Network name	Voice of America
Name	Voice of America
Logo
Network type	International public broadcaster
Country	United States (''for external consumption only'')
Owner	Federal government of the United States
Affiliations	World Radio Network
Website	www.voanews.com
Footnotes	}}

Voice of America (VOA) is the official external broadcast institution of the United States federal government. It is one of five civilian U.S. international broadcasters working under the umbrella of the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG). VOA provides a wide range of programming for broadcast on radio and TV and the Internet outside of the U.S. in 43 languages. VOA produces about 1,500 hours of news and feature programming each week for an estimated global audience of 123 million people, "to promote freedom and democracy and to enhance understanding through multimedia communication of accurate, objective, and balanced news, information and other programming about America and the world to audiences overseas." Its day-to-day operations are supported by the International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB).

A 1976 law signed by President Gerald Ford requires VOA to "serve as a consistently reliable and authoritative source of news." The VOA Charter states: "VOA news will be accurate, objective and comprehensive." However, the service has been criticized as an instrument of American propaganda.

VOA radio and television broadcasts are distributed by satellite, cable and on FM, AM, and shortwave radio frequencies. They are streamed on individual language service websites, social media sites and mobile platforms. VOA has more than 1,200 affiliate and contract agreements with radio and television stations and cable networks worldwide.

Transmission facilities[link]

One of VOA's radio transmitter facilities was originally based on a site in Union Township (now West Chester Township) in Butler County, Ohio, near Cincinnati. The Bethany Relay Station operated from 1944 to 1994. Other former sites include California (Dixon, Delano), Hawaii, Okinawa, Liberia, Costa Rica, and Belize.

Currently, the VOA and the IBB continue to operate shortwave radio transmitters and antenna farms at one site in the United States, close to Greenville, North Carolina. They do not use FCC-issued callsigns, as other radio stations on US soil are required by FCC rules to do. The IBB also operates a transmission facility on São Tomé for the VoA.

The Voice of America is fully funded by the U.S. taxpayer. Congress appropriates funds annually. VOA's FY 2010 budget estimate was $206.5 million.

Languages[link]

The Voice of America currently broadcasts in 44 languages (TV marked with an asterisk): {|width=45% |-valign=top |width=15%|

Afan Oromo

Albanian*

Amharic

Arabic*

Armenian*

Azerbaijani*

Bengali*

Bosnian*

Burmese

Cantonese*

Creole

Croatian*

Dari*

English* (also Special English)

French*

|width=15%|

Georgian

Greek*

Hausa

Hindi

Indonesian*

Khmer

Kinyarwanda

Kirundi

Korean

Kurdish

Lao

Macedonian*

Mandarin*

Ndebele

Pashto*

Persian*

|width=15%|

Portuguese

Russian*

Serbian*

Shona

Somali

Spanish*

Swahili

Thai

Tibetan*

Tigrigna

Turkish*

Ukrainian*

Urdu*

Uzbek*

Vietnamese

|}

The number of languages broadcast and the number of hours broadcast in each language vary according to the priorities of the United States Government and the world situation. In 2001, according to an International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB) fact sheet, VOA broadcast in 53 languages, with 12 televised. For example, in July 2007, VOA added 30 minutes to its daily Somali radio broadcast, providing a full hour of live, up-to-the-minute news and information to listeners. VOA estimates it produces 1,500 hours of programming each week to an audience of 123 million

Overview[link]

The Voice of America has been a part of several agencies:

From 1942 to 1945, it was part of the Office of War Information, and then from 1945 to 1953 as a function of the State Department. The VOA was placed under the U.S. Information Agency in 1953. When the USIA was abolished in 1999, the VOA was placed under the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), which is an autonomous U.S. government agency, with bipartisan membership. The Secretary of State has a seat on the BBG. The BBG was established as a buffer to protect VOA and other U.S.-sponsored, non-military, international broadcasters from political interference. It replaced the Board for International Broadcasting (BIB) that oversaw the funding and operation of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, a branch of VOA.

History [link]

American private shortwave broadcasting before World War II[link]

Before the Second World War, all American shortwave stations were in private hands. The National Broadcasting Company's International, or White Network, which broadcast in six languages, The Columbia Broadcasting System, whose Latin American international network consisted of sixty-four stations located in eighteen different countries, as well as the Crosley Company in Cincinnati, Ohio, had shortwave transmitters. Experimental programming began in the 1930s. There were fewer than 12 transmitters, however.

In 1939, the Federal Communications Commission set the following policy:

A licensee of an international broadcast station shall render only an international broadcast service which will reflect the culture of this country and which will promote international goodwill, understanding and cooperation. Any program solely intended for, and directed to an audience in the continental United States does not meet the requirements for this service.

Washington observers felt this policy was to enforce the State Department's Good Neighbor Policy but many broadcasters felt that this was an attempt to direct censorship.

In 1940, the Office of the Coordinator of Interamerican Affairs, a semi-independent agency of the U.S. State Department headed by Nelson Rockefeller, began operations. Shortwave signals to Latin America were regarded as vital to counter Nazi propaganda. Initially, the Office of Coordination of Information sent releases to each station, but this was seen as an inefficient means of transmitting news. Direct programming began shortly after the United States' entry into the war. The first live broadcast to Germany, called ''Stimmen aus Amerika'' ("Voices from America") took place on Feb. 1, 1942. It was introduced by "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" and included the pledge: "Today, and every day from now on, we will be with you from America to talk about the war. . . . The news may be good or bad for us – We will always tell you the truth."

The Office of War Information took over VOA's operations when it was formed in mid 1942. The VOA reached an agreement with the British Broadcasting Corporation to share medium-wave transmitters in Britain, and expanded into Tunis in North Africa and Palermo and Bari, Italy as the Allies captured these territories. The OWI also set up the American Broadcasting Station in Europe.

Asian transmissions started with one transmitter in California in 1941; services were expanded by adding transmitters in Hawaii and, after recapture, the Philippines.

By the end of the war, VOA had 39 transmitters and provided service in 40 languages. Programming was broadcast from production centers in New York and San Francisco, with more than 1,000 programs originating from New York. Programming consisted of music, news, commentary, and relays of U.S. domestic programming, in addition to specialized VOA programming.

About half of VOA's services, including the Arabic service, were discontinued in 1945. Also in 1945, VOA was transferred to the Department of State.

The Cold War[link]

In 1946, Voice of America was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Department of State.

In 1947, VOA started broadcasting to the Soviet citizens in Russian under the pretext of countering "more harmful instances of Soviet propaganda directed against American leaders and policies" on the part of the internal Soviet Russian-language media, according to "Cold War Propaganda" by John B. Whitton. The Soviet Union responded by initiating aggressive, electronic jamming of VOA broadcasts on 24 April 1949.

