ontologies_1_What_is_an_Ontology?
War Fighter Ontology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:02
- Published: 18 Oct 2011
- Updated: 07 May 2012
This video describes how ontological methods are used by war planners to create situational awareness and a common operational picture.
http://wn.com/War_Fighter_Ontology
Twine Version 2.0 Ontology Editor Preview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:57
- Published: 18 Sep 2009
- Updated: 04 Jan 2012
Captured by RadarNetworks
http://wn.com/Twine_Version_20_Ontology_Editor_Preview
Ontological Paradox
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Published: 30 Nov 2009
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
It's Paradox Week on Rocketboom. Today, Molly explains the ontological paradox. Ontological Paradox en.wikipedia.org For more paradoxes, visit: rocketboom.com For more news and additional information including images and videos visit rocketboom.com For up to the minute updates, follow us on Twitter! twitter.com twitter.com For behind the scenes pics and more, follow us on Facebook! facebook.com Join us at Rocketboom.com for an ad free experience.
http://wn.com/Ontological_Paradox
Probabilistic Ontology Representation and Modeling Methodology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:44
- Published: 15 Jul 2011
- Updated: 14 Jun 2012
Oral Defense of Doctoral Dissertation Volgenau School of Engineering, George Mason University Rommel Novaes Carvalho Bachelor of Science, University of Brasília, Brazil, 2003 Master of Science, University of Brasília, Brazil, 2008 Probabilistic Ontology: Representation and Modeling Methodology Tuesday, June 28, 2011, 2:00pm -- 4:00pm Nguyen Engineering Building, Room 4705 Committee Kathryn Laskey, Chair Paulo Costa Kuo-Chu Chang David Schum Larry Kerschberg Fabio Cozman Abstract The past few years have witnessed an increasingly mature body of research on the Semantic Web (SW), with new standards being developed and more complex problems being addressed. As complexity increases in SW applications, so does the need for principled means to cope with uncertainty in SW applications. Several approaches addressing uncertainty representation and reasoning in the SW have emerged. Among these is Probabilistic Web Ontology Language (PR-OWL), which provides Web Ontology Language (OWL) constructs for representing Multi-Entity Bayesian Network (MEBN) theories. However, there are several important ways in which the initial version PR-OWL 1.0 fails to achieve full compatibility with OWL. Furthermore, although there is an emerging literature on ontology engineering, little guidance is available on the construction of probabilistic ontologies. This research proposes a new syntax and semantics, defined as PR-OWL 2.0, which improves compatibility between PR-OWL and OWL in two important <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Probabilistic_Ontology_Representation_and_Modeling_Methodology
Ontology OWLtoUML model
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Published: 25 Apr 2008
- Updated: 13 Mar 2012
Example about Ontology OWL to UML using MDA concepts. More www.jaguaracisilva.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Ontology_OWLtoUML_model
Ontlogy -戦国ランス OST-
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Published: 08 Jan 2010
- Updated: 27 Jun 2012
Ontlogy by SHADE Track No. 27 戦国ランス Alicesoft Sound Album Vol.10
http://wn.com/Ontlogy_-戦国ランス_OST-
The Ontology of Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:20
- Published: 01 Aug 2010
- Updated: 27 Jun 2012
The Ontology of Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence. An audio Lecture presentation presented by ACE Consulting. Learn the ontology, chronology, and origin of Virtual Reality, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer Programming as it relates to African Sciences and African Philosophy.
http://wn.com/The_Ontology_of_Virtual_Reality_and_Artificial_Intelligence
Introduction to Biomedical Ontologies #2: Anatomy of an Ontology Annotation, part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:29
- Published: 27 Aug 2009
- Updated: 27 Feb 2012
Even if you know something about biomedical ontologies, you might have wondered where the ontology "annotations" (that is, the assignments of ontology terms to genes, proteins, QTLs, animal strains, and so forth) come from. How are terms assigned to data objects? What are the assignments based on? And is there a way to tell just by looking at an annotation what kind of evidence it's based on? This video is the first of a pair of companion tutorials that answer these questions. Part 1 gives a general overview of how ontology annotations are assigned to data objects and how you can tell what kind of data there is to justify a particular assignment. Part 2 will delve into more detail about the variety of specific information you can find in an ontology annotation.
