January 8th, 2012
Facts about Ireland
The English name Irish Republic ( Irish Republic ) is not used – the Plastic Storage Bins name of the self-proclaimed republic on 21 January 1919 . Between 1922 (output of the UK ) and 1937, the state called the Irish Free State ( Saorstát Éireann in Irish, Irish Free State in English). Geography Density Ranked 120 e
The Irish (in Irish Éire 4 [e ː r ʲ ə] and English Ireland ) is a country of Western Europe , a member of the European Union since 1973 . It is a republic which extends over 26 of the 32 counties history of the island . It shares the island of Ireland with the Northern Ireland (six counties), remained a constituent part of the United Kingdom . The Republic of Ireland claims its Celtic identity, so that, in cultural terms, it is usually considered the island of Ireland as one of six 5 ” Celtic nations “. The official symbol of the country is the Celtic harp (which appears on the euro coins), but the three-leaf clover is often used as another symbol, including the Irish rugby team. Follower of tax competition and deregulation, the country has experienced strong growth since the early 80′s but is undergoing a serious crisis due to overheating of the economy (real estate bubble burst), at the start of some multinational non-European, and massive public debt resulting from the crisis. In 2010, the deficit stood at 32.4% of GDP for an unemployment rate over 14% of the workforce 6 .
According to the constitution of 1937 , the official name of the State is Éire in Irish and Ireland in English .
Since the legislation that established the Republic on 18 April 1949 , the country also has the commonly used name “Republic of Ireland” ( Republic of Ireland in English , Poblacht na hÉireann in Irish ), a name not recognized constitutionally 7 . For example, the president called President of Ireland and not President of the Republic of Ireland . In addition, the French names sources ( IGN , EU , ILO ) indicate that the long form (or official) of the country is Ireland , which is confirmed by the French versions of the European treaties to which Ireland belongs.
Main article: Geography of Ireland .
Ireland is an island located northwest of the European continent in the North Atlantic. It covers an area of 70 273 km 2 8 . The country includes twenty six counties since the partition of the country in 1921 .
The capital of Ireland is Dublin , but other cities have a certain notoriety: Galway , Cork , Waterford .
The morphology of the island consists of a central plain surrounded by mountains and hills, especially in the Donegal and Wicklow . The scenery is made of bogs, lakes and rivers. Southwest, the Cliffs of Moher overlooking the Atlantic Ocean. Nearby, the Aran Islands facing the Bay of Galway . To the east, north of Dublin, the shore is quite flat. But all around the island lie numerous sandy beaches.
Climate [ change ]
The climate is temperate oceanic, or Cfb under the system of Köppen climate classification .
Summers are generally mild, the temperature rarely exceeds 25 ° C. Winters are cool and rainy. The minimum temperatures go down only rarely below 0 °. Central and East of the island are experiencing temperatures a bit cooler in winter than the west, which benefits greatly from the effect of the Gulf Stream ( Gulf Stream in English). In Dublin, the coolest months are January and February averages of 3 for the minimum and maximum for 8 in summer, average temperatures range between 12 ° and 19 ° the minimum to maximum. Rainfall is fairly large (733 mm annual average rainfall in Dublin). They rarely fall as snow (4 snow days per year in Dublin).
Temperature differences in a day is low: it is not uncommon that the temperature is constant all day, which contrasts with the abrupt changes of time during the shoulder seasons (spring and fall), in which the rapid evolution of time is amazing with episodes of “showers” very common.
As the proverb says, “in Ireland, it’s nice … times a day! ” .
History
Main article: History of Ireland .
The first inhabitants of Ireland arrived on the island at about the 9 th millennium BC. AD . Then came the megalithic peoples and Neolithic, who developed agriculture and animal husbandry. At the vi th century BC. BC , the Celts will impose their civilization laténienne . It is a society perfectly organized in clans, and speaking Gaelic in which the first poets compose songs and legends that make up the Aboriginal heritage.
Related article: Chronology of Ireland .
Prehistory
Main article: History of Ireland primitive .