In 1952, the Voice of America installed a studio and relay facility aboard a converted U.S. Coast Guard cutter renamed ''Courier'' whose target audience was Russia and its allies. The ''Courier'' was originally intended to become the first in a fleet of mobile, radio broadcasting ships (see offshore radio) that built upon U.S. Navy experience during WWII in using warships as floating broadcasting stations. However, the ''Courier'' eventually dropped anchor off the island of Rhodes, Greece with permission of the Greek government to avoid being branded as a pirate radio broadcasting ship. This VOA offshore station stayed on the air until the 1960s when facilities were eventually provided on land. The ''Courier'' supplied training to engineers who later worked on several of the European commercial offshore broadcasting stations of the 1950s and 1960s.

Control of the VOA passed from the State Department to the U.S. Information Agency when the latter was established in 1953. to transmit worldwide, including to the countries behind the Iron Curtain and to the People's Republic of China (PRC). In the 1980s, the USIA established the WORLDNET satellite television service, and in 2004 WORLDNET was merged into VOA.

During the 1950s and 1960s, VOA broadcast American jazz, which was highly popular worldwide. For example, a program aimed at South Africa in 1956 broadcast two hours nightly, along with special programs such as ''The Newport Jazz Festival''. This was done in association with tours by U.S. musicians, such as Dizzy Gillespie, Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington, sponsored by the State Department.

Throughout the Cold War, many of the targeted countries' governments sponsored jamming of VOA broadcasts, which sometimes led critics to question the broadcasts' actual impact. For example, in 1956, Poland stopped jamming VOA, but Bulgaria continued to jam the signal through the 1970s. and Chinese-language VOA broadcasts were jammed beginning in 1956 and extending through 1976. However, after the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union, interviews with participants in anti-Soviet movements verified the effectiveness of VOA broadcasts in transmitting information to socialist societies. The People's Republic of China diligently jams VOA broadcasts. Cuba has also been reported to interfere with VOA satellite transmissions to Iran from its Russian-built transmission site at Bejucal. David Jackson, former director of the Voice of America, noted "The North Korean government doesn't jam us, but they try to keep people from listening through intimidation or worse. But people figure out ways to listen despite the odds. They're very resourceful."

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, VOA covered some of the era's most important news including Martin Luther King, Jr's "I Have a Dream" speech, and Neil Armstrong's first walk on the moon. During the Cuban missile crisis, VOA broadcast around-the-clock in Spanish.

In the early 1980s, VOA began a $1.3 billion rebuilding program to improve broadcast with better technical capabilities. Also in the 1980s, VOA also added a television service, as well as special regional programs to Cuba, Radio Martí and TV Martí. Cuba has consistently attempted to jam such broadcasts and has vociferously protested U.S. broadcasts directed at Cuba.

In September 1980, VOA started broadcasting to Afghanistan in Dari and in Pashto in 1982. At the same time, VOA started to broadcast U.S. government editorials, clearly separated from the programming by audio cues.

In 1985, VOA Europe was created as a special service in English that was relayed via satellite to AM, FM, and cable affiliates throughout Europe. With a contemporary format including live disc jockeys, the network presented top musical hits as well as VOA news and features of local interest (such as "EuroFax") 24 hours a day. VOA Europe was closed down without advance public notice (even to its own audience) in January, 1997, as a cost-cutting measure. Today, stations are offered the VOA Music Mix service.

In 1989, Voice of America expanded Mandarin and Cantonese programming to reach the millions of Chinese and inform the country, accurately about the pro-Democracy movement within the country, including the demonstration in Tiananmen Square.

Starting in 1990, the U.S. consolidated its international broadcasting efforts, with the establishment of the Bureau of Broadcasting.

Post Cold War (1991 – present): Changes in services[link]

With the breakup of the Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe, VOA added many additional language services to reach those areas. This decade was marked by the additions of Tibetan, Kurdish (to Iran and Iraq), Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian, and Rwanda-Rundi language services.

In 1993, the Clinton administration advised cutting funding for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty as it was felt post-Cold War information and influence was not needed in Europe. This plan was not well received, and he then proposed the compromise of the International Broadcasting Act. The Broadcasting Board of Governors was established and took control from the Board for International Broadcasters which previously oversaw funding for RFE/RL.

In 1994, President Clinton signed the International Broadcasting Act into law. This law established the International Broadcasting Bureau as a part of the U.S. Information Agency and created the Broadcasting Board of Governors with oversight authority. In 1998, the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act was signed into law and mandated that BBG become an independent federal agency as of October 1, 1999. This act also abolished the U.S.I.A. and merged most of its functions with those of the State Department.

In 1994, the Voice of America became the first broadcast-news organization to offer continuously updated programs on the Internet. Content in English and 44 other languages is currently available online through a distributed network of commercial providers, using more than 20,000 servers across 71 countries. Since many listeners in Africa and other areas still receive much of their information via radio and have only limited access to computers, VOA continues to maintain regular shortwave-radio broadcasts.

The Arabic Service was abolished in 2002 and replaced by a new radio service, called the Middle East Radio Network or Radio Sawa, with an initial budget of $22 million. Radio Sawa offered mostly Western and American popular music with periodic brief news bulletins.

In September 2010, VOA launched its radio broadcasts in Sudan. As U.S. interests in Southern Sudan have grown, there is a desire to provide people with free information.

In February 2011, VOA announced that it plans to end all radio and TV broadcasts in Mandarin and Cantonese in October. The Chinese service is the second largest of its language services.

Government[link]

Law[link]

Under § 501 of the Smith–Mundt Act of 1948, the Voice of America is forbidden to broadcast directly to American citizens. The intent of the legislation is to protect the American public from propaganda actions by its own government. Although VOA does not broadcast domestically, Americans can access the programs through shortwave and streaming audio over the Internet.

Copyright status[link]

All text, audio, and video material produced exclusively by the Voice of America is public domain.

Internal policies[link]

The VOA Charter[link]

Under the Eisenhower administration in 1959, VOA Director Harry Loomis commissioned a formal statement of principles to protect the integrity of VOA programming and define the organization's mission, and was issued by Director George V. Allen as a directive in 1960 and was endorsed in 1962 by USIA director Edward R. Murrow. On July 12, 1976, the principles were signed into law on July 12, 1976, by President Gerald Ford. It reads:

The long-range interests of the United States are served by communicating directly with the peoples of the world by radio. To be effective, the Voice of America must win the attention and respect of listeners. These principles will therefore govern Voice of America (VOA) broadcasts. 1. VOA will serve as a consistently reliable and authoritative source of news. VOA news will be accurate, objective, and comprehensive. 2. VOA will represent America, not any single segment of American society, and will therefore present a balanced and comprehensive projection of significant American thought and institutions. 3. VOA will present the policies of the United States clearly and effectively, and will also present responsible discussions and opinion on these policies.

"Two-Source Rule"[link]

An internal policy of VOA News to build reliability is that any story broadcast must have two independently corroborating sources or have a staff correspondent actually witnessing an event, according to former VOA correspondent Alan Heil.

