Donets'k (Донецьк) Donetsk (Доне́цк)
Flag Coat of arms
Map of Ukraine with Donetsk highlighted.
Map of Donetsk's city centre.
Coordinates: 48°00′10″N 37°48′19″E / 48.00278°N 37.80528°E / 48.00278; 37.80528Coordinates: 48°00′10″N 37°48′19″E / 48.00278°N 37.80528°E / 48.00278; 37.80528
Country	Ukraine
Oblast	Donetsk Oblast
Raion	Donetsk Municipality
Founded	18691
City rights	1917
Raions	List of 9 Budionivskyi Raion Voroshylovskyi Raion Kalininskyi Raion Kyivskyi Raion Kirovskyi Raion Kuibyshevskyi Raion Leninskyi Raion Petrovskyi Raion Proletarskyi Raion
Government
• Mayor	Oleksandr Lukianchenko
Area
• City	358 km2 (138 sq mi)
Elevation	169 m (554 ft)
Population (July 1, 2011)
• City	975,959
• Density	2,700/km2 (7,100/sq mi)
• Metro	2,009,700
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
• Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code	83000 — 83497
Area code(s)	+380 622, 623
Licence plate	АН
Sister cities	Bochum, Charleroi, Kutaisi, Pittsburgh, Sheffield, Taranto, Moscow, Vilnius
1 Donetsk was founded in 1869 as Yuzovka. ²The population of the metropolitan area is as of 2004.

Donetsk (Ukrainian: Донецьк Ukrainian pronunciation: [doˈnɛt͡sʲk], translit. Donets’k; Russian: Доне́цк, translit. Donetsk; former names: Yuzovka, Staline, Stalino, see also: Cities' alternative names), is a large city in eastern Ukraine on the Kalmius river. Administratively, it is a center of Donetsk Oblast, while historically, it is the unofficial capital and largest city of the larger economic and cultural Donets Basin (Donbass) region. Donetsk is a major economic, industrial and scientific center of Ukraine with a high concentration of companies and skilled workforce.

The city was founded in 1869 by a Welsh businessman, John Hughes, who constructed a steel plant and several coal mines in the region; the town was thus named Yuzovka (Юзовка) in recognition of his role in its founding ("Yuz" being a Russian or Ukrainian approximation of Hughes). During Soviet times, the city's steel industry was expanded. In 1924-1931 the town was renamed in Stalino (Сталино). In 1932 the city became the center of Donetsk region. Today, the city remains the centre for Ukraine's coal mining and notable steel industry center.

Donetsk currently has a population of over 982,000 inhabitants (2010)^[1] and has a metropolitan area of over 1,566,000 inhabitants (2004). According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, Donetsk is the fifth-largest city in Ukraine.^[2]

Donetsk has a nickname "The City of Million Roses".^[3]

Geography and climate[link]

The spoil tips near the Kalmius. On a foreground - Chervonogvardejskij raion of Makiivka

Donetsk lies in the steppe landscape of Ukraine, surrounded by scattered woodland, hills (spoil tips), rivers, and lakes. The northern outskirts of the city are mainly used for agriculture. The Azov Sea, 95 km south of Donetsk, is a popular recreational area for those living in Donetsk. A wide belt of farmlands surrounds the city.

The city stretches 28 km from north to south and 55 km from east to west. There are 2 nearby reservoirs: Nyzhnekalmius (60 ha), and the "Donetsk Sea" (206 ha). 5 rivers flow through the city, including the Kalmius, Asmolivka (13 km), Cherepashkyna (23 km), Skomoroshka, and Bakhmutka. The city also contains a total of 125 spoil tips.^[4]

Donetsk's climate is moderate continental.^[5] The average temperatures are −5 °C (23 °F) in January and 18 °C (64 °F) in June. The average number of rainfall per year totals 162 days and up to 556 millimetres per year.^[5]

History[link]

Donetsk was founded in 1869 when the Welsh businessman John Hughes built a steel plant and several coal mines in the southern part of Russian Empire at Aleksandrovka (Ukrainian: Олександрівка). The town initially was given the name Hughesovka (Yuzovka; Russian: Юзовка; Ukrainian: Юзівка).^[8] By the beginning of the 20th century, Yuzovka had approximately 50,000 inhabitants,^[9] and had attained the status of a city in 1917.^[10] The main district of "Hughezovka" named English Colony. The British origin of the city reflected in its layout and architecture.

In 1924, under the Soviet rule, the city's name was changed to Stalin. In that year, the city's population totaled 63,708, and in the next year — 80,085. In 1929-31 the city's name was changed to Stalino.^[11] The city did not have a drinking water system until 1931, when a 55.3 km system was laid underground. In July 1933, the city became the administrative centre of the Donetsk Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR.^[10] In 1933, the first 12 km sewer system was installed, and next year the first exploitation of gas was conducted within the city. In addition, some sources^[which?] state that the city was briefly called Trotsk—after Leon Trotsky—for a few months in 1923.

In the beginning of World War II, the population of Stalino consisted of 507,000, and after the war - only 175,000. The Nazi invasion during World War II almost completely destroyed the city, which was mostly rebuilt on a large scale at the war's end. It was occupied by Nazi Germany between 16 October 1941 and 5 September 1943.

A market on the main street of Novyi Svet section of Yuzovka. (1887)

The territory of Donetsk at the time of the Nazi German occupation consisted mainly of a Jewish ghetto, in which 3,000 Jews died, and a concentration camp in which 92,000 people were killed.^[4] During the war, a collective responsibility system was enforced. For every killed German soldier, 100 inhabitants were killed, and one for every killed policeman.^{[citation needed]}

In 1945 many forced laborers, young men and women aged 17 to 35, were interned into reparation servitude from the Danube Schwabian communities Schwowe of Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Roumania ( the Batschka, and Banat) and worked under extreme hardship to rebuild Stalino and to labor in its mines. Many died from disease and malnutrition.^[12]

Although Stalino means steel in Russian, during Nikita Khrushchev's second wave of destalinization in November 1961 the city was renamed Donetsh, after the Seversky Donets river, a tributary of the Don^[10] in order to distance it from the former leader Joseph Stalin.