Dolmen Poulnabrone
The oldest traces of settlement on the island date back to the 9 th millennium BC. AD , they were found in County Waterford. Migration of populations Mesolithic is attested to the lxvi th century BC. AD , it seems that whether people come from Northern Europe , awarded by the Scotia . They settled in the area of the current Ulster . Their lifestyle is an economy of predation ( hunting and fishing ) that will gradually evolve into the agriculture and the livestock . They know the use of polished stone tools, cultivate the land and livestock. It is a civilization megalithic who erected dolmens oriented funeral. New arrivals from xx th and xvii th century BC. AD brought the Bronze Age . It is from this time that exploitation of copper mines in areas of Cork and Kerry and gold in Wicklow .
The Celts
Is -500 to the Celts made their appearance in Ireland, their civilization on the island will last a thousand years. Their arrival was made by two different routes, by the current British and the Spanish . The Celtic mythology has also preserved the memory of the Spanish origin since, according to the Lebor Gabala Eren (Book of Conquests of Ireland) , the Milesians (that is to say, the Gaels ) are said to be son of Mil Espáine . Before the introduction of the civilization of La Tene (second Iron Age ), the story of Erin is largely mythical.
The structure of Celtic society follows the pattern of the tripartite social structure of Indo-European on top of which there are a priestly class made up of druids , the bards and vates . Druids are in charge of religion, sacrifice, justice, education, poetry, divination, bards are specialized in oral poetry and song and have to praise, or blame satire, the vates are became particularly devoted to divination and medicine. In Ireland, Philidas (bards) will become the most influential members of the priestly class, including the prerogative is to advise the king. In the Celtic civilization, the best auto insurance role of the king is not only to wage war, but also to redistribute wealth and that justice, inspired by the Druids. Long as these kings were leaders in power uncertain and inheritance issues. The second class of society is that of the warriors and the third is that of producers, artisans, farmers and ranchers. These clans will gradually merge to form four kingdoms (or provinces): the Ulster , the Leinster , the Munster and Connacht (Connaught). At the beginning of v th century , a Eren Ard ri (high king of Ireland) extends its power over the whole island, it sits on Tara capital of Meath . The other kings owe the ” Boroma “tribute payable in cattle – the non-payment results in wars whose mythology echoes, as well as the raids .
The Romans, who occupy the Britain (Britain today) never occupy Ireland (they call Hibernia ), populated by people too tenuous and far from the center of the Empire.
Related articles
Celtic
Irish Celtic mythology
Druid , Bard and Vate
Lebor Gabala Eren
Christianization
Celtic Cross in Knock
The Christianization of Ireland marks the end of the Celtic religion, at least in terms of its mythology , because the structure of society was maintained, with a predominant priestly class. The exact circumstances of the introduction of Christianity to the island are poorly understood, especially as the texts for its founder, St. Patrick , are largely hagiographic .
Padraig was born in 390 in an uncertain place of the island of Britain . He was the son of an officer and Roman Britto. In 405 , he was the victim of a raid Gaels and was taken into slavery in Ireland , during the reign of Ard ri Eren , Niall Noigiallach . During six years of captivity, spent monitoring the herds, his faith in God is strengthened and once escaped, he would have continued his theological studies in Gaul . The dates of his return to Ireland is uncertain (between 432 and 490 according to different theories) but the conversion of the island, probably begun before him, would have been a turning point in the reign of King Loegaire , son of Niall. Patrick is often described talking to the Druids to try to convince them that the one God is more powerful than the druidic magic. Legend as he drove all the snakes from the island and he used to explain the principle of the Trinity by showing the leaves of clover. The concept of triads was indeed widespread in Celtic mythology. Patrick died around 461 .
In this context, the conversion of the country has made only by that of Philidas , which have become the bearers of the new religion peacefully. The ritual is permeated by Celtic usage monastic . The monks of the Celtic countries are numerous from several countries in Western Europe to evangelize and establish monasteries. The monasteries of Clonard, Clonmacnoise , Glendalough are important centers of culture and spirituality. The church of Armagh was founded by St. Patrick about 445 . At the vi th century , the foundation of the monastery of Bangor ( 558 ) by Comgall and that of the island of Iona by Colomba , which allowed the evangelization of Scotland . It was not until vii th century that the Synod of Whitby ( 664 ) advocates the abandonment of Celtic rites for the benefit of the Roman rite but some continue to use Celtic XII th century.
Related articles
Patrick of Ireland
Irish Christianity
Iona
Book of Kells
Book of Armagh
The Vikings
A Viking ship
At the viii th century , population growth and wars of succession result, it seems, of the Scandinavian people, Norwegians and Danes , out of their territories. The Varangians go east and founded Russia embryos States, the Vikings (the Norse fara í víkingu : Starting in dispatch and Vikingar which means those who leave) break on the British Isles in the west and the continent South.