Broadcasting Board of Governors services[link]

The Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), a bipartisan panel of eight private citizens appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate (the U.S. Secretary of State is an ex officio member of the Board), is the oversight body for official U.S. international broadcasts by both federal agencies and government-funded corporations. In addition to VOA, these include the Office of Cuba Broadcasting (OCB, which includes Radio and TV Marti) and grantee corporations: the Middle East Broadcasting Network (MBN, which includes Radio Sawa and Al Hurra television in Arabic); Radio Farda (in Persian) for Iran; Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty and Radio Free Asia, which are aimed at the ex-communist states and countries under oppressive regimes in Asia. In recent years, VOA has expanded its television coverage to many areas of the world. This governing body was established in 1993 to replace the Board for International Broadcasters, which was created in 1973 to manage broadcasting companies previously funded by the CIA.

Many Voice of America announcers, such as Willis Conover, host of ''Jazz USA'', Pat Gates, host of the ''Breakfast Show'' in the 1960s, and Judy Massa, noted country music expert and host of ''Country Music U.S.A.'', became worldwide celebrities, although not in the United States. The Voice of America headquarters is located at 330 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC, 20237, USA.

Urdu Service [link]

The Voice of America's Urdu-language program Khabron Se Aage (''Beyond the Headlines'') is telecast in Pakistan by GEO News, VOA's affiliate and one of the country's most popular stations. Voice of America pays an undisclosed amount of money to GEO TV to telecast its broadcast but in spite of this arrangement has been forced to take off many of its programs on numerous occasions due to conflicts with the GEO TV management. This half-hour program features reports on politics, social issues, science, sports, culture, entertainment, and other issues of interest to Pakistanis as seen by the US government.

Comparing VOA-RFE-RL-RM to other broadcasters[link]

In 1996, the USA's international radio output consisted of 992 hours per week by VOA, 667 hpw by RFE/RL, and 162 hpw by Radio Marti.

Programming[link]

Voice of America's central newsroom has hundreds of journalists and dozens of full-time domestic and overseas correspondents, who are employees of the U.S. government or paid contractors. They are augmented by hundreds of contract correspondents and stringers throughout the world, who file in English or in one of the VOA's 44 other radio broadcast languages, 25 of which are also broadcast on television.

In late 2005, VOA shifted some of its central-news operation to Hong Kong where contracted writers worked from a "virtual" office with counterparts on the overnight shift in Washington, D.C., but this operation was shut down in early 2008.

Many of the radio and television broadcasts are available through VOA's website.

While VOA is prohibited by the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948 from broadcasting within the U.S., citizens are able to hear the hourly newscasts online. These are provided in 5 minute clips every hour from their website.

Voice of America relays and simulcasts on Radio Australia for digital radio.

In Focus[link]

In Focus is a 30-minute daily TV magazine that brings information about Africa, the United States, and the world to viewers across Africa. It is scheduled Monday through Friday. In Focus Features interview with newsmakers, analysts, American and African government officials and everyday citizens presenting a variety of opinions on issues affecting the African continent. The program showcases stories about African, Diaspora topics, African-American interests and immigration, pop-culture, box office hits, music, sports, and highlights from Hollywood round out the program. Contributor Linord Moudou reports on timely and practical health news and has conversations with doctors and expertise on African health issues including malaria, meningitis, measles and polio.

On the Line[link]

On the Line features host Eric Felten discusses important international issues with to officials, public policy experts, and scholars. It is scheduled for Fridays only. On the Line is a lively forum hosted by Eric Felten where newsmakers, policy experts, diplomats, activists, academic and journalists discuss U.S. foreign policy and world events. On the Line focuses on the critical issues shaping the future and gives those issues the vigorous, serious debate they deserve. On the Line broadcasts worldwide twice a week on VOA television, and is also heard on VOA radio. Condensed versions of the program can be heard in translation in over 40 languages via VOA radio’s language services.

Straight Talk Africa[link]

Straight Talk Africa is hosted by Shaka Ssali. This call-in program examines topics of special interest to Africans. It is scheduled for Wednesdays. Straight Talk Africa is an international call-in talk show hosted by Shaka Ssali. Shaka and his guests discuss topics of special interest to Africans, including politics, economic development, press freedom, health, social issues and conflict resolution.

The Link[link]

The Link is VOA’s weekly look at breaking trends on the Internet. The program examine up and coming trends and ideas online.

Money in Motion[link]

Money in Motion is a program that looks at business stories from around the world that have global effects. The program is scheduled for Fridays.

Going Green[link]

Going Green is a program that explores new trends and technologies in environmental science and services. It is scheduled daily.

Now You Know[link]

“Now You Know� is a webcast that provides vital but little known details about some of the world’s biggest stories. Now You Know is hosted by Todd Grosshans. He brings clarity to important global issues. The program is scheduled for Fridays.

Shortwave frequencies[link]

English[link]

+ English Language Broadcast Frequencies
Target audience !! Frequencies (Khz)
Europe, Middle East, and North Africa		1593, 5970, 9480, 13570, 15530
Africa	909, 1530, 4930, 4940, 4960, 6080, 9850, 9855, 12015, 12080, 15580, 17585, 17895
Sudan	9675, 12015, 13825
Zimbabwe	909, 4930, 11605, 15775
Afghanistan	1296, 7555
East Asia, South Asia, Oceania	1170, 1575, 5895, 5915, 7430, 7460, 7540, 7575, 9510, 9760, 9780, 11705, 11955, 12075, 12150
Not Applicable	1170, 1575, 1593, 6140, 7430, 7460, 7465, 7485, 7520, 9485, 9570, 9630, 9760, 9780, 9820, 11725, 11840, 11890, 12005, 12080, 13570, 13805, 15145, 15205, 15290, 15340, 17820

Note: The frequency currently being used varies on a daily schedule. See The Voice of America website for a more detailed schedule.

Other languages[link]

