Khabarovsk (English) Хабаровск (Russian)
-  City[citation needed]  -
Location of Khabarovsk Krai in Russia
Khabarovsk <center>Location of Khabarovsk in Khabarovsk Krai</center>
Coordinates: 48°29′N 135°04′E / 48.483°N 135.067°E / 48.483; 135.067Coordinates: 48°29′N 135°04′E / 48.483°N 135.067°E / 48.483; 135.067
Coat of arms
City Day	Last Sunday of May[citation needed]
Administrative status (as of September 2011)
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Khabarovsk Krai[1]
Administratively subordinated to	city of krai significance of Khabarovsk[1]
Administrative center of	Khabarovsk Krai, Khabarovsky District, city of krai significance of Khabarovsk[1]
Municipal status (as of April 2004)
Urban okrug	Khabarovsk Urban Okrug[2]
Administrative center of	Khabarovsk Urban Okrug[2]
Mayor[citation needed]	Alexander Sokolov[citation needed]
Representative body	City Duma[citation needed]
Statistics
Area	372 km2 (144 sq mi)[citation needed]
Population (2010 Census, preliminary)	577,668 inhabitants[3]
- Rank in 2010	27th
Population (2002 Census)	583,072 inhabitants[4]
- Rank in 2002	25th
Density	1,553 /km2 (4,020 /sq mi)[5]
Time zone	VLAT (UTC+11:00)[6]
Founded	May 31, 1858[citation needed]
Postal code(s)	680xxx[citation needed]
Dialing code(s)	+7 4212[citation needed]
Official website
Khabarovsk on WikiCommons

Native villages near the site of the future Khabarovsk according to an English map of 1773. The map is based on an earlier French map by d'Anville, which in its turn makes use of the data collected by Jesuit cartographers in 1709. The village closest to today's Khabarovsk is labeled Hitcha. Maack's "Cape Kyrma" site (thought by B.P. Polyakov to be the site of Stepanov's Kosogorsky Ostrog) is Heremo

Old City Duma in Khabarovsk

Khabarovsk Dormition Cathedral on Komsomol'skaya Square

Khabarovsk (Russian: Хаба́ровск; IPA: [xɐˈbarəfsk]) is the largest city and the administrative center of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located 30 kilometers (19 mi) from the Chinese border. It is the second largest city in the Russian Far East, after Vladivostok. The city became the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia in 2002. Population: 577,668 (2010 Census preliminary results);^[3] 583,072 (2002 Census);^[4] 600,623 (1989 Census).^[7]

The city lies at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, about 800 kilometers (500 mi) north of Vladivostok and is accessible from there by an overnight train running along the Trans-Siberian railway. Rail distance from Moscow is 8,523 kilometers (5,296 mi).

History[link]

Earliest history of the region[link]

The lands near the confluence of the Ussuri and the Amur, where today's Khabarovsk stands, have been populated by many centuries by Tungusic people, probably related to the Jurchens of the past and/or the Nanais of the present day. Chinese expeditions reached this area as early as the first half of the 15th century, when the fleets of the Ming eunuch Yishiha sailed several times from Jilin City all the way to Tyr on the lower Amur.

17th century Russian explorers[link]

In the middle of the 17th century the Amur Valley became the scene of hostilities between the Russian Cossacks, trying to expand into the region and to collect tribute from the natives, and the rising Manchu Qing Dynasty, intent on securing the region for itself.

Khabarov's Achansk[link]

The Russian explorers and raiders of the 1650s set up a number of more or less fortified camps (ostrogs) on the Amur; most of them were in use for only a few months, and later destroyed. It is usually thought that the first such camp in the general area of today's Khabarovsk was the fortified winter camp named Achansk (Ачанск, or Ачанский городок), built by the Cossacks of Yerofey Khabarov in September 1651 after they had sailed to the area from the upper Amur. The fort was named after the local tribe whom Khabarov's people called "Achans".^[8][9] Already on October 8 the fort was unsuccessfully attacked by joint forces of Achans and Duchers (who had good reasons to hate the Cossacks, due to their rather heavy-handed tribute-extraction tactics^[10]), while many Russians were out fishing.^[9] In late November, Khabarov's people undertook a three-day campaign against the local chief Zhakshur (Жакшур) (whose name is also known in a more Russian version, Zaksor (Заксор)), collecting a large amount of tribute and announcing that the locals were now subjects of the Russian Czar. Similar campaign was waged later in winter against the Ducher chief Nechiga (Нечига), farther away from Achansk.^[9]