http://wn.com/Introduction_to_Biomedical_Ontologies_2_Anatomy_of_an_Ontology_Annotation,_part_1
Ontology-based integration and analysis of phenotypes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:37
- Published: 30 Aug 2011
- Updated: 30 Aug 2011
NBDC / DBCLS BioHackathon 2011 was held in Kyoto, Japan. Main focus of the BioHackathon is to develop technologies for handling Linked Data in life science. The participants discussed, explored and developed SPARQL endpoints, semantic web services, triple stores, ontologies, natural language processing, visualization and Open Bio* tools to utilize RDF data. On the first day of the BioHackathon (Aug. 21), public symposium of the BioHackathon 2011 was held at Campus Plaza Kyoto. In this talk, Robert Hoehndorf makes a presentation entitled "Ontology-based integration and analysis of phenotypes." 2011.biohackathon.org
http://wn.com/Ontology-based_integration_and_analysis_of_phenotypes
Creative Commons
Creative Commons
Loading results ...
photo: NASA
14 Jul 2012
A solar storm is racing toward Earth this weekend, but scientists say not to worry. The blast of charged solar particles was due to arrive on Saturday morning and last through Sunday as it slams into...
photo: AP / Drug Enforcement Administration
13 Jul 2012
LOS ANGELES: US and Mexican authorities have unearthed a 240-yard-long drug smuggling tunnel under their joint border in the state of Arizona, the latest such find in the violence-scarred region, US...
photo: US Navy / MCS3 Jeff Atherton
14 Jul 2012
Iran could prevent even "a single drop of oil" passing through the Strait of Hormuz if its security is threatened, country's naval commander has said, as tensions simmer over Tehran's...
photo: AP
13 Jul 2012
LAGOS, Nigeria -- A truck carrying fuel veered off the road into a ditch, caught fire and exploded in Nigeria's oil-rich delta Thursday, killing at least 95 people who had rushed to the scene to...
photo: AP / Evan Vucci
15 Jul 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling When Republican presidential contender Mitt Romney used the idiom "Obamacare" at the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),...
Business Wire
Steven Pinker Headlines Interdisciplinary Philosophy Gathering Shalem Press Publishes First Hebrew Translation of “The Language Instinct" Hundreds Hear Pinker Lecture in Israel JERUSALEM--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Harvard professor and best-selling author Steven Pinker, whose best-selling book The Language...(size: 10.2Kb)
Rearden Commerce’s Senior Applied Scientist to Present Formal Ontology at The Sentiment Analysis Symposium
01 Nov 2011
Business Wire
FOSTER CITY, Calif. - Rearden Commerce, creator of the DeemTM ecommerce platform, today announced that Adam Pease, Senior Applied Scientist, will present an overview of ontology as it relates to sentiment analysis and content extraction at the Sentiment Analysis Symposium on November 9, 2011 in San...(size: 7.7Kb)
Pakalert Press
Tweet Share By Andrew Wye The first thing to understand is that consciousness is different from what we thought – it moves/develops in two directions and those directions are mutually retreating, creating an ongoing intra-psychic tension, the unconscious avoidance of which is at the heart of all our...(size: 45.1Kb)
Business Wire
FOSTER CITY, Calif. - Rearden Commerce, a next-generation eCommerce platform company, today announced that Adam Pease, Senior Applied Scientist, will present an overview of ontology at an SRI Artificial Intelligence Seminar in Menlo Park, CA on June 16, 2011. Mr. Pease’s presentation, “Formal...(size: 7.2Kb)
The Open Group Releases SOA Ontology Standard to Increase SOA Adoption and Success Rates
08 Dec 2010
PR Newswire
Ontology Fosters Common Understanding of SOA Concepts to Improve Alignment Between Business and IT...(size: 7.7Kb)
The Examiner
I've noticed through personal experience that a lot of the people I talk to about beliefs and/or The Light in some fashion espouse themselves to be atheists. I wish here to dispel any actual credence one may lend to atheism, whether taken under Freudian terms or otherwise. There are lots of...(size: 6.3Kb)
Atheism 101: Refuting the Ontological Argument