+ '''Other Language Broadcast Frequencies
Language !! Frequencies (Khz)
Afaan Oromoo	11520, 11905, 11925, 12140, 13870
	3995, 5945, 6040
Amharic	6055, 7300, 11790, 11905, 11925, 12140, 13630, 13870
Azerbaijani language	Azerbaijani	7220, 9850, 13580
Bengali language	Bengali	1575, 7260, 9320
Burmese language	Burmese	1575, 5865, 5955, 6185, 7430, 9320, 9940, 11820, 11910, 11965, 12120, 15110, 15620, 17775
Cantonese	1170, 7365, 9355
Mandarin Chinese	6110, 6135, 7205, 9510, 9545, 9845, 9985, 11785, 11805, 11825, 11830, 11925, 11965, 11990, 12040, 13610, 13740, 13775, 15170, 15250, 15255, 15385, 15665, 17765, 17775, 17855, 21705
Creole language	Creole	5835, 6135, 7465, 7590, 9505, 11905, 13725, 15390, 17565
Croatian language	Croatian	5975, 6145, 7295
Dari	1296, 7555, 9335, 11565, 11580, 15090, 15380
Deewa	7495, 9310, 9380, 9390, 9700, 9780, 11535, 12015
French language	French	1530, 4960, 6035, 6170, 6095, 9815, 9830, 9880, 12035, 12080, 13710, 15185, 15730, 17550
Georgian language	Georgian	9435, 13745
Hausa language	Hausa	1530, 4940, 4960, 6045, 6170, 7230, 9600, 9815, 11785, 11890, 11905, 13820, 15185, 17800
Hindi language	Hindi
Indonesian language	Indonesian	7225, 7550, 9535, 9700, 9890, 9945, 11805, 12010, 13705
Khmer language	Khmer	1575, 5955, 6060, 9320, 11540, 15340
Korean language	Korean	648, 1188, 5870, 5890, 6060, 7225, 7365, 9490, 11935
Kurdish language	Kurdish	1593, 11645, 15130, 17750
Lao language	Laotian	1575, 9810, 11930
Ndebele	909, 4930, 11605, 15775
Pashto language	Pashto	1296, 7495, 7555, 9310, 9335, 9380, 9390, 9700, 9780, 11535, 11565, 11580, 12015, 15090, 15380
Persian language	Persian	648, 1593, 5860, 5970, 6040, 6105, 7295, 7455, 9390, 9840, 11780
Portuguese language	Portuguese	1530, 9800, 12080, 12120, 15740, 21590
Rwanda-Rundi	7340, 9540, 11750, 12010, 17785
Shona language	Shona	909, 4930, 11605, 15775
Somali language	Somali	88, 1431, 5945, 12110, 13580, 15445, 15460, 15545
Spanish language	Spanish	5890, 9885, 11625, 13715, 15590
Swahili language	Swahili	7380, 9440, 9815, 15365, 15730
Standard Tibetan	Tibetan	7250, 7330, 7465, 7565, 9480, 9565, 9855, 11510, 11975, 15265, 15490, 17735
Tigrinya language	Tigrigna	11520, 11905, 11925, 12140, 13870
Turkish language	Turkish	7265
Urdu	972, 1539, 7460, 11860, 11975, 15725
Uzbek language	Uzbek	801, 9670, 11780, 13755, 15185
Vietnamese language	Vietnamese	1575, 5955, 6060, 9720, 9355, 15340

Note: The frequency currently being used varies on a daily schedule. See The Voice of America website for a more detailed schedule.

Controversy[link]

VOA as a propaganda tool[link]

Various sources consider Voice of America an instrument of the United States' propaganda campaigns.

National sovereignty[link]

The Cuban government and allied critics have suggested that the U.S. government violates national sovereignty by broadcasting and operating in their countries, despite Cuba's own broadcasts to the US and elsewhere. This argument has been used to justify open attempts by the Cuban government to jam VOA broadcasts, as well as respond with equally powerful shortwave transmissions of English-language political broadcasts and communiques directed at the United States. Time interval signals identical to those used by Radio Havana Cuba have also been detected in coded ''numbers station'' broadcasts that are allegedly linked to espionage activity in the U.S.

Paying for appearances[link]

Recently, news media have reported that VOA has for years been paying mainstream media journalists to appear on VOA shows, although such practices are relatively common worldwide for media programs. According to El Nuevo Herald and the Miami Herald, these include: David Lightman, the Hartford Courant's Washington bureau chief; Tom DeFrank, head of the New York Daily News' Washington office; Helle Dale, a former director of the opinion pages of the Washington Times; and Georgie Anne Geyer, a nationally syndicated columnist.

In response, spokesmen for the Broadcasting Board of Governors told the newspaper ''El Nuevo Herald'' that such payments do not pose a conflict of interest. "For decades, for many years, some of the most respectable journalists in the country have received payments to participate in programs of the Voice of America," one of the spokesmen, Larry Hart, told ''El Nuevo Herald''.

Mullah Omar interview[link]

In late September 2001, VOA aired a report that contained brief excerpts of an interview with then Taliban leader Mullah Omar Mohammad, along with segments from President Bush's post-9/11 speech to Congress, an expert in Islam from Georgetown University, and comments by the foreign minister of Afghanistan's anti-Taliban Northern Alliance. State Department officials including Richard Armitage and others argued that the report amounted to giving terrorists a platform to express their views. In response, reporters and editors argued for VOA's editorial independence from its governors. The VOA received praise from press organizations for its protests, and the following year in 2002, it won the University of Oregon's Payne Award for Ethics in Journalism.

Abdul Malik Rigi interview[link]

On April 2, 2007, Abdul Malik Rigi, the leader of Jundullah, a militant group with possible links to al-Qaeda, appeared on Voice of America's Persian service. VOA introduced Rigi as "the leader of popular Iranian resistance movement". The interview resulted in public condemnation by the Iranian-American community, as well as the Iranian government. Jundullah is a Sunni Islamiist militant organization that has been linked to numerous attacks on civilians, such as the 2009 Zahedan explosion.

Ethiopia jamming[link]

In January 2008, Ethiopia was accused of jamming the VOA Amharic and Oromifa programs. The government denied the accusations claiming technical difficulties as the cause of radio disruptions.

See also[link]

Alhurra

American Forces Network

Frank Shozo Baba

BBC World Service

Border Crossings

China Radio International

Deutsche Welle

DZRJ-AM (Voice of the Philippines)

FreeMediaOnline.org

George Kao

Pentagon Channel

PRESS TV

Radio Australia

Radio Canada International

Radio Farda

Radio France Internationale

Radio Free Asia

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Radio Netherlands

Radio Sawa

Radio Taiwan International

VOA Indonesia

Voice of Indonesia

Voice of Russia

References[link]

External links[link]

Category:United States government propaganda organisations Category:Peabody Award winners Category:Propaganda organisations Category:External services (broadcasting) Category:Propaganda radio broadcasts Category:Radio organizations in the United States Category:Organizations established in 1942

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America usually refers to either:

The Americas, a landmass comprising North America and South America

The United States of America, a country in North America

America may also refer to:

Other locations [link]

América, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

America, Limburg, Netherlands

América, Tamaulipas, Mexico

America, Illinois, U.S.

America, Oklahoma, U.S.