On March 24 (or 26) 1652, Fort Achansk was attacked by Manchu cavalry, led by Ninguta's commander Haise, reinforced by Ducher auxiliaries, but the Cossacks stood their ground in a day-long battle and even managed to seize the attackers' supply train.^[9] Once the ice on the Amur broke in the spring of 1652, Khabarov's people destroyed their fort and sailed away.^[9]

The exact location of Khabarov's Achansk has long been a subject for the debate among Russian historians and geographers.^[10][11] A number of locations, both upstream and downstream of today's Khabarovsk, have been proposed since Richard Maack, one of the first Russian scholars to visit the region, identified Achansk in 1859 with the ruins on Cape Kyrma, which is located on the southern (Chinese) shore of the Amur, upstream of Khabarovsk.^[10] The most widely accepted point of view is probably that of B.P. Polevoy, who believed that Khabarov's Achansk was located in the Nanai village later known as Odzhal-Bolon (Russian: Оджал-Болонь), located on the left bank of the Amur, closer to Amursk than to Khabarovsk. One of his arguments was that both Khabarov's Achan (sometimes also spelled by the explorer as Otshchan, Отщан), and Wuzhala (乌扎拉) of the Chinese records of the 1652 engagement are based on the name of the Nanai clan "Odzhal" (Оджал), corresponding to the 20th-century name of the village as well. (The name of the clan was also written as "Uzala", as in the name of its best known member, Dersu Uzala).^[10]

B.P. Polevoy's view appeared to gain wide support among the Russian geographer community; petitioned by the Amur Branch of the Russian Geographical Society, the Russian Government renamed the village of Odzhal to Achan in 1977, to celebrate its connection with Khabarov's raid.^[10]

As to the Cape Kyrma ruins, thought by Maack to be the remains of Achansk, B.P. Polevoy identified them as the remains of another ostrog - namely, Kosogorsky Ostrog, where Onufriy Stepanov stayed a few years later.^[11]

Stepanov's raids[link]

Another large group of Cossacks, led by Onufriy Stepanov, appeared in the area soon after Khabarov's departure from the Amur, and was active there until its destruction in 1658. Their attempts to penetrate into the Sungari to collect a tribute of grain suffered a setback in 1654, when a joint Manchu-Korean army met the Russian forces at the Battle of Hutong (hangul: 후퉁강 hanja: 厚通江 (混同江)), which was won by Manchu-Korean allied forces.

Four years later, in 1658, Manchu forces commanded by the military governor of Ninguta, Sarhuda and reinforced by the Korean contingent of 260 Korean musketeers and cannoneers sent by King Hyojong and commanded by Shin Ryu, met Onufriy Stepanov's near the mouth of the Sungari River, killing 270 Russians and driving them out of Manchu territory. Those campaigns are better known in Korean chronicles as "Suppression of the Russians" (Nasun Jeongbeol; hangul: 나선정벌 hanja: 羅禪征伐).

Qing Empire[link]

After the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), the area became an uncontested part of the Qing Empire for the next century and a half. Modern historical maps of the Qing period published in China mark the site of future Khabarovsk as "Boli". All of the middle and lower Amur region was nominally part of the Jilin Province, run first out of Ninguta and later out of Jilin City.

French Jesuits who sailed along the Ussury and the Amur in 1709, preparing the first more or less precise map of the region. According to them, the indigenous Nanai people living on the Ussury and on the Amur down to the mouth of the Dondon River (i.e., in the region including the site of the future Khabarovsk) were known to the Chinese as Yupi Dazi ("Fishskin Tartars")^[12]

From Khabarovka to Khabarovsk[link]

In 1858, the area was ceded to Russia under the Treaty of Aigun. The Russians founded the military outpost of Khabarovka (Хаба́ровка),^[13] named after a Russian explorer Yerofey Khabarov. The post later became an important industrial centre for the region. Town status was granted in 1880.