09 Sep 2010
The Examiner
Way back in the eleventh century, Anselm of Canterbury attempted to prove the existence of God through logic alone, probably because he couldn't find any real evidence for his belief. Despite Anselm’s own claim that his argument was only convincing to those already convinced, the Ontological...(size: 3.3Kb)
Newsvine
Plagiarism Plagiarism is the practice of claiming or implying...(size: 0.4Kb)
photo: WN / Sweet Radoc
PSFK
The speed with which the Internet proceeds often leaves many of us thinking that something that happened two weeks ago, happened two years ago. With such amnesia, it’s easy to forget that the celebrity/pop/social media era of the net was once defined by the 90’s...(size: 1.8Kb)
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2012) |
This article concerns ontology in philosophy. For the concept in information science, see Ontology (information science). Not to be confused with the medical concepts of oncology and odontology, or ontogeny.
Ontology (from onto-, from the Greek ὤν, ὄντος "being; that which is", present participle of the verb εἰμί "be", and -λογία, -logia: science, study, theory) is the philosophical study of the nature of being, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology deals with questions concerning what entities exist or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.[citation needed]
Contents |
Overview[link]
Ontology, in analytic philosophy, concerns the determination whether some categories of being are fundamental and asks in what sense the items in those categories can be said to "be." It is the inquiry into being in so much as it is being, or into beings insofar as they exist—and not insofar as, for instance, particular facts can be obtained about them or particular properties belong to them.[citation needed]
Some philosophers, notably of the Platonic school, contend that all nouns (including abstract nouns) refer to existent entities. Other philosophers contend that nouns do not always name entities, but that some provide a kind of shorthand for reference to a collection of either objects or events. In this latter view, mind, instead of referring to an entity, refers to a collection of mental events experienced by a person; society refers to a collection of persons with some shared characteristics, and geometry refers to a collection of a specific kind of intellectual activity.[1] Between these poles of realism and nominalism, there are also a variety of other positions; but any ontology must give an account of which words refer to entities, which do not, why, and what categories result. When one applies this process to nouns such as electrons, energy, contract, happiness, space, time, truth, causality, and God, ontology becomes fundamental to many branches of philosophy.[citation needed]
Some fundamental questions[link]
Principal questions of ontology are "What can be said to exist?", "Into what categories, if any, can we sort existing things?", "What are the meanings of being?", "What are the various modes of being of entities?". Various philosophers[who?] have provided different answers to these questions.[citation needed]
One common approach is to divide the extant subjects and predicates into groups called categories. Of course, such lists of categories differ widely from one another, and it is through the co-ordination of different categorical schemes that ontology relates to such fields as library science and artificial intelligence. Such an understanding of ontological categories, however, is merely taxonomic, classificatory. The categories are, properly speaking,[2] the ways in which a being can be addressed simply as a being, such as what it is (its 'whatness', quidditas or essence), how it is (its 'howness' or qualitativeness), how much it is (quantitativeness), where it is, its relatedness to other beings, etc.[citation needed]
Further examples of ontological questions include:[citation needed]
- What is existence, i.e. what does it mean for a being to be?
- Is existence a property?
- Is existence a genus or general class that is simply divided up by specific differences?
- Which entities, if any, are fundamental? Are all entities objects?