Astronomy [link]

916 America, a minor planet

Film and television [link]

''America'' (1924 film), a film by D. W. Griffith

''America'' (2009 film), an American made-for-television film

''America'' (2011 film), a 2011 Puerto Rican film

''America: Freedom to Fascism'', a 2006 documentary

''América'' (TV series), a Brazilian telenovela

''America'' (US TV series), a syndicated afternoon talk show

''Amreeka'', a 2009 film (Amreeka the Arabic pronunciation for America)

''America America'', an American film by Elia Kazan

''America: A Personal History of the United States'', a 13-part BBC television documentary series

''America: The Story of Us'', a six-part, 12-hour television documentary depicting the history of the United States

Literature [link]

''America'' (novel), a young adult novel by E. R. Frank

"America" (''Judge Dredd'' story), a story by John Wagner

"America" (poem), a poem by Allen Ginsberg

''America (The Book)'', a book written by the staff of ''The Daily Show with Jon Stewart''

"America" (short story), by Orson Scott Card

''America'', a Jake Grafton novel by Stephen Coonts

"America", a poem by Walt Whitman from ''Leaves of Grass''

Music [link]

America (band), an English-American rock band

America Records (France), a French jazz record label

Albums [link]

''America'' (America album)

''America'' (Havalina album)

''America'' (John Fahey album)

''America'' (Kurtis Blow album)

''America'' (Modern Talking album)

''America – The EP'', an EP by Rebecca St. James

''America'', an album by George Adams

''America: An Album for All Ages'', an album by Bobby Susser

''América & En Vivo'', an EP by Luis Miguel

Songs [link]

"America" (Bree Sharp song)

"America" (Killing Joke song)

"America" (Neil Diamond song)

"America" (Prince song)

"America" (Razorlight song)

"America" (Simon & Garfunkel song)

"America" (''West Side Story'' song)

"America, Fuck Yeah", the satirical theme song of the 2004 film ''Team America: World Police''

"America", a song by Tracy Chapman from ''Where You Live''

"America", a song by Waylon Jennings from ''Turn the Page''

"America", a song by Nas from his untitled ninth studio album

"America", a song by Santana featuring P.O.D. from ''Shaman''

"América", a song by José Luis Perales

"America", a song by Bobby Susser from ''America: An Album for All Ages''

"My Country, 'Tis of Thee" or "America", a patriotic song of the United States

Other media [link]

''America'' (magazine), a weekly Roman Catholic magazine

America (XM), an XM satellite radio channel

América 2, an Argentine television station

America One, an American over-the-air television network

América Televisión, a Peruvian television network

People [link]

America Ferrera, American actress

America Hoffman, son of activist Abbie Hoffman

America Olivo, American actress

Sports [link]

América Football Club (disambiguation)

América de Cali, a football club from Cali, Colombia

América Managua, a football club from Managua, Nicaragua

Club América, a football club from Mexico City

Copa América (Spanish and Portuguese for "America Cup") football competition in South America

Vehicles [link]

''America'' (aircraft), a multi-engine airplane used by Richard E. Byrd and his crew on a 1927 transatlantic flight

''America'' (airship), an airship flown in 1907 and 1909 attempts to reach the North Pole, and a 1910 attempt to cross the Atlantic

America (Spanish automobile), an automobile produced in Barcelona, Spain

America (American automobile)

''America'', the callsign of the Apollo 17 Command/Service Module

Ships[link]

''America'' (yacht), a racing yacht that won the America's Cup in 1851

French ship ''America'' (1788), a Téméraire-class ship of the French Navy

* America class ship of the line, derived from the French ship ''America''

SS ''America'', several ships of the name

HMS ''America'', several ships of the Royal Navy

USS ''America'', several ships of the United States Navy

America class steamship, Cunard sidewheel transatlantic steamships

* RMS ''America'', first of the ''America''-class

America class amphibious assault ship

Video games [link]

''America'' (video game), a 2001 Wild West-themed real-time strategy game

See also [link]

Air America (disambiguation)

American (disambiguation)

Americana (disambiguation)

Americas (terminology)

Amerika (disambiguation)

Amerigo Vespucci, for whom the Americas were named

Amerrique Mountains

als:Amerika ar:أمريÙ?ا (تÙ?ضيح) bn:আমেরিকা be-x-old:Ð?мÑ�рыка (неадназначнаÑ?ьць) bg:Ð?мерика (поÑ�Ñ?нение) br:Amerika (disheñvelout) ceb:Amerika cs:Amerika (rozcestník) sn:America cy:America da:Amerika (flertydig) de:Amerika (Begriffsklärung) es:América (desambiguación) fa:آمریکا (ابهام‌زدایی) fo:Amerika fr:America haw:â€?Amelika hy:Ô±Õ´Õ¥Ö€Õ«Õ¯Õ¡ (Õ¡ÕµÕ¬ Õ¯Õ«Ö€Õ¡Õ¼Õ¸Ö‚Õ´Õ¶Õ¥Ö€) hi:अमेरिका hr:Amerika (razdvojba) ig:Amerikạ id:Amerika he:×?מריקה (פירושוני×�) jv:Amérika kn:ಅಮೇರಿಕ ku:Amerîka lv:Amerika (nozÄ«mju atdalÄ«Å¡ana) lb:Amerika ms:Amerika nl:Amerika ja:ã‚¢ã?¡ã?ªã‚« (æ›–æ?§ã?•å›žé?¿) frr:Ameerikoo no:Amerika (andre betydninger) tpi:Amerika pl:Ameryka (ujednoznacznienie) pt:América (desambiguação) crh:Amerika ru:Ð?мерика (значениÑ�) sq:Amerika scn:Amèrica sl:Amerika sr:Ð?мерика sh:Amerika fi:America sv:Amerika (olika betydelser) tl:Amerika ta:அமெரிகà¯�கா tr:Amerika (anlam ayrımı) uk:Ð?мерика (значеннÑ�) ur:امریکÛ? (ضد ابÛ?ام) zh:亚美å?©åŠ  (æ¶?歧义)

name	Doug Stanhope
Birth name	Douglas Gene Stanhope
birth date	March 25, 1967
birth place	Worcester, Massachusetts
medium	Stand-up, Television
nationality	American
active	1990—present
genre	Black comedy, Observational comedy, Political satire, Insult comedy
subject	American culture, Current events, Recreational drug use, Human sexuality, Religion, Family, Libertarianism
influences	George Carlin, Glenn Wool, Bill Hicks, Howard Bloom
influenced	Andy Andrist, Sean Rouse, Mat Becker, Mark Nelson.
partner	Amy "Bingo" Bingaman
notable work	9 CDs, 4 DVDs
website	dougstanhope.com
footnotes	}}

Douglas Gene "Doug" Stanhope (born March 25, 1967) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, and author known for his on-stage drinking and abrasive comedy routines.

Life and career[link]

Stanhope quit high school after his freshman year. His comedy career began in 1990 in Las Vegas.

Stanhope has made appearances at several major comedy festivals, including the Montreal Just For Laughs, US Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado, the Chicago Comedy Festival and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in Scotland, where he won the Strathmore Press Award in 2002.

Stanhope was the winner of the 1995 San Francisco International Comedy Competition where he edged out notable comedic actor Dane Cook in a three-week contest. He's appeared in dozens of national and international standup comedy television specials. He claims that his appearance on the BBC television show, ''Live Floor Show'', (broadcast March 20, 2003) was fueled by "ecstasy". According to Stanhope, "TV is just for the money; live performance is where it’s at."

In 2003 and 2004, Stanhope co-hosted the fifth and sixth seasons of ''The Man Show'' with Joe Rogan.

In 2005, Stanhope hosted his own radio show on SIRIUS Satellite Radio.