In 1965, the Donetsk Academy of Sciences was established as part of the Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1970, Donetsk was recognized by UNESCO as the cleanest industrial town of the world. Donesk was granted the Order of Lenin in 1979.

After experiencing a tough time in the 1990s, when it was the center of gang wars for control over industrial enterprises, Donetsk has modernized quickly in recent years, largely under the influence of Big companies.

Local graffiti reflects that pro-Russian tendencies are partially political speculations over the pride of Donetsk residents for their city and the region. The script say: "Donbass is us" (Ukrainian).

Residents of the city tend to be pro-Russian in their political beliefs^{[citation needed]}. This has been massively exploited during 2004 presidential election, in which the city mostly voted for candidate Viktor Yanukovych, which had been announced as the winner of the election by the Central Election Commission. The vote was later proven to have been falsified, with many of the falsified votes coming from the surrounding region. This led to an election re-run, thus making Yanukovych lose the election. During the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary elections, the Yanukovych-led Party of Regions also won most of the votes from the region.

Government and administrative divisions[link]

Raions of Donetsk on the territory of the Donetsk City Municipality:

Bydionivskyi Raion   Voroshylovskyi Raion   Kalininskyi Raion   Kyivskyi Raion   Kirovskyi Raion

Kuibyshevskyi Raion   Leninskyi Raion   Petrovskyi Raion   Proletarskyi Raion

While Donetsk is the administrative center of the Donetsk Oblast (province), the city is the capital of the Donetsk City Municipality. However, Donetsk is a city of oblast subordinance, thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the Donetsk City Municipality housed in the city itself.

The territory of Donetsk is divided into 9 administrative raions (districts). In addition, every raion consists of raion councils, which are subordinate to the Donetsk City Council.

Demographics[link]

Donetsk currently has a population of over 982,000 inhabitants (2010)^[1] and has a metropolitan area of over 1,566,000 inhabitants (2004). It is the fifth-largest city in Ukraine.^[2]

While the majority of people in central and western Ukraine speak Ukrainian, the completer majority of the residents of Donetsk are Russian-speaking Ukrainians and ethnic Russians. According to 2001 population census,^[22] Ukrainians are 56,9% of Donetsk oblast and Russians are 38,2%. The Russian language is dominant in Donbass: even the ethnic Ukrainians consider Russian as their first language. In 1989 there were no Ukrainian language schools in Donetsk.^[23]

The actual nationality structure of the Donetsk City Municipality is as follows:^[24]

Total: 1,024,678 people, 100.00%

In 1991 one-third of the population described themselves as Russian, one-third as Ukrainian while the majority of the rest described themselves as Slav.^[23]

Economy[link]

Congress Hall.

Donetsk and the surrounding territories are heavily urbanized and agglomerated into conurbation. The workforce is heavily involved with heavy industry, especially coal mining. The city is an important center of heavy industry and coal mines in the Donets Basin (Donbass) and Ukraine. Directly under the city lie coal mines, which have recently seen an increase in mining accidents, the most recent accident being at the Zasyadko mine, which killed over 100 workers.^[25]

Donetsk's economy consists of about 200 industrial organizations that have a total production output of more than 50 billion hryvnias per year and more than 20,000 medium-small sized organizations.^[26] The city's coal mining industry comprises 17 coal mines and two concentrating mills; the metallurgy industry comprises 5 large metallurgical plants located throughout the city; the engineering market comprises 67 organizations, and the food industry — 32 organizations.^[26]

After the fall of the Soviet Union, Donetsk and other neighbouring cities of the Donbass suffered heavily, as many factories were closed down and many inhabitants lost their jobs.^[27] However, in spite of the difficult economic situation in Ukraine, Donetsk is a developing city.^[26] About 412 thousand m² of living space, 7.9 km of gas networks, and 15.1 km of water supply networks were constructed in the city during 1998-2001.^[26]

The city also houses the "Donetsk" special economic zone.^[26][28] Donetsk currently has nine sister cities.^[29] The German city of Magdeburg had economic partnerships with Donetsk during 1962-1996.

The airline Donbassaero has its head office on the property of Donetsk International Airport.^[30]

Sports[link]

Donbass Arena inside

Donetsk is a large sports center, has a developed infrastructure. Donetsk has repeatedly held international competitions - Davis Cup, UEFA Championship League. Representatives of the city are the leaders in Ukraine in sports such as football, boxing, tennis, athletics and others.

But the most popular in Donetsk is football. Three major professional football clubs play in the city, which include two in the Ukrainian Premier League and one in the Ukrainian Second League: Shakhtar Donetsk, which plays at the Donbass Arena, Metalurh Donetsk, which plays at the Metalurh Stadium, and FC Olimpik Donetsk. Shakhtar Donetsk is 6-times winner of Ukrainian Championship and 7-time winner of Ukrainian Cup. In 2009, they became the first team from Ukraine to win a European competition, the UEFA Cup, beating Werder Bremen in the final. This also made them the last UEFA Cup winners before the tournament was rebranded as the UEFA Europa League. In 2011 Shakhtar. Shakhtar is now one of the most well-known clubs in Europe.

Donbass Arena was opened on 29 August 2009 and became the first stadium in Eastern Europe designed and constructed according to UEFA standards for stadiums of "Elite" category.