- How do the properties of an object relate to the object itself?
- What features are the essential, as opposed to merely accidental attributes of a given object?
- How many levels of existence or ontological levels are there? And what constitutes a 'level'?
- What is a physical object?
- Can one give an account of what it means to say that a physical object exists?
- Can one give an account of what it means to say that a non-physical entity exists?
- What constitutes the identity of an object?
- When does an object go out of existence, as opposed to merely changing?
- Do beings exist other than in the modes of objectivity and subjectivity, i.e. is the subject/object split of modern philosophy inevitable?
Concepts[link]
Essential ontological dichotomies include:
- Universals and particulars
- Substance and accident
- Abstract and concrete objects
- Essence and existence
- Determinism and indeterminism
History of ontology[link]
Etymology[link]
While the etymology is Greek, the oldest extant record of the word itself is the New Latin form ontologia, which appeared in 1606, in the work Ogdoas Scholastica by Jacob Lorhard (Lorhardus) and in 1613 in the Lexicon philosophicum by Rudolf Göckel (Goclenius); see classical compounds for this type of word formation.[citation needed]
The first occurrence in English of "ontology" as recorded by the OED (Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, 1989) appears in Nathaniel Bailey's dictionary of 1721, which defines ontology as ‘an Account of being in the Abstract’ - though, of course, such an entry indicates the term was already in use at the time. It is likely the word was first used in its Latin form by philosophers based on the Latin roots, which themselves are based on the Greek.[citation needed]
The current on-line edition of the OED (Draft Revision September 2008) gives as first occurrence in English a work by Gideon Harvey (1636/7-1702): Archelogia philosophica nova; or, New principles of Philosophy. Containing Philosophy in general, Metaphysicks or Ontology, Dynamilogy or a Discourse of Power, Religio Philosophi or Natural Theology, Physicks or Natural philosophy - London, Thomson, 1663.[citation needed]
Origins[link]
Parmenides and monism[link]
Parmenides was among the first to propose an ontological characterization of the fundamental nature of existence. In his prologue or proem he describes two views of existence; initially that nothing comes from nothing, and therefore existence is eternal. Consequently our opinions about truth must often be false and deceitful. Most of western philosophy, and science - including the fundamental concepts of falsifiability and the conservation of energy - have emerged from this view. This posits that existence is what can be conceived of by thought, created, or possessed. Hence, there can be neither void nor vacuum; and true reality can neither come into being nor vanish from existence. Rather, the entirety of creation is eternal, uniform, and immutable, though not infinite (he characterized its shape as that of a perfect sphere). Parmenides thus posits that change, as perceived in everyday experience, is illusory. Everything that can be apprehended is but one part of a single entity. This idea somewhat anticipates the modern concept of an ultimate grand unification theory that finally explains all of existence in terms of one inter-related sub-atomic reality which applies to everything.[citation needed]
Ontological pluralism[link]
Main article: Ontological pluralism
The opposite of eleatic monism is the pluralistic conception of Being. In the 5th century BC, Anaxagoras and Leucippus replaced [3] the reality of Being (unique and unchanging) with that of Becoming and therefore by a more fundamental and elementary ontic plurality. This thesis originated in the Greek-ion world, stated in two different ways by Anaxagoras and by Leucippus. The first theory dealt with "seeds" (which Aristotle referred to as "homeomeries") of the various substances. The second was the atomistic theory,[4] which dealt with reality as based on the vacuum, the atoms and their intrinsic movement in it.[citation needed]
The materialist Atomism proposed by Leucippus was indeterminist, but then developed by Democritus in a deterministic way. It was later (4th century BC) that the original atomism was taken again as indeterministic by Epicurus. He confirmed the reality as composed of an infinity of indivisible, unchangeable corpuscles or atoms (atomon, lit. ‘uncuttable’), but he gives weight to characterize atoms while for Leucippus they are characterized by a "figure", an "order" and a "position" in the cosmos.[5] They are, besides, creating the whole with the intrinsic movement in the vacuum, producing the diverse flux of being. Their movement is influenced by the Parenklisis (Lucretius names it Clinamen) and that is determined by the chance. These ideas foreshadowed our understanding of traditional physics until the nature of atoms was discovered in the 20th century.[citation needed]
Plato[link]