The Irish saw a golden age of the intellectual strength of its religious institutions, but politically the island is divided between one hundred to one hundred fifty tuatha (clans), the head of each of which is a Rí ( king). These leaders are themselves subject to the king of one of five provinces ( Ulster , Connacht , Munster , Leinster and Meath ). The Ard Ri (high king) is an honorary title: the holder does not have real authority.
In this context of instability that the Vikings arrived in the island. The first shipments are documented in 795 , they burn the church of the island of Lambay and the monasteries and Inisbifin Inismurray, the latter will undergo a new assault in 807 . From 812 raids concentrated on the west coast and on the shores of the Irish Sea . In the early years 820 around the island is done. For forty years, the Vikings will increase raids and forays, favoring the monasteries, not for religious reasons, but because the richest treasures. During the year 830 , they swim up rivers and penetrate further inland they ravage. In 836 , they use the river Shannon and plunder Connaught. The following year, two fleets of sixty longships each recognize the Liffey and the Boyne , the territories were systematically ravaged, the inhabitants massacred. There are many examples of their misdeeds. Winter 840 – 841 is a milestone because for the first time the Vikings spent the season on the island and settled in fortified places which are also becoming places of business: Dublin , Annagassan , and later, Wexford , Cork , Limerick , to name only a few institutions. These are all entrenched bases that allow shipments to the interior, culminating seems to be the year 845 , to the extent that we are talking about invasion. The downside is that the kings Celtic can sometimes contain them and besiege them.
Under the English crown
After the victory of Brian Boru at the Battle of Clontarf , in 1014, Ireland experienced a brief period of independence. But at the end of the xii th century , Britain began its conquest. After Criminal Defense Attorney Chicago being limited to the west of the island in 1494, the English crown says its domination over the whole island (Poynings Law). In 1541, Henry VIII took the title of King of Ireland. Colonization by the confiscation of land develops. (See Plantations in Ireland ).
A great revolt broke out in 1641 , broken by Oliver Cromwell in 1649 (massacres of Drogheda and Wexford). The Irish took advantage of the first English revolution in an attempt to recover their independence. Cromwell landed in Dublin (summer 1649 ) with his soldiers, the “Ironsides” and organizing a massacre. According to sources, between one third and half the population of the island is massacred. After his defeat, Ireland is subject 
to the Denver Divorce Attorney authority and the laws of England and the northern lands of the country were confiscated and granted to settlers from Scotland and to England .
Jacques II , the Catholic king driven from the throne of Protestant England, is trying to regain a foothold in Ireland and is defeated at the Battle of the Boyne (1690), the fate of Ireland getting worse. In 1695, William III promulgated the “criminal laws” anti-Catholic.
A new uprising takes place in 1798 , fueled both by the emancipation of the United States by the example of the French Revolution (he is commemorated in the song The Wind That Shakes the Barley ). Punishment is terrible and a st August 1800, in reaction, Britain calls for ” act of union “fully united Ireland in the UK.
Emigration and revolt
The xix th century is marked by a massive emigration of the Irish (several million) towards America, emigration increased by the effects of the terrible famine raging in Ireland between 1846 and 1848. This famine is also controversial, considering that the Irish Nationalists is deliberately left the British crown the Irish starve.
But at the end of xix th century , the independence movement takes strength, Irish politicians in the British Parliament would echo. A series of land reforms is beginning to return land to the Irish. In 1905, Sinn Féin independence is based. For his part, James Conolly founded the first newspaper Socialist Irish Workers’ Republic . Irish unions grow.
In 1914, the ” Home Rule “is voted, giving a relative autonomy to the island. However the power of suspending the House of Lords and the outbreak of World War I prevent it from being implemented.
During the war, in 1916, under the leadership of the Irish Republican Brotherhood of Sinn Féin and the Irish Citizen Army of James Connolly , broke the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin , who proclaimed the Republic in the name of God and missing generations. She was crushed after a week. But Sinn Fein derives an increased popularity: he triumphantly won the election in December 1918, is an Irish parliament (the Dáil Éireann ) and proclaimed independence. The British power dissolved the parliament. A new uprising broke out, which will last three years.
Independence
Main article: Irish War of Independence .