Hockey Club Donbass is also the champion of Ukraine. In 2011 Donbass was given membership to the Russian Major League. The club is currently in the process of building a Kontinental Hockey League regulation arena and developing its infrastructure so that it may make a pitch to join the league as soon as possible. Donbass plans to join Kontinental Hockey League in 2013.

MFC Shakhtar Donetsk won the Ukrainian futsal championship five times. The team was dissolved in January 2011 mid-way through the season.

VC Shakhtar Donetsk were the last team to win the Soviet Volleyball Championship, in 1992.

The city also has a team in the Ukrainian Basketball Super League, BC Donetsk, two-times bronze medal winner of Ukrainian Superleague.

In Donetsk, the USSR Tennis Championship took place within the city in 1978, 1979, and 1980 near the Donetsk Railroad tennis courts. Some tennis matches of the Davis Cup took place in Donetsk in 2005. In Donetsk, the Soviet Championship on Light Athletics in Youth took place in 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1984. A monument to famous pole vault athlete Serhiy Bubka is installed in the city.

Donetsk annual held "Pole Vault Stars".

In the city, sailboat championships take place on the city's Kalmius river.

When the joint bid for the UEFA Euro 2012 was won by Poland and Ukraine, Donetsk's Donbass Arena was chosen as the location for 3 Group Matches, Quarter-Final, and Semi-Final matches.^[31] The RSK Olimpiyskyi Stadium was chosen as a reserve stadium.^[32]

Culture[link]

Main Sights[link]

First Line Avenue (Artema Street)[link]

The main part of Donetsk, this large avenue is the place to start for any tourist trip around the city. You'll see an interesting mix of new and old architecture together with small parks, stylish hotels, shopping centers and fine restaurants. The historical sites are the most amazing here and include Lenin Square, the Opera & Ballet Theater, Monument to Coalminers, and Donetsk Drama Theater.

Statue of Artem (Fyodor Sergeyev)[link]

This imposing six meter statue on Artema Street is a tribute to one of the Soviet’s most celebrated politicians and adopted son of Joseph Stalin. He died in the Donets Basin in 1921.

Donetsk Opera & Ballet Theater[link]

Built in 1936, this is a gem of a theater with an elegant exterior and world-class performances inside.

Donetsk Opera Theatre, 2002

Pushkin Boulevard[link]

A beautiful green walkway that takes you away from Donetsk city life for a 2 km (1.24 mi) stroll. Here you can enjoy peaceful fountains, al fresco cafes, and a number of interesting statues such as the monument to Taras Shevchenko.

Donetsk is home to the world’s perhaps most famous plant forged out of steel, the intricate Mertsalov Palm, located on Pushkin Boulevard. Originally created for an exhibition in 1896 by Aleksei Mertsalov, a local blacksmith, out of a single rail, it represented the skills and power of the heavy industry in Czarist Russia.

Monument to John Hughes[link]

This 2001 statue located in front of Donetsk National Technical University honors the hard work of Welsh city founder John James Hughes. He was responsible for the city’s Yuzovka Steel Plant that gave Donetsk its industrial history.

Forged Figures Park[link]

Rose - the symbol of Donetsk City, Forged Figures Park

Forged Figures Park was opened in 2001 and is one-in-a-kind object. International Smithcraft Festival takes place in the park every year. The most impressive masterworks remain in the city as a gift expanding the number of park’s “residents”

Aquapark[link]

Donetsk Aquapark "Royal Marine" will be opened in Scherbakova Park in summer 2012 and? according to experts, will become one of the best aquaparks in the world. The free-standing dome, made with OpenAire’s exclusive, maintenance-free aluminum truss structure, will be 26m / 86’ high with a diameter of 85m / 278’, and will feature a unique retractable design that slides open in a smooth rotating motion, opening up to 50% of the structure to sunlight and fresh air. The 61,000 ft² / 5,667m² Aquatoria, slated to become the largest retractable aluminum-domed indoor waterpark in the world, is being built by Canadian company OpenAire, Inc., a premier designer, manufacturer and installer of retractable roof enclosures and operable skylights.^[33]

Architecture[link]

The VelikoBritaniya hotel is one of the oldest buildings in Donetsk, constructed in 1883.

Donetsk, at the time Yuzovka, was divided into two parts: north and south. In the southern part were the city's factories, train depots, telegraph buildings, hospitals and schools.^[34] Not far from the factories was the English colony where the engineers and the management lived. After the construction of the residence of John Hughes and the various complexes for the foreign workers, the city's southern portion was constructed mainly in the English style.

These buildings used rectangular and triangular shaped façades, green rooftops, large windows, which occupied a large portion of the building, and balconies.^[34] In this part of the town, the streets were large and had sidewalks. A major influence on the formation of architecture in Donetsk was the official architect of a Novorossiya company — Moldingauyer.^[34] Preserved buildings of the southern part of Yuzovka consisted of the residences of John Hughes (1891, partially preserved), Bolfur (1889) and Bosse.

In the northern part of Yuzovka, Novyi Svet, lived traders, craftsmen and bureaucrats.^[34] Here were located the market hall, the police headquarters and the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of Jesus. The central street of Novyi Svet and the neighbouring streets were mainly edged by one- or two-story residential buildings, as well as markets, restaurants, hotels, offices and banks. A famous preserved building in the northern part of Yuzovka was the Hotel Great Britain.

The first general plan of Stalino was made in 1932 in Odessa by the architect P. Golovchenko. In 1937, the project was partly reworked. These projects were the first in the city's construction bureau's history.^[34]

A large portion of the city's buildings from the second half of the 20th century were designed by the architect Pavel Vigdergauz, which was given the Government award of the USSR for architecture in the city of Donetsk in 1978.^[34]

Religion[link]

The reconstructed Cathedral Transfiguration of Jesus in Donetsk.