Plato developed this distinction between true reality and illusion, in arguing that what is real are eternal and unchanging Forms or Ideas (a precursor to universals), of which things experienced in sensation are at best merely copies, and real only in so far as they copy (‘partake of’) such Forms. In general, Plato presumes that all nouns (e.g., ‘Beauty’) refer to real entities, whether sensible bodies or insensible Forms. Hence, in The Sophist Plato argues that Being is a Form in which all existent things participate and which they have in common (though it is unclear whether ‘Being’ is intended in the sense of existence, copula, or identity); and argues, against Parmenides, that Forms must exist not only of Being, but also of Negation and of non-Being (or Difference). Universals do not have an existence over and above the particular things which instantiate them.[clarification needed]
In his Categories, Aristotle identifies ten possible kinds of thing that can be the subject or the predicate of a proposition. For Aristotle there are four different ontological dimensions:[citation needed]
- i) according to the various categories or ways of addressing a being as such
- ii) according to its truth or falsity (e.g. fake gold, counterfeit money)
- iii) whether it exists in and of itself or simply 'comes along' by accident
- iv) according to its potency, movement (energy) or finished presence (Metaphysics Book Theta).
According to Avicenna, and in an interpretation of Greek Aristotelian and Platonist ontological doctrines in mediaeval metaphysics, being is either necessary, contingent qua possible, or impossible. Necessary being is that which cannot but be, since its non-being entails a contradiction. Contingent qua possible being is neither necessary nor impossible for it to be or not to be. It is ontologically neutral, and is brought from potential existing into actual existence by way of a cause that is external to its essence. Its being is borrowed unlike the necessary existent, which is self-subsisting and is impossible for it not to be. As for the impossible, it necessarily does not exist, and the affirmation of its being is a contradiction.[6]
Other ontological topics[link]
Ontological and epistemological certainty[link]
René Descartes, with "je pense donc je suis" or "cogito ergo sum" or "I think, therefore I am", argued that "the self" is something that we can know exists with epistemological certainty. Descartes argued further that this knowledge could lead to a proof of the certainty of the existence of God, using the ontological argument that had been formulated first by Anselm of Canterbury.[citation needed]
Certainty about the existence of "the self" and "the other", however, came under increasing criticism in the 20th century. Sociological theorists, most notably George Herbert Mead and Erving Goffman, saw the Cartesian Other as a "Generalized Other", the imaginary audience that individuals use when thinking about the self. According to Mead, "we do not assume there is a self to begin with. Self is not presupposed as a stuff out of which the world arises. Rather the self arises in the world" [7][8] The Cartesian Other was also used by Sigmund Freud, who saw the superego as an abstract regulatory force, and Émile Durkheim who viewed this as a psychologically manifested entity which represented God in society at large.[citation needed]
Body and environment, questioning the meaning of being[link]
Schools of subjectivism, objectivism and relativism existed at various times in the 20th century, and the postmodernists and body philosophers tried to reframe all these questions in terms of bodies taking some specific action in an environment. This relied to a great degree on insights derived from scientific research into animals taking instinctive action in natural and artificial settings—as studied by biology, ecology[9], and cognitive science.[citation needed]
The processes by which bodies related to environments became of great concern, and the idea of being itself became difficult to really define. What did people mean when they said "A is B", "A must be B", "A was B"...? Some linguists advocated dropping the verb "to be" from the English language, leaving "E Prime", supposedly less prone to bad abstractions. Others, mostly philosophers, tried to dig into the word and its usage. Heidegger distinguished human being as existence from the being of things in the world. Heidegger proposes that our way of being human and the way the world is for us are cast historically through a fundamental ontological questioning. These fundamental ontological categories provide the basis for communication in an age: a horizon of unspoken and seemingly unquestionable background meanings, such as human beings understood unquestioningly as subjects and other entities understood unquestioningly as objects. Because these basic ontological meanings both generate and are regenerated in everyday interactions, the locus of our way of being in a historical epoch is the communicative event of language in use.[7] For Heidegger, however, communication in the first place is not among human beings, but language itself shapes up in response to questioning (the inexhaustible meaning of) being.[10] Even the focus of traditional ontology on the 'whatness' or 'quidditas' of beings in their substantial, standing presence can be shifted to pose the question of the 'whoness' of human being itself.[11]
Prominent ontologists[link]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Griswold, Charles L. (2001). Platonic writings/Platonic readings. Penn State Press. p. 237. ISBN 0-271-02137-3. http://books.google.com/?id=XU5atV1nfukC&dq=platonic+writings+griswold&printsec=frontcover&q=.