In 1894, a department of Russian Geographical Society was formed in Khabarovsk and began initiating the foundation of libraries, theaters, and museums in the city. Since then, Khabarovsk's cultural life has flourished. Much of the local indigenous history has been well-preserved in the Regional Lore Museum and Natural History Museum and in places like near the Nanai settlement of Sikhachi-Alyan, where cliff drawings from more than 13 000 years ago can be found. The Khabarovsk Art Museum exhibits a rare collection of old Russian icons.

In 1916, Khabarovsk Bridge across the Amur was completed, allowing Transsiberian trains to cross the river without using ferries (or temporary rail tracks over the frozen river in winter). By 1941 a rail tunnel was constructed as well.

After the defeat of Japan in World War II, Khabarovsk was the site of the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, in which twelve former members of the Japanese Kwantung Army and Unit 731 were put on trial for the manufacture and use of biological weapons during World War II.

Chinese Emperor Puyi, captured by Soviet troops in Manchuria was relocated to Khabarovsk and lived here from 1945 up to 1950, when he was returned to China.[6]

Administrative and municipal status[link]

Administratively, it is incorporated as the city of krai significance of Khabarovsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[1] Municipally, the city of krai significance of Khabarovsk is incorporated as Khabarovsk Urban Okrug.^[2]

Climate[link]

Khabarovsk experiences a monsoonal dry-winter humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwb).

Transportation[link]

Khabarovsk is served by Khabarovsk Novy Airport with international flights to East Asia, Southeast Asia, European Russia, and Central Asia. It is also served by the Trans-Siberian Railway, the Trans-Siberian Highway (M58 and M60 Highways) and the Amur River and Ussuri River waterways.

Education[link]

There are the following institutions of higher education in Khabarovsk.^[15][16]

• Pacific National University (former Khabarovsk State University of Technology)
• Far Eastern State University of Humanities (former Khabarovsk State Teachers Training University)
• Far Eastern State Medical University
• Khabarovsk State Academy of Economics and Law
• Far Eastern State Transport University
• Far Eastern Academy of Government Services
• Far Eastern State Physical Education University
• Khabarovsk State Institute of Arts and Culture

Tourism[link]

A view along Turgenev Street toward the Savior Transfiguration (Spaso-Preobrazhenskiy) Cathedral

Visitors to the picturesque city of Khabarovsk are likely to enjoy walking the broad Amursky Boulevard with its many vibrant shops and perhaps visit the local market. The city's five districts stretch for 45 kilometres (28 mi) along the Amur River.

Recently, there have been many renovations in the city's central part, rebuilding with historical perspective. A popular attraction for visitors is a walking tour from the Lenin Square to Utyos on Amur via Muravyov-Amursky Street, where visitors can find traditional Russian cuisine restaurants and shops with souvenirs. There are many night clubs and pubs in this area. In Wintertime ice sculptures are on display on the cities squares and parks. Artists come from as far as Harbin in China.

Unlike Vladivostok, the city has never been closed to foreigners, despite it being the headquarters of the Far East Military District, and retains its historically international flavour. Once the capital of the Soviet Far East (from 1926 to 1938), since the demise of the Soviet Union it has experienced an increased Asian presence. It is estimated that over one million Chinese travel to and through Khabarovsk yearly, and foreign investment by Japanese and Korean corporations has grown in recent years. The city has a multi-storey shopping mall and about a dozen hotels.

To introduce oneself to the culture of local aborigines, the Nanai people, as well as to learn more about the neolithic origins of the tribes, there is a notable destination: Sikhachi-Alyan.

Khabarovsk on Wikitravel.