Also in 2005, Stanhope hosted ''Girls Gone Wild: America Uncovered''. When asked what it was like working with ''Girls Gone Wild'' creator Joe Francis, Stanhope said "He's pure, unadulterated evil," and "The most awful human being I've ever met in all of my time in the entertainment business."

He has established a group of touring comics known as The Unbookables featuring artists such as Andy Andrist, Sean Rouse, James Inman, Brett Erickson, Travis Lipski, Brendon Walsh, Norman Wilkerson, Kristine Levine, and Brian Potrafka. The Unbookables' first CD, ''Morbid Obscenity'', also featuring Andrist, Rouse, Lynn Shawcroft, and Banjo Randy, released July 4, 2006, on Stand Up! Records, was released as a benefit for a friend, Arthur Hinty, to help pay for a gastric bypass.

Stanhope appeared in the film ''The Aristocrats'', telling a caustic joke to a baby.

Stanhope was the subject of an 8-page feature in ''British GQ'' under the title "Is This America's Most Depraved Man?" by Robert Chalmers in 2006.

In summer 2006, he was booked to appear on several bills at the ''Cat Laughs Comedy Festival'' in Kilkenny, Ireland; he told his lairy, late-night crowd, that Irish men sleep with children, because â€” as the headline to the following day's Irish Daily Star put it - "Irish women are too ugly to rape! Comic booed after shocking festival jibe." He managed to perform for just 10 minutes before having all his remaining slots canceled, yet garnered several more full-length solo performances.

In August 2006 he appeared alongside Rouse at the Festival Fringe in Edinburgh, Scotland, to rave 5 star reviews from the press. On his opening night he took what was believed to be an ecstasy tablet that was handed to him by a member of the audience. During his Edinburgh performance he included a segment that was perceived as anti-Semitic. Stanhope responded in his 2007 Showtime special, ''No Refunds'', by elaborating on the incident and including an extended bit on "Jew-hating".

In October 2006, he self-published a book, ''Fun with Pedophiles: The Best of Baiting'', which includes several of his "baits" which had appeared on baiting.org. Baiting is the practice of setting up a false Internet instant messaging persona, say, that of an underage female, waiting for others to message you asking for sex, and then brutally abusing the "baitee" in a chat session that is logged to share with others. He discussed his self-published book and the philosophy behind it on Penn Jillette's radio show on San Diego's 97.1 FreeFM on November 22, 2006.

In 2007, Stanhope made two TV specialsone in the US for Showtime, recorded at The Gotham Comedy Club in New York City on March 12; and one for the UK's Channel 4 ''Comedy Lab'', filmed at the Caves in Edinburgh, Scotland titled "Doug Stanhope: Go Home". The Showtime special, titled ''No Refunds'', premiered August 3 and was released on DVD August 14.

His live show was voted "Best Comedy Performance of the Year" by ''Time Out New York'' for both 2006 and 2008.

On September 25, 2008, Stanhope appeared as a guest panelist on the Channel 4 programme ''8 Out of 10 Cats'' whilst in London as part of his unofficially titled "Is Mom Dead Yet?" tour. Stanhope's mother, Bonnie Kirk, appeared regularly on ''The Man Show'' as well as several independent features and opposite Sean "Puffy" Combs at an MTV Music Award sketch where she played an aging stripper. She died at the age of 63 in October 2008.

Stanhope lives in Warren, Arizona (part of Bisbee) near the Mexico border in a small house with musician/author Amy "Bingo" Bingaman.

In August 2009, Stanhope was booed and had several bottles thrown at him at the Leeds Festival in the UK, after making derogatory comments about the Royal Family and the attitude of the English, which he likened to people in the stone age. Many people left early, and Stanhope continued to bait and taunt hecklers throughout his set.

His live show was placed in the top 5 of the ''20 Best Live Shows of 2009'' by London's ''The Guardian'' newspaper.

Stanhope's 7th album, ''From Across The Street'', was released on November 24, 2009. It was originally intended to be released under the name ''Live from Cape Fear'' (and later ''I Ain't Never Won Nothin' In My Life''). According to promotional materials mailed to reviewers, "half of the proceeds made from the CD sales will be going towards medical bills incurred by maintaining the crygenically frozen remains of his mother's cats at the Bisbee Forever Hope life suspension facility in accordance with her wishes."

In 2010, Stanhope aired a series of vignettes during ''Newswipe with Charlie Brooker'' in the United Kingdom.

Stanhope is managed by Brian Hennigan.

On November 17, 2010, Doug Stanhope signed to rock and metal label Roadrunner Records to launch their new comedy label, Roadrunner Comedy. Cees Wessels, CEO of Roadrunner Records, said, “We are very excited to launch Roadrunner Comedy, yet another innovative iteration of the Roadrunner brand. We look forward to welcoming a variety of like-minded comedians to the Roadrunner family—new artists with dynamic talents—that will be making us laugh for years to come.�

On March 8, 2011, Roadrunner Records announced that Stanhope would have the debut album for the newly created comedy label. The live CD/DVD release is slated to be released on May 3, 2011, it will be titled ''Oslo: Burning The Bridge To Nowhere''.

In cooperation with the mayor of Reykjavik, comedian Jón Gnarr, Stanhope has scheduled a performance in Iceland's only maximum security prison, Litla-Hraun, for September 25th 2011. Fans who want to watch the show would have to commit a crime; for them he invented The Stanhope Defense.

Stanhope appeared on the FX television show ''Louie'' as Eddie, a fictional comedian that Louis C.K. knew 20 years earlier when they first started performing, in the season 2 episode titled "Eddie". It first aired on August 11, 2011.

Politics[link]

Stanhope is known as a libertarian comedian. In 2004, he endorsed the Free State Project, and was quoted as saying, "The Free State Project stands out as one of few ideas that could produce tangible change in our lifetime. The vision of Christian gun enthusiasts buying hand-painted targets from pot-smoking artists, laughing together while they give the tax man the finger, is beautiful enough to make the move."

2008 presidential campaign[link]

Stanhope announced on July 9, 2006 through his website that he would run for president in 2008 as a Libertarian. After consulting political advisers, he stated on his website, "[O]fficiallyI am reconsidering my presidential run while my exploratory team looks into the viability of such an endeavor." He explained that he made this statement due to campaign finance laws and other reasons. Later he said, "The presidential run is getting in order. You keep asking me if I'm serious. You have no idea. Let's have fun again."

Stanhope intended to formally declare his candidacy during an appearance on ''The Howard Stern Show'' show on May 3, 2007, but on May 1 announced that he would not run due to restrictions of the Federal Election Commission, which stipulated that he could not receive personal income from his comedy appearances and website if he was using them to campaign. Stanhope then endorsed libertarian-leaning Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul.

In August 2008, Stanhope endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama, citing his disappointment with the libertarian candidates and a desire to have "a strong, handsome black man in the White House", as well as referring to himself as "the head of the one-man Libertarians for Obama group."