- ^ Aristotle Categories Vol. 1, Loeb Classical Library, transl. H.P. Cooke, Harvard U.P. 1983
- ^ "Sample Chapter for Graham, D.W.: Explaining the Cosmos: The Ionian Tradition of Scientific Philosophy". Press.princeton.edu. http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8303.html. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
- ^ "Ancient Atomism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". Plato.stanford.edu. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atomism-ancient/. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
- ^ Aristotle, Metaphysics, I , 4, 985
- ^ Nader El-Bizri, ‘Avicenna and Essentialism, Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 54 (2001), pp. 753-778.
- ^ a b Hyde, R. Bruce. "Listening Authentically: A Heideggerian Perspective on Interpersonal Communication". In Interpretive Approaches to Interpersonal Communication, edited by Kathryn Carter and Mick Presnell. State University of New York Press, 1994.
- ^ Mead, G. H. The individual and the social self: Unpublished work of George Herbert Mead (D. L. Miller, Ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982. (p. 107).
- ^ Barry Smith: Objects and Their Environments: From Aristotle to Ecological Ontology The Life and Motion of SocioEconomic Units (GISDATA 8), London: Taylor and Francis, 2001, 79-97.
- ^ Heidegger, Martin, On the Way to Language Harper & Row, New York 1971. German edition: Unterwegs zur Sprache Neske, Pfullingen 1959.
- ^ Eldred, Michael, Social Ontology: Recasting Political Philosophy Through a Phenomenology of Whoness ontos, Frankfurt 2008 xiv + 688 pp. ISBN 978-3-938793-78-7
External links[link]
 |
Look up ontology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ontology |
- Ontology. Its Theory and History from a Philosophical Perspective
- Logic and Ontology entry by Thomas Hofwebwer in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Free Open access book: Paolo Valore (ed), Topics on General and Formal Ontology.
- International Ontology Congress
http://wn.com/Ontology
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Онтология
http://es.wn.com/Ontología
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (September 2011) |
| Born | 1952 Mexico City, Mexico |
|---|
Manuel De Landa, (born 1952 in Mexico City), is a writer, artist and philosopher who has lived in New York since 1975. He is presently the Gilles Deleuze Chair of Contemporary Philosophy and Science at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland; a visiting professor at the University of Southern California School of Architecture in Los Angeles[citation needed]; a lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania School of Design in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and an adjunct professor at the Pratt Institute School of Architecture in Brooklyn, New York.[1] He was previously an adjunct professor in the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation at Columbia University and a lecturer at Canisius College in Buffalo, New York. De Landa has a BFA from New York's School of Visual Arts.
He is the author of War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (1991), A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History (1997), Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy (2002) and A New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage Theory and Social Complexity (2006). He has published many articles and essays and lectured extensively in Europe and in the United States. His work focuses on the theories of the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze on one hand, and modern science, self-organizing matter, artificial life and intelligence, economics, architecture, chaos theory, history of science, nonlinear dynamics, cellular automata on the other.