Donetsk's residents belong to many different religious bodies: Eastern Orthodox^[35] Greek Catholic, Protestant, and Roman Catholic, as well as Islamic Mosques and Judaic synagogues. The largest religious body with the most members is the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate).

Media[link]

Five television stations operate within Donetsk:

• TRK Ukraina (Ukrainian: ТРК Україна)^[36]
• KRT, Kyivska Rus' (Ukrainian: КРТ, Київська Русь)^[37]
• First Municipal (Russian: Первый муниципальный)^[38]
• Kanal 27 (Russian: 27 канал)
• TRK Donbass (Russian: ТРК Донбасс)

In Donetsk, there is the 360 metre tall TV tower, one of the tallest structures in the city, completed in 1992.

Famous people[link]

Donetsk has been home to many people, including sportsmen, musicians, writers, businessmen, dissidents, and many others. The citizens of Donetsk are commonly called Donechyani (Ukrainian: Донеччани). The following is a list of famous people that were born or raised in the city:

Museums[link]

Donetsk is home to about 140 museums. Among them, two large regional museums - Donetsk Region History Museum and Donetsk Regional Art Museum.

Donetsk Region History Museum reveals the city's true identity and covers to the entire local community, diverse as it is. Set up in 1924, it offers an extensive expo with 120,000 exhibits: from archeological findings dating back to pre-historic times to the founding of the city by John Hughes, development of industry and coal mining, World War II and the Soviet times .

FC Shaktar Museum was opened in 2010. This museum is the first Ukrainian museum to be nominated for a European Museum of the Year Award^[39]

Transportation[link]

Local transportation[link]

A Donetsk trolley bus with the Cathedral Transfiguration of Jesus in Donetsk.

Tram LM-2008.

The main forms of transport within Donetsk are: trams, electric trolley buses, buses and marshrutkas (private minibuses). The city public transportation system is controlled by the united Dongorpastrans municipal company. The city has 12 tram lines (~130 km), 17 trolley bus lines (~188 km), and about 115 bus lines.^[40] Both the tram and trolley bus systems in the city are served by 2 depots each.^[40] Another method of transport within the city is taxicab service, of which there are 32 in Donetsk.

The city also contains autostations located within the city and its suburbs: autostation Yuzhny (South), which serves mainly transport lines to the south, hence its name; autostation Tsentr (Centre), which serves transport in the direction of Marinka and Vuhledar as well as intercity transport; the autostation Krytyi rynok (Indoor market), which serves mainly transport in the north and east directions; and the autostation Putilovsky, which serves mainly the north and northwest transport directions.

The construction of the metro system in the city, began in 1992, was recently abandoned due to the lack of funding. No lines or stations has been finished^[41]

Railroads[link]

Donetsk's Main Railway Station, located in the North of the city.

Donetsk's Main Railway Station, which serves about 7 million passengers annually,^[40] is located in the northern part of the city. There is a museum near the main station, dealing with the history of region's railroads. Other railway stations are: Rutchenkovo, located in the Kyivskyi Raion; Mandrykino (Petrovskyi Raion), and Mushketovo (Budionivskyi Raion). Some passenger trains avoid Donetsk station and serve the station Yasynuvata, located outside the city limits. Although not used for regular transportation, the city also has a children's railway. (As of September 2009) a new railway terminal facility that will comply with UEFA requirements (since Donetsk is one of the host city's for UEFA EURO 2012) is planned.^[42]

As the Donetsk Oblast is an important transportation hub in Ukraine, so is its center Donetsk. The Donetsk Railways, based in Donetsk, is one of the largest railway divisions in the country. It serves the farming and industrial businesses of the area, and the populations of the Donetsk, Luhansk, partly the Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia and Kharkiv oblasts.

Road transport[link]

The reconstructed terminal of the Donetsk International Airport.

The highway, part of the International E-road network, runs through the city en route to Rostov-on-Don in Russia.

In addition, another international road runs through the city: the M 04. Also, three national Ukrainian roads ( N 15, N 20, and N 21) pass through the city.

Air travel[link]

In addition to public and rail transport, Donetsk has an international airport.^[43] It was constructed in the end of the 1940s to the beginning of the 1950s. The whole airport complex was finished in 1973. The city-based DonbassAero airline operates the airport.

Education[link]

Donetsk is a well-known educational location of the surrounding area, accompanied with several universities, which include 5 state universities, 11 institutes, 3 academies, 14 technicums, 5 private universities, and 6 colleges.

The most important and prominent educational institutions include the National Technical University^[44] ("Donetsk Polytechnical Institute" in 1960-1993), as well as the Donetsk National University^[45] which was founded in 1965. The National Technical University held close contacts with the University in Magdeburg. Since 1970, more than 100 students from Germany (East Germany) have completed their higher education at either one of the two main universities in Donetsk.

There are also several scientific research institutes, and an Islamic University within Donetsk.