On September 11, 2008, Stanhope re-entered the election scene with the creation of ''www.savingbristol.com'', a web site dedicated to raising money to pay for an abortion for Bristol Palin, daughter of staunchly pro-life, then-current Alaskan governor and Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin. Stanhope said, "Rather than sit back and impotently bemoan Bristol's tragic, lonely circumstance, it is time for usthe silent majorityto unite behind this poor, imprisoned woman and save her from both a tyrannical household as well as the horrible nightmare of a forced childbirth."

Though the $50,000 offered by Stanhope himself would more than cover the cost of an abortion under normal situations, Stanhope encouraged others to donate money towards helping Bristol begin a new life. On the site, Stanhope pledged, "Even if you cannot take my offer, I will still use my money or money donated through this page to pay for at least one abortion for a disadvantaged teenage girl each year for the rest of my life in the name of your mother. And in my will, I shall have a good portion of my estate turned into the Sarah J. Palin Abortion Fund that will help girls from all walks of life from destroying their lives and our natural resources by having children."

To fight off rumors that he was seeking to profit from the site in any way, donations to the cause are now made directly through lilithfund.org, the web site for Lilith Fund, a Texas-based organization dedicated to helping women pay for abortions if they are unable to afford them themselves.

Discography/videography[link]

		! Title	! Year	! CD	! DVD
''The Great White Stanhope''	1998	x
	1999	x
''Something to Take the Edge Off''	2000	x
''ACID Bootleg''	2001	x
''Die Laughing''	2002	x
	2003		x
''Deadbeat Hero''	2004	x	x
''Morbid Obscenity'', The Unbookables	2006	x
	2007		x
''From Across the Street''	2009	x
''Oslo: Burning the Bridge to Nowhere''	2011	x	x
''Before Turning the Gun on Himself''	2012	x	x

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Doug Stanhope's official website

Doug Stanhope's MySpace Page

Doug Stanhope's Facebook fan page

Doug's Youtube page

Morbid Obscenity CD official website

Sacred Cow Productions

Stand Up! Records

Drunk For Your Amusement, TLAvideo Doug Stanhope article

An Interview with Doug Stanhope -- Free Market Mojo

May 2010 interview with Doug Stanhope

Roadrunnercomedy.com

Interview with Doug Stanhope on London Student, 2012

Category:1967 births Category:American atheists Category:American libertarians Category:American social commentators Category:American stand-up comedians Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:People from Worcester, Massachusetts Category:People from Cochise County, Arizona Category:People self-identifying as alcoholics Category:Writers from Arizona Category:Writers from Massachusetts

de:Doug Stanhope it:Doug Stanhope no:Doug Stanhope sv:Doug Stanhope

playername	Arshad Khan
country	Pakistan
batting	Right-hand bat
bowling	Right-arm offbreak
deliveries	balls
columns	2
column1	Tests
matches1	9
runs1	31
bat avg1	5.16
100s/50s1	-/-
top score1	9*
deliveries1	2538
wickets1	32
bowl avg1	30.00
fivefor1	1
tenfor1	-
best bowling1	5/38
catches/stumpings1	-/-
column2	ODIs
matches2	58
runs2	133
bat avg2	12.09
100s/50s2	-/-
top score2	20
deliveries2	2823
wickets2	56
bowl avg2	34.78
fivefor2	-
tenfor2	n/a
best bowling2	4/33
catches/stumpings2	10/-
date	19 February
year	2006
source	http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/39005.html }}

Arshad Khan (Urdu: ارشد خان) (born March 22, 1971 in Peshawar) is a Pakistani cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off break bowler.

Arshad was first picked to play against the West Indies during the 1997-98 season, and the following year, was part of the team which won the Asian Test Championship at Dhaka against Sri Lanka. He was a regular inclusion in the Pakistani side until 2001, at which point the selectors dropped him and he went back to domestic cricket.

Four years later, a strong performance in the Pakistani domestic championship meant that Arshad earned a recall for Pakistan's 2005 tour of India. He performed credibly, particularly in the Bangalore Test, which Pakistan won in the last session to draw the series.

He toured the Caribbean in May 2005, and has retained his place for the upcoming England series.

During the 2005 One Day International series against England, Arshad was used in the second and fifth matches and proved effective at repressing the England batsmen, allowing very few runs to be scored off him and also taking wickets. During the fifth match, his economy was just over 3 runs per over - a very good figure for any bowler, especially a spinner.

A tall man at 6'4, Arshad bowls in a classical off-spinner's mould, preferring a nagging line to any great variation. Picked under a "horses for courses" policy, he has failed to establish himself as a permanent member of the Pakistani team.

References [link]

BBC scorecards Results of the 2005 Pakistan versus England tour.

Category:1971 births Category:Living people Category:Pakistan One Day International cricketers Category:Pakistan Test cricketers Category:Lahore (Indian Cricket League) cricketers Category:Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games

ta:அர�சாத� கான�

Name	Immortal Technique
Background	solo_singer
Birth date	February 19, 1978
Birth place	Lima, Lima Province, Peru
Birth name	Felipe Andres Coronel
Origin	Harlem, New York, United States
Genre	East Coast hip hop, alternative hip hop, political hip hop, Underground Hip Hop, Hardcore Hip Hop
Occupation	Rapper
Years active	2000–present
Label	Viper Records
Associated acts	Akir, Diabolic, Lowkey, Chino XL, DJ Green Lantern, La Coka Nostra, Jean Grae, Rockin' Squat, Mos Def, Dead Prez, Ras Kass, Krs-One, Pumpkinhead, Reppin MG
Website	myspace.com/immortaltechnique }}

Felipe Andres Coronel (born February 19, 1978), better known by the stage name Immortal Technique, is an American rapper of Afro-Peruvian descent as well as an urban activist. He was born in Lima, Peru and raised in Harlem, New York. Most of his lyrics focus on controversial issues in global politics. The views expressed in his lyrics are largely commentary on issues such as class struggle, poverty, religion, government and institutional racism.

Immortal Technique has voiced a desire to retain control over his production, and has stated in his music that record companies, not artists themselves, profit the most from mass production and marketing of music. He claimed in an interview to have sold close to 200,000 copies of his three official releases.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Coronel is African-Peruvian and was born in 1978 in a military hospital in Lima. His family emigrated in 1980 to Harlem. During his teenage years he was arrested multiple times due in part to what he has said was "selfish and childish" behavior. He attended Hunter College High School on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Shortly after enrolling in Pennsylvania State University, he was arrested and charged with assault-related offenses due to his involvement in an altercation between fellow students, the charges stemming from this incident led to him being incarcerated for a year. After being paroled, he took political science classes at Baruch College in New York City for two semesters at the behest of his father, who allowed Coronel to live with him on the condition that he go to school. Honing his rapping skills in jail, and unable to find decent wage-paying employment after his release, Coronel began selling his music on the streets of New York while battling with MCs whenever the opportunity arose. This, coupled with his victories in numerous freestyle rap competitions of the New York underground hip hop scene such as Rocksteady Anniversary, Braggin Rites and others, led to his reputation as a ferocious Battle MC.