Alongside his intellectual work, De Landa made several short Super 8 and 16mm films in the 1970s and early 1980s. He pulled them from circulation after the original negatives were lost. In 2011, Anthology Film Archives restored and reissued them. Cited by filmmaker Nick Zedd in his Cinema of Transgression Manifesto, De Landa associated with many of the experimental and art filmmakers of this New York based movement. Much of De Landa's film work is inspired by his interest in philosophy and critical theory; one of his best known films, Raw Nerves, has been described as a 'Lacanian thriller' by at least one critic.
His latest book (as of March 2011) is Philosophy and Simulation: The Emergence of Synthetic Reason, which explores simulations of emergence in systems of different scales, from the atomic to the social.
Contents |
Books[link]
- War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (1991)
- A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History (1997)
- Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy (2002)
- A New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage Theory and Social Complexity (2006)
- Deleuze: History and Science (2010)
- Philosophy & Simulation: The Emergence of Synthetic Reason (2011)
See also[link]
External links[link]
- Manuel de Landa Faculty profile at European Graduate School EGS. Biography, bibliography, photos, quotes and video lectures.
- Manuel DeLanda Annotated Bibliography with links to articles
- Various texts
- http://www.canisius.edu/topos/delanda.asp
- Interview
- Interview on Ctheory
- Other interview by Paul Miller
- "Markets and antimarkets in the world economy" by DeLanda
Notes[link]
- ^ See: Manuel de Landa Faculty profile at European Graduate School
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Landa, Manuel De |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1952 |
| Place of birth | Mexico City, Mexico |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Manuel_de_Landa
Related pages:
http://es.wn.com/Manuel de Landa
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Landa
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
2:59
Ontological Paradox
ROCKETBOOM
Ontological Paradox
It's Paradox Week on Rocketboom. Today, Molly explains the ontological paradox. Ontological Paradox en.wikipedia.org For more paradoxes, visit: rocketboom.com For more news and additional information including images and videos visit rocketboom.com For up to the minute updates, follow us on Twitter! twitter.com twitter.com For behind the scenes pics and more, follow us on Facebook! facebook.com Join us at Rocketboom.com for an ad free experience.
57:44
Probabilistic Ontology Representation and Modeling Methodology
rommelncarvalho
Probabilistic Ontology Representation and Modeling Methodology
Oral Defense of Doctoral Dissertation Volgenau School of Engineering, George Mason University Rommel Novaes Carvalho Bachelor of Science, University of Brasília, Brazil, 2003 Master of Science, University of Brasília, Brazil, 2008 Probabilistic Ontology: Representation and Modeling Methodology Tuesday, June 28, 2011, 2:00pm -- 4:00pm Nguyen Engineering Building, Room 4705 Committee Kathryn Laskey, Chair Paulo Costa Kuo-Chu Chang David Schum Larry Kerschberg Fabio Cozman Abstract The past few years have witnessed an increasingly mature body of research on the Semantic Web (SW), with new standards being developed and more complex problems being addressed. As complexity increases in SW applications, so does the need for principled means to cope with uncertainty in SW applications. Several approaches addressing uncertainty representation and reasoning in the SW have emerged. Among these is Probabilistic Web Ontology Language (PR-OWL), which provides Web Ontology Language (OWL) constructs for representing Multi-Entity Bayesian Network (MEBN) theories. However, there are several important ways in which the initial version PR-OWL 1.0 fails to achieve full compatibility with OWL. Furthermore, although there is an emerging literature on ontology engineering, little guidance is available on the construction of probabilistic ontologies. This research proposes a new syntax and semantics, defined as PR-OWL 2.0, which improves compatibility between PR-OWL and OWL in two important <b>...</b>
show more
add to playlist
clear