Twinnings[link]

Donetsk participates in international town twinning schemes to foster good international relations. Partners include:

Footnotes and references[link]

External links[link]

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v t e Administrative divisions of Donetsk Oblast Administrative center: Donetsk Districts Amvrosiivka Artemivsk Dobropillia Kostiantynivka Krasnoarmiisk Krasnyi Lyman Marinka Novoazovsk Oleksandrivka Pershotravnevyi Shakhtarsk Sloviansk Starobesheve Telmanove Velyka Novosilka Volnovakha Volodarske Yasynuvata Cities Major cities Avdiivka Artemivsk Debaltseve Dobropillia Dokuchaevsk Donetsk Druzhkivka Dymytrov Dzerzhynsk Horlivka Khartsyzk Kirovske Kostiantynivka Kramatorsk Krasnoarmiisk Krasnyi Lyman Makiivka Mariupol Novohrodivka Selydove Shakhtarsk Sloviansk Snizhne Torez Vuhledar Yasynuvata Yenakiieve Zhdanivka Other cities Amvrosiivka Artemove Bilozerske Bilytske Chasiv Yar Hirnyk Ilovaisk Komsomolske Krasnohorivka Kurakhove Marinka Mospyne Mykolaivka Novoazovsk Rodynske Siversk Soledar Sviatohirsk Svitlodarsk Ukrainsk Volnovakha Vuhlehirsk Yunokomunarivsk Zuhres List of: urban-type settlements — villages

v t e  Administrative divisions of Ukraine Capital: Kiev Oblasts Cherkasy Chernihiv Chernivtsi Dnipropetrovsk Donetsk Ivano-Frankivsk Kharkiv Kherson Khmelnytskyi Kiev Kirovohrad Luhansk Lviv Mykolaiv Odessa Poltava Rivne Sumy Ternopil Vinnytsia Volyn Zakarpattia Zaporizhia Zhytomyr Cities with special status Kiev Sevastopol Autonomous republic Crimea Administrative centers Cherkasy Chernihiv Chernivtsi Dnipropetrovsk Donetsk Ivano-Frankivsk Kharkiv Kherson Khmelnytskyi Kiev Kirovohrad Luhansk Lutsk Lviv Mykolaiv Odessa Poltava Rivne Sevastopol Simferopol Sumy Ternopil Uzhhorod Vinnytsia Zaporizhia Zhytomyr

This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality. Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page. (March 2012)

Rinat Leonidovych Akhmetov Рінат Леонідович Ахметов
Born	(1966-09-21) 21 September 1966 (age 45) Donetsk, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
Nationality	Ukraine
Occupation	Businessman
Net worth	US$16 billion (March 2012)[1]
Political party	Party of Regions
Spouse	Liliya Nikolayevna Smirnova
Children	Almir Akhmetov (1997) Damir Akhmetov (1988)

Rinat Leonidovych Akhmetov also known as Renat Leonidovich Akhmetov^[2][3] (Ukrainian: Рінат Леонідович Ахметов, Russian: Ринат Леонидович Ахметов, Tatar: Ренат Леонид улы Әхмәтов; born on 21 September 1966) is a Ukrainian businessman and oligarch.^[4] He is the founder and President of System Capital Management (SCM), and is ranked among the wealthiest men in the nation.^[5] Akhmetov is also the owner and President of the Ukrainian football club Shakhtar Donetsk. At Rinat Akhmetov' initiative Foundation for Effective Governance (est. 2007) and Foundation for Development of Ukraine (est. 2005) were established. Since the 2007 Ukrainian parliamentary election Akhmetov has been a member of the Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada (parliament) for the Party of Regions.^[6][7] There have been claims Akmetov has been involved in organized crime.^[8][9] In January 2008 Akhmetov won a London libel court case "for damage to his reputation" for such claims.^[2] (Other) claims about an alleged “criminal past” have been retracted by media.

Early life[link]

Rinat Akhmetov was born in Donetsk, Ukrainian SSR to a Tatar^[10] working-class family. His father, Leonid Akhmetov (d. 1991) was a coal-miner,^[6][11] and his mother, Nyakiya Akhmetova, was a shop assistant. Rinat Akhmetov has an older brother, Igor, who as well worked as a coal miner but had to resign due work related health complications.^[12]

Education[link]

Rinat Akhmetov obtained a Bachelor of Arts / Science in Economics from the Donetsk National University, he graduated in 2001.^[7][13]

Business career[link]

Beginnings[link]

Details regarding Akhmetov's past and how he obtained his wealth after the fall of communism in Ukraine, and the decade between 1985 and 1995 remains controversial.^[14][15]

Akhmetov has stated in interviews that he obtained his wealth by making risky business investments in the first years after the collapse of the Soviet Union,^[15] and responded to allegations in 2010, denying he has ever inherited any money from Akhat Bragin or anyone else: "I have earned my first million by trading coal and coke, and spent the money on assets that no one wanted to buy. It was a risk but it was worth it".^[16] Akhmetov would head Dongorbank (formerly Akceptbank) in 1995.^[17]

Many publications in Ukraine and other European countries have made claims about an alleged “criminal past” of Akhmetov, some of which they have later retracted.^[14][2][18] (See #Disputes in the media.) The following is a summary of some of the claims made about him:

Akhmetov is said to have ties to organized crime.^[4][19] According to Hans van Zon, Professor of Central and Eastern European Studies in the University of Sunderland, "As early as 1986, Rinat and his brother Igor were involved in criminal activities."^[9]

In the 1980s, Akhmetov acted as an assistant to Akhat Bragin, whom law enforcement agencies regarded as a powerful crime boss;^[15] allegedly in the illegal cloth trading business.^[9] Andrew Wilson, a scholar specializing in Ukrainian politics, categorized Akhmetov as a former ‘enforcer’ and ‘leader’ of “[Akhat] Bragin’s ‘Tatar’ clan,” responsible for the use of “mafia methods to push aside the ‘red directors’ of the [Industrial Union of the Donbass] (IUD).”^[20] By the early 1990s, Akhmetov began acquiring property in Donetsk allegedly by means of extortion with the assistance of Volodymyr Malyshev, Lieutenant-General of The Head of Ministry of Internal Affairs Department in Donetsk Oblast.^[9] Malyshev, now a member of Ukraine's Parliament on the committee controlling law enforcement, is accused by Kuzin of using his position to do away with previously existing police records concerning Akhmetov shortly before becoming chief of security for Akhmetov’s company.^[2] “In [the 1990's], Akhmetov was very different – he was totally private with no public persona, and was trying to find ways to deal with his ‘difficult past’,” noted U.S. ambassador William Taylor, citing prominent Ukrainian businessman Serhiy Taruta.^[21]