Sports[link]

• Khabarovsk is home to a Kontinental Hockey League franchise, Amur Khabarovsk, which plays its home games at the Platinum Arena. It is the easternmost-based team in the league.
• FC SKA-Energiya Khabarovsk is the city's best football team, playing in the Russian First Division which is the second tier of Russian football since 2002 season.
• SKA Neftyanik^[17] plays in the highest division of the Russian Bandy League. Only three of those teams are without artificial ice. However, an indoor arena for bandy will be built as one of the first in Russia.[7]

International events[link]

Stamp depicting Bandy World Championship 1981 in Khabarovsk

• The city hosted the Bandy World Championship 1981.

Notable residents[link]

• Birthplace of NHL and Russian ice hockey great Alexander Mogilny
• Birthplace of 2005 Miss Russia winner Alexandra Ivanovskaya
• Birthplace of Russian filmmaker Sergei Bodrov
• Birthplace of Prince Don Vaks
• Birthplace of professional cycler Andrei Tchmil
• Birthplace of speed skater Ivan Skobrev
• Birthplace of mathematician Efim Zelmanov
• Birthplace of Olympic champion, figure skater Evgeni Plushenko
• Alleged birthplace of North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong-Il.^[18]
• Residence of two time European Champion, World Champion, Olympic silver medalist in shooting Aleksandr Blinov.
• Birthplace of NHL and Russian hockey player Evgeny Grachev

International relations[link]

Twin towns and sister cities[link]

Khabarovsk is twinned with the following sister cities:^[19]

• Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
• Niigata, Niigata, Japan
• Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
• Villeurbanne, Rhône-Alpes, France
• Anchorage, Alaska, United States
• Portland, Oregon, United States
• Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
• Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China

Trivia[link]

• Khabarovsk placed first in different categories of "Most Developed and Comfortable City of Russia" in 2006,^[20] 2008^[21] and 2009.
• In 2010 Khabarovsk won the second place in the Forbes list of most suitable cities for private business in Russia.^[22] First place went to Krasnodar.

References[link]

Notes[link]

Sources[link]

• Правительство Хабаровского края. Постановление №143-пр от 18 июля 2007 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных и территориальных единиц Хабаровского края», в ред. Постановления №304-пр от 16 сентября 2011 г «О внесении изменений в реестр административно-территориальных и территориальных единиц Хабаровского края, утверждённый Постановлением Правительства Хабаровского края от 18 июля 2007 г. №143-пр». Вступил в силу 13 августа 2007 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства Хабаровского края", №7(60), 12 августа 2007 г. (Government of Khabarovsk Krai. Resolution #143-pr of July 18, 2007 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial and Territorial Units of Khabarovsk Krai, as amended by the Resolution #304-pr of September 16, 2011 On Amending the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial and Territorial Units of Khabarovsk Krai, Adopted by the Resolution #143-pr of the Government of Khabarovsk Krai of July 18, 2007. Effective as of August 13, 2007.).
• Законодательная Дума Хабаровского края. Закон №177 от 28 апреля 2004 г. «О наделении муниципального образования города Хабаровска статусом городского округа и об установлении его границы». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (28 мая 2004 г.). Опубликован: "Приамурские ведомости", №95, 28 мая 2004 г. (Legislative Duma of Khabarovsk Krai. Law #177 of April 28, 2004 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Khabarovsk and on Establishing Its Border. Effective as of the day of the official publication (May 28, 2004).).
• A.M. Bodisko. From life of Khabarovsk. Khabarovsk, 1913.
• Nikolay P. Kradin. It is protected by the state: The Monuments of Architecture in Khabarovsk. Khabarovsk: Chastnaya kollektsiya, 1999. 192 p. ISBN 5-7875-0011-3

External links[link]