On 6 December 1921 , negotiations between the British government and Irish nationalist leaders lead to the Treaty of London , which is Ireland, lost two thirds of Ulster , a dominion within the British Empire, the Irish Free State , which is endowed with a constitution in October 1922. In fact, the partition of the island was made on economic criteria. East of Ulster was the most developed region at the time. That is why six of the nine counties of Ulster remained British, two with a slight majority Catholic. This treaty was ratified shortly by the Dáil Éireann in December 1921 but was rejected by a large majority of the population. This led to the civil war in Ireland which lasted until 1923, between the followers of a continued struggle for full independence of the island and supporters of the compromise of 1921.
During its early years, the new state was governed by the victors of the civil war. However, in 1932, Fianna Fáil , the party of opposition to the treaty, led by Éamon de Valera , won the elections (he remained in power until 1948). In 1933, De Valera, who became chairman, was to abolish the oath to the sovereign of the United Kingdom.
In 1937, he passed a new constitution which renamed the State Éire or English Ireland . A treaty concluded in 1938 with the United Kingdom, gave him his naval bases in Ireland and enshrined independence. Ireland remained neutral during the Second World War , prohibiting even officially in the UK military use of its ports and airports.
In February 1948, the party Fine Gael , which won the elections. The government is a coalition of the Labour Party. In 1948 , the Oireachtas proclaims the Republic of Ireland Act which takes effect on 18 April 1949 and says that Ireland is officially a republic . The country left the Commonwealth .
Ironically it does not name the new state as the “Irish Republic”, but considers that this is the description.
Languages
There are two official languages in Ireland. The constitution provides that the first national language is the Irish , and that the English language is attached. However, English is a strong majority, and Irish, though necessarily taught in school is no longer practiced in daily life as very few people, mainly in the different areas of the Gaeltacht 9 .
Policy
Main article: Politics of Ireland .
Since 1949 , Ireland is a republic, parliamentary .
Map of Ireland
The President of Ireland ( Uachtarán in Irish President in English) is elected for seven years by direct universal suffrage. The Dáil Éireann is the Irish name of the lower house of parliament (the Oireachtas ) of Ireland. It is directly elected every five years under a system of representation proportional (according to the method transferable vote ). It has the power to pass laws, appoint and replace the Taoiseach (Prime Minister). The upper house is called Seanad Éireann .
Subdivisions
Main articles: Counties of Ireland , Irish Provinces and Cities of the Republic of Ireland .
The island of Ireland is divided into thirty-two counties and four provinces. The provinces are about the ancient provinces of Ireland, the six counties of Northern Ireland , in Ulster are not included. The provinces are not used by the administration, they are used only for sport, rugby or Gaelic sports.
Counties are used for local administration. They were created by the British after the conquest of Ireland. There are 26 traditional counties in the republic over the counties of North Tipperary and South Tipperary and counties from the partition of County Dublin ( South Dublin , Fingal and Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown ). Some cities also have power to decide the same level as the county through a City Council ( Dublin , Cork , Galway , Limerick and Waterford ).
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Ireland .
Demographic changes between 1961 and 2003 (number of FAO , 2005). Population in thousands.
Ireland had approximately 4.58 million people in April 2011 10 and the annual population growth was 2.5%, which is particularly high for Europe 11 . The density, however, remains quite low: with a little more than 60 inhabitants / km 2 , it is almost two times lower than the average of the European Union, all of which Ireland has fewer than 1% of the population.
The demographic dynamism is relatively new in the country. It is due to the relatively young population, a high birth rate in Europe and especially to high immigration. This is a relatively new phenomenon: population growth only began in the Wire Cart Covers 1960s. Previously, the area was heavily depopulated. It had 6.5 million inhabitants in 1841 12 , and passes 5.1 million in 1850 due to famine accompanied by a mass emigration. Emigration continued during the xix th century and well into the xx th century, and was more than offset the natural excess. The overall population has continued to decline until the year 1960: 3.2 million in 1901 and 2.8 million in 1961. From that time the population grew again 13 . In the 1990s, and even more the year 2000, the immigrant population has risen sharply. In 2006, 14% of residents were born outside the Republic of Ireland. Most come from Europe, the United Kingdom for more than half of Eastern Europe to a large and rapidly growing 14 .
Dublin : 505 739, Cork : 119 143, Galway : 72,111, Limerick : 52 560, Waterford : 45 748
Economy
Main articles: Celtic Tiger and Ireland’s economy .