Revolutionary Vol.1 and Vol.2[link]

In 2001, Immortal Technique released his first album ''Revolutionary Vol. 1'' without the help of a record label or distribution, instead using money earned from his rap battle triumphs. He also battled but lost to Posta Boy in 106 & Park's Freestyle Friday. ''Revolutionary Vol. 1'' also contained the underground classic ''Dance With The Devil''. In November 2002, he was listed by ''The Source'' in its "Unsigned Hype" column, highlighting artists that are not signed to a record label. The following year, in September 2003, he received the coveted "Hip Hop Quotable" in ''The Source'' for a song entitled "Industrial Revolution" from his second album. Immortal Technique is the only rapper in history to have a "Hip Hop Quotable" while being unsigned. He released his second album ''Revolutionary Vol. 2'' in 2003. In 2004, Viper Records and, in 2005, Babygrande Records re-released Immortal Technique's debut, ''Revolutionary Vol. 1'', to make it available to a wider audience. "Point of No Return" from ''Revolutionary Vol 2'' was used as the entrance theme for Rashad Evans during the UFC 88 Main Event between Chuck Liddell and Rashad Evans.

Revolutionary Vol.3 and The Middle Passage[link]

Between 2005 and 2007 Immortal Technique began working on ''The Middle Passage'' and ''The 3rd World'', the two albums that would serve a follow up to ''Revolutionary Vol. 2'' and complete the series. He was also featured on several movie soundtracks and video game soundtracks, all the while touring relentlessly and becoming heavily involved in visiting prisons to speak to youth and working with immigrant rights activists and raising tens of thousands of dollars for children’s hospitals overseas. He invested his money not in items that are usually associated with fame but rather in large pieces of farmland in Latin America. He created a writing grant program for high school students as well.

The Martyr[link]

In October 2011 Immortal Technique released ''The Martyr'', a free compilation album of previously unreleased material and new tracks.

Collaborations[link]

The summer of 2005 saw the release of "Bin Laden", a vinyl single 12" featuring Mos Def and DJ Green Lantern. The single also contained a remix of the song featured Chuck D of Public Enemy and KRS-One. In early 2006, the song "Impeach the President", featuring Dead Prez and Saigon turned up in the mixtape "Alive on Arrival" DJ Green Lantern. This is a simple version of The Honeydrippers, 1973, in which Immortal Technique urged fans to organize a vote of censure against George W. Bush. In April 2009, a new song leaked on the internet named "Democratie Fasciste (Article 4)" by Brazilian-French rapper Rockin' Squat which featured Immortal Technique. The official release of the song and Rockin' Squat's album ''Confessions D'un Enfant Du Siècle Volume 2'' was on May 12, 2009. The instrumental from the song was sampled from Wendy Rene's "After Laughter". The song expresses the inequalities of the Third World and revolutionary events throughout history against tyranny and oppression. The song contains lyrics in English (Immortal Technique), French (Rockin' Squat) and brief shout outs in Spanish (Immortal Technique). This song is Immortal Technique's first official international collaboration. In early 2009, it was announced that there would be a collaboration between Technique and UK underground artist Lowkey, on a single called "Voices of the Voiceless". On September 11, 2009, a "snippet" of the song was released on YouTube. The preview was released ahead of its September 21 launch on iTunes, as part of a web-campaign that included updates, promotion and links on forums, E-Magazines and several social networking sites. The song's lyrics cover a broad range of issues that are familiar to listeners of both artists – racism, world revolution, war, socialism, government control, rape, famine, colonialism, Classism, self-determination and the war in Iraq.

Charitable work[link]

In June 2008, Immortal Technique partnered with Omeid International, a Non–Profit Human Rights Organization, to lend his support. He dubbed the work as "The Green Light Project". With the profits of ''The 3rd World'' album, Immortal Technique traveled to Kabul, Afghanistan to help Omeid build an orphanage without any corporate or external funding. The orphanage, having been successfully established, currently houses over 20 orphaned children from Kabul.

Films[link]

''The (R)evolution of Immortal Technique''[link]

A documentary about Immortal Technique was released in September 2011 and premiered at the Harlem Film Festival.

''This Revolution''[link]

Immortal Technique appeared as himself in a docudrama film entitled ''This Revolution'', which was recorded during the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York. The tape contains the protests surrounding the convention in the form of a documentary. It also featured Viper Records affiliates Akir and producer SouthPaw in roles.

Since then Immortal Technique has taken control of Viper Records and has signed a distribution deal with Babygrande Records / E1 Entertainment to vent to their next album. SouthPaw has managed to establish himself as A&R; of Viper Records.

Discography[link]

Studio Albums [link]

{|class="wikitable" !align=center rowspan=2|Year !align=center rowspan=2|Title !align=center colspan=3|Peak chart positions |- !align=center width=45|US !align=center width=45|USR&B; !align=center width=45|USRap |- |align=center|2001 | ''Revolutionary Vol. 1''

Release Date: September 14, 2001

Label: Viper

Format: Digital download

|align=center|— |align=center|— |align=center|— |- |align=center|2003 |''Revolutionary Vol. 2''

Release Date: November 18, 2003

Label: Viper

Format: CD, digital download, LP

|align=center|— |align=center|— |align=center|— |- |align=center|2008 |''The 3rd World''

Release Date: June 24, 2008

Label: Viper

Format: CD, digital download

|align=center|99 |align=center|36 |align=center|12 |- |}

Compilation Albums[link]

2011: ''The Martyr''

Singles [link]

{|class="wikitable" |- !Year !Song !Album |- |align=center|2001 |align=left|"Dance With the Devil" |align=left rowspan=1|''Revolutionary Vol. 1'' |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2003 |align=left|"The Cause of Death" |align=left rowspan=3|''Revolutionary Vol. 2'' |- |align=left|"Industrial Revolution" |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2004 |align=left|"The Point of No Return" |- |align=left|"Bin Laden" |align=left|non-album single |- |align=center|2005 |align=left|"Caught in a Hustle" |align=left|''BAADASSSSS!'' soundtrack |}

References[link]

External links[link]

Category:1978 births Category:Living people Category:American music industry executives Category:American people convicted of assault Category:American socialists Category:Baruch College alumni Category:Hispanic and Latino American rappers Category:Pennsylvania State University alumni Category:People from Harlem Category:People from Manhattan Category:People from Lima Category:Peruvian emigrants to the United States Category:Peruvian exiles Category:Rappers from New York City Category:Underground rappers Category:Hip hop activists Category:Pseudonymous rappers

ar:إيمÙ?رتل تÙ?نيÙ? az:Immortal Technique da:Immortal Technique de:Immortal Technique et:Immortal Technique es:Immortal Technique fr:Immortal Technique it:Immortal Technique nl:Immortal Technique no:Immortal Technique pl:Immortal Technique pt:Immortal Technique ru:Immortal Technique simple:Immortal Technique sr:Immortal Technique fi:Immortal Technique sv:Immortal Technique