Look up Khabarovsk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Khabarovsk city Administration
• Khabarovsk travel guide from Wikitravel
• (Korean) Manchu-Korean expedition against Russian expansion (나선정벌 (羅禪征伐)
• (Korean) map of the Manchu-Korean expedition against Russian expansion (나선정벌 (羅禪征伐)
• (Russian) Major problems of Russian-Korean relationship
• (Russian) China and Russia relationship and history

v t e Administrative divisions of Khabarovsk Krai Administrative center: Khabarovsk Cities and towns Amursk · Bikin · Khabarovsk · Komsomolsk-on-Amur · Nikolayevsk-on-Amur · Sovetskaya Gavan · Vyazemsky Districts Amursky · Ayano-Maysky · Bikinsky · Khabarovsky · Komsomolsky · imeni Lazo · Nanaysky · Nikolayevsky · Okhotsky · imeni Poliny Osipenko · Solnechny · Sovetsko-Gavansky · Tuguro-Chumikansky · Ulchsky · Vaninsky · Verkhnebureinsky · Vyazemsky

Salvatore "Toto" Cutugno (born July 7, 1943) is an Italian pop singer-songwriter and musician.

Biography[link]

Toto Cutugno was born in Fosdinovo, Tuscany, to a Sicilian father and a Tuscan mother. Shortly after his birth the family moved to La Spezia (Liguria).

He began his musical career as a drummer, but later formed a band that performed his own songs. He also had cowritten for popular French-American singer Joe Dassin, contributing some of his most famous songs, including "L'été indien" ("Africa"), "Et si tu n'existais pas" and "Le Jardin du Luxembourg" (written with Vito Pallavicini).^[1] He also co-wrote Dalida's "Laissez moi danser" (Voglio l'anima"), which became a Platinum record shortly after its release.

In 1976 Cutugno participated for the first time in the Sanremo Music Festival coming up with 3rd place with his band Albatros with the song, Volo 504. He then won in 1980 with the song "Solo noi", and subsequently finished second in six editions: in 1984 with the song "Serenata" ("Serenade"), in 1987 with "Figli" ("Sons" or "Children"), in 1988 with "Emozioni" ("Emotions"), in 1989 with the song "Le mamme" ("The Mamas"), in 1990 with Ray Charles with the song "Gli amori" ("Loves", but entitled "Good Love Gone Bad" in Charles' version) and in 2005 with Annalisa Minetti with the song "Come noi nessuno al mondo" ("No One Else in the World Like Us"). Toto Cutugno participated in the festival a total of 13 times.

He won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1990 with his own composition "Insieme: 1992" ("Together: 1992"), a ballad which celebrated European political integration. Along with Gigliola Cinquetti, Italy's only other Eurovision winner from 1964, he presented the 1991 contest, which was staged in Rome as a result of his victory.

Cutugno may be best known for his worldwide hit song, "L'Italiano (Lasciatemi Cantare)", which was on his hit CD, "I Grandi Successi".^[2]

Discography[link]

• Albatros (1976)
• Come ieri, come oggi, come sempre (1978)
• La mia musica (1981)
• L'italiano (1983)
• Azzura malinconia (1986)
• Voglio l'anima (1987)
• Innamorata, innamorato, innamorati (1987)
• Mediterraneo (1987)
• Toto Cutugno (1990)
• Insieme 1992 (1990)
• Non è facile essere uomini (1992)
• Voglio andare a vivere in campagna (1995)
• Canzoni nascoste (1997)
• Il treno va (2002)
• Cantando (2004)
• Come noi nessuno al mondo (2005)
• Un falco chiuso in gabbia (2008)
• I Miei Sanremo (2010)

See also[link]

• List of Eurovision Song Contest presenters

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Toto Cutugno Spain Oficial (Idiomas: Español/Italiano/Inglés)
• Toto Cutugo Fanclub Romania
• Toto Cutugno at the Internet Movie Database
• "Insieme: 1992" lyrics with English translation
• MSN Group

Awards and achievements
Preceded by Riva with "Rock Me"	Winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1990	Succeeded by Carola with "Fångad av en stormvind"
Preceded by Anna Oxa and Fausto Leali with "Avrei voluto"	Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 1990	Succeeded by Peppino di Capri with "Comme è ddoce 'o mare"
Preceded by Helga Vlahović and Oliver Mlakar	Eurovision Song Contest presenter (with Gigliola Cinquetti) 1991	Succeeded by Lydia Cappolicchio and Harald Treutiger