In October 1995, Bragin, his former mentor and president of Shakhtar Donetsk football club, was killed in a mysterious bombing along with six of his bodyguards at the team's stadium during a match.^[22][23] Bragin and his associates had an ongoing conflict with mob groups and rival businessmen, and had survived several attempts on his life. Bragin, who was alleged to have a leadership role in the Ukrainian mafia, was succeeded by Akhmetov as team president following his death.^[24][23] Some associate Akhmetov with the death of Bragin.^[20] Following the assassinations, Akhmetov is said to have "inherited a vast financial empire from Bragin".^[9]

In September 1999, an official Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs report titled the “Overview of the Most Dangerous Organized Crime Structures in Ukraine” identified Akhmetov as a leader of "Renat's" organized crime group. The report tied the group to money laundering, financial fraud, and the control of numerous large and fictitious companies.^[2][25] The report also says that the group's activities "have been stopped," and says further that their criminal natures "have not been confirmed."^[2]

SCM Group[link]

Akhmetov founded System Capital Management Group (JSC "SCM") in 2000, and has been its sole proprietor since 2009.^[26] During his career SCM has grown to be one of Ukraine’s leading financial and industrial firms^[27] with assets including over 100 businesses in metals and mining, power generation, banking and insurance, telecommunications, media and real estate; and revenues of around $12.8 billion and has assets worth over $22.7 billion.^[28] The largest company in the SCM Group is METINVEST, which is a mining and steel business and is generally agreed to be Ukraine’s largest private business and is one of the larger steel businesses in Europe.

In June 2004^[29] Akhmetov and Viktor Pinchuk (the son-in-law of then-President Leonid Kuchma) acquired the steel factory Kryvorizhstal for roughly $800 million from the state in a 2004 tender despite much higher bids made by foreign companies.^[30] Later, in 2005, the first Tymoshenko Government reversed this sale, and held a nationally-televised repeat auction that netted a record-breaking $4.8 billion.^[30]

After Ukraine's Orange Revolution of late 2004, in an attempt to fight coruption, several prominent businessman came under criminal investigation;^[31] In 2011 Hennadiy Moskal, who in 2005 acted as Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, gave an interview to Ukrainian magazine "Profyl", where he claimed to have been under Presidential orders in 2005 in investigate & audit Akhmetov for his alleged role in organized crime. Concrete evidence was never officially revealed against him, nor his company. According to Moskal, the MVS investigated all incidents related to missing people in 1990s in Donetsk region, who had any property left, and its current owners, but no connections with Rinat Akhmetov and his entourage were found.^[32] Looking back, Moskal concluded that "we had nothing on Akhmetov in 2005”.^[32] According to political journal's Post-Soviet Affairs, and The Nation, Akhmetov was investigated on murder charges and for his alleged role in organized crime in the Donetsk region. To avoid prosecution he was prompted to flee^{[neutrality is disputed]} the country to Monaco.^{[19][32][33][34]} In June 2005, Serhiy Kornich, then head of the Interior Ministry's economic crimes department, stated publicly that Akhmetov was "the head of [an] organized crime group."^[35] That year year, Borys Kolesnikov, a friend and associate who had been tied to Akhmetov in links to organized crime since the 1980s, was arrested on charges of extortion and conspiracy to assassinate a rival Donetsk businessman.^[19] Charges against Akhmetov and Kolesnikov were dropped in 2006 amid a significant rise in political power by the former,^[19] and the cooperation of the Yuschenko government,^[34] ending Akhmetov's exile.

SCM has been recognized as a leader of Ukrainian corporate social responsibility ratings, garnering the top nomination by Gvardiya magazine's rankings of Ukraine's "Socially Responsible Companies" in 2011. SCM had previously won in 2009,^[36] and 2010.^[37]

In 2008 UAH 3.4 million was given to compensate the victims and people whose relatives died in the blasts at Akhmetov's Krasnolimanskaya and Karla Marksa coal mines.^[38][39] A further UAH 600,000 was given to relatives of relatives of 6 miners killed in a methane blast at the Duvannaya coal mine.^[40]

In 2007 SCM bought Londons most expensive penthouse at One Hyde Park for a reported $213 million, as a portfolio investment, but the information about the deal was disclosed only 4 years later, in April 2011, after the asset has shown a steady annual rise. ^[41][42][43]

Wealth[link]

Rinat Akhmetov has been number one in Korrespondent magazine annual Ukraine’s Top 50 richest people rating with the estimated wealth of:

• 2006 - $ 11.8 bil^[44]
• 2007 - $ 15.6 bil^[45]
• 2008 - $ 31.1 bil^[46]
• 2009 - $ 9.6 bil^[47]
• 2010 - $ 17.8 bil^[48]
• 2011 - $ 25.6 bil^[49]

Forbes' The World's Billionaires rating:

• 2006 - No. 451 with a net-worth of $1.7 bil^[50]
• 2007 - No. 214 with $4.0 bil^[51]
• 2008 - No. 127 with $7.3 bil^[52]
• 2009 - No. 397 with $1.8 bil^[53]
• 2010 - No. 148 with $5.2 bil^[54]
• 2011 - No. 39 with $16 bil.^[55]
• 2012 - No. 39 with $16 bil.^[55]

Political activity[link]

In a September 13, 2007 diplomatic cable released between prominent Ukrainian business partners Serhiy Taruta, Vitaliy Haiduk, and U.S. ambassador William Taylor, Taruta alleged that Akhmetov had in 1997 persuaded Ukrainian president Leonid Kuchma to appoint Viktor Yanukovych governor of Donetsk oblast, who then in turn made Haiduk his deputy.^[21] In follow up of the released cables, Akhmetov's spokesperson refused comment and Haiduk denied the conversation taking place.^[21]