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From 1995 to 2007, the Irish economy grew by an average of 6% per year 8 , earning him the nickname ” Celtic Tiger “.
As fifteen other European countries , Ireland has abandoned its national currency, the Irish pound , to adopt the euro on 1 st January 1999 (notes and coins have been introduced on 1 st January 2002 ).
The unemployment rate was 4.3% (2005). In the second quarter of 2006, 2,017,000 people worked in the Republic of Ireland or 87 800 persons over the previous year. The largest increase occurred in the construction industry and the sale 15 . However, despite this economic development, the Central Bureau of Statistics estimates that 19% of the population is at risk of poverty. This is partly due to the high inflation of recent years, particularly in the housing 16 .
In 2009, GDP per capita in Ireland is the second highest in the EU , after that of Luxembourg 17 . She was in twelfth place on the same basis in 1992 illinois dui lawyer [ref. needed] .
In the mid-1980, a collective awareness in 1987 led to a national consensus to get out of chronic underdevelopment that characterized the Ireland since the Famine of 1851 (the crisis of potato).
Indeed, before the 80, compared to other European countries, the Irish economy could be described as “subsistence economy” with an archaic industry and standard of living far below Western standards (GDP (PPP) per capita was less than 50% that of an American in 1987). Although economic growth had been 4% per year between 1970 and 1985 (against 2.7% in Europe and 3.2% in the U.S.), yet this proved insufficient for the Irish reach a standard of living comparable to other European countries.
The economy of Ireland was then very dependent on its neighbor, the United Kingdom , which received more than half of exports in the early 1980s. Irish exports were then made for many food products, textile handicraft and industrial products with low added value.
This country steeped in its traditions and spectacular scenery has always attracted many tourists. Tourism has always been a flagship of the Irish economy, many descendants of Irish emigrants (especially American) from treading the land of their ancestors.
This underdevelopment characteristic of Ireland resulted in a massive emigration (more than 30 000 people per year, or 10% of the population each decade), endemic unemployment (17% in 1987) and rural poverty as that urban, particularly visible in the northern suburbs of Dublin .
Social indicators ( life expectancy , infant mortality , poverty primary) were then notoriously bad.
It should be noted however that, except in Dublin , Irish society was so far in the 1980s relatively egalitarian.
The liberal reforms carried out since 1987, however, were conducted in a pragmatic way by successive governments of whatever political hue, Fianna Fail (center-right National) or Fine Gael (center-left Liberal).
The willingness of governments to open up Ireland to the world boosted the country’s attractiveness for multinationals with tax rates on companies very low (12.5% against 33.3% in France), a VAT reduced to 13.5%, and a direct tax on individuals is also very 
favorable. The tax burden is particularly low (30% of GDP in 2007 in Ireland, against 44% in France and 37% in the UK).
Improved competitiveness and implementation of many foreign companies have created hundreds of thousands of jobs across the industry and services. The population is English speaking and well educated, computer firms and the call center found in Ireland in the 1990s an ideal place to settle in Europe. As a result, tourism, retail and construction have experienced tremendous growth.
Subdivisions of homes in the U.S. have mushroomed in the 1990s and 2000s on the outskirts of Dublin , Galway and Cork . The house prices both for rent and the acquisition peaked in Dublin (the price per square meter is more expensive than in Paris in 2007). The big German and Japanese sedans Plastic Storage Containers and 4x4s are now legion in Dublin, despite their prohibitive price in Ireland.
Thus, the Irish economy took off dramatically. The economic growth rate has been exceptional (9% per year between 1995 and 2000), and the rapid growth of trade. The standard of living of the Irish in 2007 was among the highest in the chiropractic marketing world, resulting in the return home of American emigrants. See List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
High wages and full employment (the unemployment rate was 4% in 2007) have generated significant immigration since 2000. Immigration from Eastern Europe (Poland, Estonia, …), France (nearly 9000 French living in Ireland at the end of 2009 18 ) and Asia (very many Chinese living in Dublin) causes an increase in the population of 2.5% per year during the 2000s.
With economic growth, tax revenues allow the Irish make t shirts government budget surpluses to know.
The unemployment rate is very low (4%), lack the economy of labor resulting in high wage increases. The shortage of labor is acute in the construction industry.
However, the dependence of Ireland vis-à-vis the outside world is strong, despite the establishment in this country decision-making centers of international firms. Infrastructure road and rail transport, although improving, have not kept up very high traffic. Real estate is overheated, with a disproportionate increase in prices due to high demand due to immigration.
Imbalances are obvious: the debt of the Irish through the “mortgage” (mortgage) is excessive. Optimistic by nature, their savings rate is very low.
From early 2008, even before the financial crisis, the trend seems to be back.
Financial Crisis 2008 – 2009
The global crisis of 2008-2009 swept the full force of the economy Celtic.
The recession is particularly severe with a GDP contraction of 2% in 2008, 7.5% to 9% in 2009 (estimates), 1-3% in 2010 (forecast), reaching almost 15% in 3 years. These numbers are staggering in their magnitude. Thus the unemployment rate is expected to reach 15% of the workforce in 2010.
The budget deficit, because of the collapse in tax revenues and higher social spending explodes. The bailout of Irish banks cost a fortune to the government. The deficit announced for 2010 will approach martial arts denver 32% of GDP, which is quite unconventional. Public debt close to 100% of GDP.
The consumer prices fell sharply in 2009. The house price collapse. The signs to let (rent) and for sale (for sale) bloom in the streets of cities. Number of households experiencing defaults on their mortgage.
The banking and financial activities that had grown to none in Dublin on the banks of the Liffey in the 2000s were particularly hard hit by the financial crisis of October 2008, involving great difficulties of the largest banks in the country and forcing the government to intervene by recapitalizing or nationalizing financial institutions avoid bankruptcy and overall system. The cost of the bailout is huge (nearly 20% of GDP in 2010), explaining the astronomical level of public deficit to 32% of GDP (for comparison, France is experiencing a deficit of 7.8% of GDP in 2010).
The relocation of part of the activities of Dell computer from Limerick to Poland, the loss of nearly 2,000 jobs (which the Irish scale is huge!), Is seen as an economic and social catastrophe by Ireland as a whole for the region which had experienced an economic renaissance in the 2000s.
The Irish, however, with a hopeful pegged to the body doubts about their personal future. The testimonies of the people on radio and television about the current difficulties are daily since 2008.
The magnitude of this crisis is unprecedented. The economic recovery will be long and laborious.
Bailout from the IMF in November 2010
Accumulating financial difficulties for several months, the government of Brian Cowen has resigned under pressure from European leaders, to accept financial assistance from the IMF led by the European Union. This “bailout” in the form of a loan of 85 billion euros at a rate of 6.7%, is widely criticized by the public because of its prohibitive cost and the austerity plan associated with it. It is expected a decrease in the minimum wage by 12% and sharp increases in taxes on households (3000 increase euros per household per year on average).
All these difficulties are a major challenge for the people and the Irish Government.
Transportation
Main article: Transport in Ireland .
Railways
Total in 1998: 1 947 km
wide track (distance especially 5’3 ” 1.600 m ).
38 km electrified DC 1.5 kV (DART in Dublin)
485 km double track
Intercity services provided by the national company Iarnród Éireann (IE) linking Dublin to Cork, Waterford, Kilkenny, Galway, Tralee, Sligo, Limerick and Belfast. In Northern Ireland, the company’s Northern Ireland Railways (en) (NIR), which operates the network, providing the link between Belfast and Derry (Londonderry) and commuter services. The cross-border service “Enterprise” is provided jointly by the two companies, IE and NIR.
Since 1984, an electric train, called the Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART), runs between Bray and Howth. It is also used by IE.
A tram network, the Luas is being built in Dublin, a subway system is also programmed. “Luas” is an Irish word meaning “fast” and not an acronym. The implementation of this network LUAS, the standard gauge of 1.435 m , under the auspices of the Railway Procurement Agency (en) (RPA), has caused much turmoil in Dublin, many believe that a reaction tube would have been a better solution, one can still be discussed to convert the 
LUAS underground when it is built. The trams will be ” Citadis “built by Alstom (model identical to that of Montpellier ). The concession for operating the network was awarded to Connex (group Veolia ).
Roads
Mileage (total in 1999) : 92.500 km , including:
Paved roads : 87 043 km (including 667 km of motorways – 350 km under construction)
Unpaved roads : 5 457 km
Driving is on the left as in Britain.