Akhmetov was elected as a member of Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada (parliament) during the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election as a member of the Party of Regions.^[6][7][56] Akhmetov was reelected during the 2007 parliamentary election again as a member of the Party of Regions.^[15][57] However, he only appeared once in the Verkhovna Rada building during his inauguration.^[56] Leader of the party's faction in the Verkhovna Rada, Oleksander Yefremov, has mentioned that Rinat Akhmetov provides "substantative support" to the faction by providing what he referred to as "functioning expert groups he established that are counselling on draft laws".^[58][59] In December 2011 Akhmetov announced he is not going to participate in the 2012 parliamentary election.^[60]

U.S. diplomatic cables revealed that Akhmetov posted $2 million bail in 2007 for the release of three members of the Party of Regions, including former Sumy Governor Volodymyr Shcherban, who was accused of election rigging, extortion, tax evasion and abuse of office.^[61]

The newspaper Segodnya, owned by Akhmetov, has drawn criticism for its alleged mandate favoring coverage of certain politicians and public figures, the journalists at the paper admitted.^[62][63]

Sports and patronage[link]

Following the October 1995 bombing assassination of former team president Akhat Bragin at the team's stadium, Akhmetov (who had served as Bragin's right-hand man and himself narrowly missed the attempt on his life),^[64] subsequently inherited operation of the Shakhtar Donetsk football club. On October 11, 1996, Akhmetov was appointed president of the team^[65] and began investing heavily in both players and their training facilities. Under his command, FC Shakhtar became Premier League Champions in 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2011; Domestic Cup champions in 1997, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2011; Super-Cup in 2005, 2008 and 2010; and UEFA Cup in 2009.^[65]

In 2009 Donbass Arena stadium was built in Donetsk at Rinat Akhmetov's initiative. It is the first stadium in Eastern Europe that was designed and built to the elite UEFA standards; its seating capacity holds over 50,000 persons.^[66] Rinat Akhmetov had dreamt about such a stadium long before Ukraine had acquired the right to host EURO 2012.

Private life[link]

Rinat Akhmetov is married to Liliya Smirnova (b. 1965) and with her has two sons, Damir (b. 1988) and Almir (b. 1997).^[6]

Cultural and political image[link]

Released in a Wikileaks diplomatic cable, Volodymyr Horbulin, one of Ukraine's most respected policy strategists and former presidential advisor, told the U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine in 2006 that the Party of Regions, which "enjoyed deep pockets, being largely financed by billionaire Donetsk boss Rinat Akhmetov” is partly composed of “pure criminals" and "criminal and anti-democracy figures."^[67] In a U.S. diplomatic cable dated February 3, 2006, then U.S. Ambassador John Herbst referred to Akhmetov's Party of Regions as "long a haven for Donetsk-based mobsters and oligarchs" and called Akhmetov the "godfather" of the Donetsk clan.^[21]

Philanthropy[link]

Akhmetov is involved with charities that support Ukrainian citizens.^[68] Akhmetov established the Foundation for Development of Ukraine in 2005, which is "determined to eliminate the roots of social problems" in Ukraine.^[69] In 2008 it has been reported that within next 5 years the Organization planned to spend $150 million to fulfill its programs.^[70] In 2007, Akhmetov founded the Foundation for Effective Governance (FEG)^[71] to support economic development of Ukraine. On 6 December 2007, FEG was founded in Kiev with a goal to improve the standard of living of each Ukrainian citizen.^[72]

In 2008 Akhmetov donated UAH 258,600 million to charity, that made him the No.2 in a list of top ten businessmen who donated for charity in 2008^[73] In the following year, Ukrainian business weekly "Kontrakty" named Akhmetov the top businessmen-philanthropist in Ukraine.^[74] In 2010, Akhmetov's total charitable contributions amounted to UAH 155,65 million, making him No. 1 philanthropist in Ukraine.^[75] For 2011, Akhmetov donated UAH 222.7 million to charity.^[76]

Akhmetov claims his salary for being a member of Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada (parliament) is traditionally deferred to charity.^[72]

Notable donations[link]

• In October 2007 nearly $900,000 was donated to families of victims of the gas explosion that tore through an apartment complex in Dnipropetrovsk.^[77]
• In April 2011, Rinat Akhmetov decided to allocate $1 million to support the "Shelter” Project", for construction of the new safe confinement to cover reactor No. 4 at Chernobyl.^[78][79][80]
• In April 2011, after earthquake in Japan in March 2011, FC Shakhtar Donetsk donated 1 million U.S. dollars to victims of the disaster,^[81][82] saying "this is a terrible tragedy and its scope is really international. The Ukrainians, who experienced Chernobyl, understand Japanese people. Unfortunately, we cannot return thousands of lives, but what we can really help those, who survived and stayed alive".^[83]

Recognition[link]

• Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise of the V class (2010)^[84]
• Full Chevalier of Order of Merit: I class in 2006,^[85] II class in2004,^[86] III class in2002^[87]
• Full Chevalier of the Miner's Glory Medal
• Honoured Worker of fitness and sports of Ukraine (1999)^[88]
• Award from President of Pakistan Sitara-e-Pakistan (2007) for merits to Pakistan^[89]
• Donetsk Citizens Recognition Prize in 2008 (est. by Donetsk City Council), in the nomination "Caring for the future"^[90][91]
• Honorary citizen of Donetsk (2006)^[92]

Disputes with media[link]