The roads are improving, and many sites along the roads of Ireland. However, there is still some way to go to reach the comfort of continental infrastructure. The typical characteristics of Irish roads involved in the charm of the country. It is not unusual to find a cow or a cheap auto transport sheep wandering on the roads of the Burren and Connemara.
Speed limits and indications of distance are expressed in recent years in kilometers. However, this is not to be taken literally these guidelines: very often to find the speed limit to 100 km / h , which are made entirely fanciful because tractors, turns, bumps or potholes … or even the narrowness of the road.
Highways and other 2 × 2 channels ( dual carriage way ) develop.
In recent years, awareness of the people helped by government campaigns and the media seems to have worked to make the roads relatively safe, particularly regarding Bankruptcy the conduct Saturday night …
Waterways
Total in 1998: 700 km
Ports
Major commercial ports : Arklow , Cork , Drogheda , Dublin , Foynes , Galway , Limerick , New Ross , Rosslare Europort and Waterford .
Shipping (total 1999) : 31 ships (of 1 000 tons gross tonnage or over) totaling 100,639 tons ( 115,793 tons deadweight).
Ships by category :
a bulk carrier;
27 cargo ships;
container 2;
passengers a short distance.
Airports
public, the Dublin Airport Authority (en) (DDA), formerly Aer Rianta .
Many regional airports provide some international flights. For example: Knock / Mayo, Galway , Sligo, Farranfore / County Kerry and Waterford.
The Irish national airline, Aer Lingus operates flights from Dublin, Cork and Shannon to Great Britain, Europe and North America. Other airlines based in Ireland: Phen375 Reviews Ryanair and Aer Arann .
Sport
Main article: Sport in Ireland .
Tourism
Ladys View County Kerry
All counties have developed their infrastructure to attract tourists from around the world. The pay day loan country offers many activities such as fishing, horseback riding, golfing, hiking … to discover the wealth of the country.
Connemara : lakes and hills;
Aran Islands ;
Dingle Peninsula : its ports and hills;
Kerry : the Killarney National Park , the Muckross House … ;
Dublin ;
The Midlands and Shannon ;
County Clare : the Cliffs of Moher ;
County Waterford : the crystal;
County Louth and County Meath : the valley with the historic Hill of Tara, Monasterboice … ;
County Cork ;
County Galway .
Education
List of Irish Universities
Culture
Main article: Culture of Ireland .
Irish writers : Oscar Wilde , James Joyce , George Bernard Shaw , Samuel Beckett , WBYeats , Eoin Colfer , John Millington Synge ;
Groups of music or artists: John McCormack , Rory Gallagher , U2 , Thin Lizzy , The Cranberries , The Pogues , Van Morrison , The Corrs , Sinead O’Connor , Enya , Westlife , The Script , Flogging Molly , The Dubliners , The Bothy Band , Planxty , Clannad , De Danan .
Cinema :
The Quiet Man by John Ford came out in 1951 ;
Ryan’s Daughter by David Lean released in 1970 ;
Barry Lyndon by Stanley Kubrick released in 1975 ;
The Dead by John Huston released in 1987 ;
My Left Foot of Jim Sheridan released in 1989 ;
The Commitments of Alan Parker released in 1991 ;
The horse came from the sea of Mike Newell released in 1994 ;
On behalf of the father of Jim Sheridan released in 1994 ;
Michael Collins by Neil Jordan released in 1996 ;
The Van of Stephen Frears released in 1996 ;
General of John Boorman released in 1997 ;
Angela’s Ashes by Alan Parker released in 1999
Bloody Sunday by Paul Greengrass released in 2002 ;
Omagh by Pete Travis released in 2004 ;
The wind rises in Ken Loach released in 2006 ;
PS I Love You by Richard LaGravenese released in 2007 .
Hunger by Steve McQueen was released in 2008 .
Actors and actresses: Daniel Day-Lewis , Pierce Brosnan , Peter O’Toole , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , Colin Farrell , Evanna Lynch , Fiona Shaw , Pauline McLynn , Devon Murray , Saoirse Ronan , Brendan Gleeson , Liam Neeson , Maureen O’Hara , Richard Harris , Maureen O’Sullivan , Cillian Murphy , Stephen Rea , Gabriel Byrne , Colm Meaney , Michael Fassbender .
Museum of Guinness in Dublin
The Distillery Midleton and Cooley
The crystal from Waterford
February 10th, 2012