When dealing with public criticism and allegations concerning his past, Akhmetov has utilized a notably well-stocked PR and legal team to protect his image and name. His team often contests reports on him that they consider to be libelous, scandalous, or inaccurate. To date, his legal team has obtained many retractions, apologies, and libel settlements.^[14] Critics accuse Akhmetov of going beyond protecting his name, but rather fear mongering investigative journalists.^[14] As many court cases occur in London for its lax free speech laws, critics accuse Akhmetov and his legal team of abuse of libel tourism.^[14]

In a statement issued by Akhmetov's lawyer Mark MacDougall, "Akhmetov has done a lot of work to protect his good name from false accusations, which might hurt the reputation of his family and business. As the result of it, many publications in Ukraine and other European countries had published retractions and apologies… [and] admitted that their claims are false. We think that these facts speak for themselves”.^[2]

In 2007, the Kyiv Post, the primary English language daily newspaper in Ukraine, published an article relating to Mr. Akhmetov’s business transactions relating to the Dniproenergo thermoelectric generator and the Kryvorizhstal steel mill.^[93] The newspaper published an apology stating that “on closer examination, we concluded these allegations relating to Mr. Akhmetov were untrue and have no basis in fact.”^[93]

In 2007, the German language Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung (“NZZ”) retracted defamatory statements from published earlier article regarding Mr. Akhmetov’s early business career in the 1990s, noting that “there is no connection between Akhmetov … and organized crime in Ukraine” and “[t]he economic success of Akhmetov is not based by any means on criminally acquired starting capital.”^[18]

In 2008, a judgment was obtained from the High Court of Justice in London after Obozrevatel, a Ukrainian language Internet publication refused to retract false and libelous statements alleging that Mr. Akhmetov was connected to criminal activity and violence. The Obozrevatel report interviewed his former classmates and neighbors, and delved into his early years.^[14] Following court pressure Obozrevatel issued an official apology stating: “The editorial hereby admits that there was unchecked and false information about Rinat Akhmetov present in the … articles … We hereby give our apologies to Rinat Akhmetov for the problems resulted from the above-mentioned publications.”^[94][95] The journalist, who has political ambitions, refused to issue an apology or acknowledge any wrongdoing.^[96]

The website GoLocalProv.com, based in Providence, Rhode Island, published in 2010 allegations that Akhmetov had ties to organized crime.^[97] Subsequently, PolitiFact engaged in a review of the allegations on GoLocalProv’s site and disputed the sources on which they were based, stating that “key elements of the [GoLocalProv] story are false or unproven” and that the story presented “suspicions, suggestions, innuendo, and conspiracy theories” as fact.^[97] The GoLocalProv articles and audio shortly after their publishing were removed from the site. The publisher, Josh Fenton, explained that they disappeared for "technical reasons" and the radio station which aired the interview containing the allegations refused comment.^[14]

In 2010 the French daily newspaper Le Figaro issued a retraction of false allegations it published on 18 January 2010 regarding Rinat Akhmetov, due to a lack of evidence to support their claims, and issued an apology.^{[98][99][100]} Le Figaro had falsely claimed that Akhmetov was "a scandalous Ukrainian oligarch" and that he was "a bandit in the past".^[100]

In fiction[link]

In his novel Donetsk Mafia: Anthology,^[101] Ukrainian author Serhiy Kuzin portrays a young Akhmetov as a 'mafia thug'.^[24]

See also[link]

• Business oligarch
• Ukrainian oligarchs
• History of post-Soviet Russia: The "loans for shares" scheme and the rise of the "oligarchs"
• Viktor Pinchuk
• Leonid Kuchma
• FC Shakhtar Donetsk
• Donbass Arena

References [link]

External links[link]

• Rinat Akhmetov speech at the presenation of two-year performance report of Foundation for Development of Ukraine on YouTube
• Forbes.com: The World's Billionaires,2011 - #39 Rinat Akhmetov
• Foundation for Development of Ukraine
• Foundation for Effective Governance

Luiz Adriano

Personal information
Full name	Luiz Adriano de Souza da Silva
Date of birth	(1987-04-12) April 12, 1987 (age 25)
Place of birth	Porto Alegre, Brazil
Height	1.82 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)[1]
Playing position	Striker
Club information
Current club	Shakhtar Donetsk
Number	9
Youth career
2004–2005	Internacional
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
2006–2007	Internacional	12	(3[2])
2007–	Shakhtar Donetsk	91	(37)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 23 May 2011. † Appearances (Goals).

Luiz Adriano de Souza da Silva^[2] or simply Luiz Adriano (born April 12, 1987 in Porto Alegre^[1]), is a Brazilian striker who plays for Shakhtar Donetsk.

Club career[link]

Internacional[link]

The top moment of his career, however, did not come until late 2006, as Internacional faced against Barcelona in the FIFA Club World Cup. Luiz Adriano came in as a late substitute and helped the squad as teammate Adriano Gabiru netted the winner in the 82nd minute.^[3] Luiz Adriano scored the defining goal for Internacional in their 2–1 win over Al-Ahly during the semifinals of the tournament.^[4]

Shakhtar Donetsk[link]

Luiz Adriano was transferred from Internacional to Ukrainian side Shakhtar Donetsk on March 2, 2007, for a reported €3 million price (R$8,128,830).^[5][6] With Shakhtar he won the Ukrainian Premier League. He scored the opening goal of the 2009 UEFA Cup Final which his team Shakhtar Donetsk went on to win 2–1 after extra time. Following the UEFA Cup, he had provided his club with many goals, holding the image of a target man.^[7]

On 16 February 2011, he scored the winning goal against AS Roma in a 3–2 away victory during the first leg of the UEFA Champions League Round of 16 and after being victorious across the two legs.

Career statistics[link]

As of 25 May 2011

• Other - National Super Cup

Honours[link]

Internacional